Nataly Villatoro Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet High School November 30, 2015
Grammar Book Project: My Summer Vacations
Honors American Literature Period 4 Mr. Rodriguez
Introduction This is a grammar book that explains the intricate and sometimes complicated rules of the English language. It is based off of the topic of my summer vacations over the years. I have spent every summer in Florida for half of my life now and I can proudly say that each visit has been a different experience that has built me into the person that I am now. I travel to Florida to visit my oldest sister, my 3 nieces, and her husband’s family. It has been a wonderful experience to be exposed to a different lifestyle and to learn about different cultures, customs, and places in the state of Florida. I decided to dedicate this project to the topic of my summer vacations because that provides me with the necessary information to provide examples of grammar that covers many topics. In this grammar book, you will somewhat learn about my summer experiences which then connect to the rules of grammar. Florida is a melting pot for various cultures. Primarily the Hispanic cultures such as the Cuban, Colombian, and Dominican Republic cultures. Cuba is a mere 90 miles south of the Florida Keys and over the years the culture has carried and spread throughout the state. In Southern Florida there is a strong presence of the Cuban culture because of the proximity of the country. There is food, music, and traditions that are carried out by immigrants. Their culture is wonderful and it really heightens the Florida experience. I mention Key West more than anything in this grammar booklet because I have spent the most recent summers there because my sister recently moved there. I have gotten to experience Tallahassee, Miami, West Palm Beach, Tampa, and Orlando but Key West really is extraordinary. I had been on islands before but never one like Key West. Key West is the Southernmost Point of the United States and it really gives its visitors some perspective on how big our country really is. Key West is 4 miles long, 1 mile across of family fun, nature, island living, and activities that seem rare to us Californians but routine to Floridians and especially the local people of Key West who call themselves “Conchs.” (The Conch is a protected sea life species that Key West has adopted as their mascot due to the high population of them in the surrounding oceans.) Moving on to the grammar book, this is how the intricate rules of the English grammar connect to my Floridian summer memories and experiences. Hopefully, this reaches my audience and can help them understand these rules. Casual and relatable topics should help the grammar rules get across and be simple to understand. If the grammar rules don’t get across, maybe my audience can learn a few random facts about me and about The Sunshine State of Florida.
About the Author My name is Nataly Villatoro and I am a dedicated reader. My family is very musically inclined and being surrounded by music and instruments has been very foundational for my interests today. I love music, playing my guitar and ukulele, and singing as well. I have been a very studious person since I could read and write and I once aspired to be a veterinarian or a teacher but now I aspire to be a psychologist. It interests me to help people with issues that are below the surface and that is entwined with their brain and their subconscious. I wouldn’t mind writing a book about this field. As a child, I loved books ever since I could hold one in my tiny hands. I would always have my siblings or my parents read to me (and might I add that they would get very annoyed.) However, they kept feeding my addiction of books and now I can proudly identify myself as a bibliophile, or a person who loves and collects books. I cherish my books and I am not shy to express my feelings about various works of literature. Even my elementary school teachers would challenge me to read entire bookshelves in the library over the course of the school year and I never failed to finish one. Learning to read was the gateway to learning to write. I learned to write before I went into preschool and I was so happy to have learned as soon as I could have. I have a stutter that has held me back in many areas of my life so writing was my way to express everything I wanted to say but couldn’t. Now, I can express my love and understanding of books through my analytical essays and personal writings. I am glad to say that I have now been exposed to the official rules of grammar and can continue to expand on my love for writing and incorporating the extensive rules of the English language and its grammar.
Table of Contents Section 1: Parts of Speech Section 1: Parts of Speech Quiz Section 2: Phrases Section 2: Phrases Quiz Section 3: Clauses Section 3: Clauses Quiz Section 4: Sentences Section 4: Sentences Quiz Section 5: Paragraphs Section 5: Paragraphs Quiz Section 6: Essays Section 6: Essays Quiz Section 7: Capitalization Section 7: Capitalization Quiz Section 8; Punctuation Section 8: Punctuation Quiz Section 9: Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices Section 9: Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices Quiz Answer Keys to Section Quizzes
1-15 16 17-18 19 20-21 22 23-27 28 29-30 31 32-33 34 35-36 37 38-39 40 41-42 43 44-46
I. A.
B.
Nouns Types of Nouns: 1. Common Nouns: Beach, tent, sand, car, luggage 2. Proper Nouns: Disneyland, Florida, California, Key West, United States 3. Compound Noun: Suitcase, roadtrip, airplane, caretaker 4. Concrete Nouns: Swimming pool, books, strollers 5. Abstract Nouns: Caring, childhood, delay, success Noun Identifiers: 1. Noun Endings: Blissfulness Congratulatory Celebration Puppeteer Voluntarism Sisterhood Perfectionist Adventure Gratitude Commitment Perseverance Patience Positivity Hipster 2. Noun Markers: NM N My newborn niece, Ezra June, was the highlight of my summer. NM N My beautiful newborn niece, Ezra June, required a lot of attention and care. 3. Plural Form: Bathing suits, beaches, families 4. Possessive Form: Baby’s toy, beaches’ sand, friend’s business 5. Following a Preposition: Prep NM ADJ N I sat alongside an obnoxious parrot on my flight to Miami, Florida. C. Functions 1. Subject: S V I went to visit my sister in Key West, Florida this summer. S V The plane flew over the Gulf of Mexico at one point.
2.
Direct Object: S V DO My boss at my summer job, Mr. Boa, gave me 50 bracelets to make a day.
3.
S V DO The kids I babysat demanded that we play board games all day. Indirect Object: S V IO DO Mr. Boa gave a client a special customized anklet. S
V
DO
IO
4.
Fort Zachary has a clean-up team that gives out trash bags to civilians to clean up after themselves. Adverbial Object: S V AO I walked back home after work and helped my sister with the baby. S V AO We went to dinner before heading to the beach for the 4 of July Key West firework show. Object of the Preposition: S V OPrep Mr. Gallinar went to the state beach with the youth group. Subject Complement: S LV SC I was very relaxed spending my time on the Key West beaches. th
5.
6.
7.
8.
S LV SC The tourists were overbearing to the locals of Key West. Object Complement: S OC I became the official babysitter for the Boa Family as soon as the kids told their parents they liked me. Appositives APP My sister, Iris, gave me various parenting tips to prepare for the future. S APP V Mr. Boa, my boss and friend, introduced me to the world of business.
9.
Adjectival: S
10.
11.
V Adjvl My nieces and I walked over to the homeschooling center twice a week for their schoolwork.
S Adjvl V The new children’s jewelry store was in Old Town Key West. Noun in Direct Address N N Hailey and Carlie, wake me up to make you breakfast. N Did you stock up on the sterling silver anklets, Mr. Boa? Object of the Gerund G OG Applying to hospitals for volunteer hours this summer was very stressful. G
OG
12.
13.
Getting the prize for family game night was a right of passage for my summer. Object of the Participle Part OPart Finishing the APUSH homework for the summer was very relieving. Part OPart Before going to the birthday dinner, I caught up with some friends in Miami. Object of the Infinitive Inf OInf My nieces were determined to be the top students of their art class this summer. Inf OInf I wanted to beat the high score of the tetris game on the plane.
II: Pronouns 1: Personal: To use personal pronouns, you must know the noun, the amount of that noun, and the gender of that noun.
P My sister made it a point to take us to the beach so we could say we got a bit of nature in our day. P The drive up to Miami was exhausting for her kids and we tried to make it as fun and quick as possible for them. 2. Relative: It connects the clause to a noun that is before it. R The beach goers have to choose which beach to occupy depending whichever beach works out best for them. I thought about taking a paddleboarding class that was early in the morning but I can’t R recall whom recommended the idea to me. 3. Interrogative: It is used to start a sentence that asks an interrogative question. I Which board game did the kids want to play next I asked myself as we neared the end of each game?
I Whom wanted lunch and who just wanted to snack? 4.Reflexive: It relates back to the subject or noun of the sentence. R I walked into town to buy myself some new Key West decals. My niece wanted to use all the paint she could at art class to decorate her bedroom by R herself. 5.Demonstrative: They point out the noun. D I bought these new sandals because I tore mine when I tripped on a step. D This was the best experience with kids that I’ve ever had. 6. Indefinite: They are not specific as to which noun they replace. I Somebody had too much to drink on Duval Street and vandalized a local business. I Nobody could figure out how to remove the seaweed situation at Higgs Beach this summer. III. Verbs A. How verbs are identified 1. Verb ending: Swimming, walked, runs, 2. Tense: a. Simple past: ran, walked, swam, jumped b. Past: sang, walked, ran c. Past perfect: had ran, had gone, had swam d. Past progressive: were running, were swimming, was singing e. Simple present: is swimming, am singing, are running f. Present: run, swim, ran g. Present perfect: has sang, has swam, has been h. Present progressive: am moving, is walking, is upset i. Present perfect progressive: has been swimming for an hour and hasn’t stopped, am singing and will keep singing, has been running and still is j. Future: I will, I am, I am going k. Future perfect: will finish soon, should sleep until 9am, will have done homework 3. Forms: a. “to be”: am swimming, was tanning, been tired b. “to do”: does swim, doing homework, did work c. “to have”: had class, having fun, has food 4. Types: a. auxiliary verbs: does, do, did
b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.
linking verbs: is, look, has been lexical verbs: say, get, know dynamic verbs: play, eat, drink stative verbs: like, love, hate finitive verbs: drive, drives, drove nonfinitive verbs: to eat, to read, to live regular verbs: teach, coach, breathe irregular verbs: dreamt, brought, began transitive verbs: cleans, eats, wrote intransitive verbs: laughed, showed, voted 5. Voice: a. Active: Tourists roam the beaches. b. Passive: The beach is roamed by curious tourists. 6. Verbals: a. gerund: listening, purchasing, investigating b. participle: abandoned, deserted, c. infinitive: to cry, to laugh, to breathe IV: Adjectives: They modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 1. Kinds: a. Demonstrative: The paddleboard, that boat, this beach b. Common: big paddleboard, small speedboat, hot beach c. Proper: Japanese boats, American paddleboards, Floridian local traditions 2. Endings: . able: Amicable a. al: Maternal b. ant: Significant c. ary: Voluntary d. ed: Adjusted e. en: Smitten f. ent: Consistent g. er: tanner h. ful: Wishful i. ic: Heroic j. ing: Exhausting k. ish: Unselfish l. ous: Jealous 3. Conversions: changing the suffixes . hideous→ hideously a. happy→ happier b. quiet→ quietest 4. Articles: An article is a word that combines with a noun. They are usually adjectives because they describe the nouns that they precede. (a, an, the) a. A bicycle shop b. an ice cream parlor c. the dockside
5. Comparatives /Superlatives: A comparative adjective is used to compare only 2 things. A superlative adjective is used to describe 3 or more things. . The smaller fish a. The coolest shark is bigger b. A boat is the wildest V. Adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs 1. Endings: a. Outwardly b. Backwards c. likewise 2. Conversions: . hurry→ hurriedly a. slow→ slowly b. fast→ fastest 3. Types: . Manner: quickly pedaled to work, hurriedly walked the dog, swam well to the reef a. Frequency: always walked the dog, never walked the cat, occasionally made new friends b. Degree: extremely humid, very hot, too bright c. Place: plant life everywhere, golf course is outside, nearby parks are next to the ocean d. Time: worked today, left now, beach tomorrow 4. Intensifiers: . obviously hot outside, really craving seafood, totally relaxed 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: . Comparative: with adverbs ending in -ly use more a. Superlative: with adverbs ending in -ly use most b. Examples: more humid, more slowly, fastest summer 6. Examples Types: . Manner: i. I quickly walked to the bike shop down the street. ii. The tour guide badly told the history of Key West during the Hurricane Evacuations. a. Time: . The paddle boarding class always made my tan a little worse. i. I rarely stayed indoors throughout the summer. b. Place: . My boss left the store in my care before he went home. i. The piano teacher worked with my nieces all summer long. c. Degree: . The humidity in Florida is extremely suffocating. i. The brightness of the sun triggers my migraines. d. Frequency: . I never saw a shark while I was paddle boarding in the Gulf of Mexico. i. I always saw some type of fish hidden in the mangroves. VI. Conjunctions A. Coordinating: It is a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank (and, but, or)
a. The island is 4 miles long and 1 mile across but the surrounding little islands are Florida land as well. b. The Key West Library is the library where you can run into Judy Blume and Meg Cabot or other famous authors. B. Correlative: coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence (either/or, neither/or, not only/but also, both/and) . The most expensive restaurant on the island was either the Raw Halfshell Bar or Mangoes. a. The boats docked in the harbor are both privately owned and tour boats. C. Subordinate: It connects a subordinate clause to a main clause. (After, though as, as if) . The evacuation plan for the island of Key West came after my Grandpa Chuck moved there and designed it. a. In order to get to Key West, you need to drive over the famous 7 Mile Bridge. D. Relative Pronouns: who, which, that . Who organized the annual Library water fight in Key West this year? a. The street on which Ernest Hemingway lived on is called Duval Street. VII: Prepositions: link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. 1. There are a few ferry boats that transport people from Sunset Key to Key West alongside the naval base. 2. The people of Sunset Key are millionaires who have no need to go to the main island as well as the other Keys. It is up to them whether or not they want to own their own boats and store them beside their mansions. 3. Key West is 90 miles north of Cuba and is among at least 1700 key islands. VIII: Interjections Ahem, Boo, Crud, Doh, Eek, Fie, Gee, Ha, Indeed, Jeepers, Man, My word, Nah, Oh, Please, Rats, Shh, Thanks, Ugh, Viva, Wahoo, Yay, Zoo viii: Antecedents: an event or thing that existed before or logically precedes another Previously known as “bar hopping” in Key West, it turned into “The Duval Crawl”. ix: Complements: refers to a direct object The beach was incredibly crowded. x. Objects: part of the predicate 1. Direct: answers the question of what or whom a. My summers are known for the amount of traveling. 2. Indirect: . They insisted that I stay home for the summer. xi. Modifiers: words, phrases, or clauses that qualify the meaning of other words Another beach, another day xii. Transitions: Transitions of Logic
Milder
Stronger
Addition
a further x and and then then also too next another other nor
further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last
Comparison
just as ... so too a similar x another x like
similarly comparable in the same way likewise
Contrast
but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather
however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely
Time
then now soon afterward later shortly earlier
meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter
recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow
at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future
Purpose
to do this so that
to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x
Place
there here beyond nearby next to
at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back
Result
so and so then
hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence
Example
that is specifically in particular for one thing
for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in
Summary and Emphasis
in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally
in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact
naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose
indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly
xiii. Expletives: rhetorical device that is the “dummy subject� The Sunset Celebration was extremely crowded when the tourist cruise ships arrived. xiv. Agreements: 1. Subject-Verb Agreement: when 2 or more nouns or pronouns are connected by one verb
2.
The cruise ship and the naval ships were both docked at the same port. Noun-Pronoun: pronouns must agree with the noun
My niece, Hailey, jumped for joy when she finally caught the lizard she was after. Quiz 1: They modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. 2: Fill in an ending suffix to make an adjective: _____________ 3: an, a, the 4: smaller, small, and smallest 5: Place Adjectives Sub. ? 6: The island is 4 miles long and 1 mile ? across but the surrounding little islands are Florida land as well 7: (who, which, that) 8: Yuck, uh-oh, thanks, shh, etc. 9: Give an example transition of logic 10: 2 types of agreements A: Effortless B: Relative pronouns C: Adjectives D: noun-pronoun & subject-verb
E: Interjection F: superlative G: Similarly H: article I: (everywhere, outside, nearby) J: coordinating conjunctions
2. Phrases a. Prepositional: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. S V Adj. Prep. Phrase I thought that the beach was extremely hot as I sat beside the boardwalk. S V Adj. Prep. I thought that the beach was extremely hot as I approached it to sit beside the boardwalk. b. Appositive: a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive S Adj. V Mr. Boa, my employer, spent long hours training me to watch the store for a few hours. S Adj. Adv. V Mr. Boa, my employer, spent long hours intensely training me to watch the store for a few hours.
i.
c. Verbal: a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun Gerund Adj. S Driving down to Key West during lobster season is a difficult trip. Gerund Adv. Adj. Driving down to Key West during lobster season is an immensely difficult S trip especially if you get stuck on the 7 Mile Bridge. ii.
Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective S V Part.
The locals think the tourists are annoying. S V Adv. Part. The locals of Key West think the tourists are dramatically annoying every time a cruise ship unloads for the week. iii.
Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs S Infin. My nieces’ goal was to ride their bikes around the entire golf course without breaks. S Infin. My nieces’ goal was to ride their ridiculously cute bikes around the golf course without any breaks by the end of the summer.
SECTION 2 QUIZ 1. Prepositional 2. Appositive 3. Verbal 4. Gerund 5. Participle 6. Infinitive 7. Does a gerund or participle use the ending “ing” as a noun? 8. Give an example of an infinitive phrase. 9. Is a preposition used as an adjective and/or an adverb? 10: Would “annoying” or “annoyed” be the participle?
3. Clauses a. Independent: a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought SV I did my APUSH outlines in the coffee shop on Duval St.
S Adv. V I rapidly did my APUSH outlines in the coffee shop on Duval St. because the tourists were pouring into Old Town. b. Subordinate: a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought S Adj. Key West Florida is a very beautiful island. S Adv. Key West Florida is a beautifully designed island. i.
Noun: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive N. Clause The house on Petronia St. is what inspired the antique shop to branch out. N. Clause The house on Petronia St. is what inspired the antique shop to branch out to other parts of the island. ii. Adjective: used to modify a noun with an independent clause S Adv. Clause Higgs Beach is where the 4 of July fireworks could be watched from. S Adv. Clause Higgs Beach is where the 4 of July fireworks could be watched from as they fell from the sky. th
th
iii.
S S
iv. S
S
Adverb: used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession Adj. Clause Art class is where I slammed my finger in the car door. Adj. Clause Art class is where I slammed my finger in the car door because I was Adv. nonchalantly opening and closing the door. Relative: dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun Rel. The child to refill the water balloon bucket got to choose which water gun they wanted to use. Rel. The child to refill the water balloon bucket got to choose which water gun they wanted to use.
v. Elliptical: adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted Elli. Clauses When paddleboarding, your knees need to be slightly bent. Elli. Clauses When paddleboarding, your knees need to be slightly bent to provide balance.
vi.
Essential: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence S I was most interested in collecting as many Key West decals as I could this Ess. Clause summer so I could decorate. S I was most interested in collecting as many Key West decals as I could this Ess. Clause summer so I could diligently decorate my room back at home.
vii. S
Nonessential: clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of a sentence Non-Ess. My favorite tourist shop, that sold headbands, went out of business. S Non-Ess. My favorite tourist shop, that sold headbands, went out of business and was replaced by an alarmingly fast buyer.
SECTION 3 QUIZ 1. Definition of noun clause: 2. Definition of adjective clause: 3. Definition of adverb clause: 4. Definition of relative clause: 5. Definition of elliptical clauses: 6. Definition of essential clauses: 7. Definition of nonessential clauses: 8. Definition of independent clause: 9. Definition of subordinate clause: 10. Give an example of Independent clause.
4. Sentences: a. Sentence Parts: i. Subject: the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being something 1. Complete (2): contains a subject and a predicate S V ADJ I went to the beach on a hot humid day. V S I walked the dog around the cul-de-sac as she ADV ADJ awkwardly adjusted to the longer walks. 2. Simple (2): sentence consisting of only one clause, with a single subject and predicate S Pred. Cl. The baby needed some sun. S Pred. Cl. We walked to the Sunset Celebration every night. 3. Compound (2) a sentence with more than one subject or predicate. S V Comp. I walked to Publix on US-1 and picked up some dessert. S V I ran around the golf course every morning before my ADJ ADV Comp. adorable nieces loudly awoke every morning and started my day. b. Sentence Types: i. Declarative (2): makes a statement or “declares� something S V ADJ Key West is a beautiful island. S ADJ ADJ Bahia Honda State Beach has the clearest and cleanest ADV
waters that I’ve gladly observed. ii. Interrogative (2): The kind of sentence that asks a question and uses a question mark S V ADJ Why does Florida have random wildlife encounters? S V How come the Florida Keys have a warning out for ADJ dangerous lionfish spotted in the open ocean? iii. Imperative (2): a command, rule, duty, etc., that is very important or necessary S V My sister has a rule for her children that states that they can only drink 6 ounces of juice a day. S V My grandpa set the rule in the house that whoever hits you you can hit back which was greatly put to use this summer. iv.. Exclamatory (2): expresses great emotion such as excitement, surprise, happiness and anger, and ends with an exclamation point. S V ! Key West is the best island ever! S ADJ ADV Baby June is the most perfect baby in the perfectly made universe! Advanced: I swam impatiently to the reef because I wanted to find a large conch shell. 1. Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Basic: The run around the golf course and botanical garden that I took every morning Sentence Patterns: 1. Simple: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Basic: Key West is the location of the smallest bar in the world. Advanced: The small island of Key West is definitely the southernmost point of the United States. 2.
Complex: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Basic: I walked to the botanical garden because my nieces needed a butterfly. Advanced: The run around the golf course and the botanical garden that contained butterflies and flowers became too strenuous for me but I kept running the course every morning.
2. Complex/Compound: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Basic: I swam in the ocean but not in the pool that often. Advanced: I swam in the Gulf of Mexico but not in the pool at the golf course. 3. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) Basic: I love the island’s weather, attractions, and people. Advanced: I love the island’s year-round summer weather, tourist attractions, and vivacious people. 4. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. Basic: Summer, with its sun, memories, and relaxation, is my favorite season. Advanced: Summer, with its bright sun, fun memories, and relaxation, is my favorite season. 5. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel to each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. Basic: My nieces like being the center of my attention, and involving me in everything. Advanced: My cute nieces like being the center of my attention, and involving me in everything in their lives. 6. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. Basic: Key West is known for its beautiful beaches and its great people. Advanced: The island of Key West is known for its beautiful beaches and its great people. 7. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of (ideas, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. Basic: Is Key West the best island because of its territory or is its territory beautiful because of its territory?
Advanced: Florida is special to me because of the memories it has given to me and Florida gives great memories. 8. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Basic: My nieces ran, jumped, and played - taking all the benefits of a fun playground. Advanced: I love Florida for its hot weather, the people have warm hearts. 9. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Basic: I enjoy driving through Florida’s Keys, mangroves, and Everglades. Advanced: Florida loves providing warmth, nature, and fun for its visitors. 10. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. Basic: “Right here, right now� is my motto when I travel to Florida every summer. Advanced: Every day and every night, I spent enjoying the fruits of Floridian culture. 11. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Basic: Swimming is the best, Florida is the best, and life is the best. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. Run-On/Rambling: A sentence that has connected two main clauses with no punctuation. A main clause makes a complete thought, so you should not find two of them smashed together in a single sentence. Error: I traveled to Florida alone and love flying alone. Correction: I love flying alone when travelling to Florida. 2. Fragment: An incomplete sentence, pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. Error: I never went back. Correction: I never wanted to go back home because I love Florida. 3. Misplaced Modifier: A word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it modifies or describes.
Error: The Florida sky was bright. Correction: The Florida sky after the sunrise matched the bright moods of the happy people. 4. Double Negative: A grammatical construction occurring when two forms of negation are used in the same sentence. Error: Key West is gonna host a major gay pride parade. Correction: Key West is going to host a major gay pride parade. 5. Comma Splice: The use of a comma to join two independent clauses. Error: Driving down to the Keys is a long drive even if it’s beautiful. Correction: Driving down to the Keys is a long drive, even if it’s beautiful.
QUIZ SECTION 4 1. A sentence that is just one independent clause. 2. A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. 3. A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses. 4. A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. 5. A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order. 6. A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). 7. A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. 8. A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. 9. A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 10. A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
A. Complex/Compound B. Parallel C. Balanced D. Anaphora E. Chiasmus F. Simple G. Loose H. Periodic I. Polysyndeton J. Complex
5. Paragraphs a.
Introductory Paragraphs Hook/Lead: 1. Ex: The 8 year old me, Nataly, was having a difficult time adjusting to being three thousand miles away from her older sister who had been a mother figure to me. I missed her terribly and jumped at the chance to go visit her despite the slight resentment I had towards her due to the fact that she moved across the country. ii. Thesis Statement: usually one sentence in length and is the point of the writing piece. 1. Assertion (claim) a. Ex: The summer of 2008 was going to be a memorable summer. 2. Fact . Ex: The bond between sisters is strong and cannot be broken by mere distance. 3. Opinion . Ex: My sister chose the best state to live in: Florida! 4. Belief: . Ex: It would be a sin to let mere distance separate two sisters apart. 5. Generalization: . Ex: Everyone who vacations in Florida has a great and memorable vacation. 6. Theory . Ex: People who vacation in Florida tend to spend more due to the vast variety of different cultures and different things being offered more than anywhere else. b. Body Paragraphs . Topic Sentence: Florida has some of the world’s most beautiful beaches and are easily accessible. i. Sentences with examples i.
1. Quotes “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” a. Ex: According to Paul Phipps, “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” b. Ex: “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” says Paul Phipps of TripAdvisor. c. Ex: Many agree with what Paul Phipps of TripAdvisor says, “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” d. Ex: Many agree with what Paul Phipps of TripAdvisor says, “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” (TripAdvisor.com) e. Many agree with what Paul Phipps of TripAdvisor says, “The Sunshine State has 825 miles of beaches, and they have all won people’s hearts…” according to Paul Phipps of TripAdvisor.com. 2. Paraphrase: reword the original quote . Ex: Florida wins over people’s hearts with its beautiful beaches. 3. Summary: . Ex: Florida has beautiful beaches. 4. Anecdotes: . Ex: My first time going to West Palm Beach was quite memorable. I fell in love with the clean beach, the beautiful coral reefs, and the curious fish. Despite arriving the day after a tropical storm passed, the beach was perfect. 5. Concrete Examples: . “No other state and very few countries can boast such an abundance of high quality beaches.” says the Department of Environmental Protection of the State of Florida. 6. Abstract Examples: Florida’s beaches wouldn’t be as beautiful if there were more man-made features. ii. Closing Sentences 1. In conclusion, Florida has some of the most beautiful beaches in the world. b. Closing Paragraphs . Statement extending the thesis: 1. Ex: The feelings of serenity and relaxation brought by visiting these Florida beaches are indescribable. i. Final Sentence: 1. Nothing tops that liberating sensation than experiencing a Florida beach.
SECTION 5 QUIZ TRUE OR FALSE 1: A final sentence connects back to the hook. 2: Concrete examples are hypothetical, “what if” examples - avoid them as much as possible.
3: A query based question is a brief story to set the mood and intro the topic. 4: Concrete examples use actual references. 5: Topic Sentences is rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source. 6: In a summary, you condense large quotes in a sentence. 7: Concrete examples use actual references. 8: Closing sentences must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word - possibly an adverb - and should echo the thesis of the essay. 9: Topic Sentences is rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source. 10: Generalization uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half - avoid using this type of thesis statement.
Essays: a.
Types Persuasive (Argumentative): The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence; and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner. ii. Expository (Informative): 1. Definition or description: The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner. 2. Process/How-to: a. Thesis statement in the introductory paragraph i.
b. c.
Body paragraphs with evidence that supports your thesis Conclusion that doesn’t restate the thesis but discusses it again 3. Compare and Contrast: compare and contrast the different possibilities of the sides of the argument 4. Cause and Effect: explain how your thesis/opinion can benefit your argument iii. Analytical/Critical: an event, book, poem, play or other work of art is analyzed and examined 1. Evaluative: This essay gives a kind of rating or grade towards the item being analyzed without being opinionated. Criteria, judgment, and evidence should be used in this essay to validate the rating. 2. Interpretive: This essay gives the text a meaning. It explains the text on a deeper, below-the-surface level and often brings outside topics into question and analysis. iv. Narrative (Tells a story): This type of essay is the story telling method. It is used to share stories and anecdotes. 1. Personal Anecdote: A story from the author’s personal experience is being shared in a structured essay that includes a purpose, clear language, and an organized story line. v. Research Essay: The final formulation of a topic after extensive research, analyzation, sources, and organization. 1. MLA format: This citation of sources format is used for essays and papers referring to a topic of liberal arts and humanities. Also, the structure and presentation of the essay is specific. 2. APA format: This citation of sources format is used for essays and papers referring to a topic of social sciences. Also, the structure and presentation of the essay is specific. vi.
Timed: Essays written in timed exams in which you are given a question or statement to respond to while using your own personal resources such as experiences, readings, and current events. 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): A document or an excerpt of a document is given to analyze and answer according to the knowledge of the writer. 2. Prompt Based: A statement or question is provided. The essay is written based off of the writer’s opinion and reaction to the statement or question. The sources used are whichever reliable sources the writer has available. f. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps vi. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining: In order to write a well-structured and organized essay, the writer should first make a plan of how they imagine their essay being. They should brainstorm and organize their main points into body paragraphs according to their importance to their thesis. Another tip is to outline the essay first meaning that the paragraphs can be set up and left to be filled in with brainstorming ideas. This way, the writer has an idea of where their essay is going rather than writing it in an ineffective and unorganized manner.
vii.
Research/Evaluation of Sources: Not all research is good research and evidence should be chosen according to their relevance to the essay’s points and how well they support the point. g. Work Cited Page . MLA Format: (Modern Language Association) is used to cite papers concerning liberal arts and humanities using parenthetical citation. i. APA Format: (American Psychological Association) is used to format papers concerning social sciences. The format includes specifics such as a title page, an abstract, main body, and references.
QUIZ SECTION 6 1: What is APA format used for? 2: What is narrative for? 3:What is MLA format for? 4: What is expository for? 5: What is persuasive for? 6:What is compare and contrast used for? 7: True or False: Does evaluative rate a work of art? 8: True or False: Does interpretive state the obvious? 9: True or False: Does expository writing require research? 10: True or False: Does cause and effect show the benefits of the argument?
7. Capitalization - The first word if a sentence must always be capitalized. Ex: From time to time, Key West undergoes renovations for new attractions or hotels. -The pronoun “I” must always be capitalized. Ex: A few years ago, I first went to the island of Key West. - Proper nouns such as specific people, names, organizations, and sometimes things must capitalized. Ex: I called Mom every day that I was gone for the summer. - The names of God, deities, religious figures, and holy books are capitalized. Ex: I read the Bible at youth group meetings every Friday in Big Coppit Key. - Titles preceding names, but not titles that follow names are capitalized. Ex: I met The Toppino’s, a founding family of Key West. - Directions that are names (North, South, East, and West when used as sections of the country, but not as compass directions) are capitalized. Ex: Key West is the Southernmost point of the United States of America. - The days of the week, the months of the year, and holidays (but not the seasons used generally) are capitalize Ex: One of my favorite childhood memories was spending Christmas in Miami during the winter. - The names of countries, nationalities, and specific languages are capitalized. Ex: The main nationality focused in Key West are Cubans because Cuba is just 90 miles away. - The first word in a sentence that is a direct quote is capitalized. Ex: Ernest Hemingway once said, “One cat just leads to another.” and this proves to be true because all the cats in his Key West home are descendants of his first cat. - The major words in the titles of books, articles, and songs (but not short prepositions or the articles “the,” “a,” or “an,” if they are not the first word of the title) are capitalized. Ex: Ernest Hemingway based “To Have and Have Not” off of Key West during the Great Depression and the difficult times the Key West Conchs endured. - Members of national, political, racial, social, civic, and athletic groups are capitalized. Ex: The Key West High School Conch football team is the island’s pride and joy. - Periods and events (but not century numbers) are capitalized. Ex: I was able to witness the Gay Pride Movement Parade in Key West last an entire weekend. - Trademarks are capitalized. Ex: Kai-Kai sandals are what the locals of the island wear.
- Words and abbreviations of specific names (but not names of things that came from specific things but are now general types) are capitalized. Ex: The CR stands for The Conch Republic which is what the locals of the island call themselves to be independent from the island’s government.
SECTION 7 QUIZ Choose either true or false for the following statements: 1. Capitalize product(s) but not the brand name. T or F 2. Capitalize seasons of the year. T or F 3. Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.
T or F 4. Do not capitalize languages. T or F 5. Capitalize school subjects unless they state a language, or they are numbered. T or F 6. Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being. T or F 7. Capitalize foods, games, trees, musical instruments, animals, diseases, and plants. T or F 8. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. T or F 9. Do not capitalize the pronoun I. T or F 10. Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents. T or F
8. Punctuation a. []: brackets: allows the writer to interject explanation or clarification within the quotation Ex: “I want to get to Key West [Florida] and away from it all.” – Ernest Hemingway Ex: “Never to go on trips with anyone [He married 3 times] you do not love.” – Ernest Hemingway b. (): parentheses: used to add additional information and provide information and detail that is helpful to have. Ex: I loved walking the cute dog (she’s a giant though) every day. Ex: My flight to MIA (Miami International Airport) was a very long flight. c. . : period: used at the end of a complete sentence that is a statement. Ex: I love Key West and its beautiful beaches. Ex: My nieces are island girls because they live and are being raised in the Conch lifestyle. d. , : comma: to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items; used to separate two adjectives when the adjectives are interchangeable.
Ex: I spent my summer babysitting, working, and swimming. Ex: My sister, a mother, is very cautious of where she goes with her daughters on the island. e. - : hyphen: used to join two or more words when they come before a noun they modify and act as a single idea. Ex: Group-biking is a big trend on the island and I am guilty of participating in it. Ex: Paddle-boarding classes were fun and something I looked forward to during the summer. f. -- : dash: used to indicate an interruption or an abrupt change of thought. Not interchangeable. Ex: Hailey—the adventurous child—was never trouble when I babysat her. Ex: The pool guard—and her golf cart—were always interrupting the flow of traffic around the golf course that summer. g. : : colon: used to indicate Ex: The children asked me to make the same lunch for them when I babysat: chicken nuggets and peanut butter- apple bites. Ex: When at work, I often forgot to do one thing: clock in. h. ; : semicolon: used to indicate an audible pause and to replace a period. Ex: I biked down to the dock; where the bike chain broke. Ex: No matter what; Key West will always be my happy place. i. ? : Question mark: used to indicate a question being asked. Ex: “How many days until I leave this paradise?” is something I dreaded more and more each and every day. Ex: When does my flight leave? j. !: Exclamation point: used to show emotion, emphasis, or surprise. Ex: I love vacations!
SECTION 8 QUIZ 1: used to show emotion, emphasis, or surprise. 2: used to indicate a question being asked. 3: used to indicate 4: used to indicate an interruption or an abrupt change of thought. Not interchangeable 5: used to add additional information and provide information and detail that is helpful to have. 6: allows the writer to interject explanation or clarification within the quotation 7: to separate words and word groups in a simple series of three or more items; used to separate two adjectives when the adjectives are interchangeable. 8: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence. 9: used for word division 10: used for contractions, plurals, and possessives
9. Commonly Confused/Misused Word Choices a. Who/Whom: who is used for he. whom is used for him Ex: Who is the mayor of Key West? Ex: I was curious about whom enforced the beach rules. b. Their/There/They’re: possessive form of “they”, in that place, contraction for “they are” Ex: They’re the best snow cone place on the island. c. lie/lay: to stay in a horizontal position so the subject is lying down, put or set something down. I love to lay on the sand at Higgs Beach near Old Town. d. Laid/Lain: past participle of lay, past participle of lie Ex: There are various iguanas lain throughout the island. e. Affect/Effect: to influence, a result Ex: The effect of the evacuation plan is that the people of the island feel safer. f. Accept/Except: to receive, with the exclusion of Ex: The time to accept an invitation to Snipes Island is always! g. C/W/Should have/Should of: formal version of should’ve, informal version of should have Ex: I should’ve carried around sunblock at all times. h. Loath/Loathe: means unwilling, means to hate intensely Ex: I absolutely loathe the humidity of Florida. i. Infer/Imply: to assume, to hint at Ex: It is easy to infer that the specialty of the island is seafood, j. Weary/Wary: physically or mentally fatigued, to be watchful or cautious Ex: I returned weary from my daily runs. k. Proceed/Precede: to continue, to come before Ex: I proceeded to explore a piece of the island every day. l. Discrete/Discreet: to separate a thing, modest behavior Ex: One of the Backstreet Boys band member moved to the island this past summer and he tried to lead a discreet lifestyle. m. Conscience/Conscious: sense of morality, awake or aware Ex: I helped out at a homeless shelter and it really awoke my conscience. n. Can/May: used to express physical ability, used to express permission Ex: I can paddle board for hours straight. o. Weak/Week: not strong, seven days Ex: The waves in Florida are weak. p. Allude/Elude: make indirect reference to, to avoid Ex: The island’s theme alludes to the appealing idea to embrace the island life. q. Already/All Ready: by this time, fully prepared Ex: I couldn’t believe it was time to go home already. r. Hear/Here: to sense by sound, in this place Ex: It was hard to hear my nieces’ goodbyes to me. s. Buy/By: to purchase, next to
Ex: I didn’t mind buying my own plane ticket.
SECTION 9 QUIZ 1. Buy/By 2. Weak/Week 3. Proceed/Precede 4. Can/May 5. Who/Whom 6. Loath/Loathe 7. Allude/Elude 8. Lie/Lay
9. Hear/Here 10. Accept/Except A. Not strong, seven days B. To stay in a horizontal position so the subject is lying down, put or set something down C. Who is used for he, whom is used for him D. To continue, to come before E. Means unwilling, means to hate intensely F. To receive, with the exclusion of G. Used to express physical ability, used to express permission H. Make indirect reference to, to avoid I. To sense by sound, in this place J. To purchase, next to
Answer Keys to Section Quizzes: Section 2 Quiz Answer Key: 1: a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. 2: a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. 3: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 4: word ending in “ing” used as a noun 5: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 6: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs 7: Gerund 8: Answers vary. 9: and 10: “annoying” Section 3 Quiz Answer Key: 1: used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive 2: used to modify a noun with an independent clause
3: used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession 4: dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun 5: adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted 6: clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence 7: clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of a sentence 8: a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought 9: a group of words that contains a subject and verb but doesn’t express a complete thought 10: Answers vary.
Section 4 Quiz Answer Key: 1. F 2. C 3. I 4. D 5. E 6. G 7. B 8. H 9. J 10. A Section 5 Quiz Answer Key: 1: T 2: T 3: F 4: T 5: F 6: T 7: T 8: T 9: F 10: T Section 6 Quiz Answer Key: 1: social sciences 2: to tell a story
3: liberal arts and humanities 4: to inform 5: to persuade 6: To share both sides of the argument 7: True 8: False 9: True 10: True
Section 7 Quiz Answer Key: 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. T Section 8 Quiz Answer Key: 1: exclamation point 2: question mark 3: colon 4: dash 5: parentheses 6: brackets 7: comma 8: capitalization 9: hyphen 10: Apostrophe Section 9 Quiz Answer Key: 1. J 2. A 3. D 4. G 5. C 6. E 7. H 8. B 9. I 10. F
Glossary noun: person, place, or thing pronoun:a word that can function by itself as a noun phrase and that refers either to the participants in the discourse verb: an action adjectives: describe a noun adverbs: Modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs conjunctions: a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause prepositions: link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. phrases: a small group of words standing together as a conceptual unit, typically forming a component of a clause clause: a unit of grammatical organization next below the sentence in rank and in traditional grammar said to consist of a subject and predicate. paragraph: a distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering. essay: a short piece of writing on a particular subject capitalization: using capital, or upper-case, letters. punctuation: the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. Works Cited: "English Grammar Revolution: Grammar Made Easy." English Grammar Revolution: Grammar Made Easy. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. "How to Convert a Word Document to Epub." WikiHow. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. "Pronouns." Pronouns. Web. 4 Dec. 2015. "The Online Writing Lab at Purdue (OWL)." Welcome to the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL). Web. 4 Dec. 2015.
Dedication I dedicate this book to my older sisters. If it weren’t for their own interest and passion for language, I probably wouldn’t have had the drive and motivation to absorb as much knowledge as I possibly can. Thank you for always being there for me in each and every way possible and for being my diaries. Thank you for reminding me that everything I do is for myself and nobody else. It’s great knowing you two will support me at all times. This is for you, Iris and Ruby, because no matter our distance or our disagreements, we will always love each other and reading.