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Parts of Speech ......... PG
Section 2 pARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Pool, club, park, house, egg· Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). Los Angeles, Sally, Ross · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Sandwich, chopstick, highchair · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Chair, couch, table · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. hunger, passion, athleticism Functions (How nouns are used): · Subject (comes before the verb) Bubba got her first set of puppy shots. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) They took Brandy to Six Flags for the first time. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) She took the young girl to the hospital. PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them
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Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: She pushed herself to her limit and was sore for a week. to intensify a point: The principal herself told us the consequences of our actions. Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:
Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: She pushed herself to her limit and was sore for a week. to intensify a point: The principal herself told us the consequences of our actions. Demonstrative: this, these that, those Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such. VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:
Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: Mandy received her package last night. Passive: The package was delivered to Mandy. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · Ms.Dominguez hates grading. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · Her mom kept making the night thrilling. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · My hamster likes to eat carrots. ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: short, long, recent short, long, recent ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings terribly, afterwards, likewise · Conversions Traditional, Conditional, Nutritional · Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – The hospital attended the critical patient quickly. Time – Mandy’s tournament started later at 6. Place – Gracie was willingly at the party despite her being cold. Degree – Penelope danced terribly at the school dance but everyone had fun anyway. Frequency – Rupert was t constantly show utoring sessions-11ing up to after school
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CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as though, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)
PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.
A Aah Ack Agreed Ahaha Ahem Alas all right Amen Argh as if Aw Ay aye B Bah Blast boo hoo Bother Boy Brr by gollybye C Cheerio Cheers chin up come on Crikey curses D dear me Doggone Drat duh E easy does it Eek Egads er exactly F fair enough fiddle-dee-dee Fiddlesticks Fie hoo fooey G g'day gadzooks gah gangway gee gee whiz geez gesundheit get lost get outta here go on good good golly good job gosh gracious great grr gulp H haha-haha hallelujah harrumph haw hee herhey hmm ho hum hoo hooray hot dog how huh hum humbug hurray huzza I I say ick is it ixnay J jeez just a sec just kidding just wondering K kapish L lala-di-dah lo long time look look here lordy M man meh ptui quite R rah rats ready right right on roger roger that rumble S say see ya shame shh shoo shuck sigh sleep tight snap sorry sssh sup T tata tata-da take that tally ho tch thanks there there there time out toodles touche tsk tsk-tsk tuttut-tut U ugh uh uh-oh um ur urgh V very nice very well voala vroom W wah well well done well, well what whatever whee when whew whoa whoo whoopee whoops whoopsy why word wow wuzzup Y yayea yeah yech yikes yippee yo yoo-hoo you bet you don't say you know yow yum yummy Z zap zounds zowie zzz
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Milder Stronger Addition a further and and then then also too next another other nor further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last Comparison just as ... so too a similar another... like similarly comparable in the same way likewise Contrast but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely Time then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow currently then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future to do this so that to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to
