Musical World of Grammar by Bravo Grammar Con Online

Musical World of Grammar Shauniece Zelaya-Marroquin 04 December 2015 Period 04

Table of Contents Titles

Page Number

Introduction

About the Author

Nouns

Functions

Pronouns

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Conjunctions

Prepositions

Interjections

Transitions

Phrases

Clauses

Sentence Parts

Sentence Types

Sentence Patterns

Sentence Errors

Paragraphs

Essays

49 2

Capitalization

Punctuation

Confused Words

Answer Keys

Glossary

Works Cited

Dedication

Introduction Welcome to the wonderful world of grammar. This book has the basis of grammar along with things that may be new to you. This book uses the various musical artists out there from the 1980s to now. Hopefully this book will allow you to understand a new side of grammar that you have yet to master. This book contains the basics of sentence patterns to essays and even the rules of capitalization, yes, there are rules to capitalization. So go ahead and crack open this book and enjoy the alternate universe of grammar or not.

About the Author My name is Shauniece Zelaya and I’m currently in the 11th grade. I was born and raised in Los Angeles, CA. My parents were both born in Central America but not in the same country. My mom was born in El Salvador and my dad was born in Nicaragua and raised in Costa Rica. Growing up I was always listening to music, whether it was from the 1980s (before I was born) or artists of “my day” because my mom decided that I needed to have a variety of different music styles not just what was on the radio or one specific type of music. Growing up it was really just me and my cousins all the time and I was always the youngest so I usually threw myself into my studies. Growing up, I was always taught that everything we need is right at home because it’s family. Family is the most important thing to me because without them I wouldn’t have anything. Like I said, growing up I was always the youngest so I never really needed any other siblings, until I actually got them. I’m the oldest one out of my older brothers and me. All of our birthdays are a week apart but Michael is 14 and Patrick is 5. We’re all in the month of June with Michael being born the 12th, me the 19th, and Patrick the 39th, yikes! I never really needed anything more when I was little; it was like I had a hundred other siblings. School was always fun for me because it just always made sense to me, I guess. Math was my favorite subject growing up and it still is, even though most see math as a horrendous and evil being. I’d like to think that I always liked school and I never really knew why. Some people go to see their friends and others go because they are obligated to, but I just really like school. When I was little I was always writing and drawing, whether it was on the walls or pieces of paper. School was fun because I got to learn while still being with my friends. Whether it was an essay or 40 problems of math, nothing made me hate school. Call me weird, but school might just be my favorite place in the world.

Nouns A. Types of Nouns 1. Common Nouns Stadium Arena Studio Bands Artists 2. Proper Nouns Qualcomm Stadium Staples Center Columbia Records The 1975 Shawn Mendes 3. Compound Nouns Setlists Spotlight Keyboard Backstage Bandstand 4. Concrete Nouns Microphones Notes Instrumentals Stage 5. Abstract Nouns Drive Charisma Peace Freedom Eagerness

B. Noun Identifiers 1. Noun Endings Expressiveness Attitude Poster Composition Management Allegory Symbolism Substance Engineer Artist 6

Essence Livelihood Signature Versatility 2. Noun Makers (NM) A. Basic Sentence: NM N V ADJ N The stage took up half the arena. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJS N V ADJ ADV V N The enormous black stage filled most of the dimly lit arena. B. Basic Sentence: NM N ADV V Prep ADJ N Several fans eagerly arrived before the first act. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJ N ADV V ADJ Prep ADJ N Several excited fans eagerly arrived hours before the first act. C. Basic Sentence: NM ADJ N V ADV Prep N Each musical act rehearsed nervously before the festival. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJ ADJ N ADV V Prep N Each nervous musical act quickly rehearsed before the festival. D. Basic Sentence: NM ADJ N ADV V Prep N All music setlists are randomly organized before the next show. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJ N ADV V Prep ADJ N V All musical setlists are randomly rearranged before the next show is preformed.

3. Plural Form Members Instruments Lyrics Stadiums Crowds 4. Possessive Form Member’s microphone Song’s composition Lyrics’ meaning Crowd’s reaction 7

5. Following a Preposition A. NM N ADV V Prep ADJ N A member of the band clumsily fell off the edge of the stage. B. NM N ADV V Prep ADJ N V V The singer expertly jumped into the massive crowd deciding to crowd-surf. C. NM ADJ N V ADV Prep ADJ N All back-up dancers emerged slowly from behind stage props. D. NM ADJ N ADV V Prep N V Prep The back-up singer accidentally bumped into the keyboard and knocked it over.

Functions 1. Subject Basic Sentence: S V Shawn Mendes played the guitar while walking across the grand stage. Advanced Sentence: S V Shawn Mendes passionately played the guitar while walking across the massive stage.

2. Direct Object Basic Sentence: S V DO IO Fans tossed beach balls across the arena during the concert. Advanced Sentence: S V DO IO Thousands of fans tossed several beach balls across the massive arena.

3. Indirect Object Basic Sentence: S V DO IO The security guards gave water to the heating crowd. Advanced Sentence: S V DO IO The large security guards gave water bottles to the overheating crowd.

4. Adverbial Object Basic Sentence: S V AO Artists work around the clock making music. Advanced Sentence: S V AO Artists work throughout the day making, recording, and producing music.

5. Object of the Preposition Basic Sentence: S V Prep OPrep Performers walk around the arena before show time. Advanced Sentence: S V Prep OPrep Performers roam around the empty arena before show time.

6. Subject Complement Basic Sentence: S LV N Matty Healy is a member of The 1975. Advanced Sentence: S LV N Matty Healy is a member of the alternative band The 1975.

7. Object Complement Basic Sentence: S V DO OC Kanye West was voted the recipient of the Vanguard Award. Advanced Sentence: S V DO OC Kanye West was voted for to receive the Vanguard Award.

8. Appositives Basic Sentence: S App V Shawn Mendes, my idol, tours the country with Taylor Swift. Advanced Sentence: S App V Shawn Mendes, my young idol, is touring the country alongside Taylor Swift.

9. Adjectival Basic Sentence: S V Adjvl The fans rushed into the empty stadium Advanced Sentence: S V Adjvl The eager fans rushed into the enormous empty stadium.

10.Noun in Direct Address Basic Sentence: N Ariana Grande, how is the new album coming? Advanced Sentence: N Ariana Grande, have you made any progress with the new album?

11.Object of Gerund Basic Sentence: G OG Singing on stage must be cool.

Advanced Sentence: G OG Singing on the huge stage must feel really satisfying.

12.Object of Principle Basic Sentence: Part OPart After the long concert, the headed to bed for rest. Advanced Sentence: Part OPart After the long concert, the band headed to bed on the tour bus for some much needed rest.

13.Object of the Infinitive Basic Sentence: Inf OInf John Legend wanted to win the Moon man for Best Album. Advanced Sentence: Inf OInf John Legend desperately wanted to with the Moon man for Best Album.

Pronouns 1. Personal: indicate person speaking, spoken to, or about He wanted to give us papers and walked to one group and gave them papers. Our team’s strategy is to finish the project before they finish. 2. Relative: begins clause and connects clause to another noun that continues sentence The band decided to take a break that was well needed. Simon Cowell left the stylist to choose whichever outfit was best. 3. Interrogative: used to begin/introduce interrogative sentence Which artist will win Album of the Year? Who received recognition for the song cover? 4. Reflexive: point back to subject of sentence Kanye West felt he embarrassed himself after interrupting Taylor Swift’s speech One Direction’s album Four was written by the boys themselves. 5. Demonstrative: point to specific persons, animals, places, things, ideas The award was given to Lorde for Best New Artist. Those 5 One Direction albums all went platinum. 6. Indefinite: don’t refer to places, persons, things Few were late, most arrived early. Another decided to stay with the same conclusion.

Verbs A. How Verbs are Indentified 1. Verb Endings Singing Produced Records Writes Rehearsed 2. Tense a. Simple Past Danced Sang Produced b. Past was singing was recording was writing c. Past Perfect Had rehearsed Had produced Had collaborated d. Past Progressive Were performing Were recording Were harmonizing e. Simple Present Singing Dancing Writing f. Present Sing Dance Write g. Present Perfect Have sung Have danced Have produced

Have been singing Have been dancing Have been writing j. Future Will perform Will record Will write k. Future Perfect Will have produced Will have recorded Will have written

h. Present Progressive Are singing Are dancing Are producing i. Present Perfect Progressive 13

3. Forms A. “to be” Was singing Been singing Is singing B. “to do” Do record Does recording Doing recording C. “to have” Have preformed Had edited Has recorded 4. Types A. Auxiliary Was singing Were recording Is singing B. Linking Is singing Sound falsetto Am recording C. Lexical Made beats Had lyrics Helped write D. Dynamic Go sing Learn lyrics Write songs

G. Nonfinitive Leaving studio Continue song Immediately performing H. Regular Approve lyrics Borrow melody Control tempo

E. Stative Like writing Hate producing Doubt composition F. Finitive Sung Wrote Rehearsed

5. Voices A. Passive Voice: subject receives action Stockholm Syndrome was sung by One Direction. B. Aggressive Voice: subject performs action One Direction sings Stockholm Syndrome. 6. Verbals A. Gerund G G Fifth Harmony’s singing and harmonizing is incredible. G One Direction’s special effects while performing make the show spectacular. G Ed Sheeran’s writing process seems to work because his songs are deep and emotional. B. Participle Part The Wanted were eager to return to the singing booth after that long break. Part The writing sessions between Ed Sheeran and One Direction produce pure hits. Part Ariana Grande headed to the recording studio to begin her next album. C. Infinitive I Shawn Mendes likes to perform for the fans he is grateful to have. I Ed Sheeran steps on stage to play guitar and give a good show. I Sam Wilkinson is eternally grateful for fans making his day job to rap.

Adjectives Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds: - Demonstrative: This guitar, that microphone, those earphones - Common: gigantic stage, massive crowd, piercing screams - Proper: English band, German guitars, American pianist 2. Endings: - -able, bearable - -al, visual - -ant, significant - -ary, complementary - -ed, complicated - -en, hidden - -ent, inconsistent - -ful, tactful - -ic, symbolic - -ing, captivating - -ish, British - -ive, supportive - -less, fearless - -ous, courageous - -y, noisy 3. Conversions: - Skill, skillful - Rust, rustic - Mystery, mysterious 4. Articles: and article is a word that is typically an adjective because it describes a noun. There are only 3 articles: the, a, and an. - The band member - A microphone - An acoustic guitar 5. Comparatives/ Superlatives: Comparative adjectives compare two things and superlatives compare three or more things Comparative: - Larger stage - Longer set list - Shorter opening Superlative: - Largest crowd - Farthest stadium - Least nervous

Adverbs Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs a. Endings - -ly, perfectly executed the song - -wards, toward the studio - -wise, clockwise spinning choreography b. Conversions - Music, musically - Emotion, emotionally - Public, publically c. Types 1. Manner (How?) Basic Sentence: NM N V N V ADV ADJ N V N The crowd filling the stadium waited patiently for the opening act to begin the show. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJ N V ADV ADJ N V N The stadium filled crowd waited patiently for the opening act to commence the show. 2. Time (When?) Basic Sentence: NM ADJ N ADV V N Prep V A rushing Tamar Braxton promptly exited the arena before being mobbed. Advanced Sentence: NM ADJ N ADV V N ADJ N Prep A rushing Tamar Braxton promptly exited the arena of adoring fans before being V mobbed. 3. Place (Where?) Basic Sentence: NM N ADV V ADJ N Prep N The Neighbourhood was unwillingly dragged to sound check for the show. Advanced Sentence: NM N ADV V ADJ N V ADJ The Neighbourhood was unwillingly dragged to the sound check to ensure the nightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s N ADV show went smoothly. 4.

Degree (How good?) Basic Sentence: N V N ADV V N Layla thought the singer did exceptionally well during the concert. Advanced Sentence: N V N V ADV V N Layla thought the singers performed exceptionally well throughout the concert. 17

5. Frequency (How often): Simple Sentence: NM V ADJ N ADV V N Shawn Mendes spent the entirety of the pre-show constantly going over lyrics. Advanced Sentence: NM ADV V Prep N ADJ N N Shawn Mendes constantly went over lyrics the entirety of the pre-show. d. Intensifiers - Always, always an exceptional show - Carefully, carefully pick lyrics - Everywhere, screaming fans everywhere - Slowly, sang slowly - Terribly, terribly quiet while Mariah Carey sang e. Comparatives/Superlatives: Comparative adjectives compare two things and superlatives compare three or more things Comparatives: - Sang more quietly - Faster tempo - Better performance Superlatives: - Best show - Worst audio - Hardest vocals

Conjunctions A. Coordinating Conjunctions: a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences Basic Sentence: N V ADJ N C N C ADJ N C ADJ N Security tried to get jelly beans for the band and the opening act but the Jelly Belly Store V was closed. Advanced Sentence: N V ADJ N C N C ADJ N C N V Security needed jelly beans for the band and the opening act but the store was closed. B. Correlative Conjunctions: pairs of conjunctions that link words, phrases or clauses connecting two grammatically similar elements Basic Sentence: N V N V C N C N The 1975 was given the option of playing either the Shrine Auditorium or the Palladium. Advanced Sentence: N V N N C N C N Management gave The 1975 the option of either the Shrine Auditorium or the Palladium to perform. C. Subordinate Conjunction: a conjunction that introduces a subordinate clause Basic Sentence: SC N N V SC N V N SC After much thought, Taylor Swift decided that friends would step on stage while she V performs. Advanced Sentence: SC V N V SC ADJ N V N SC After thinking, Taylor Swift decided that many friends would join on stage while she V SC V N performs before ending the concert. D. Relative Pronouns: connect two clauses and act as the subject /object of the verb in the relative clause Basic Sentence: N V Prep ADJ N RP N V Ed Sheeran looked over the fan mail that the fans sent in. Advanced Sentence: N V Prep ADJ ADJ N RP N ADJ V Ed Sheeran looked over hundreds of fan mail that fans everywhere sent in.

Prepositions Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except),by ,by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of , in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. -

Jack and Jack decided to get on the ride but prior to that they ate 3 burgers each and instead of waiting they boarded and it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t end well. Madison Beer sat across from Cameron Dallas and aside from asking for the salt she reached over and knocked down her drink and the waiter cleaned up the spilled soda. Ariana and Frankie Grande sat for lunch prior to rehearsals relax but Frankie became beyond aggravated when he sat on top of cheese by accident.

Interjections A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C: cheers, congratulations D: dang, drat, darn, duh E: eek, eh, encore, eureka F: fiddlesticks G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow R: rats S: shh, shoo T: thanks, there, tut-tut U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck -

Oh dear, would you mind wiping the yuck from your shoes before saying hello to Ms. Adams and goodbye to your music teacher? Thanks to the oh so good Ariana Grande, my daughter wants to be a singer, yikes what a career. Yippee, One Direction won Best New Artist at the 2013 VMAS, congratulations to them.

A. Antecedents: a thing or event that existed before or logically precedes another -

Ex] The boyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s antecedent was John Lennon, he must have a voice.

B. Complements: noun and verb that has a matching adjective, complementary. In any case, it refers to something that completes or goes well with something. -

Ex] Zayn Malik is a former member of One Direction.

C. Objects 1. Direct: noun or pronoun that receives the action of a verb - Ex] Fans made signs to signal their appreciation of the singer. 2. Indirect: to whom or for whom something is done - Ex] Signs were made by fans showed appreciation for the singer. D. Modifies a word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to the sense of a head noun -

Ex] A good front man of a band carries the vocal through the song. Ex] In musical groups, the band members are compared, however, they are all extremely different.

Transition Transitions of Logic Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately

earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway

in brief I suppose

remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

A. Expletives: a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense. -

Ex] Many British artists, like Louis Tomlinson use words like bloody hell, instead of the American expletives.

B. Agreements 1. Subject-Verb: When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or nor, use a singular verb -

Ex] All members of the tour are heading home for the holidays.

2. Noun-Pronoun: Some pronouns have nouns or pronouns to which they refer, called antecedents. Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person, number, or gender. -

Ex] Jessie J claims her grandmother was a Rockette Dancer.

Quiz #1 1. Name the first three strong transitions for addition. 2. Explain what an expletive is. 3. Name the two agreements there are for transitions. 4. How many transition words are in the mild category for results? 5. Name the two different kinds of objects. 6. What is the only interjection for the letter â&#x20AC;&#x153;Râ&#x20AC;?? 7. What is a complement? 8. How many types of conjunctions are there? 9. Explain what a subject-verb agreement is. 10. Explain what a noun-pronoun agreement is.

PHRASES A. Prepositional Phrase: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun and is used as an adjective or an adverb. Basic Sentence: N V N ADV N Prep Phrase Paula Abdul heard the uproar of the overly excited crowd from underneath the arena. Advanced Sentence: N V ADJ ADV N Prep Phrase Paula Abdul heard the massive and overly excited crowd from underneath the arena stage. B. Appositive Phrase: a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive Basic Sentence: N Appos. Phrase V ADV V The New Kids on the Block, a boy band from the 80s, performed at the commonly known ADJ N Anaheim Honda Center. Advanced Sentence: N Appos. Phrase V ADV V The New Kids on the Block, a boy band from the 80s, performed at the commonly known ADJ N N N Anaheim Honda Center with artists, TLC and Nelly. C. Verbal Phrase: a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 1. Gerund Verb: word ending in â&#x20AC;&#x153;ingâ&#x20AC;? used as noun Basic Sentence: G Prep ADJ N N V ADV V Walking along the miniscule stage, Jack Gilinsky tripped and dramatically fell on his face. Advanced Sentence: G Prep ADJ N N V N Walking along the miniscule stage, Jack Gilinsky underestimated the space he had V ADV V causing him to trip and dramatically fall on his face.

2. Participle Verb: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Basic Sentence: N V Part. N V Jack Johnson stepped to the adjusted microphone and waited to rap his verse for an ADV ADJ overly excited crowd. Advanced Sentence: N V Part. N V ADV V Jack Johnson stepped up to the adjusted microphone and waited anxiously to rap his ADV ADJ verse for the overly enthusiastic crowd. 3. Infinitive Verb: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs Basic Sentence: N V Inf. ADJ N V ADV Miley Cyrus was told to go to the many radio stations to promote her anxiously V awaited single. Advanced Sentence: N V Inf. ADJ N V ADV Miley Cyrus was told to go to the many radio stations to promote her anxiously V awaited single.

CLAUSES A. Independent Clause: can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Basic Sentence: The Music Industry is an incredibly arduous business. Advanced Sentence: The Music Industry is an incredibly arduous business that can take years to break into. B. Subordinate Clause: CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a subordinate conjunction. 1. Noun Clause: used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, and object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Basic Sentence: NC ADJ N N ADV ADV V When his various mentions on Twitter were mostly positive about the newly released N N V track, the record label agreed to sign him. Advanced Sentence: NC ADJ N N V ADV V When his various mentions on Twitter filled with mainly positive reactions of the ADV V N N V newly released track, the label signed him straight away. 2. Adjective Clause: used to modify a noun in an independent in an independent clause. Basic Sentence: N ADV V N AC ADJ N The students slowly walked past the Staples Center where many famous artists have V performed. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V N AC ADJ N The students slowly walked past the Staples Center where many famous names in the ADJ N V music industries have performed.

3. Adverb Clause: used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Basic Sentence: Adv Clause Adv v N V N ADJ N V N When the dimly lit stage filled with fog, anxious fans awaited the Pentatonix. Advanced Sentence: Adv v N V N ADJ N V V When the dimly lit stage filled with fog, anxious fans awaited the arrival of the ADJ N N acapella group the Pentatonix. 4. Relative Clauses: dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Adv Clause

Basic Sentence: ADJ N RC ADV V ADJ N There arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t many bands that continuously thank their devoted fans. Advanced Sentence: ADJ N RC ADV V ADJ N There are few bands that continuously thank their devoted fans for all their N support. 5. Elliptical Clause: adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. Basic Sentence: EC N V ADV V ADJ N While taking the stage, Chris Brown assures to creatively use up the negative space. Advanced Sentence: EC N V ADV V ADJ N While taking the stage, Chris Brown assures to creatively use up the negative space N V N so all fans can experience the show. 6. Essential Clause: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Basic Sentence: ADJ N N ADJ N V N The most rewarding portion of being a music artist is that you can inspire fans to ADV V N freely chase their dreams.

7. Nonessential Clause: clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Basic Sentence: N N V ADV V ADJ N One Direction, a band that started 5 years ago, is sadly taking a necessary break. Advanced Sentence: N N V ADV V ADJ N One Direction, a band that started 5 years ago, is sadly taking a necessary break after N N V N releasing 4 albums and touring the world 3 times.

Quiz #2 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Name the three types of phrases. What three types of verbal phrases are there? What is a gerund? What part of speech does a prepositional phrase end in? What does an appositive phrase modify? What two examples of how to use an infinitive phrase can you find the grammar packet? 7. What is an appositive phrase? 8. What is an infinitive phrase? 9. Who does Mr. Rodriguez mention for the example of an appositive phrase? 10. What type of phrase has 3 separate parts?

Quiz #4 1. What two types of clauses are there? 2. How many subordinate clauses are there? 3. What is an independent clause? 4. What is a dependent clause? 5. What does an adjective clause do? 6. What is an adverb clause introduced by? 7. What is an essential clause? 8. How many functions does a relative pronoun have? 9. Name the 2 functions of relative pronouns? 10. Name on thing an adverb clause modifies.

Sentences Parts a. Subject 1. Complete: Starts with a capital letter and ends with a period, has a subject and a verb predicate, and has a complete thought Basic Sentence: N ADV V N V ADJ N N Mark Wahlberg quickly ran back stage to congratulate his older brother Donny on a ADJ N great show. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V N V ADJ N N Mark Wahlberg quickly ran back stage to congratulate his older brother Donny on a ADJ N Prep N great performance with the New Kids on The Block. 2. Simple: a sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate Basic Sentence: N ADV V V N V ADJ N Ed Sheeran proudly walked to accept the award voted for by devoted fans. Advanced Sentence: ADJ N ADV V N V N V An astound Ed Sheeran proudly stepped to the stage to accept an award voted for by ADJ N his devoted fans. 3. Compound: a sentence with more than one subject or predicate Basic Sentence: N N V ADJ N ADV The 1975 and The Neighbourhood both make alternative music in vastly different ways. Advanced Subject: PN N N V ADJ N The bands, The 1975 and The Neighbourhood, both make alternative music with

ADV N N vastly different techniques and sounds.

b. Predicate 1. Complete: tells what the subject does or is Basic Sentence: N ADV V N ADJ Cody Simpson quickly traveled back to Australia in time for his younger sisterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s N birthday. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V N Prep N Cody Simpson rapidly traveled from America back to Australia just in time for his ADJ N N th younger sisterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 15 birthday. 2. Simple: the main verb in the predicate Basic Sentence: N ADV V N V ADJ N Jack Johnson efficiently made his way over to the venue to rehearse his new song. Advanced Sentence: ADJ N ADV V ADJ N An anxious Jack Johnson efficiently made his way to the Copenhagen venue to V ADJ V ADJ N rehearse for the upcoming performance of his new song. 3. Compound: when one subject is shared by two or more verbs joined by a conjunction or connecting word Basic Sentence: N V Prep V V ADJ N N Sammy Wilk tried to rap while running to adjust to the lack of breath on stage. Advanced Sentence: N V Prep V V ADJ N N Sammy Wilk tried to rap while running to adjust to the lack of breath on stage V V N because of having to interact with the crowd. 35

Sentence Types 1. Declarative: the opposite of questions Basic Sentence: N V N ADJ N N ADV Madison Beer told Jack Gilinsky he could no longer stage kiss with fans and only strictly V N hug fans. Advanced Sentence: V PN N ADJ N N Madison Beer told her boyfriend, Jack Gilinsky, he could no longer stage kiss with fans ADV V N V N and only strictly hug fans because it looked bad. 2. Interrogative: a question Basic Sentence: N N ADV V V ADJ When did Zayn Malik, of One Direction, unexpectedly decide to go leave the well-known N N band and go solo? Advanced Sentence: N ADJ N V ADV V ADJ When Zayn Malik, a member of One Direction, decide he suddenly wanted to have a solo N career? 3. Imperative: a sentence that gives a command Basic Sentence: N ADV V ADJ N V V Jack and Jack recently released a new EP and want you to listen to it. Advanced Sentence: N ADJ N V V ADV V N Jack and Jack, the duo from Nebraska, want you to listen to their recently released EP on N YouTube. 36

4. Exclamatory: expresses strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point. Basic Sentence: N V N V ADJ N N V Jingle Ball, sponsored by 102.7 KIIS FM, includes many big names in music and sold out V quickly! Advanced Sentence: N ADJ N V ADJ N N V ADV Jingle Ball, a music festival, includes many big names in music and sold out quickly V ADJ N after only being available for less than 24 hours!

The 13 Sentence Patterns 1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause Basic Sentence: N ADV V ADJ N Niall Horan quickly decided to walk to closest Starbucks. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V ADJ N Niall Horan, of One Direction, decided to quickly walk to the nearest Starbucks. 2. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clause Basic Sentence: N ADV V N ADJ N N Shawn Mendes passionately played his guitar on the enormous stage for fans. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V ADJ N ADJ N Shawn Mendes passionately played his old guitar on the enormous stage for his ADJ N dedicated fans. 3. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause Basic Sentence: Prep ADJ N V Prep N V ADV V N While eager fans waited outside, Ed Sheeran decided to quickly take a few pictures. Advanced Sentence: Prep ADJ N V Prep N N ADV V V While eager fans waited outside for pictures, Ed Sheeran graciously decided to take a ADJ N few pictures. 4. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause Basic Sentence: N V V ADJ N N N Fifth Harmony decided to have a free meet and greet at Barnes&Nobles, fans ADV V N V patiently waited for hours, though not everyone was able to meet them.

Advanced Sentence: N V V ADJ N N N Fifth Harmony decided to have a free meet and greet at Barnes&Nobles, fans ADV V N V patiently waited for hours, though not everyone was able to meet the ladies due to ADJ N time constraint. 5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) Basic Sentence: SC ADJ N ADJ N ADV V ADJ N After the award show, the many celebrities quickly made their way to the after party. Advanced Sentence: SC ADJ N ADJ N V ADV V After the long award show, the many celebrities attending quickly made their way to ADJ ADJ N the raging after party. 6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense Basic Sentence: SC V V ADJ N N ADV V After refusing to perform for the raging crowd, Justin Bieber was harshly criticized. Advanced Sentence: SC V V N N N ADV V After he refused to continue his show in Europe, Justin Bieber was harshly criticized N for his decision. 7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeliness of structure, meaning, or length. Basic Sentence: N V ADJ N N ADV V Is One Direction taking a short break, or have One Direction recently decided to V ADJ N announce their final departure?

Advanced Sentence: N V ADJ N N ADV V Is One Direction taking an elongated break, or have One Direction recently decided to V ADJ N take a final break? 8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written Basic Sentence: N V V N V ADJ N ADJ Simon Cowell decided to have the staff review the stage microphones, the stage N ADJ N V V ADV props, and the stage speakers to ensure the show went smoothly. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V V N V ADJ N Simon Cowell recently decided to have the staff inspect the stage microphones, the ADJ N ADJ N V ADJ N V ADV stage props, and the stage speakers to ensure the nightâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s show went smoothly. 9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order Basic Sentence: ADJ N ADV V N ADJ One Direction members have intensely dedicated fans and the One Direction N AD V N ADJ N members are intensely dedicated fans to other artists. Advanced Sentence: ADJ N ADV V N One Direction members have intensely dedicated fans of their own while the One ADJ N ADV V N ADJ N Direction members are intensely dedicated fans to other artists. 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose Basic Sentence: N N Pep ADJ N V The New Kids on the Block have, a boyband since the early 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, continued to ADV V N ADJ creatively produce music today.

Advanced Sentence: N N Prep ADJ N V V The New Kids on the Block, a boyband since the early 80â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, continue to thrive and ADV V N ADJ creatively produce their music today. 11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose Basic Sentence: N V ADV V ADJ N ADJ N Madison Beer demanded she specifically have green jelly beans and ice cold Diet N ADJ N ADJ N Coke and a walk-in closet in her dressing room. Advanced Sentence: N V ADV V ADJ N ADJ Madison Beer demanded she specifically needed to have green jelly beans and ice ADJ N ADJ N ADJ N cold Diet Coke and a full walk-in closet in her dressing room. 12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order in order to place emphasis and draw attention Basic Sentence: SC V ADJ N ADV V N N While filming their music video for their recently released song Nothing to a King, N N V ADJ N V N ADJ Sammy Wilk and Skate decided their music video needed 2 thrones and their music N V N ADJ N V ADJ N video should include their fans and their music video needed different scenery. Advanced Sentence: SC V ADJ N ADV V N While drafting their music video for their recently released song Nothing to a King, N N V ADJ N V N ADJ Sammy Wilk and Skate decided their music video needed thrones and their music N V N ADJ N V ADJ N video should include their fans and their music video needed different scenery.

13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Basic Sentence: N ADJ N V V N Prep N Jack Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catch phrase tends to stick to those around him and even though he ADV V ADJ N V ADJ N ADJ recently came up with his catch phrase, he still uses his catch phrase anyway he can. Advanced Sentence: N ADJ ADJ N V V N Prep PN Jack Johnsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new catch phrase tends to stick to those around him and even though ADV V ADJ N V ADJ N he recently came up with his catch phrase, he still uses his catch phrase anyway he V N sees reasonable.

Sentence Errors 1. Run-On/ Rambling: continue without stopping; go on longer than expected Basic Sentence: N V Prep ADJ N A DV V N Mark Foster made his way down to the local parlor to quickly cut his hair but N V V N Mark Foster forgot to take his wallet. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V ADJ N V N V Mark Foster quickly walked to the nearest parlor to trim his hair but forgot his N wallet. 2. Fused: connected two main clauses with no punctuation Basic Sentence: N V ADJ N ADV V Prep N N Matty Healy took center stage he slowly emerged from the fog on stage. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V Prep N Prep V ADJ N Matty Healy slowly emerged from the fog before taking center stage. 3. Fragment: a sentence that cannot stand by itself without an independent clause Basic Sentence: N ADV V N Prep N V ADV The band nervously took stage but not before. The crowd chanted loudly for the N band. Advanced Sentence: Prep N ADV V N N V ADV Before the band nervously took the stage, the crowd chanted loudly. 4. Misplaced Modifier: a phrase or clause placed awkwardly in a sentence so that it appears to modify or refer to an unintended word. Basic Sentence: N V ADJ N N V ADV V V Big Sean received many gifts on stage that were admired shortly after he exited Prep N off the stage. 43

Advanced Sentence: N V ADJ N ADV Prep V N Big Sean admired his many gifts shortly after he exited off stage. 5. Double Negative: a grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence Basic Sentence: N ADV V V ADJ N Louis Tomlinson is not rarely seen donating to various charities. Advanced Sentence: N V ADV V N ADJ N Louis Tomlinson is seen frequently giving money to various charities. 6. Comma Splice: a sentence that contains a comma to separate two independent clauses. Basic Sentence: N ADV V N Prep N ADJ N Shawn Mendes quickly grabbed snacks before the show, his favorite snack is N Swedish Fish. Advanced Sentence: N ADV V N Prep N ADJ Shawn Mendes quickly grabbed snacks before the show, including his favorite N N snack, Swedish Fish.

Quiz #4 1. How many types of sentences are there? 2. What are the different sentence parts? 3. Name of 3 of the types of subjects. 4. List the types of predicates. 5. How many sentence errors are there? 6. How many different sentence patterns are there? 7. Name the first 3 sentence errors. 8. What is an anaphora? 9. What is a comma splice? 10. What is a fragment?

Paragraphs 1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) a.

Hook/Lead I. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) Ex: While Miguel tried to put on a performance with the, he tried to kick-jump and landed on a fan. Due to the force of the impact, he and the fan were taken to the hospital and checked for any major injuries. As the doctors examined them, Miguel wondered of how smoothly things would have run had he landed on the platform correctly. II. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) Ex: Was Miguel at fault for the injuries the fan obtained, or was it purely a miscalculation of distance? b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writingusually one sentence in length and something that is arguable) i. Assertion (claim) Ex: Fans can be very unpredictable and precautions should be made to assure the safety of the performers. ii. Fact (empirically verifiable) Ex: Fans can get very out of hand when excited and it can lead to injuries. iii. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Ex: Fans should be able to contain themselves to assure the safety of other and themselves. iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature - an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) Ex: v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns; all, always, every, never, none, most, half - avoid using this type of thesis statements) Ex: Most of the time fans tend to be respectful while some are always overexcited. vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) Ex: An article published in Us Magazine described the R&B singer, Miguel, trying to kick-jump and landing on a fan. Injuries like this are one reason precautions should be taken that prevents the injuries of the performer and the fans. vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) Ex: The precautions taken by performers and stage managers can prevent the injuries that can lead to hospitalization and even the suing of the company or performer. 2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand the thesis) a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence of support) Ex: Multiple precautions can be taken to prevent injuries such as rehearsals. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must relate to how rehearsals can prevent injury) b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences - quotes should be embedded within sentences) Ex: Miguel states that he â&#x20AC;&#x153;got caught up in the moment,â&#x20AC;? but that does not justify the injuries of the fan or his own. 46

i. Paragraphs (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) Original Quote- “Got caught in the moment” Ex: Miguel states that he was focused on the performance and lost in the music and had not realized the fan’s position. ii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) Original Quote- “Got caught in the moment” Ex: Miguel was lost in his performance. iii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples - AVOID) Ex: Miguel would not have injured a fan if he was paying attention to his surroundings. iv. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples) Ex: The article of the performance, published in 2013, shows the results of not taking precautions. c. Closing Sentences (must end discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culmination word - possible an adverb - and should echo the thesis) Ex: Clearly, some more precautions need to be taken in Miguel’s set to prevent any further injuries. 3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions- should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) a. Statement (s) of Extension (extending the thesis statements using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one or more sentences) Ex: If precautions would be taken by the performers, then it would reduce the amount of injuries and it would also reduce the amount of money spent on hospital bills and the amount of money that management loses. b. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) Ex: The injuries sustained by the fan are not entirely Miguel’s fault, just a matter or practice.

Quiz #5 1. How many sections are included in the introduction? 2. List the types of sections of the introduction. 3. What is an anecdotal hook? 4. What is a query based hook? 5. What types of evidence is described? 6. What is a statement(s) of extensions? 7. What is a thesis statement? 8. Describe a concrete example? 9. What is an opinion based paragraph? 10. What is fact based paragraph?

Essays a) Types i. Persuasive (Argumentative) A persuasive essay uses logic and reason to show that one idea, based on opinion, is more legitimate than another idea. Persuasive essays are an attempt to get the reader to agree with the argument presented. A persuasive essay should have support that justifies the argument. II. Expository (Informative) 1. Definition/ Description An expository essay is an essay that requires the writer to investigate the topic, analyze the evidence provided, explain the idea, and create an argument. 2. Process/How-to To write an expository essay, you have to start with prewriting for the expository essay so that it is easier to write because you base the paragraphs on an outline. Drafting the expository essay is the second step to writing an expository essay allows you to write out the essay so that you have a more solid idea of what the essay will be. After drafting the essay, you wave to revise the essay and go through your writing taking out things that may be confusing so that your essay is stronger. Once the revising is finished, go through the essay and edit it assure that the essay is clear and the ideas are thoroughly supported. After all the steps have been done, go ahead and publish the essay. 1. Compare and Contrast A compare and contrast expository essay provides information about both topics or arguments and explains the differences as well as the similarities in both topics or arguments. A compare and contrast expository essay needs to include a thesis statement and the arguments of both sides and whether or not the arguments coincide with each other or disagree. 2. Cause and Effect A cause and effect expository essay explains the reasons that certain events took place (causes) and the outcomes of those reasons (effects). A cause and effect essay focuses on two or more events and discusses both causes and effects or just one. iii. Analytical/Critical: an analytical/ critical essay is writing that expresses the bias or position of the writer. The writer must analyze a piece of work and create a piece based on critical thinking. 1. Evaluative An evaluative essay is when the writer breaks down the information provided and gives an analysis including the agreement or opposition to the information at hand. An evaluative essay must include an opinion on the topic that is clearly brought across; it should establish the standards of what is given, judgment based of off the standards, and evidence supporting the position. 2. Interpretive An interpretative essay is an essay that provides an analysis of another piece of work. An interpretive essay should explain the understanding of the piece of work and how they interpret the message of the author. iv. Narrative (Tells a story): a narrative essay is a story written about personal experiences 1. Personal Anecdote 49

b. i.

c. i.

A personal anecdote is a story based off of someone's personal experience of an event or a certain time period. An anecdote usually relates to a topic at hand and is intended to have a purpose. v. Research MLA Format MLA format is the most commonly used format when writing. MLA format requires 8 1/2x 11 in. paper, double-spaced, one-inch margins, indentations for each paragraph, page numbers, italicized titles, and endnotes. APA Format APA format is used mainly for journal documents and books. APA format requires 8 1/2x 11 in. paper, 12pt. font, Times New Roman, double-spaced, oneinch margins, a header that includes the title, a title page, an abstract page with the main topics of the essay, a main body, and references. vi. Timed Document Based Question (DBQ) A document based question essay is an essay that allows the student to give the understanding of the document along with support from personal experiences and other provided sources. A DBQ must include an introductory paragraph with a thesis, a body, an argument with supporting evidence, and a conclusion that related back to the thesis. Prompt Based A prompt based essay is an essay that focuses on a certain topic or set of questions. It must include an argument that defends or opposes the prompt and must include supporting evidence that states the position. Strategies Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining Pre-writing an essay helps with the process of writing because it is an outline of what will be included in the essay. A prompt analysis allows for the basis of understanding that will be included in the essay and leaves room for explaining the prompt. Outlining the essay is similar to pre-writing because both provide a skeleton for the essay. ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources Researching the topic of an essay allows for more knowledge of the topic and also allows for more evidence/ support to be provided. The evaluation of sources allows for the different direction the essay can go in terms of agreeing and disagreeing and the support for each option. Works Cited Page MLA Format MLA format for a book needs to include is the last name, first name of the author, the title, place published, publisher, and the year published. Essay or Chapter in Edited Books or Anthologies: References to an essay or chapter in an edited book or compilation must include the following elements: essay, chapter author(s), essay or chapter, title, book title, book editor(s) or compilers, place of publication, the shortened name of the publisher, date of publication, inclusive page numbers of the cited piece, and medium of publication. For references in articles in magazines or websites must include the author, article title, publication title 50

ii.

(journal, magazine, etc.), the volume number, publication date (abbreviate months, if used), the inclusive page numbers, and the medium of publication. For government documents, the requirements are a bit different. If you do not know the author of the government document just cite the government agency as the author. For CD-ROM citations, it should include the medium of the electronic publication (CD-ROM), the name of the vendor that made the material available on CD-ROM, and publications dates for the version used if needed. APA Format For APA style citations for a book must include the full title, with each beginning letter capitalized. When citing a magazine it must include the volume number and publication information. When citing a website, you must include the author, year and month of publication, the title, and URL.

Quiz#6 1. 2. 3. 4.

Name the 6 types of essays there are. What are the 2 types of formats there are? How many different analytical essays are there? What are 3 of the strategies/planning tips/steps for writing an essay? 5. What is one type of narrative? 6. How many types of expository essays were included in the grammar book? 7. What styles include the MLA and APA formats?

Capitalization 25 Rules of Capitalization Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in a title. Ex: Made in the A.M. Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name. Ex: Uncle Simon Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations Ex: Colombia Records Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days. Ex: Christmas Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the noun is part of a title Ex: Fridayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concert Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the products(s) Ex: Nike shoes Rule 7: Capitalize business names Ex: Apple Rule 8: Capitalize institution names Ex: Cambridge University Rule 9: Capitalize names of particular geographical names Ex: Northern Ireland Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents Ex: Vietnam War

Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being Ex: Christian Rule 12: Capitalize languages Ex: French Rule 13: Capitalize specific names of structures Ex: Eiffel Tower Rule 14: Capitalize specific initials and titles appearing with names Ex: J. K. Rowling Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence Ex: Harry Styles quickly made his way to center stage before the final song. Rule 16: Capitalize the pronoun, I Ex: I attended my first concert at the age of one when I saw, *NSYNC. Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first words in most lines of poetry Ex: Told her that I loved her was not sure if she heard The roof was pretty windy and she didn’t say a word. Rule 18: Capitalize Roman Numerals and letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline. Ex: I. The History of Music Rule 19: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation Ex: Niall Horan told the interviewer, “If you had to choose, red or purple?” Rule 20: Capitalize government bodies and departments Ex: Central Intelligence Agency

Rule 21: Capitalize races and ethnic groups Ex: Hispanic Rule 22: Capitalize North, South, East, Wes, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of a country or world. Ex: Northeast Ireland Rule 23: Capitalize political parties and their members Ex: Republican Donald Trump Rule 24: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that begin a sentence Ex: Five-Thousand fans Rule 25: Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States Ex: President John Fitzgerald Kennedy

Quiz #7 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

How many rules are there in Capitalization? True or False: Rule 23 can be used for a whig. What must be capitalized in Rule 25? What does Rule 9 state? True or False: The example for Rule 17 is from a song. True or False: Colombia Records in a company in England What is the 11th rule of capitalization? Describe what Rule 23 is explaining.

Punctuation 1. -

[ ] :are most often used to include additional information from an outside source (someone other than the original author)

Ex] Harry Styles claims, “the contract calls for 5 albums [and] 4 tours. Ex] Simon Cowell stated, “Clearly the show [American Idol] has been running long enough.” 2. ( ): are punctuation marks used within a sentence to include information that is not essential to the main point. Ex] Matty Healy (lead singer) of The 1975 tours 10 months out of the 12. Ex] Audrey O’Day of Danity Kane (no longer together) still continues her music career. 3. . : It ends a sentence Ex] One Direction released 2 albums in 2 years while on a world tour. Ex] Sean Combs has been music producer since the 1980s. 4. , : to separate independent clauses when they are joined by any of these seven coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet Ex] Though no longer part of One Direction, Zayn Malik continues making his own music. Ex] After their split in 2014, Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez remain friends. 5. - : join two words or parts of words together while avoiding confusion or ambiguity Ex] Twenty-two thousand fans were at the last Janet Jackson concert. Ex] Four-hundred fans went to meet Fifth Harmony at the book store. 6. – : when you want a phrase or another part of the sentence to have extra emphasis Ex] Four hundred—no, four thousand fans were seen at the free outdoor concert. Ex] Selena Gomez’s concert sold out six—Seven times faster than The Beetles. 7. : :may be used between independent clauses when the second sentence explains, illustrates, paraphrases, or expands on the first sentence Ex] Shawn Mendes went out and bought: six packets of candy, three energy drinks, coffee, and extra clothes. Ex] Fifth Harmony ordered: five hamburgers, seven shakes, 6 large fries and extra ketchup for their massive road trip. 8. ; : most commonly used to link (in a single sentence) two independent clauses that are closely related in thought Ex] Most parents were allowed into the venue; the children didn’t mind the extra company. Ex] No time frame was established for the duration of the music video taping; most parents picked up their children around 9 pm.

9. ? : used in both formal and non-formal writing and in cases where direct and indirect questions are being asked. Ex] With so much going on, will Ed Sheeran cancel his concert? Ex] How long has Ed Sheeran written songs for other artists? 10. ! : usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence Ex] “Watch out!” exclaimed Liam as he pulled Harry away from the stage flames. Ex] Michael Clifford was burned in the face by the fire they had on stage! 11. ‘ : Used to indicate this possession Ex] Selena Gomez’s new album sold millions of copies worldwide. Ex] Ed Sheeran’s standard was set sky high after releasing his “+” album. 12. “: set off the titles of things that do not normally stand by themselves: short stories, poems, and articles. Usually, a quotation is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma; however, the typography of quoted material can become quite complicated. Ex] Ed Sheeran’s “X” album sold more than his very first album. Ex] Justin Bieber’s “Purpose” made it way to #1 on the charts within minutes. 13. … : one uses three dots for any omission, while the second one makes a distinction between omissions within a sentence Ex] Liam Payne commented, “… I don’t know if she will make it far in this business…” Ex] “He seems to have gotten over Selena Gomez…” states a source.

Commonly Confused Words a) Who (subject pronoun)/Whom (object pronoun) -

Ex] Stage crew tried desperately to find who threw their phone on stage. Ex] Stage crew desperately trying to find to whom the phone thrown on stage belonged to.

b) Their (adjective)/ There (noun)/They’re (contraction) -

Ex] One Direction frantically searched for their microphones before emerging from back stage. Ex] Ed Sheeran quickly research nearby restaurants where there would be Italian food. Ex] They’re mentally preparing for the biggest show of the tour.

c) Lie(recline)/Lay(put down) -

Ex] Austin Mahone decided to briefly lie down before the next show. Ex] Shawn wanted to quickly lay down his guitar to speak to the massive crowd.

d) Laid(put down past-tense)/Lain (recline past-tense) -

Ex] Nick Jonas remember he quickly lain down in his dressing room to calm down. Ex] Beyoncé had neatly laid out her outfit for the next day’s event.

e) Affect (influence)/Effect (result) -

Ex] The death of Whitney Houston massively affected everyone she ever touched. Ex] The standards of radio had little effect on The 1975’s use of profanity.

f) Accept(receive)/Except (apart from) -

Ex] Simon Cowell decided to briefly accept Emblem 3 into his record company. Ex] All bands nominated gladly won their category except for 5 Seconds of Summer.

g) C/W/Should have (correct)vs. C/W/Should of (informal speech) -

Ex] One Direction should have waited until January 2016 to release their 5th album.

h) Loath(unwilling)/Loathe(dislike) -

Ex] Jack Johnson is known to loathe those who are close-minded. Ex] John Newman is rarely loath with new music techniques.

i) Infer (conclude) /Imply(express indirectly) -

Ex] From their speech, One Direction implied that the four were incomplete without Zayn. Ex] It was quickly inferred that the band thanked Zayn out of pure respect.

j) Weary(mentally or physically fatigued)/Wary (on guard) -

Ex] The large security guard was wary of the many crazed fans lurking outside. Ex] After touring for over a year, 5 Seconds of Summer returned home very weary.

k) Proceed (after)/Precede (before) -

Ex] After the Ellen Show, James Bay will proceed to the Hollywood Palladium for his concert. 59

Ex] Preceding the Ellen Show, James Bay went to sound check at the Hollywood Palladium.

l) Discrete(different)/Discreet(reserved) -

Ex] It was clear that Justin and Selena were very discrete but they were happy together. Ex] The Neighbourhood is not as discreet as other bands, but they never tried to clean their image up.

m) Conscience (aware or morality)/Conscious (aware of environment) -

Ex] Lady Gaga was very conscience of her dress while accepting her award. Ex] Demi Lovato was conscious of her audience while censoring her lyrics.

n) Can(able to) /May (permission) -

Ex] It is extremely clear that Ariana Grande and Mariah Carey can hit the whistle notes. Ex] It is unclear where One Direction may open up the next Olympics.

o) A lot (many)/ Allot (given) -

Ex] It was noticeable that a lot of fans came to the free concert in Hollywood. Ex] The FOX channel needed to allot the band enough time to play.

p) Allusion(indirect)/Illusion(false image) -

Ex] Louis and Liam of One Direction created an allusion of their relationships in the One Direction “Four” album. Ex] The illusion of fire gave a deeper meaning to Afire Love by Ed Sheeran.

q) Awhile (adverb)/A while(short time) -

Ex] Hey Violet played for a while before the main act. Ex] The opening act lasted awhile before 5 Seconds of Summer performed.

r) Borrow(take/accept)/Lend(give) -

Ex] Liam Payne decided to lend Sophia his jacket before the rain set in. Ex] Zayn wanted to borrow Louis jacket but it was too small for him.

s) Cache(safe storing)/Cash(money) -

Ex] The band’s equipment was cached in the tour bus behind theirs. Ex] One Direction makes tons of cash every minute of the day.

ANSWER KEYS Answers to Quiz #1 1. Further, Furthermore, Moreover 2. An expletive is a word or phrase used to fill out a sentence or a line of verse without adding to the sense. 3. Subject-Verb, Noun-Pronoun 4. 3 5. Direct, Indirect 6. Rats 7. A complement is a noun and verb that has a matching adjective, complementary. In any case, it refers to something that completes or goes well with something. 8. 4 9. A subject-verb agreement is when two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or nor, use a singular verb 10. A noun-pronoun agreement is when some pronouns have nouns or pronouns to which they refer, called antecedents. Pronouns must agree with antecedents for person, number, or gender.

Answers to Quiz #2 1. Prepositional, Appositive, Verbal 2. Gerund, Participle, Infinitive 3. A word ending in “ing” 4. Noun 5. Appositives 6. “to go”/ “to jump” 7. Phrase that modifies an appositive 8. Verb preceded by the word “to” 9. Ms. Martinez 10. Verbal Phrases

Answers to Quiz #3 1. Independent, Subordinate 2. 7

3. Clause that can stand as a full sentence 4. Clause that can’t stand as a full sentence 5. Modify a noun in independent clause 6. Subordinating conjunction 7. clause necessary to meaning of sentence 8. 2 9. Introduce clause/sentence-part in sentence 10. Verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Answers to Quiz #4 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

13 Subject and predicate Complete, simple, compound Complete, simple, compound 6 13 Run-on/Rambling, fused, fragment A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order in order to place emphasis and draw attention 9. A sentence that contains a comma to separate two independent clauses. 10. a sentence that cannot stand by itself without an independent clause

Answers to Quiz #5 1. 2 2. Hook, query, fact, opinion, belief 3. Belief story to set the mood and intro the topic 4. Questions that bring the reader to the topic 61

5. Paragraphs, summary, abstract, concrete, closing 6. extending the thesis statements using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis - could be one or more sentences 7. the purpose of a piece of writingusually one sentence in length - and something that is arguable 8. actual, reference-able examples 9. personal position on a topic empirically verifiable

Answers to Quiz #6: 1. Persuasive, Expository, Analytical/Critical, Narrative, Research and Timed. 2. MLA and APA 3. 2 4. Pre-writing, prompt analysis, and outlining 5. Personal Anecdote 6. 2

7. Research essays and work cited page.

Answers to Quiz #7 1. 25 2. True 3. The president when referring to the leader of the United States of America 4. You must capitalize geographical names 5. True 6. False, it is in America 7. You must capitalize you must capitalize religion, religious documents, supreme beings, names of churches, and religious denominations 8. You must capitalize political parties and their members

Glossary Acoustic: of, relating to, or being a musical instrument whose sound is not electrically enhanced or modified Arena: a central stage, ring, area, or the like, used for sports or other forms of entertainment, surrounded by seats for spectators Composition: manner of being composed; structure EP: extended-play single Falsetto: an unnaturally or artificially high-pitched voice or register, especially in a man (Hollywood) Palladium: theater in Hollywood, CA where many musical performances have been held Rustic: of, relating to, or living in the country, as distinguished from towns or cities; rural Tempo: relative rapidity or rate of movement, usually indicated by such terms as adagio, allegro,etc., or by reference to the metronome. The 1975: British alternative-rock band from Manchester, England Video Vanguard Award: a lifetime achievement award that if given to honor an artistsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work

Works Cited "English-Grammar-Revolution.com Sitemap. Find It Here!" English-GrammarRevolution.com Sitemap. Find It Here! N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. "MLA Citation Style." MLA Citation Style. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2015. "How to Use Brackets (Parentheses) Properly." Scribendi. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015. "Verb Tenses." English-Grammar-Revolution.com Sitemap. Verb Tenses. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2015. "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Nov. 2015.

For my mom who pushes me farther and farther everyday to be something better than she was. She wants the best for me and I intend to show her that everything she sacrificed was worth it.