Phrases and Clauses ........ PG

[YOUR] BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 3 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES PHRASES and CLAUSES

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun.

All the teachers wanted to take the students on a field trip to the Zoo.

Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The competition judges assumed that they would be sitting the whole weekend.

Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Melody received a standing ovation exiting the stage.

Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun.

Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. The swim team spent their entire practice swimming laps back and forth.

Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective.

The astro camp counselors loved and boasted about the educating camp.

Infinitive Phrase verbs preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

The contestants waited until the signal to start baking. CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Layla was almost ready for the homecoming dance. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive.

Where she made her purchase determined whether they would accept a refund. Please take any messages from whoever might leave them.

The mother was excited when everyone yelled Happy Birthday at her surprise party. The waiter looked over what he wrote down for the order. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: This is the mall where they fought. There was a dress here that I freaking loved. The cake that you wanted is right there. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Layla is the one who got the most likes. There goes the girl who tripped and broke her leg. Her cousin said that she knew how to bake. Is that the color you want? That's the girl that wanted to fight.

The casserole which she was going to submit was sadly burned in the oven. His mother is a woman who worked as a travel nurse.

Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession.Modifying verbs: The street light was put up where nobody could see. When his alarm went off, the dog woke up. I went to the mall because I needed new socks. When I saw her walking down the aisle it was as if we had known each other in another life. Modifying adjectives: The school hours seem just as long as before. She is as mysteriously vague as she always was. Modifying adverbs: She worked harder than the other students.