PARTS OF SPEECH

13 () Parenthesis (Parenthetical- adds vital information but is not needed) EX: Dipper was right about Gideon, (a child physic) being a fraud and liar. 14 / Backslash (Indicates a choice) EX: The optimistic/energetic Mabel Pines, always found a way to cheer up those around her. Capitalization –1. Capitalize the first word of a sentence. EX: Dipper and Mabel Pines had to solve mysteries and fight the paranormal everyday. 2. Capitalize names and other proper pronouns. EX: At the fair, Mabel won her pet pig Waddles.3. Capitalize days, months, and holidays, but not seasons. EX: The Pine twins were born August 31st, in autumn. 4. Capitalize most titles words. EX: Gravity Falls was animated by Alex Hirsch.

Section II PARTS OF SPEECH

NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: pig, tree, journal · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Gravity Falls, The Mystery Shack, Dipper · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: newspaper, policemen, bus stop

Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: twins, truck, sheriff · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes.

EX: friendship, love, skill

Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb)

Ford yelled at Stan after

Stan successfully brought him back.

Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Mabel rejected Gideon after he asked her out over and over again. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Mabel gave a love potion to Robbie and Tambry at the diner. PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects)I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine our, ours Your, yours your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s their, theirs Relative: Nominative Objective Possessive who whom whose That that of that those/ this Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction:

Stan would blame himself for what happened to Ford.Mabel would take herself to Sweater Town when she was upset. to intensify a point:Stan himself did a terrible job while trying to be elected mayor.Even though Mabel herself wanted to stay in MabelWorld forever, she had to leave to defeat Bill. Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject.Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses; simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present present present perfect present progressive present perfect progressive future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: Dipper got his journal in a tree (Dipper is the subject) Passive: The tree brought his journal to Dipper. (Dipper is the subject but treated as the object) Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · The twins discovered groundbreaking mysteries inGravity Falls.Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Mabel met one of her crushes in the public swimming pool.

· Waddles the pig was left disadvantaged against thepterodactyl.Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Soos liked to read comic books by himself.ADJECTIVES

Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative (EX. this), Common (EX. brave), Proper (EX. American) ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (EX. Soos came home to the twins throwing a party celebrating his birthday) · Conversions (EX. The twins celebrated Soos’ birthday) · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject)Manner – Mabel rejected Gideons request to be his girlfriend quickly. Time – The twins have to stop Weirdmageddon immediately. Place – Pacifica was willingly at the Golf Course competing with Mabel.Degree – Waddles barely escaped the Pterodactyl. Frequency – The twins were consistently escapingdeath everyday.

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, soCorrelative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to non living object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositionsand complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under,