PHRASES AND CLAUSES

underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. A aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw B bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr C cheers, congratulations D dang, drat, darn, duh E eek, eh, encore, eureka F fiddlesticks G gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh H ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh, humph, hurray O oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P phew, phooey, pooh, pow R rats S shh, shoo T thanks, there, tut-tut U uh-huh, uh-oh, ughW wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wowY yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck Transitions of Logic Chart Milder Stronger Addition a further and and then then also too

SECTION IIII

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nounsor pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. The whole town worked together to defeat Bill Cipher.

Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbsworking together and that function as a verb.

Wendy knew she had to break up with Robbie. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. By the time Dipper escaped Bill’s henchmen, Mabel was already put into her custom prison.Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS.

Wendy, Dipper’s crush, had no interest in dating himas he was too young.Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with averbal and ends with a noun.

Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun.

Even speeding down the forest, the twins weren’t able to outrun the gnomes.

Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (presentparticiple) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. Dipper was fast to question the guy who turned out to be a zombie, lurking around the Mystery Shack.Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write)that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. Mabel, Dipper and Soos were eager to find the Gobblewonker. CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds:

Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simplesentence pattern.

The wax statues the twins found were cursed.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentenceand MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds: Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Gideon did not understand why Mabel didn'twant to be his girlfriend.

Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word:

Simile dip is the candy Mabel had been waiting to find. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, andadverbs in an independent clause, introduced by asubordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs:

After losing the “test your manliness” game, Dipper headed into the forest because he wanted to learn how to be a man. Modifying adjectives:Dipper was especially busy at the party, so hemade clones. Modifying adverbs: Pacifica's dad was more of a hoax than anyone else in town.