The Art of Grammar

The Art of Grammar

Written by Estefania Leal-Reyes

Introduction What is grammar? Grammar is the system and the structure of a language that governs how it works.

Grammar is something that is necessary to learn in every language; it depends heavily upon syntax, which is word order, and morphology, which is how words happen. In this book, you will be introduced to the grammar of the English language. Each section in this book is made to help you learn something you didn’t know before, or strengthen your knowledge on that section. This book will include nine sections: parts of speech, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, essays, capitalization, punctuation, and commonly confused words. This book is set up in such a way that you will need to know one section before moving on to the next, as it section will be dependent on the one before it. Have fun and good luck. 

Table of Contents Section 1: Parts of Speech………………………………..…………Page 1-24 Nouns………………….…………………………………….…Page 1-6 Pronouns………………………………………………….……Page 7-9 Verbs……….……………………………………..………..…Page 9-12 Adjectives……………………………………….….…….…Page 12-14 Adverbs……………………………………………..….……Page 15-18 Conjunctions…………………………………………………….Page 18 Prepositions………..……………………………………..….Page 18-19 Interjections…………………………….……………………Page 19-20 Key Associated Terms……………………………….………Page 20-22 Quiz & Answer Key………………………..………..………Page 23-24 Section 2: Phrases………………………………………….………Page 25-32 Prepositional………………………………………………….…Page 27 Appositive………………………….………..………………….Page 27 Verbal………………………………………..………………Page 28-29 Quiz & Answer Key……………….……….………….…….Page 30-32 Section 3: Clauses………………………………………………….Page 33-40 Independent……………………………………..………………Page 35 Subordinate ………………………………..……………..…Page 36-37 Quiz & Answer Key…………………….…………………..Page 38-40 Section 4: Sentences……………………………….……..………..Page 41-54 Sentence Parts……………………………………………….Page 43-45 Sentence Types………………………………………………Page 46-47 Sentence Patterns…………………….…….………………..Page 47-51 Sentence Errors………………………………..……………Page 51-52 Quiz & Answer Key………………………..……………….Page 55-64 Section 5: Paragraphs…………….……….…………………….…Page 57-58 Introductory Paragraphs………………..……………………Page 59-61 Body Paragraphs……………………………….……………Page 26-28 Closing Paragraphs………………………..……………………Page 62 Quiz & Answer Key………………….…………..….………Page 63-64

Section 6: Essays…………….……………………..………….…..Page 65-73 Types………………………….……………….………….…Page 67-70 Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps…………….………..…………..Page 70 Works Cited Page…………………………..……………..…….Page 71 Quiz & Answer Key……………..…………………………..Page 72-73 Section 7: Capitalization…………….……………………………..Page 74-81 Rules of Capitalization………………………………………Page 76-79 Quiz & Answer Key……….…………..………………….…Page 80-81 Section 8:Punctuation………………………………………..…….Page 82-89 Types of Punctuation……….…………………….………….Page 84-87 Quiz & Answer Key…………….………………..………….Page 88-89 Section 9: Commonly Confused Words…….….….….………….Page 90-102 19 Commonly Confused Words……….…………….……..Page 92-100 Quiz & Answer Key……………………………..………..Page 101-102 Glossary………………………………………………..….….…Page 103-107 About the Author………………………………..……………………Page 108 Works Cited…………………………..……………….…………..….Page 109

Dedication I’d like dedicate this book to three of my best friends: Eira, Jennifer, and Elysia. Thank you for being with me through sleepless nights and providing moral support. Without you, this would have probably never gotten done.

Section 1: Parts of Speech

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Frida Kahlo  Page 2!

SECTION 1: PARTS OF SPEECH I. NOUNS A. Types of nouns 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea.

Examples: artists, paintbrushes, studio, easel 2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. (must be capitalized) Examples: Jackson Pollock, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, A Few Small Nips 3. Compound Nouns: consists of words used together to form a single noun.

Examples: glassblowing, waterscape, crosshatching, landscape 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places.

Examples: stool, pencil, paint, ink, abstract 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions, or attitudes.

Examples: impressionism, expressionist, artistic, creativity

“A Few Small Nips�

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B. Noun identifiers: 1. Noun endings: brightness composition impressionism expressionist sculpture aptitude appearance influence creativity cluster inventory career likelihood 2. Following a noun maker (NM) NM N NM N The easel is brown.

The large brown easel is rectangularly shaped.

3. Plural form: “painters” or “artists” 4. Possessive form: “painter’s easel” or “painters’ easel” 5. Following a preposition: NM N ADV V Prep NM ADJ N The artist quickly painted across the white canvas.

C. Functions (How nouns are used): 1. Subject (comes before the verb) N V Eira slowly sculpted a pot for her art class.

N V Eira slowly sculpted a huge brown pot for her art class using amazing techniques and skills.

2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) N DO IO Jennifer cautiously created a portrait for her art portfolio.

N DO In order to have it perfect, Jennifer cautiously created a sleek selfportrait for her art IO portfolio.

3. Indirect Object (answers to who or whom) N V DO IO The art student nervously submitted a portfolio to the art institute.

N V DO Page 4!

The high school art student nervously submitted her portfolio to the IO Art Institute of Chicago.

4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) N V AO She joyfully paints in the morning.

N The beautiful scenery and relaxing ambient allowed her to joyfully V AO paint in the morning.

5. Object of Preposition (follows a preposition) S V Prep OPrep Denine took her sculpture to the gallery.

S V Prep OPrep Denine excitedly took her colorful sculpture to the art gallery.

6. Subject Complement (following a linking web) S LV SC Cristel is the graphic designer of our webpage.

S LV SC The intelligent Cristel is the graphic designer of our webpage due to her immense knowledge on code.

7. Object Complement N V DO OC The team immediately selected Briana as the architect for the project.

N V DO OC The team immediately selected Briana as the main architect for the important project due to her extravagant design.

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) S APP V Darren, my apprentice, showed that he was fully invested in learning.

S APP V Page 5!

Darren, my apprentice, showed that he was fully invested in learning the tactics to being a great calligrapher.

9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S V Adjvl She quickly ran to the art store.

S V Adjvl She quickly ran to the art store after realizing she had forgotten to buy charcoal for her freshman art class.

10. Noun in Direct Address N Denine, have you completed the ceramic doll I asked you to create?

N Denine, have you successfully completed the important ceramic doll I asked you to create last night?

11. Object of the Gerund (noun that follows the gerund) G OG Showing her art piece in an art gallery made her friends and family proud.

G OG Showing her fantastic art piece in the humongous art gallery made her friends and family ecstatically proud.

12. Object of the Participle (noun that follows a participle) Part PartO Winning the drawing contest allowed her to showcase her talent.

Part PartO Winning the nation wide drawing contest allowed her to successfully showcase her talent.

13. Object of the Infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) _Inf_ OInf She loves to paint landscapes on her free time. _Inf_ OInf On her free time, she loves to paint landscapes as it helps her successfully relieve herself from stress.

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“Viva la Vida” II. PRONOUNS 1. Personal When using any personal pronoun, it is important to know the case, person, gender, and the number.

Examples: – She told him not argue with the art teacher; after all, arguing with a her never got him anywhere but the dean’s office, and it wasn’t likely that was something he wanted, for it almost got him kicked out of art school.

– To her, the most important thing in life is art; however many of them would disagree as they are not as outstandingly passionate about it.

2. Relatives A relative is used to connect a subordinate clause with a noun that comes before it in a sentence.

Examples: – Is that the teacher with whom you spent the day with repeatedly practicing your calligraphy skills?

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– Frida Kahlo has many famous paintings, one of which is the painfully beautiful A Few Small Nips.

3. Interrogative These pronouns are used a way of starting interrogative sentences.

Examples: – Who was the famous artist that married the fiercely independent Frida Kahlo?

– What is the name of Pablo Picasso’s first painting?

4. Reflexive Reflexive pronouns are very similar to intensive pronouns, the only difference being that they don't intensify and point back to the sentence’s subject.

Examples: – Frida Kahlo would blame herself for being infertile and often painted about it.

– The “drip technique” is not something that Jackson Pollock created himself, however it is what he is deliberately most famous for.

5. Demonstrative: These pronouns are used to point out a specific noun; such as a person, animal, place, thing, or an idea.

Examples: – These portfolios are a key element to your acceptance to a good art institute, so take very good care of them.

– Those paintings created by Andy Warhol, especially the soup, are all amazing.

6. Indefinite Indefinite pronouns replace nouns without referring to a particular noun.

Examples: – When looking at Jackson Pollock’s art the first thought that quickly comes to most people’s mind is, “Anybody can do that.”

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– Not everyone was accepting to Pablo Picasso’s artwork, but slowly many began take a liking to it

“Wounded Deer” III. VERBS A. How verbs are identified 1. Verb ending paints sculpted drawing brighten

accessorize illustrate

intensify

2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tense: 1) Simple past: expresses events that began and ended at a particular time Examples: painted, illustrated 2) Past: used to describe the past tense Examples: painted, illustrated 3) Past perfect: one event that happened before another event Page 9!

Examples: had painted, had illustrated 4) Past progressive: explains an action that occurred and ended Examples: was painting, was illustrating 5) Simple Present: expresses an event that exists at the moment Example: paint, illustrated 6) Present: used by itself to describe the present tense Examples: paint, illustrate 7) Present perfect: demonstrates that the action has been completed Examples: have painted, have illustrated 8) Present progressive: expresses an activity that began in a recent past and is in progress Examples: is painting, is illustrating 9) Present perfect progressive: gives the idea that one event is in progress before another Examples: have been painting, have been illustrating 10) Future: expresses an event that will take place Examples: will paint, will illustrate 11) Future Perfect: expresses an even that will happen before another Examples:will have painted, will have illustrated 3. Forms: A. Forms of “to be”: the most common used verb in the English l language.

Examples: am sculpting, is sculpting, was sculpting B. Forms of “to do”: used when forming interrogative or negative sentences.

Examples: did sculpt, do sculpt, does sculpt C. Forms of “to have”: implies meaning of possession. One of the most commonly used.

Examples: has sculpted, have sculpted, had sculpted 4. Types: A. auxiliary verbs: helping verbs Examples: should decorate may decorate, can decorate Page 1! 0

B. linking verbs: verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually predicate.

Examples: is decorating, are decorating, was decorating C. lexical verbs: main verbs Examples: decorate, decorates, decorated, decorating D. dynamic verbs: indicate action Examples: decorates, sculpts, paints E. stative verbs: describe a condition Examples: loves, admires F. finitive verbs: indicate tense Examples: decorates, sculpts, paints G. nonfinitive verbs: infinitives or participates Examples: decorated, sculpted, painted H. regular verbs: weak verbs Examples: showed, decorated, illustrated I. irregular verbs: strong verbs Examples: drew, hung, wrote J. transitive verbs: verbs followed by a direct object Examples: decorated the painting, illustrated the tree, carved the pottery K. intransitive verbs: verbs that do not take direct objects Examples: become, agree, belong 5. Voice: voice is a the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: Active: the subject performs an action Examples: decorated the painting, illustrated her surroundings Passive: the subject receives an action Examples: was illustrated by, was painted by, was designed by 6. Verbals: Verb forms not used as verbs a. Gerund: word ending in “ing� used as a noun i. She actively enjoys illustrating her surroundings.

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ii. He rapidly made his way to the yellow carving table. b. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective i. Since she was not finished on time, she was shamelessly sent to the decorating table by herself. ii. The regularly talked about drawing class was not at all what she expected it to be. c. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. i. He surprisingly realized that his favorite thing to do was to paint in a similar style to that of Andy Warhol. ii. Frida Kahlo anxiously went to visit Diego Rivera as a way to get recognition.

IV. ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe the limit, and identify nouns and pronouns.

1. Kinds of Adjectives: a. Demonstrative: These type of adjectives point out nouns. They also answer the question, "Which one?" Demonstrative nouns are: this, that, these, those.

Examples: –This easel does a great job at effortlessly displaying your work.

–Are these the pastels you annoyingly kept talking about?

–Are those the pastels that you repeatedly asked me to buy when we were at Michael's? b. Common: These type of adjectives are simple and regular adjectives. They describe a noun in a general way.

Examples: –The red paint completely ruined her special painting.

–She was very frustrated with her clumsy self, she spilled red paint and it completely ruined her special painting. c. Proper: These type pf adjectives are derived from proper nouns and are written with capital letters.

Examples: –She adored that her mother lovingly brought her Italian paintbrushes.

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–He boldly gave her presentation on two of her most inspiring Spanish painters, Pablo Picasso and Joan Miro.

2. Endings: Suffixes are word endings, meaning they come at the end of a word.

There are common word ending that indicate that the word is an adjective. They are: i. –able, –ible Examples: achievable, capable, legible, remarkable ii. –al Examples: comical, vertical, horizontal, logical iii. –ful Examples: beautiful, careful, successful, grateful iv. –ic Examples: terrific, rustic, artistic v. –ive Examples: attractive, conclusive, intentive vi. –less Examples: careless, flavorless, careless vii. –ous Examples: fabulous, ambitious, anonymous (viii) –ant Examples: attractant, flamboyant (ix) –ary Examples: illusionary, secondary, ordinary (x) –ish Examples: accomplish, nightmarish, astonish 3. Coversions: The parts of speech: the verb and the noun can be changed into adjectives by changed the ending of the word.

Verb to Adjective –– admire → admirable Noun to Adjective –– amazement → amazing Noun to Adjective –– create → creative Page 1! 3

4. Articles: An article is a word that combines with a noun. Articles are adjectives because they describe the nouns that they precede. In English, there are only three articles: the, a, and an. They are each used in specific instances. a. Indefinite Articles: They are used before nouns or adjectives. These are a or an, which is used is determined by the first consonant of the following word.

Examples: –She wanted everyone to know that she could strategically paint a mural.

–She slowly tried to change their focus on her painting to another because a rude boy in the audience has cracked an egg on hers. b. Definite Article: The used to refer to something in which the author and reader are familiar with. Used in front plural and singular nouns as well as adjectives.

Examples: The portfolio she hurriedly received from the excited art student was terrible.

She was shocked how the red paint had ruined her painting instead of actually improving it.

5. Comparatives / Superlatives: a. Comparatives are used to compare to two people or things.

Examples: – She is smarter than me, therefore they expectedly watched her as she proved herself a better artist.

– It was a lot easier for her to mix the paints that for me because she didn’t have a broken wrist. b. Superlatives are used to compare one person or thing with everything or everyone else of their group.

Examples: – She was the quickest of all the painters, therefore she the judges thought highly of her.

– His piece put out for exposition was the most interesting so it quickly received a lot of bids.

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V. ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

1. Endings: Adverbs endings tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something happens. Adverbs often end in -ly, -wards, and/or -wise.

However, adverbs are not limited to these endings and many words or phrases can have different endings. i. artistically, afterwards, clockwise

2. Conversions: A verb or an adjective can be changed into adverbs by added –ly to the end.

Verb to Adverb –– sear → searly Adjective to Adverb –– amazement → amazingly Adjective to Adverb –– quick → quickly 3. Types: a. Manner: How? b. Frequency: When? c. Degree: How? d. Place: Where? e. Time: How often?

4. Intensifiers: These type of adverbs are used to add a certain type of intensity to the meaning of an adjective, verb, or another adverb.

Example: –She had to wait various days for her painting to dry as the paint was extremely difficult to work with and took long to dry.

–They didn’t agree much, but one thing that they both agreed on was that Kahlo was a fairly decent painter.

–She believed that she could easily get the job of main architect for the project as she was the most experienced.

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5. Compararives / Superlatives: a. Comparatives: i. Used to compare two people or things. ii. Used with the with “more” in front of it.

Example: amazingly → more amazingly beautifully → more beautifully b. Superlatives: i. Used to compare one person or thing with a group of things. ii. Used with the word “most” in front of it.

Example: amazingly → most amazingly beautifully → most beautifully 6. Example Types: a. Manner: Basic: S V ADV Eira left her house and went to her art studio quickly.

Advanced: S V When Eira received news her art would be shown in the gallery, she ADV went to her art studio quickly. b. Time: Basic: S V ADV Eira likes to visit the Los Angeles County Museum of Art frequently.

Advanced: S V Eira finds that she feels the most relaxed when she visits the Los ADV Angeles County Museum of Art frequently. c. Place: Basic: Page 1! 6

S V ADV Denine was excitedly here because she felt it was her time to shine.

Advanced: S V ADV Denine was excitedly at the art institute because she felt that it would finally allow her to get her time to shine. d. Degree: Basic: S ADV V Jennifer’s exceptionally great sculpture made into a gallery.

Advanced: S ADV Everyone believed that Jennifer’s exceptionally great sculpture should V have made it into the art gallery. e. Frequency: Basic: S ADV V Cristel occasionally sculpts, but normally she paints.

Advanced: S ADV V Cristel tends to occasionally sculpt, but she paints a lot more often.

“Self Portrait With Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird”

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VI. CONJUCTIONS A. Coordinating: (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so b. She excitedly used the paints and brushes her mother brought her from the Philippines for her bedroom mural. a. She excitedly used the paints and brushes her mother brought her from the Philippines for her bedroom mural, yet her mother continued to be upset.

B. Correlative: Either/or; neither/ nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so b. She couldn’t decide whether to use acrylic or oil paints. a. She couldn’t decide whether to use acrylic or oil paints; after asking various of her trusted colleagues she decided that either would work.

C. Subordinate: After, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. b. After her dance practice she delightfully began her walk home. a. After her dance practice she delightfully began he long walk home that was as long as four miles.

D. Relative Pronouns: Who, which, that. a. She wondered which of the five guys was the one who jealously taunted her. b. When she arrived to her art class she saw five guys and wondered which of them was the one who jealously taunted her the day before.

VII. PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentences. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. These are some common prepositions: Aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as Page 1! 8

far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but(except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without, etc.There are several others as well: Examples: a. On behalf of the student body alongside the art committee we give you the opportunity to show your work to the work inside of this art gallery. b. He took the time to go outside of the theatre with his friends during the interlude. c. Before mixing her paints, she made sure to leave some extra alongside, for she didn’t know when she would need it.

VIII. INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. Interjections are words that show emotion. They are not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence.

A – aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy B – bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, C – cheers, congratulations D – dang, drat, darn, E – eek, eh, encore, eureka F – fiddlesticks G – gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness H – ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow O – oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow P – phew, phooey, pooh, pow R – rats S – shh, shoo T – thanks, there, tut-tut U – uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh Page 1! 9

W – wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow Y – yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck Z – zoinks Examples: a. Yippee! I made it into the 2015 fall semester at the Art Institute of Chicago b. Shh…can’t you see that I need a quiet environment when working on my architecture? c. Hey, I just wanted to quickly give you a thanks for helping me land that art show.

KEY ASSOCIATED TERMS TO KNOW FOR PART OF SPEECH: xii. Transitions: Words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

Examples: She went went to school at the beginning of the day, then she proceeded to go to her art studio. xiii. Expletive: is a crude or obscene expression, or an unnecessary word or phrase used to fill space in a sentence for grammar or rhythm purposes.

Example: Damn it, I thought I had my portfolio done as quickly as him.

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as … so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

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Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason for that reason because of this x

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Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

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Quiz Time 1. Match the following words with the correct category: 1. sculpted 2. ahoy 3. impressionism 4.willingly 5. yet 6. them 7. across 8. beautiful

a. adjectives b. nouns c. conjunctions d.prepositions e. interjections f. verbs g. adverbs h. pronouns

2. What type of noun is being used in the following sentence?

Jackson Pollock is mostly known for his work in abstract impressionism.

3. What ending do verbs of the simple past have?

4. What type of ending do verbs in the gerund have?

5. What word is added prior to adverb is comparative form? How about superlative form?

6. What are the three kinds of adjectives?

7. What is the reason for the use of adverbs?

8. What are the four common word endings that indicate that the word is an adjective?

9. From the addition section of the transitions of logic chart, name one mild and one strong word.

10. What are transitions?

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Answer Key: 1) 1. f 2. e 3. b 4. g 5. c 6. h 7. d 8. a 2) proper noun 3) –ed 4) –ing 5) comparative: more superlative: most 6) demonstrative, common, and proper 7) adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

8) Any of the following work: –able, –ible, –al, –ful, –ic, –ive, –less, –ous, – ant, –ary,–is 9) Mild: a further x, and, and then, then, also, too, next, another, other, nor Strong: further, furthermore, moreover, in addition, additionally , besides, again, equally important , first, second, finally, last 10) Words and phrases that provide a connection between ideas, sentences and paragraphs.

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Section 2: Phrases

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Pablo Picasso Page 2! 6

SECTION 2: PHRASES Phrases are a group of words that function as a part of speech. There are three types of phrases; they are the following: A. PREPOSITIONAL: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb.

Examples: Basic: S V Prep N She received word that she was gladly welcomed inside the art gallery.

Advanced: S V After much anticipation, she received the letter stating she would gladly Prep N be welcomed inside the art gallery.

B. APPOSITIVE: A group of words that include all the words and phrases that modify and appositive.

Examples: Basic: N APP ADV V Ms. Santa Ana, her art teacher, slowly began her unit on modern art.

Advanced: N APP ADV V Ms. Santa Ana, her art teacher, slowly began the new unit on expressionism and famous artists that contributed to the movement.

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“Weeping Woman�

C. VERBAL: A group of words that begins with a verbal and ends with a noun.

1. Gerund: a word ending in "ing" used as a noun.

Examples: Basic: S ADV V G N She occasionally enjoys researching about modern art.

Advanced: S ADV V She felt it necessary to include in her "About Me" essay that she G N occasionally enjoys researching about modern art.

2. Participle: a word ending in "ing" or "ed" used as an adjective.

Examples: Basic: S ADV V Part Larry was extremely unsure if he liked the look of the smiling portrait placed on her easel.

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S ADV V After much speculation, Larry was extremely unsure if he liked the Part look of the smiling portrait his apprentice has placed on the easel.

3, Infinitive: a verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as a noun, adjective, or an adverb.

Examples: Basic: S ADV V During the interview, she was extremely careful to mention she likes _Inf__ N to read art novels.

Advanced: S ADV V During her important interview, she was extremely careful to make sure to mention that she __Inf__ enjoys to paint many different things, as a versatile artist is N something that appeals to institutes.

“The Old Guitarist” Page 2! 9

Quiz Time 1. Which of the following is an example of a gerund phrase?

A. She occasionally enjoys to paint the landscape outside of her home.

B. She occasionally enjoys painting the landscape outside of her home.

C. She occasionally enjoys to painting the colored landscape outside of her home.

2.

What is most true about verbal phrases?

A. The verbs in the three types of verbal phrases are used as adjectives.

B. The phrases begin with a noun.

C. The phrases end with a noun.

3.

What is the purpose of an appositive phrase?

A. To modify an appositive.

B. To describe a verb.

C. To make the sentence longer.

4.

What ending do gerunds have?

A. –ed B. –s C. –ing

5.

Match the following definitions with the correct word.

1. Word ending in “ing” that is used as a noun.

2. Verb that is preceded by “to” and is used as an adjective, adverb, or noun.

3. Word ending in “ed” or “ing” used as an adjective. a. infinitive b. gerund c. participle

6.

True or False?

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There are five types of verbal phrases.

7.

Which part of the following sentence is an appositive phrase?

After much consideration, Sandra, her roommate, was finally chosen as the president of the art club.

A. After much consideration B. was finally chosen as president of the art club C. her roommate

8.

What word precedes a verb in a participle phrase?

A. a B. to C. as

For 9-10, determine the type of phrase being used in the sentence.

9. She enthusiastically told the teacher that she enjoys painting self portraits.

10. He happily told his mother of his acceptance into a prestigious art institute.

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Answer Key: 1) B 2) C 3) A 4) C 5) 1. b 2. a 3. c 6) False 7) C 8) B 9) gerund phrase 10)prepositional phrase

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Section 3: Clauses

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Diego Rivera Page 3! 4

SECTION 3: CLAUSES Clauses are a group of words with a subject or a verb.

A. INDEPEDENT: can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as simple sentence pattern.

Examples: S V a. The newly elected art club president encouraged her to participate.

S V b. The art gallery allowed her completely display her work.

“The Flower Carrier�

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B. SUBORDINATE: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction.

1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and can function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of preposition, an indirect object or an appositive.

Examples: C [subject] ADV V a. Who she studied under extremely affected the artist she is.

ADV V C [IO] b. Gladly give the visitor a copy of my portfolio.

2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause.

A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: Example: S ADV V The institute that she absolutely needs to attend.

B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns.

Example: S Ant Pro ADV V Ms. Sebanz is the one who usually teaches AP Art. 3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. a. Modifying verbs: S ADV V i. They sadly put the AP Art acceptance letter where few could spot it. b. Modifying adjectives: S ADV V ii. Sarah is as incredibly talented as her sister. c. Modifying adverbs: S V ADV Page 3! 6

iii. Denine achieved higher than the whole class typically did.

4. Relative Clause: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun.

S Pro V ADV a. The students who apply first are more likely to enter the art class.

S Pro V ADV b. My apprentice who learned most will automatically receive a scholarship.

5. Elliptical Clause: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted.

C S ADV V a. When painting, the artist mainly focuses on her brush strokes.

C S ADV V b. When sketching, Suzan doesn’t mind occasionally making mistakes.

6. Essential Clause: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

C V S ADV a. The art movement that most interests Eira is obviously impressionism.

C V S b. Based on her dedication to studying it, the art movement that ADV most interests Eira is obviously impressionism.

7. Nonessential Clause: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence.

S C ADV V a. The unit on realism, that began 2 weeks ago, is sadly over.

S C ADV b. The big architecture project, in which he was chosen main ADV V architect, is now rapidly beginning.

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Quiz Time Multiple Choice 1. What are nonessential clauses?

A. clauses necessary in the sentence B. clauses not necessary in the sentence C. clauses that modify and adjective 2.

What is the difference between independent and subordinate clauses?

A. there is no difference B. independent clauses can stand alone while subordinate clauses cannot C. subordinate clauses have what is called “simple sentence pattern�

3.

What is the purpose of adverb clauses?

A. modify verbs in an independent clause B. modify adverbs in an independent clause C. modify adjectives in an independent clause D. all of the above

4.

What is the purpose of adjective clauses?

A. modify adjectives in an independent clause B. modify nouns in an independent clause C. modify verbs in an independent clause D. all of the above

5.

How many types of subordinate clauses are there?

A. 5 B. 2 C. 7 D. 10 For 6-10 identify the type of clauses being used.

6. Karen is as incredibly skillful as her best friend.

7. When sculpting, Sandra likes to keep her materials close by.

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8. The Art Institute of Chicago requires applicants to successfully submit a portfolio.

9. Where he attended university plays an important role in which architecture firms would hire him.

10. The Frida Kahlo house, which is located in Coyoacan, was opened to the public in 1958.

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Answer Key: 1) B 2) B 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) adverb clause 7) elliptical clause 8) independent clause 9) noun clause 10)nonessential clause

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Section 4: Sentences

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Jackson Pollock Page 4! 2

SECTION 4: SENTENCES

A. SENTENCE PARTS: Classifications of words, phrases, and clauses according to the way they figure in sentences. a. Subject i. Complete: Explains what or whom the subject is about.

Basic: CS ADV V ADJ The study of impressionism is what most likely interests many art students.

Advanced: S V CS After taking time to think it over, she decided the study of ADV impressionism was easily the class the interested her most. ii. Simple: The main word or word group that tells whom or what the sentence is about.

Basic: ADV V N After months of anxiously waiting, she finally received confirmation V the her work would be displayed in the gallery of modern art.

Advanced: S ADV She ecstatically ran to her best friend after she received news that the V ADV ADV months of waiting patiently paid off, as she was finally allowed to N display her work in the gallery of modern art.

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iii. Compound: When a verb has two or more subjects within a sentence.

Basic: N ⤹ CpS ADV V At the local art museum, Denine and Eira were able to easily learn something about art.

Advanced: ⤹ CpS V ADV Cristel and Jennifer were excited as they would be briefly joining a group of local artists on a project to make the city a more colorful place.

“Number 5” b. Predicate: Then, is the action, also known as the verb. i. Complete: includes the verb or verb phrase but also all the words that give more information about it.

Basic: S ADV Upon meeting local artists at the coffee shop, they very kindly V CP invited us to see their art shows for free.

Advanced: Adj S She could not believe how confident the artists at the coffee shop V were about their work, they even happily invited them to see their

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CP most brilliant artworks at the upcoming art show. ii. Simple: Refers only to the verb or verb phrase in a sentence.

Basic: Adj S ADV She thought it unbelievable that her sculpture was still in the oven SP v and not overly cooked, as it has been baking for 3 hours.

Advanced: S SP v She has been painting her self portrait for more than three hours, ADV do you think that maybe it’s time that we kindly tell her to take a break? iii. Compound: It is two or more verbs or verb phrases that share the same subject and are joined by a conjunction.

Basic: S ADV V ⤹CpS Conj. V She joyfully went and bought new paints and then went to the thrift store.

Advanced: S V ⤹CpS Conj. ADV She finished painting her landscape portrait and then quickly V decided to mail it to the art institute.

“Number 7”

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B. SENTENCE TYPES: i. Declarative: to explain a statement or to relay information or ideas normally ends with a period.

Basic: N S ADV Frida Kahlo is one her inspirations but it’s not likely she’ll ever V DS agree with her views on politics.

Advanced: S ADV N She was the only student in the class who openly named Frida Kahlo as one her inspirations but did not agree with many of her views on politics. ii. Interrogative: Always asks a questions and ends with a question mark.

Basic: S V ADV Do you think you could teach me how to skillfully use oil pastels?

Advanced: S V If it is not to much of a bother to you, do you think you could take ADV Adj some time off to teach me how to skillfully paint a beautiful landscape? iii. Imperative: It issue commands or requests or they can express a desire or wish.

Basic: ADV S V Please, I kindly beg you to stop your art for a couple minutes and talk to me!

Advanced: S V V If you don’t stop what you’re doing this very second I will quickly grab all of your paints and brushes and throw them away! iii. Exclamatory: Basic: S V ADV Page 4! 6

I cannot wait till we visit the Frida Kahlo house, it will most likely be the best day ever!

Advanced: S ADV V It’s been months since I’ve sent in my application, I absolutely cannot wait until I receive the acceptance letter to be part of that wonderful art institute!

C. SENTENCE PATTERNS: a. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause.

Examples: Basic: She admitted that the painting was surprisingly good.

Advanced: Denine admitted that the modern painting was surprisingly likable. b. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses.

Examples: Basic: IC IC He liked the look of blue paint, so he created a blue painting.

Advanced: IC IC He liked the look of blue paint, therefore he created a painting using different shades of blue. c. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Examples: Basic: DC IC With oil pastels, she was able to create a scenery on paper.

Advanced: DC IC By painting very delicately, he was able to use paints to create scenery.

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“Ocean Greyness” d. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Examples: Basic: IC IC DC She didn’t know how to respond, he was gifting her beautiful paints and she sat there.

Advanced: IC IC DC She felt awfully terrible, he was gifting her many beautiful paints, and didn’t respond. e. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase).

Examples: Basic: IC SC She painted nonstop whenever she randomly felt angry.

Advanced: SC IC Being from the south, she sang tunes whenever she could.

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f. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest and generate suspense.

Examples: Basic: DC IC Green and blue paints, that’s all she could think about.

Advanced: DC IC That new easel, she furiously wished that her father would give it to her for her birthday. g. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases and clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length.

Examples: Basic: ⤹ likeness is meaning After school lets go to the art museum or to the art gallery.

Advanced: ⤹ likeness is length She didn’t want to enter the art show, she preferred to have her only for herself. h. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are equal of importance and to help the reader comprehend what is written.

Examples: Basic: Cristel could not use oil pastels, but she could use paints.

Advanced: It was concluded after while that Cristel could not use oil pastels, but she was excellent at using paints. i. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted order.

Examples: Page 4! 9

Basic: One must paint to live and not live to paint.

Advanced: Without the paint he could not start, if he started without the paint it would look terrible. j. Asyndeton:A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical sentence.

Examples: Basic: She painted, she displayed, she gained attention.

Advanced: Her ideal way of reached the top was when she painted, displayed, gained attention.

“Moon Woman Cuts the Circle” k. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Examples: Basic: Please make sure that when you’re painting to pay attention to the brush, and the canvas, and the strokes you make.

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Advanced: If you’re going to borrow my art supplies, please make sure you pay extra attention to the brushes, and the pastels, and the watercolors, and the canvas. l. Anaphora: A sentence that features purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention.

Examples: Basic: It’s the way she paints, it’s the way she draws, it’s the way that every artist wants to be.

Advanced: By look at her, he could not decide if it was the way she twirled, the way she jumped, or the way her toes pointed pointed that made her so graceful. m. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

Examples: Basic: Art was her passion, she would do anything for that passion, sometimes she would have to choose love or passion, and she’d always choose passion.

D. SENTENCE ERRORS: 1, Run-On/Rambling: Example: Wrong: She wanted to go to the mall into an art store to wander around a bit.

Corrected: She wanted to go to the mall, into an art store, and wander around a bit.

2. Fused: Example: Wrong: He was a very strong architect undeniable as shown in his work.

Corrected: He was a very strong architect, undeniable, as shown in his work.

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3. Fragment: Example: Wrong: After her dance recital Corrected: After her dance recital, they all celebrated with pizza.

4. Misplaced Modifier: Example: Wrong: She wished that her sister would soon give her her shoes dancing.

Corrected: She wished that her sister would soon giver her her dancing shoes.

5. Double Negative: Example: Wrong: She hated that when her dancing shoes went missing her sister replied with, “I haven’t seen nothing.”

Corrected: She hated that when she dancing shoes went missing her sister replied with,” I haven’t seen anything.”

“The She-Wolf” Page 5! 2

Quiz Time

Identify the following sentence patterns.

1. The independent clause is given at the end.

2. Multiple conjunctions.

3. One independent clause with at least one dependent clause.

4. Independent clause plus subordinate construction.

5. Forceful repetition at the beginning of successive clauses.

6. Several clauses ending in the same word.

7. One independent clause.

8. A parallel in words that show two or more ideas are in equal of importance.

Identify the type of error being made in the following sentences.

9. I went to the Frida Kahlo museum and I also went to her house and I also bought paints there.

10. I am not going to give back no dancing shoes.

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Answer Key 1. Periodic sentence 2. Polysyndeton sentence 3. Complex Sentence 4. Loose Sentence 5. Anaphora 6. Epistrophe 7. Simple Sentence 8. Parallel Structure Sentence 9. Run-On sentence 10. Double Negative

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Section 5: Paragraphs

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Claude Monet Page 5! 6

SECTION 5: PARAGRAPHS

1. INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPHS (Introductions) a. Hook (lead) i. Anecdotal: A brief story to set the mood and into on the topic.

N V N N V 1. Example: As David began his career as a businessman, he realized ADV V that it was notably easier than he had anticipated. Starting a one N V man business like he did was a risk, because of this, he prepared to Adj N N go through a long and difficult journey. Contrary to his belief, his N V ADV N N business took off rather quickly. David had no explanation for how V V N Adj N he was able to pull it off; lucky for him, there is one man who has ADV V successfully done so he prepared to go through a long and difficult journey. Contrary to his belief, his business took off rather quickly.

David had no explanation for how he was able to pull it off; lucky for him, there is one man who has successfully done so. ii. Query Based: ADV N V N ADV 1. Example: Is it really possible for one man to start a business and ADV Adj Adj N quickly make it as successful and big as a major company's business? b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing — usually one sentence in length — and something that is arguable. i. Assertion (claim) N ADV V N 1. Example: Technology has quickly changed the world and the way that people interact.

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ii. Fact (empirically verifiable) N V ADV N 1. Example: Cellphones have made it extremely easy for people to communicate. iii. Opinion (personal position on a topic) N N ADV Adj 1. Example: Thomas Friedman’s book is absolutely the best nonfiction book ever written. iv. Belief (Social, religious, or political in nature — an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily.

Adj N V ADV V N N 1. Example: The flat world will give newly open possibilities for the Adj N muslims to commit terrorist attacks. v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, alway, every, never, none, most, half — avoid using this type of thesis statement) V N V N ADV 1. Example: The flattening of the world affects all of the world equally. vi. Document Based ( cites a specific source and its position on a topic) N ADV V 1. Example: In The World is Flat, it is correctly stated by Thomas L. ADV V Adj Friedman that the world is constantly changing due to technological advances and humans have to adapt to these changes. vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) Adj N ADV V ADV 1. Example: Technological advances can eventually lead a completely different world.

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“Wild Poppies, near Argenteuil” 2. BODY PARAGRAPHS (Must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and the area of evidence and support) N V N V N 1. Example: Friedman begins his argument by explaining the three eras ADV V V of globalization that have greatly contributed to the flattening of the world. b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences — quotes should be embedded within sentences.)

N V Adj N 1. Example: Friedman explains, “…there have been three great eras of globalization” (Friedman 9).

Adj N N 2. Example: “…there have been three great eras of globalization” according to Thomas L. Friedman (Friedman 9).

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ADV Adj N Adj 3. Example: Very likely unknown to people, “…there have been three great eras of globalization” V N according to Thomas L. Friedman (Friedman 9).

ADV Adj N 4. Example: Very likely unknown to people, “…there have been three [ N [not so] great eras of globalization” (Friedman 9).

ADV Adj N ADV 5. Example: Very likely unknown to people, “…there have been three V N great[ly] [ignored] eras of globalization” (Friedman 9) 6. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other quotes of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source.

V Adj N N i. ORIGINAL QUOTE: “…there have been three great eras of globalization” N Adj N N ii. Example: Throughout history, three eras of globalization have taken place.

7. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) Adj N V i. ORIGINAL QUOTE: ““…the broad historical argument you V Adj Adj N N end up with is that there have been three great eras of globalization” V Adj N N ii. Example: There have been three eras of globalization.

8. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples — AVOID) V N ADV N i. Example: Without globalization, it is likely the world would be different.

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9. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples) ADV V N Adj i. Example: While not necessarily stating that the world is indeed V N N flat, Nick Heinzmann, agrees with Freidman in his article Are You Adj Prepared For the Future of Purchasing? on his topic of N V N globalization and the constant changing of the world. c. Closing sentences (Must end the discussion of the topic within the program with a transitional or culminating word — possibly an adverb — and should echo the thesis of the essay.)

ADV N V N ADV i. Example: Clearly, both writers agree that in a world that is constantly V Adj N V changing due to technological innovations, one has to learn certain N N V skills that are fit (to adapt) for that change in order to succeed.

“Impression Sunrise” Page 6! 1

3. CLOSING PARAGRAPHS ( Conclusions — should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay.) a. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis — could be one or more sentences) N V N Adj 1. Examples: If what Friedman states within his book is not correct, the N V ADV V changes he mentioned ten years ago wouldn’t be visibly seen. b. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) V N N V N 1. Examples: Given all the explanations and facts given by Friedman in N ADV V N The World is Flat, maybe David can easily find an explanation to his Adj N instantaneous success.

“The Japanese Bridge” Page 6! 2

Quiz Time

Answer the following questions with the best possible answer.

1. What is the type of thesis statement that you should try to avoid the most?

2. What are the two types of hooks that are allowed to use?

3. When quoting, what the main thing you should remember about the placement of the quote?

4. What is the best type of thesis statement that you could use?

5. What type of example in your body paragraph should you avoid?

6. The writing in the closing paragraph of your essay should never include what?

7. What type of thesis statement makes a claim?

8. What is an anecdotal hook?

9. What type of thesis statement in of social, religious, or political in nature?

10.Your body paragraphs should all be an echo of what sentence? ______________________________________________________________

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Answer Key 1. Generalization thesis statement 2. Anecdotal hook, Query based hook 3. A quote should never stand on its own, it should always be within a sentence 4. Document based thesis statement 5. Abstract example 6. A summary of any of the previous paragraphs 7. Assertion thesis statement 8. An anecdotal hook is a brief story to set the mood and into on the topic 9. A belief thesis statement 10. Thesis statement

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Section 6: Essays

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Vincent Van Gogh Page 6! 6

SECTION 6: ESSAYS A. TYPES i. Persuasive (Argumentative) The persuasive essay is used as a way to get the reader to agree with your point of view or argument. This is done and presented with arguments, research, and ideas. ii. Expository The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to investigate an idea.

1. Defintion or Description: Definition essays are used as a way to describe the characteristics or features of a person, place, thing, process, event. Descriptive essays involve hearing a topic, theme, or term. They are used when the author wants to involve the reader more.

2. Process/How-to: Process/How-to essays are meant to be more technical and often include instructions. This essay should be wellstructured, so that the sequential instructions can easily be followed.

3. Compare and Contrast: Compare and contrast essays are essays that show the similarities and differences between two or more things.

4. Cause and Effect: Cause and effect essays’ main goal is to discuss and explain why something (a specific event or circumstance) has taken place. iii. Analytical/Critical The analytical/critical essay is an essay that expresses the author’s opinion or evolution of a text to prompt.

1. Evaluative: An evaluative essay is a type of argument that includes evidence to justify a writer's opinions about a subject (text/prompt).

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2. Interpretative: An interpretive requires the author to read a text carefully and write about what he/she understands about that text. It is the writer’s interpretation of a text.

“The Starry Night” iv. Narrative A narrative essay tells a story, however it is not just any type of story.

This essay is a story that focuses on personal experiences. It is the best way to understand who someone is.

1. Personal Anecdote: A personal anecdote is a short or mini story that can be amusing, interesting, and often biographical. It is about a real incident and/or person, making the anecdote your won account of an event. v. Research Research papers usually begin with a topic or problem that needs to be researched and the writer provides and evaluation of that topic or problem with sources. A research essay teaches the reader about a topic as it clearly identifies the thesis and the main points of the essay.

1. MLA Format MLA format is the type of format that is accepted according to the Modern Language Association. MLA format includes parenthetical references within the essay itself and work cited page.

Example: Parenthetical Reference “It was worthwhile to come here only to see why Europe is rottening, why all this people — good for nothing — are the cause of all the Hitlers and Mussolinis” (Herrera 78).

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Example: Works Cited Herrera, Hayden. Frida, a Biography of Frida Kahlo. New York: Harper & Row, 1983. Print.

2. APA Format APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is codified in the style guide of the American Psychological Association. This type of format is most commonly used by professionals in the science field. This format includes: the general structure, title page, running head, abstract, main body structure, references, footnotes, and graphics.

“The Potato Eaters� vi. Timed Time writing is the type of essay that is seen on tests. This type of writing will often ask you to read documents or read a prompt. From either of these two, you will have to evaluate and discuss, take a position, and support your position using either the documents provided or from readings, experiences, or observations you've encountered before.

1. Document Based Question (DBQ): In a document based question, the writer will be asked to read x amount of documents. From reading these documents, the writer will be asked to answer a question. In order to successfully answer this question, the writer must take a position on this question and use evidence from the documents provided to support that position.

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2. Prompt Based: In prompt based times writing, the writer will be given a prompt, most commonly a quote. The writer will be asked to discuss the argument given in the prompt and to take a position on that argument. The position taken should be the thesis statement of this type of essay. The writer must then support his/her position by recalling past (personal) experiences, observations, and readings.

B. STRATEGIES/PLANNING TIPS/STEPS i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/ Outlining Strategies that can be used as a way of making the writing a lot easier.

Before writing, asking yourself questions about the prompt and setting it up in an outline will help greatly. This will especially help on timed pieces of writing. ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources Learning how to properly research and then to evaluate the sources is a key component to having a good paper. Each source should be carefully evaluate and one should know which clues to look in a source and when to accept that source. Sources can be taken from anywhere (from personal experiences to a news article); learning which type of source is stronger is also a key component for writing an essay.

“At eternity’s Gate” Page 7! 0

C. WORK CITED PAGE i. MLA Format MLA format is the type of format that is accepted according to the Modern Language Association. MLA format work cited page is a list of all the sources used in the essay in the back of the paper. The works cited page should be on separate piece of paper, NEVER on the same page as the essay. The page should be titled “Works Cited” at the top of the page. The citations must all be separated and the starting from the second line of the citation, the lines should all be indented once. ii. APA Format In APA format, the page should be labeled “References” and the entire list should be double spaced. Just as in MLA format, any line after the first line of the citation should be indented once. The citations should be placed in alphabetical order.

“Tree Roots”

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Quiz Time True or False: Look at the following statements, determine if each statement is true or false. Write “T” for true and “F” for false.

1. _____ Research papers include a personal anecdote.

2. _____ MLA format and APA format are then same thing.

3. _____ Document Based Questions are part of times writing.

4. _____ Planning ahead and outlining ideas is helpful when writing the essay.

5. _____ A works cited page is not an essential part of the essay.

6. _____ A narrative essay includes a story of an event that occurred at one point in time.

7. _____ Evaluative essays do not require the writer to take evaluate anything.

8. _____ MLA format is commonly used among scientific professionals.

9. _____ Timed writing essays are most commonly seen in tests.

10._____ A persuasive essay does not require the writer to take a position or to support that position in various ways. ______________________________________________________________

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Answer Key 1. F 2. F 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10.F

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Section 7: Capitalization

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Lee Krasner Page 7! 5

SECTION 7: CAPITALIZATION Rule 1: Capitalize the first word, the last word, and all important words in a title.

Example: “The Life of Frida Kahlo” Rule 2: Capitalize Mother, Dad, and other titles when they serve as a replacement for the person’s name.

Example: Dad Kahlo Mom Rivera

“Gaea” Rule 3: Capitalize the name of organizations.

Example: Theatre of Hearts Rule 4: Capitalize names of day, month, holidays, and special days.

Example: Cinco de Mayo Rule 5: Capitalize a proper adjective but not the noun it modifies unless the nouns is part of a title.

Example: a Mexican painting Page 7! 6

Rule 6: Capitalize brand names but not the product(s).

Example: Faber-Castell pens Rule 7: Capitalize business names.

Example: San Francisco Art Gallery Rule 8: Capitalize institution names.

Example: Chicago Institute of Art Rule 9:Capitalize names of particular geographic places.

Example: Appalachian Mountains Rule 10: Capitalize historical events, periods of time, and historical documents.

Example: Renaissance

“The Springs�

Rule 11: Capitalize religions, religious denominations, religious documents, names of churches, and names of a supreme being.

Example: Catholicism Rule 12: Capitalize languages Example: Mandarin Page 7! 7

Rule 13: Capitalize names, initials, and titles appearing with names.

Example: Jackson Pollock Rule 14: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a sentence and pronoun I. N V N Adj N Example: Many believe that Frida Kahlo had a massive Adj N N ADV V contribution to the art world, something that I extremely agree with.

Rule 15: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in most lines of poetry.

Example: She absolutely Loved to paint, art was Her biggest passion Rule 16: Capitalize Roman numerals and the letters for the first major topics in an outline. Capitalize the first letter of the first word in an outline.

Example: I. History of Art A. Art Movements Rule 17: Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a direct quotation.

N V N ADV Adj N Example: She said, “Andy Warhol is absolutely my biggest inspiration�.

Rule 18: Capitalize government bodies and departments.

Example: Senate Rule 19: Capitalize races and ethnic groups.

Example: Hispanic Rule 20: Capitalize North, South, East, West, Northeast, Northwest, Southeast, and Southwest when they refer to a region of the country or world.

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Example: Northern China Rule 21: Capitalize political parties and their members.

Example: Democratic Party Rule 22: Capitalize the first letter only in most hyphenated words that being a sentence.

Example: Five-hundred brushes

“Seated Nude�

Rule 23: Capitalize President when it refers to the leader of the United States.

Example: President Obama Rule 24: Capitalize a specific, well-known area or event.

Example: Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet Senior High School Rule 25: Capitalize the first word of the greeting and closing of a letter.

Example: Dear Maria, Sincerely Estefania Page 7! 9

Quiz Time

Find the 10 mistakes in the following paragraph.

With the coming her aunt mary, she knew that she was in for a treat. her aunt was one of the only people who allowed her to visit the Frida kahlo Museum.

Since her mother was never one to be interested in art, it was hard for her to show her truly enjoy her passion. Her mother would mostly talk about politics and the republican Party, while she was stuck at home dreaming of attending the chicago Institution of art and traveling to northern peru. ______________________________________________________________

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Answer Key 1. Aunt 2. Mary 3. Her 4. Frida 5. Kahlo

6. Republican 7. Chicago 8. Art 9. Northern 10. Peru

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Section 8: Punctuation

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Georgia O’Keeffe Page 8! 3

SECTION 8: PUNCTUATION a. Brackets “[ ]” – Add clarification, information, missing words, authorial comment. They also modify a direct quotation.

Examples: 1. The teacher told them [students] that they would never be successful artists.

2. With the start of a [new] year, she would joyfully begin her career as a painter. b. Parenthesis “( )” – Used in pairs providing additional information, used for time zones, area codes, abbreviations, and/or acronyms.

Examples: 1. She found it important that she successfully become a potter (her father was one).

2. If she he wanted to have the slightest chance at getting into the art institution of his choice, he had to turn in his portfolio by 8:00 pm (GMT).

“Jimson Weed” c. Period “.” – Ends a sentence and used for abbreviations.

Examples: 1. She could not stand that her sister was obviously the better artist in the family.

2. Everything about her art project made her think that she was not really taking an art class, but a history class.

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d. Comma “,” – Used in various ways such as modifying, emphasizing, listing, after thoughts, compound sentences, etc.

Examples: 1. Her list of art supplies included: pencils, paint, art brushes, an easel, and canvas paper.

2. She loved to draw, however she did not love that she was being forced to do so. e. Hyphen “-” – Used for a word division or the place for an en dash Examples: 1. twenty-one 2. one-bedroom f. Dash “–” – En dashes are different from Em dashes, they are used for compound sentences, a connection, a score, and/or a span/range of numbers.

Examples: 1. 2015–2016 school year 2. –tion

“Cow’s Skull with Calico Flowers” g. Colon “:” – Used to introduce a list and for emphasis.

Examples: 1. The institute required: a resumé, a portfolio, and experience.

2. She carefully reread the list given to her: pencils, a notebook, clay, an easel, and wax paper; what did she need wax paper for in an art class?

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h. Semicolon “;” – Described as stronger than a comma but weaker than a period.

Examples: 1. She could harder believe the scene right before her very eyes; there she was, facing Frida Kahlo’s blue house in Mexico.

2. The volunteers are restricted to go in the isolations rooms; they must remain in the other rooms for patients. i. Question Mark “?” – Can be used for direct questions, expressing uncertainty, and/or requesting.

Example: 1. Would you like me to write a letter of recommendation for you?

2. Was she really getting a scholarship to one of the most prestigious art school in America? j. Exclamation Point “!” – Used at the end of a sentence, at the middle, or as part of a title work. They are used to give emphasis to fully grasp the significance the writer is making.

Examples: 1. Why in the world would the most prestigious art school in America want her!

2. Carmen, you are the greatest artist alive!

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k. Apostrophe “’“ – Used for contractions, plurals, and possessives.

Ex: 1. She found Joanna's art book on the floor and knew she had to return in to her.

2. How could she steal Denine’s fame like that? l. Quotation Mark (“ ”) – Used for numerous amount of things such as dialogs or quoting something.

Ex: 1. She slowly spoke the words she never wanted to hear, “You will never become a great artist like your mother”.

2. Tristan the “greatest” artist alive. m. Ellipsis “…” – A set of three periods that indicates an excision.

Example: 1. And in that moment, she knew exactly what she wanted to be…

2. Are you sure that you want to do this to your painting…

“Blue and Green Music” Page 8! 7

Quiz Time

Match the following definition with the correct punctuation.

1. Used at the end of a sentence, at the middle, or as part of a title work.

2. Used in various ways such as modifying, emphasizing, listing, after thoughts, compound sentences, etc.

3. Can be used for direct questions, expressing uncertainty, and/or requesting.

4. Used for numerous amount of things such as dialogs or quoting something.

5. Used for contractions, plurals, and possessives.

6. Used to introduce a list and for emphasis.

7. Used for a word division or the place for an en dash 8. Used in pairs providing additional information, used for time zones, area codes, abbreviations, and/or acronyms.

9. Described as stronger than a comma but weaker than a period.

10. Add clarification, information, missing words, authorial comment. They also modify a direct quotation. a. ’ b. c. ! d. , e. : f. [__] g. ? h. ; i. “” j. (__) ———————————————————————————————

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Answer Key 1. c 2. d 3. g 4. i 5. a 6. e 7. b 8. j 9. h 10. f

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Section 9: Commonly Confused Words

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JeямА Koons Page 9! 1

SECTION 9: COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS

a. Who/Whom Who – Can only be sued when it is the subject of a verb.

Whom – Is never the subject of a verb.

Examples: N Adj N ADV V N Who is the street artist that inevitably gets the most recognition?

N N V ADV N Are you to whom I should speak to about how elegantly that play was performed? b. Their/They’re/There Their – The possessive form of “they”.

They’re – The contraction of “they are”.

There – Referring to a place Examples: N ADV N N N V I have absolutely no idea if their submission to the gallery will arrive on time, but if it doesn’t N V V N they will have to forfeit their spot.

ADV V N N V Do you definitely know around what time Jackie and Adam are getting here? They’re supposed V Adj N N to be bringing all the art supplies for the project.

V ADV V N V N V If you’d like, I’d gladly move all of these paints and move them over there so that they don’t get in the way of your sculpting.

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c. Lie/Lay Lie – To recline.

Lay – To put out of place.

Examples: V Adj N N V You’ve been in there painting for the last four hours, why don’t you take an equally deserving break and lie for a bit?

N N ADV V Thank you very much for your help, especially for carrying all of this V N V clay up here, just lay that right there so you don’t have to carry it anymore. d. Laid/Lain Laid – The past principle of “lay”.

Lain – The past principle of “lie”.

Examples: N Adj N Adj N N I laid the potato salad on a decorated platter, as the guests were quickly arriving.

N ADV V N V N N Her mother was angrily yelling at her, as she had lain in bed all day N instead of working on her sculpture.

“Michael Jackson and Bubbles” Page 9! 3

e. Affect/Effect Affect – To influence (verb); emotional response (noun).

Effect – The result (noun); to cause (verb).

Examples: N V ADV N V V She had to choose wisely what type of paint she wanted to use on this ADV V N important piece, or it would negatively affect the outcome of it.

N ADV V N Adj N She anxiously waited for the mail, as there was an important letter V N Adj N Adj coming in; if she was accepted to the Art Institute of Chicago, it would have a positive effect on her art career. f. Accept/Except Accept – To receive.

Except – With exclusion of.

Examples: N ADV V N N She willingly accepted the invitation to the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. N V Adj N V N She decided that for her big art final, she would use all the elements of art except the unusually hard to use, texture. g. C/W/Should have vs. C/W/ Should of Should have – indicated a missed obligation or opportunity in the past.

Should of – An expression that begins with of.

Examples: N V V ADV Adj I never should have let you help me work on the enormously important application for the Frida Kahlo Art institute.

N V N ADV Adj You should, of course, show your family how incredibly talented you are at using oil pastels. h. Loath/Loathe Loath – Reluctant; unwilling.

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Loathe – Feel intense dislike or disgust for.

Examples: N ADV Adj N As Diego Rivera was easily one of her favorite painters of all time, she N was loath to leave the Anahuacalli Museum.

N N V ADV V While Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera were married, it was easily seen that both of them loathed one another’s actions.

“Kiepenkerl" i. Infer/Imply Infer – To deduce or conclude.

Imply – Strongly suggest the truth or existence of.

Examples: Adj N ADV V N V With the upcoming date, she quickly inferred that her befriend was going to make a Pablo Picasso inspired drawing.

V ADV Adj N N Although she didn’t say it directly, her best friend implied that she was N a better artist than Jackson Pollock Page 9! 5

j. Weary/Wary Weary – Feeling or showing tiredness.

Wary – Felling or showing caution about possible danger or problems.

Examples: Adj N N ADV V Adj After a long day at the Frida Kahlo Museum, she slowly moved her weary body through the house and toward her bed.

N V Adj N She knew that it was part of the assignment, but using acrylic paint ADV N V N quickly gave her a wary feeling as she was not the best at working with them. k. Proceed/Precede Proceed – Begin or continue a course of action.

Precede – To come before of something in time; to set the stage for something.

Examples: ADV N N V Please slowly proceed toward the back of the house, where you will N find even more exhibits on the life of Frida Kahlo.

N N V Adj N Pablo Picasso preceded many artists who paint in the same abstract form, because of him, this new kind of art was born. l. Discrete/Discreet Discrete – Individually separate and distinct.

Discreet – Careful and Circumspect in one’s speech and actions.

Examples: N Adj N V Her new oil pastel and crayon on paper drawing was discrete when put N ADV V next to her other artwork; it was easily identifiable.

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Her very discreet nature shocked many artists, but she knew that if she ADV Adj N V wanted to continuously make great artwork, she couldn’t be distracted by anyone. m. Conscience/Conscious Conscience – An inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide.

Conscious – Aware of and responding to one’s surroundings; awake.

Examples: N N V N As she was about take the opportunity to go to the Chicago Institute of V N N V V Art, her conscience slowly changed her mind and she began to rethink her decision.

Adj N N V After a heavy blow to the head, everyone thought that she would have Adj N N forgotten who she was, a famous painter in New York City; to their surprise, she knew exactly who she was.

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n. Can/May Can – Be able to.

May – Expressing possibility.

Examples: N V ADV V N She knows that if she subtly motivates her sister, she can achieve great things by continuing her art career.

Adj N V Adj N V Adj N After the disastrous mistake of letting her younger sister enter her art V N ADV V studio, she figured that she may be able to save her sculpture if she quickly glued it back together. o. Its/It’s Its – Belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned or easily identified.

It’s – Contraction for it is.

Examples: N V Adj N It’s never easy being part of a group when working on an art project, as everyone will willingly give their ideas, but not one will willingly give them up.

N V V N V V If she wanted to make a painting that was eye catching and not seen to use the colors orange and its complementary color, blue. p. Lead/Led Lead – Be in charge or command of.

Led – past and past participle of lead Examples: N N N V N ADV V If you all pay attention and do as she says, she will easily lead all of N Adj N you to victory, if not, your artwork will be in the bottom ten.

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N ADV V N V Everyone was extremely thrilled to hear that Jeff Koons had led the winning artist into her very own art gallery.

“Baccarat Crystal Set”

q. Elicit/Illicit Elicit – Draw forth (something that is latent or potential) into existence.

Illicit – Forbidden by law, rules, or custom.

Examples: Adj N ADV V N Her elicit words were obviously not enough to drag her down, nothing V N was going to stop her from finishing her sculpture.

N V Adj N Although it was illicit in her school to paint the human body N V N uncensored, she did so anyway, as the artist in her told her it was necessary.

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r. Council/Counsel Council – An advisory, deliberative, or legislative body of people formally constituted and meeting regularly.

Counsel – Advice, especially that given formally.

Examples: N Adj N V ADV The council at the art club believed that it was extremely unnecessary Adj N N V Adj N for her to paint nude people, for this, she was banned from the art club Adj N N N Because of the painting incident, she went to her friend for counsel, N ADV V N N who told her that he painting was extremely well done, the council had been right and it was unnecessary. s. Allusion/Illusion Allusion – An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly Illusion – A thing that is or is likely to be wrongly perceived or interpreted by the senses.

Examples: Adj N V V N Adj With coming of art fair, he hoped that no one would mention that N N Adj N N V painting he did in freshmen year; the allusion his teacher made that day ADV V N completely changed this mind.

V N Adj N V ADV V By using the element of art, line, she was able to cleverly create the V illusion that her painting was moving.

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Quiz Time Fill in each blank with the correct word.

She knew that if she made a political ____1___ in her painting, her school would punish her for doing something ___2___ as part of her painting.

Nonetheless, she took the risk and was very ____3____ about it. She was not going to let what anyone told her ____4____ her. She was, of course, getting _____5___ feelings about it, but she knew it was a risk she had to take. She ____6___ the fact that ____7_____ rules would not let her get past this untouched and _____8______. She needed inspiration for her painting, and this is what she had to do. She nonchalantly used watercolor paints on crayon to paint the man ___9____ she ___10____ the most from the Republican Party, Mr. Donald Trump. This was to be her best painting yet. ______________________________________________________________

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Answer Key 1. allusion 2. illicit 3. discreet 4. affect 5. wary 6. accepted 7. their 8. proceeded 9. who 10. loathed

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Glossary A abstract (page 1, 13, 27, 28, 30, 39) – Existing in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence. acrylic paint (page 39) – A fast-drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion.

A Few Small Nips (page 1) – Painting by Frida Kahlo Andy Warhol (page 4,6,33) – He was an American artist who was a leading figure in the visual art movement known as pop art.

Anahuacalli Museum (page 38) – A museum located in Coyoacán, in the south of Mexico City apprentice (page 2, 15, 17) – A person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer, having agreed to work for a fixed period at low wages. architect (page 2, 8, 10, 24) – A person who designs buildings and in many cases also supervises their construction. architecture (page 18, 19) – The art or practice of designing and constructing buildings. artist (page 1,3,6,7,14,15,17, 20, 24, 34, 35, 37, 39, 41) – A person who produces paintings or drawings as a profession or hobby. artistic (page 1) – Having or revealing natural creative skill.

Art Institute of Chicago (page 19, 33, 38, 40) – An encyclopedic art museum located in Chicago's Grant Park

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C calligraphy (page 3) – Decorative handwriting or handwritten lettering. composition (page 1) – The nature of something's ingredients or constituents; the way in which a whole or mixture is made up. crosshatching (page 1) – (in drawing or graphics) shade (an area) with intersecting sets of parallel lines.

D drawing (page 3, 4, 5, 39) – A picture or diagram made with a pencil, pen, or crayon rather than paint, especially one drawn in monochrome.

Diego Rivera (6, 38) – He was a prominent Mexican painter and muralist. drip technique (page 3) – Drip painting is a form of abstract art in which paint is dripped or poured onto the canvas.

E easel (page 1, 6, 14, 15, 23, 34) – A self-supporting wooden frame for holding an artist's work while it is being painted or drawn. exposition (page 7) – A comprehensive description and explanation of an idea or theory. expressionism (page 14) – A style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather than impressions of the external world.

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F Frida Kahlo (page 3, 6, 19, 21, 25, 29, 32, 33, 38) – She was a Mexican painter who is best known for her self-portraits.

Frida Kahlo Museum (page 25, 33, 39) – The Frida Kahlo Museum, also known as the Blue House for the structure's cobalt-blue walls, is a historic house museum and art museum dedicated to the life and work of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo G gallery (page 2, 3, 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, 32, 37, 41) – A room or building for the display or sale of works of art. glass blowing (page 1) – The craft of making glassware by blowing air through a tube of semimolten glass. globalization (page 27) – The tendency of businesses, technologies, or philosophies to spread throughout the world, or the process of making this happen.

I illustration (page 1) – A picture illustrating a book, newspaper, etc. impressionism (page 1, 12, 13, 18, 25) – A literary or artistic style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience rather than to achieve accurate depiction.

J Jackson Pollock (page 1, 3, 4, 13, 32, 39) – He was an influential American painter and a major figure in the abstract expressionist movement

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Jeff Koons (page 41) – An American artist known for his reproductions of banal objects—such as balloon animals produced in stainless steel with mirror-finish surfaces

L landscape (page 3, 15, 21) – All the visible features of an area of countryside or land, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.

Los Angeles County Museum of Art (page 1, 8, 38, 45) – The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is an art museum located on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile vicinity of Los Angeles. LACMA is on Museum Row, adjacent to the La Brea Tar Pits.

O oil paints (page 9) – A paste made with ground pigment and a drying oil such as linseed oil, used chiefly by artists.

P Pablo Picasso (page 4, 6, 39) – Was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet and playwright who spent most of his adult life in France portfolio (1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 17, 19, 34) – A large, thin, flat case for loose sheets of paper such as drawings or maps. portrait (page 1, 14, 15, 16, 21) – A painting, drawing, photograph, or engraving of a person, especially one depicting only the face or head and shoulders.

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R realism (page 18) – The attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly. rustic (page 2) – Of or relating to the countryside; rural S sculpture (1, 2, 9, 21, 37, 40) – the art of making two- or three-dimensional representative or abstract forms, especially by carving stone or wood or by casting metal or plaster.

T Thomas L. Friedman (page 27) – The author of New York’s best selling novel, “The World is Flat”.

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About the Author Estefania Leal-Reyes is a Mexican born writer who was brought up in a low-income neighborhood. She is currently student attending Francisco Bravo Medical Magnet Senior High School as an eleventh grader. She has many passions apart from writing, such as reading, painting, drawing, and the study of the human anatomy. While writing has never been her biggest passion, she enjoys it just as much as any of her other hobbies.

Estefania began writing in English at the age of 6, after her family migrated to the Los Angeles, California in the United States from Tepeapulco, Mexico. While her first language was not English, she was quick at learning and found joy in learning new things about the English language. Estefania’s early years of writing in English were not her greatest, but thanks to her 7th grade teacher, Mr. Koochof, her writing style began to pick up and she found a new passion.

Her writing is still improving throughout the years, but it has come a long way since her arrival to the United States. She owes it all to her great teachers in both Junior High School and Senior High School. Estefania hopes to create more writing in the future and to discover new ways to make her writing amazing.

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Works Cited "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives> "Adjectives." Adjectives. ESL Desk, n.d. Web. 15 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/vocabulary/adjectives> "Capitalization Rules." Capitalization Rules. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Nov. 2015. <http://my.ccsd.net/userdocs/documents/621841379.pdf> “Pronouns.” Pronouns. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/pronouns>.

“Verbs.” Verbs. ESL Desk. n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://www.esldesk.com/grammar/verbs>.

"Verb Tenses." English Grammar Revolution. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <http://english-grammar-revolution.com/verb-tenses.html> "Welcome to the Purdue OWL.” Purdue OWL: Verb Tenses. Purdue OWL, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/03/> "Welcome to the Purdue OWL." Purdue OWL: MLA Formatting and Style Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Oct. 2015. <https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/01/>

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