The Gaming Book of Grammar by Bravo Grammar Con Online

The Gaming Book of Grammar

Vincent Quinones 1

The Gaming Book of Grammar By: Vincent Quinones

Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ……………………………………………………………………………...…. 5 SECTION 1 -- PUNCTUATION AND CAPITALIZATION ....................................................... 6 SECTION 2 -- PARTS OF SPEECH .…………………………………….......................................7 SECTION 3 – PHRASES ……………………………………………………………........................ 17 SECTION 4 – CLAUSES …………………………………………………………………………...... 20 SECTION 5 -- SENTENCES ……………………………............................................................21 SECTION 6 -- PARAGRAPHS …………………………….........................................................26 SECTION 7 -- ESSAYS …………………………………………...................................................30 GLOSSARY ………………………………………………………................................................. 35 WORKS CITED ……....……………………............................................................................. 41

Introduction This book is sacred to all gamers, making it the most valuable book on the planet. Guard it with your life because it will guide you to the correct use of grammar that you will consistently throughout the rest of your life. The theme of this book provides the reader with the knowledge of video games and grammar. This book is written to provide information for anyone who wants to improve their writing and comprehend the rules of English. While acquiring the knowledge of English, the reader will also be educated on the topic of gaming. All examples are based on experiences from gamers and allows the reader to put themselves in the gamer’s shoes.

About the Author

My name is Vincent Quinones and I love gaming. I have always had a special place in my heart for gaming and I do not think I can ever give it up. I learned to write when I was in pre-school, I really enjoyed writing and was fascinated. Eventually, I learned how to write sentences and paragraphs in elementary, then in middle school I learned how to write essays and arguments supported by evidence. I have come a long way from where I began and I could not thank my teachers enough who have helped me along the way. In order to make sure I completed this book of writing, I made sure to write about something I can easily talk about because I like it so much, which is why I chose gaming as my topic. I cannot wait to see where english takes me as I finish high school and hopefully college.

The “Gaming“ BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 1 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES Grammar is the structure and system of a language that governs how it works. It depends heavily upon syntax, which is word order, and morphology, which is how words are formed. BOOK SECTION 1 PUNCTUATION and CAPITLIZATION

1. Punctuation – a. . , - – : ; ? ! ‘ “ … [ ] ( ) / i. Period (used to end a sentence) - Students often lack sleep because of gaming. ii. Comma (used to separate in a list) - Gamers always need to have water, a good char, and good running computer. iii. Em dash (used to take the place of commas, parenthesis, or colons) - After the food was finally delivered – nearly hours passed after it was ordered – the gamer had already ate during his break. iv. En dash (used to represent a span or range of numbers, date, or time) - The years 1958-present mark the legacy of video games. v. Colon (used to introduce a list of items) - Gamers love to visit community events like: Twitchcon, E3, and tournaments. vi. Semicolon (used between two independent clauses) - The gamer streams for 10 hours a day; thus only having 12 hours to do whatever else he needs like sleep. vii. Question mark (used at the end of a direct question) - Does that gamer even get any sleep? viii. Exclamation point (used at the end of a sentence to add emotion) - The gamer screamed, “We just won the game!” ix. Quotation marks (used to indicate material that is being reproduced word for word) - The mom told the gamer, “it looks like you need to go to bed.” x. Ellipses (used to indicate omission)- If only the gamer had scored that extra point… oh wait, it does not matter now. xi. Brackets (used to allow the insertion of editorial material inside quotations) - The gamer was talking to one of the lead gaming designers and said, “When will this game [Fortnite] get it’s next update?”

xii. Parenthesis (used to provide additional information) - The neighbor told his uncle (Lorenzo) to help him carry the groceries inside. xiii. Slash (it is very versatile, it can indicate a line break in a poem or even represent a function) - The gamer makes roughly $1200/week salary when streaming to the community everyday.

The “ Gaming “ BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 2 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES I.

PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS A. Types of nouns: 1. Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or idea. Controller, Console, Monitor

2. Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person,

place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). GTA, Xbox, Playstation 3. Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. Laptop, Gaming-chair, Headset 4. Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. Computer, Chair, Television 5. Abstract Nouns: name ideas, quality, emotions or attitudes. Anger, Rage, Optimism

B. Noun identifiers:

Rudeness Attitude Sinister

Noun endings: (list one word for each ending)

Emotion Moment Memory

Optimism Chance Cheer

List Nature Sentence Entity Childhood

Plural form: for example: “controllers” or “headsets”

Possessive form: for example: “Gamer’s controller” or “Gamers’ accounts”

4. Following a preposition: These are some common prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, without. NM N ADV V Prep NM ADJ N EX: The gamer surprisingly went down in ranks the whole tournament. (preposition) 8

Note: Sometimes the above words are used as adverbs. The gamer’s career went down. (adverb) C. Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. 1. Subject (comes before the verb) N–V S V Vincent won the tournament. 2. Direct Object (comes after the verb and answer what or whom) N–V–N S V DO IO Vincent threw games during the tournament. (threw what?) Vincent hired a coach to help him get better at the game. (hired whom?) 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) N–V–N–N S V DO IO Vincent gave a med kit to his teammate at the end of the game. 4. Adverbial Object (comes after the verb and answers when) N–V –N S V AO Daniel throws games to grief other people’s games. (throws when?)

Prep – N

5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) S

Prep

OPrep

Daniel went to the gaming and hardware store to stock up on all of the parts he wanted for his pc. (to the what?) 6. Subject Complement (following a linking verb)

N – LV – N S LV SC Vincent is the captain of the Bravo team thanks to successfully being the best in game. (captain renames Vincent) S

Vincent is extremely happy when his team won the tournament.

(SC can also be an adjective. Happy describes Mr. Rodriguez)

7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it)

N–V–N–N S V DO OC The Bravo team unanimously elected Vincent captain because of

his skills

8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas)

N, N S APP V Kendrick, my successor, showed me that he was not good at the game yet. He learned that not everyone plays fairly, otherwise known as cheaters. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) N–N S V Adjvl The Bravo team went merrily to the top of the scoreboard. N

10.

Noun in Direct Address

Vincent, where are the rest of our teammates before the game starts? N, N or N, N N Have you completed your side-quest, Daniel, or have you been fooling around. 11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) Gerund – N G OG Winning the Fortnite World Cup made Vincent substantially proud. (winning what?)

12.

Object of the participle (noun that follows a

participle) Participle – N Part OPart After the time trial contest, Daniel won tickets the Fortnite summer block party. (spelling what?) 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) Infinitive – N __Inf__ OInf Anthony courageously wanted to win money in the cash cup. (to win what?)

II.

PRONOUNS

Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Explain each kind and use as many of each of the six types of pronouns in 1. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them Possessive My, mine our, ours Your, yours your, yours 10

His, her, hers, its, one’s 2. Relative: Nominative who That

their, theirs Objective whom that those/ this

Possessive whose of that

3. Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever 4. Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self or –selves) Used only: A. when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: i. He grades himself more harshly than his students. She bought herself two books. B. to intensify a point: i. The coordinator himself delivered the speech. Even though it was hard work, “I can finish the job myself” the student thought. 5. Demonstrative: this, these that, those 6. Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

III.

VERBS

A. How verbs are identified: (list three to five of each type) 1. Verb ending: - s, -ed, -ing are the basic ones. Show the

others, as well.

2. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

simple past past past perfect past progressive simple present

6. present 7. present perfect 8. present progressive

9. present perfect progressive 10. future 11. future perfect

3. Forms: 11

a. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being (These

verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as main verb, they are always linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem).

b. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

c. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having (These verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs).

4. Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs: a. auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) b. linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) c. lexical verbs (main verbs) d. dynamic verbs (indicate action) e. stative verbs (describe a condition) f. finitive verbs (indicate tense) g. nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) h. regular verbs (weak verbs) i. irregular verbs (strong verbs) j. transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) k. intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects) 5. Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. 6. Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) a. Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. i. Daniel enjoys leisurely practicing in playground mode. b. Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective i. There really is no aiming course within the game. ii. Vincent carefully rotated past the irritated boss. c. Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs i. Chris likes to read about successful gaming pros quietly. (noun: direct object – likes what?) ii. Kendrick has a car to race that he customized personally in the game. (adjective: modifies car – what car?) 12

IV.

VI.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns./ 1. Kinds: Demonstrative (The demonstrative adjective are this, that, these, and those. They are used to point out specific people or things), Common (A common adjective is an adjective that is not written with a capital letter. Most adjectives are common - ones that are written with a capital letter are proper adjectives), Proper (an adjective, typically capitalized, derived from a proper noun) Ex: these children, those armies, this sword, talented, well-designed, terrified. 2. Endings: -al, -ary, -ful, -ic, -ical, -ish, -less, -like, -ly, -ous, -y, -able, -ible, -ant, -ent, -ive, -ing, -ed, -en Ex: exciteful 3. Conversions: usually by adding -ing to words 4. Articles: Put simply, an article is a word that combines with a noun. Articles are actually adjectives because they describe the nouns that they precede. In English, there are only three articles: the, a, and an. However, the three are not interchangeable; rather, they are used in specific instances. 5. Comparatives/Superlatives: A comparative adjective is used to compare two things. A superlative adjective is used when you compare three or more things. For example, looking at apples you can compare their size, determining which is big, which is bigger, and which is the biggest. The comparative ending for short, common adjectives is generally “-er”; the superlative suffix is generally “-est.”

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. a. Endings i. –ly, -wards, -wise ex: quickly, wisely b. Conversions i. By adding one of the suffixes into the word c. Types: i. Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time d. Intensifiers i. Adverbs often have words called intensifiers that denote or describe the qualify of the action- how strong or weak it is. There are several types of intensifiers: those that show emphasis, those that amplify and those that play down or down tone the actions of verbs. In addition there are premodifiers which are words that change the meaning of an adverb e. Comparatives/ Superlatives i. Add -er to comparatives and -est to superlatives. i. What are these? ii. How are they used?

CONJUNCTIONS

A. Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so ● Mario and Luigi are brothers. 13

B. Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so ● Bowser neither his son and daughter are considered the good guys. C. Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while. ● After you pass all eight worlds of Mario, there are 3 secret levels for you to discover. D. Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) ● Who is the creator of the famous video game since the 1980’s?

PREPOSITIONS

VII.

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

VIII. ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

INTERJECTIONS

Interjections are the final part of speech. Transitions (INCLUDE THE “TRANSITIONS OF LOGIC” CHART – link is below, so is the chart - just copy and paste the chart onto your document) Antecedents Complements Objects o Direct o Indirect Modifiers Expletives Agreements o Subject-Verb o Noun-Pronoun 14

Transitions of Logic

Milder

Stronger

Addition

a further x and and then then also too next another other nor

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar x another x like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time

first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this x

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly

definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

The “Gaming “ BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 3 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 3 PHRASES 1. Phrases – a group of words that function as a part of speech a. Prepositional- a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, it is used as an adjective or an adverb. n v prep n 1. The playable character jumped across the obstacle to get all the points. n prep n 2. Video Game creators are always near advanced technology equipment 17

v to create games. b. Appositive- a group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. n app. phrase 1.Vincent also known as “Vinnyq,” the best Fortnite player, announced that adv v he was going to reluctantly retire from playing the game. n app n 2. Luigi, the green Italian character, is Mario’s brother throughout the game. c. Verbal (3)-a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. i. Gerund- word ending in “ing” used as a noun. n v n n 1. Luigi was jumping over gumbas, but then got hit by one and died instantly. n adj adv v 2. My character was next for the time trial and instead he was running across the floor avoiding all the enemies. n ii. Participle- word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective. n adj v n 1. Trevor gets annoying whenever he cuts you off on the road in GTA. n v adj v 2. After the boss fight I was shocked to discover a secret level that leads to a whole different place. iii. Infinitive- verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs. v n v adj n 1. Press letters A on the remote to jump higher on any character used. adj n n n 2. The last world in Bowser’s castle has a secret door to go to a secret level.

Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech. A. Prepositional: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a

noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb. The professional gamer was warmly welcomed aboard the gaming organization. B. Appositive: A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. Vincent, a new recruit, worked diligently to prove himself to his teammates. . C. Verbal: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. 1. Gerund word ending in “ing” used as a noun. 2. Participle word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective 18

3. Infinitive verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as noun, adjectives, or adverbs

The “Gaming “ BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 4 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 4 CLAUSES 1. Clauses –

Clauses are groups of words with a subject and a verb. A. INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a

enter?

simple sentence pattern. a. Mario is always saving Princess Peach from Bowser. n adv v n n B. SUBORDINATE (Dependent) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. 1. Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. a. Where he grew up firmly gave him the great origin story and success to his gaming career. [subject] 2. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. A. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: a. The score that you wanted is clearly within your grasp. B. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: a. Olivia is obviously the one who got the most clout on Twitch. (ONE is the antecedent of WHO and is modified by the adjective clause) NOTE: The relative pronoun has two functions. It introduces the clause and it is used as a sentence-part within the clause. i. Is this the tournament that you so vehemently want to

3. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an

independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. a. Modifying verbs: i. They unfortunately put the tournament rules where only a few could see it. (place) ii. When the time limit finished and the bell finally rang, everyone’s team scores were in. (time) iii. We sluggishly fell behind our competitors because we were too tired. (purpose) iv. The Faze (gaming organization) president talked as if he were passionately going to challenge another clan. (condition) 20

b. Modifying adjectives: i. The new tournament in Fortnite coldly seems twice as hard as it used to be. (how much) ii. Chris is as amusingly funny as his duo who he practices with for tournaments. (to what extent) c. Modifying adverbs: i. Vincent worked harder than his sisters typically did. (condition) 4. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. a. The character who finishes first will earn a lot of xp. 5. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. a. When playing at a tournament, the enemy keenly keeps their eyes off of the opponents screen road. 6. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. a. The time trial course that most interests Daniel is clearly the racing one and not the shooting course. Literature. 7. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. a. Kendrick’s professional gaming lessons, which began six months ago, are regretfully over.

The “ Gaming “ BOOK OF WRITING 21

SECTION 5 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 5 SENTENCES

1. Sentences a. Sentence Parts consisting of i. Subject (3) (what or more than one whom the sentence is noun or about) pronoun) 1. Complete Bowser kidnaps Princess Peach all of the Mario and Luigi time. are two of the 2. Simple (noun or main characters pronoun (or in Super Mario. more) that when ii. Predicate (3) stripped of all 1. Complete the words that modify it) 2. Simple Princess Peach gets kidnapped. 3. Compound (A 3. Compound simple subject b. Sentence Types (4) i. Declarative (used to Go into the tunnel that is in the hidden make statements) room in the top right hand corner of the Bowser is so greedy that he can’t pick map. who to kidnap anymore. iv. Exclamatory (used to ii. Interrogative (used input feeling in your when wanting to ask sentence) questions) Beware of the boss at the end of the Where is the hidden space level in this level! game? iii. Imperative (used to give an order) c. Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) (with correction guidelines) i. Fragment EX: From bottom to the top. (fragment sentence) EX: The underdogs in the tournament went from the bottom to the top. (correct) ii. Run-on/Rambling EX: Gamers in Fortnite love to build would practice building all day if they did not have to go to school or work. (run-on sentence) EX: Gamers in Fortnite love to build. They would practice building all day if they did not have to go to school or work.. (correct) 22

iii. Fused Sentence

EX: It was close to the end of the buzzer the leading team was getting nervous thinking about the team behind them catching up in points. (fused sentence)

EX: It was close to the buzzer; the leading team was getting nervous thinking about the team behind them catching up in points. (correct) iv. Misplaced Modifier EX: Bowser kidnapped Princess Mario’s Peach. (misplaced modifier) EX: Bowser kidnapped Mario’s princess peach. (correct) v. Comma Splice EX: Hyenas are not actually hunters, they are scavengers. (comma splice) EX: Hyenas are not actually hunters. They are scavengers. (correct) vi. Double Negative EX: Toad doesn’t have no time for another side quest. (double negative) EX: Toad doesn’t have any time for another side quest. (correct) d. Sentence Patterns (13) i. Simple vii. Balanced Sentence ii. Complex viii. Parallel Structure iii. Compound ix. Chiasmus iv. Complex/ x. Asyndeton Compound xi. Polysyndeton v. Loose Sentence xii. Anaphora vi. Periodic Sentence xiii. Epistrophe 1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is EX: Despite being bad at the game, just one independent clause. Vincent picked up Chris as his duo EX: Bowser kidnaps Peach. partner. EX: Practice makes perfect in Fortnite. EX: Although Chris was handsome, he was still dumb. 2. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no 4. Complex-Compound Sentence: A dependent clauses. sentence with multiple independent EX: It was getting dark, and the gamers clauses and at least one dependent were still up playing in the arcade.. clause. EX: Maurice didn’t want to go to the EX: The hellhounds spawned, so the arcade, but he went anyway. gamers had to defend themselves. EX: Vincent wanted a new weapon, so 3. Complex Sentence: A sentence with he offered money to purchase one from one independent clause and at least one the mystery box. dependent clause. 23

5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). EX: Vincent trained the zombies, shot at them, and ended the round. EX: The round began, spawning zombies, and beginning a new round. 6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. EX: Despite the in game currency, purchasable, and the lack of weapons, the blue team still won. EX: When Takeo was walking in the newly loaded map, he saw his ally. 7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length. EX: He is good, but they are better at the game. EX: The boss is powerful, but not as powerful as the main character. 8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written. EX: Cortana likes to sing, to dance, and to watch over the battleship. EX: Vincent will not go to school, nor will he do his homework because of games. 9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order

EX: Vincent will find a partner to play with unless his partner finds him. EX: The boss loves to crush and hates to be crushed. 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. EX: Vincent plays all day, sleeps all day, plays all night. EX: Daniel lounges, complains, and plots the perfect attack strategy. 11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. EX: Vincent yelled at Chris and blamed Chris and screamed at Chris. EX: Vincent ordered Chris to watch north and hold builds and watch south and give him mats. 12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. EX: Vincent is a good gamer, who is vigilant, who is kind, and who is loved by all his teammates. EX: The in game leader was captain for his skill, for his right hand man, for clan, and for all of the team depending on his leadership skills. 13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. EX: Trevor repeated, “push the enemy team,” until the teammates listened, 24

and eventually everyone was attacking all at once EX: Vincent cannot wait to win a tournament, he is told stories of his friends

winning, and then his duo says, “we got the next one”.

Sentence Parts

1. Subject (3) a. Complete b. Simple c. Compound

2. Predicate (3) a. Complete b. Simple c. Compound

Sentence Types

1) Declarative-used to make statements: Bugha won the Fortnite World Cup. 2) Interrogative-used to ask questions: How many people qualify for the online tournament? 3) Imperative-used to give an order: Give it your all in order to do good in the tournament. 4) Exclamatory-used to input feeling into your sentence: Look out, there is an enemy right behind you

Sentence Errors (Incomplete/Incorrect Types) 1. Run-On/Rambling 2. Fused 3. Fragment

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

4. Misplaced Modifier 5. Double Negative

6. Comma Splice

Sentence Patterns Simple Complex Compound Complex/Compound Loose Sentence Periodic Sentence Balanced Sentence

8. Parallel Structure 9. Chiasmus 10. Asyndeton 11. Polysyndeton 12. Anaphora 13. Epistrophe

1. Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one Independent clause. 2. Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses. 3. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. 4. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. 25

5. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase). 6. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense. 7. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length 8. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written 9. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order 10. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 11. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. 12. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. 13. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words.

The “Gaming“ BOOK OF WRITING 26

SECTION 6 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 6 PARAGRAPHS

1. Paragraphs – Explain what needs to be in each of the three (3) types of paragraphs, how many sentences each paragraph should have, and include one (1) example for each of the pieces in each of the paragraph sections. a. Introductory Paragraphs i. Hook/lead 1. Anecdotal 2. Query Based ii. Thesis statement (7 types) 1. Assertion (Claim) 5. Generalization 2. Fact 6. Document Based 3. Opinion 7. Theory 4. Belief b. Body Paragraphs i. Topic sentence ii. Sentences with examples 1. Quotes (5 ways to integrate quotes INTO sentences) a. MLA Citation 2. Paraphrase 3. Summary 4. Anecdotes 5. Concrete examples 6. Abstract examples iii. Closing sentences c. Closing Paragraphs i. Statement extending the thesis ii. Consequences of disregarding the thesis iii. Establishing the significance of thesis iv. Final sentence (“Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…)

1. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions)

a. Hook (Lead) i. Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and intro the topic) 1. Ex. When little Vinny behaves properly, his parents always treat him to a game. They reward him with a game for his DS when he does well at school. The better he does in his classes, the more his smile widens and, sadly, the more he spends time sitting. As a child, he has no idea why. But the adults in his life should. ii. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic) 1. Ex. Does gaming really have a negative impact on a person’s health? 27

b. Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length – and something that is arguable) i. Assertion (claim) 1. Ex. Gaming provides very little physical activity and should be avoided. ii. Fact (empirically verifiable) 1. Ex. Gaming is comparatively inexpensive. iii. Opinion (personal position on a topic) 1. Ex. GameStop sells the best games on the market. iv. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily) 1. Ex. Indulging in the temptation of gaming is sinfully wrong. v. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement) 1. Ex. Everything sold at GameStop does not horribly harms a person’s health. vi. Document Based (cites a specific source and its position on a topic) 1. Ex. In IGN, the author correctly argues that the gaming industry has excruciatingly deep effects on people’s health by illustrating how unhygienic many of their game development tactics are. vii. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven) 1. Ex. Fast food can systematically lead to health problems in young people.

2. Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis)

a. Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support) i. Ex. Multiple sources additionally indicate that gaming has a dramatic impact on health. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between gaming and health) b. Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. Ex. Several researchers agree, “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health” (Schlosser 73). ii. Ex. “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health” according to several researchers (Schlosser 73). iii. Ex. Unfortunately for patrons, “Fast food can have adverse effects on people’s health,” according to several researchers (Schlosser 73). iv. Ex. Unfortunately for patrons, “Fast food can have [horribly] adverse effects on people’s health” (Schlosser 73). v. Ex. Unfortunately for patrons, “Fast food … [a]ffects … people’s health” (Schlosser 73). vi. Paraphrase (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Gaming can have adverse effects on people’s health” (White 37). 2. Ex. PARAPHRASE – People’s health may be negatively impacted by gaming (White 73). 28

vii. Summary (condensing larger quotes or sections) 1. ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Gaming can have adverse effects on people’s health” (White 37). 2. Ex. SUMMARY – Gaming is unhealthy. viii. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples – AVOID) 1. Ex. People would lose weight if they stopped playing video games. ix. Concrete Examples (actual, reference-able examples) 1. Ex. A study shows that the average person stands to lose 12 pounds in any given year that they eliminate gaming from their daily activity. c. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) i. Ex. Clearly, valid authorities on the subject of gaming agree about its often startling and consistently negative health effects.

3. Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay)

a. Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT) i. Ex. If the mass audience of gaming was truly safe for people’s health, there probably would not be such an abundance of people spending too much time indoors. b. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) i. Ex. As such, the epidemic of gaming can clearly be connected with abundance of sitting. c. Establishing the Significance of the Thesis i. Ex. Thus, as the preponderance of research indicates, gaming carries out more than just the contents of a videogame – it carries out the potential for influencing the player. d. Final Sentence (connects to the hook) i. Ex. So given all the health problems associated with gaming, maybe the meals Daniel receives as rewards are not so happy at all…

The “Gaming“ BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 7 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES GRAMMAR BOOK SECTION 7 ESSAYS 1. Essays – Explain the purpose and specific features of each type (and subtype) of essay. Show the specific tactics used to create successful essays of each type. Students do NOT have to include their own examples for each, they just have to explain and discuss each type. If students decide to create essay examples to include in their grammar books, twenty points (20) extra credit will be given for each original example (CREATED BY THE STUDENT FOR THIS PROJECT) of a FULL, MULTI-PAGE ORIGINAL essay that is included when the essay section is turned in – complete with your self created prompt. a. Types i. Persuasive v. Research (Argumentative) 1. MLA Citation ii. Expository (Informative) Format 1. Definition or 2. APA Citation Description Format 2. Process (How-to) 3. Compare and vi. Timed Contrast 1. Document 4. Cause and Based Question Effect (DBQ) iii. Analytical/Critical 2. Synthesis 1. Evaluative 3. Prompt Based 2. Interpretive iv. Narrative (Tells a story) 1. Personal Anecdote 30

b. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources c. Work Cited Page i. MLA Format something, they are the recipes or ii. APA Format technical brochures of essay writing. It's essential to keep the sequence of steps Persuasive (Argumentative) A in mind and the explanations must be persuasive essay, also known as an clear and they must be written in argumentative essay, is where logic and chronological order. reason are used to show that a point of 3. Compare and view is more legitimate than any other. Contrast: A compare and contrast essay Clear arguments must be used and must is an be supported by convincing facts and essay evaluating the similarities and logical reasons. differences between two subjects. These subjects will be in the same category, ii. Expository (Informative) but different. You might compare and An expository essay is a type contrast two different kinds of pets, or of writing which tends two novels from the same historical time to explain, illustrate, period. Compare focuses on similarities clarify, or explicate and contrast focuses on differences. something in a way that it 4. Cause and becomes clear for readers. Effect: A cause and effect essay is Therefore, it could be an concerned with why things happen investigation, evaluation, or (causes) and what happens as a result even argumentation about (effects). A cause and effect essay is a an idea for clarification. common method of organizing and 1. Definition or discussing ideas. To determine causes Description: The descriptive essay ask, "Why did this happen?" To identify describes effects ask, "What happened because something—object, person, place, of this?" experience, emotion, situation, It’s a written account of a particular iii. Analytical/Critical A experience that allows for a great deal critical analysis essay systematically of artistic freedom (the goal of which is evaluates a piece of to paint an image that is vivid and work including what it does well and moving in the mind of the reader). what it does poorly. It can be used to 2. Process discuss a book, article or even a film. An (How-to): A process essay is structured analytical essay can be a around the writer's reaction/response to a body of goal of providing the reader with work through a critical lens. That is, one directions or guidance. Process essays must set out to explain the significance discuss how to do something or make 31

of the text by persuading the reader of a certain point regarding the text. To succeed when writing a critical analysis essay, you need to learn what it is. It is a kind of “subjective” academic writing which purpose is to illustrate the writer’s in-depth understanding of a certain piece of work. This type of essay demands to express a personal point of view. 1. Evaluative: An evaluation essay presents an overall view of the quality of a particular item, service, or business. It is natural for this type of essay to feature some element of the writer’s opinion, but when done correctly, it should not come across as opinionated. An important skill is to master is producing an evaluation that is unbiased and reasoned. 2. Interpretive: An interpretive essay is an essay that provides an analysis of

another piece of writing. iv. Narrative (Tells a Story) A narrative essay is a type of essay that talks about a particular event or a series of events and describes the kind of experience that the writer (or protagonist) got from it. In other words, you have to write about what happened to you and how it influenced you. A narrative essay is similar to a simple five-paragraph essay, in that it has the same format. 1. Personal Anecdote: An anecdote is a very short story that is significant to the topic; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic. v. Research A research paper is a piece of academic writing based on its author's original research on a particular topic, and the analysis and interpretation of the research findings. 1. MLA Citation Format: The MLA website citation consists of the author name(s), page title, website title, sponsoring institution/publisher, date published, and the URL. Format: Author's Last name, First name. "Title of Individual Web Page." Title of Source: Container Article: Website or Periodical Web page: Website 32

2. APA Citation Format: The APA format follows the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. vi. Timed Known as timed essays, essay exams, or in-class essays, these essays require you to demonstrate disciplinary knowledge by producing a writing sample within a limited time period. 1. Document Based Question (DBQ): DBQ, or “document-bas ed question,” is an essay question type on the AP History exams. For the DBQ essay, you will be asked to analyze some historical issue or trend with the aid of the provided sources, or "documents," as evidence. 2. Synthesis: A synthesis essay is a written work that takes a

b. Tips/Steps

unique viewpoint about a central idea, theme, or topic, and backs it up with a combination of multiple sources. The process has four major components: (1) Synthesizing sources (2) Composing a thesis or claim (3) Formatting the essay (4) Talking with the texts 3. Prompt Based: Essay prompts are statements that focus on a topic or an issue, followed by questions. The purpose of an essay prompt is to inspire a response in the form of an essay, which will test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills. Strategies/Planning

i. Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining 33

Pre-writing: Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process, typically followed by drafting, revision, editing and publishing. Prewriting can consist of a combination of outlining, diagramming, storyboarding, clustering (for a technique similar to clustering, see mindmapping). Prompt Analysis: A prompt tells you what to write about and why you are writing. A prompt might also tell the type of writing to create and who will read it. Before you begin writing your response, you need to analyze the prompt to make sure you understand it. Outlining: An outline is a tool that allows a writer to categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs into an order that makes sense, and to make sure that each paragraph/idea can be fully developed. It allows the writer to understand how s/he will connect information to support the thesis statement and the claims of the paper.

ii. Research/Evaluation of Sources Research: Research is the collection and evaluation of information about a particular subject. It is a careful, detailed study of a subject in order to discover information or achieve a new understanding of it by using scientific methods. Evaluation of Sources: Source evaluation is the process of critically evaluating information in relation to a given purpose in order to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use. Evaluating information sources is an important part of the research process. Not all information is reliable or true, nor will all information be suitable for your paper or project. Sources vary widely in their authority, accuracy, objectivity, currency, and coverage Users must be able to critically evaluate the appropriateness of all types of information sources prior to relying on the information. 34

Glossary Abstract Examples Hypothetical, “what if” examples – AVOID adjectives Words that modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns adjective clause Used to modify a noun in an independent clause adverbs Words that modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs answer how, when, where, why, or to what extent—how often or how much adverb clause Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession agreements The word agreement when referring to a grammatical rule means that the words a writer uses need to align in number and gender (when applicable) Analytical/Critical Essay A critical analysis essay systematically evaluates a piece of work including what it does well and what it does poorly. Anaphora A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention Anecdotal Brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic

antecedents An antecedent is the noun or noun phrase that a pronoun refers to APA Citation Format The APA format follows the author-date method of in-text citation. This means that the author's last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998), and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper. appositive A group of words that include all the words or phrases that modify an appositive. (An appositive is a noun or pronoun that renames or identifies another noun or pronoun in some way) Assertion Claim Asyndeton A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose Balanced Sentences A sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length Belief Social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily Cause and Effect Essay A cause and effect essay is concerned with why things happen (causes) and what happens as a result (effects) Chiasmus A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order clauses Clauses are a group of words with a subject and a verb 35

Closing Paragraphs Conclusions that should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay Closing Sentences Must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the essay’s thesis Comma Splice A comma splice is when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma and no conjunction to make one sentence Compare and Contrast Essay A compare and contrast essay evaluates the similarities and differences between two subjects. These subjects will be in the same category, but different. complements It's a word, clause, or phrase that's needed to complete a given expression Complete Predicate The complete predicate includes the verb and all the words that tell what happened in the sentence Complete Subject A complete subject is all of the words that tell what or whom a sentence discusses, including any modifiers Complex-Compound Sentences A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause Complex Sentences A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

Compound Predicate A compound predicate occurs when the subject in the sentence is doing more than one action and is shared by two or more verbs Compound Sentence A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses Compound Subject A compound subject consists of two or more simple subjects that share a verb or verb phrase Concrete Examples Actual, reference-able examples conjunctions A part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are simply statements that relay information. It states the facts or an opinion and lets the reader know something specific. It always ends with a period Definition or Description Essay The descriptive essay describes something -- object, person, place, experience, emotion, situation. It’s a written account of a particular experience that allows for a great deal of artistic freedom dIrect objects Direct objects are the results of action. A subject does something, and the product is the object itself. A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the sentence Document Based Cites a specific source and its position on a topic Document Based Question Essay (p. 52) DBQ, or “document-based question,” is 36

an essay question type on the AP History exams. For the DBQ essay, you will be asked to analyze some historical issue or trend with the aid of the provided sources, or "documents," as evidence Double Negative Double negatives are two negative words used in the same sentence elliptical clauses Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted Epistrophe A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words Essays short pieces of writing on a particular subject. essential clauses Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence Evaluative Essay An evaluation essay presents an overall view of the quality of a particular item, service, or business Evaluation of Sources Source evaluation is the process of critically evaluating information in relation to a given purpose in order to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use Exclamatory Sentence An exclamatory sentence is a type of main clause that expresses strong feelings in the form of an exclamation expletives An expletive is a swear word, a curse you let out when you are startled or mad Expository (Informative) Essay An expository essay is a type of writing which tends to

explain, illustrate, clarify, or explicate something in a way that it becomes clear for readers Fact Empirically verifiable Final Sentence Connects to the hook Fragment Sentences Fragments are incomplete sentences. Usually, fragments are pieces of sentences that have become disconnected from the main clause. One of the easiest ways to correct them is to remove the period between the fragment and the main clause Fused Sentences A fused sentence is a type of run-on sentence in which two independent clauses are run together (or "fused") without an appropriate conjunction or mark of punctuation between them, such as a semicolon or a period Generalization Uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, or half Gerund A word ending in “ing” used as a noun grammar The structure and system of a language that governs how it works. It depends heavily upon the syntax, which is word order, and morphology, which is how words are formed Hook (Lead) The hook (lead) is the beginning or introduction. Imperative Sentence An imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives instructions or advice, and expresses a command, an order, a direction, or a request. It may end with an exclamation mark or a period 37

independent clause CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern indirect objects Indirect objects receive or respond to the outcome of an action infinitive A verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs interjections Are the final part of speech. An interjection is a part of speech that demonstrates the emotion or feeling of the author. These words or phrases can stand alone, or be placed before or after a sentence Interpretive Essay An interpretive essay is an essay that provides an analysis of another piece of writing interrogative Sentences An interrogative sentence asks a question and is punctuated at the end with a question mark. They are typically marked by inversion of the subject and predicate; that is, the first verb in a verb phrase appears before the subject Lead A lead grabs the reader’s attention and it hooks the reader Loose Sentences A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) Misplaced Modifier A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is improperly separated from the word it describes MLA Citation Format The MLA website citation consists of the author name(s),

page title, website title, sponsoring institution/publisher, date published, and the URL modifier A modifier changes, clarifies, qualifies, or limits a particular word in a sentence in order to add emphasis, explanation, or detail Narrative Essay A narrative essay is a type of essay that tells a story and talks about a particular event or a series of events and describes the kind of experience that the writer (or protagonist) got from it nonessential clauses Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence noun clause Used as a noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive objects An object is a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun that is affected by the action of a verb Opinion Personal position on a topic Outlining An outline is a tool that allows a writer to categorize the main points, to organize the paragraphs into an order that makes sense, and to make sure that each paragraph/idea can be fully developed Paragraphs A distinct section of a piece of writing, usually dealing with a single theme and indicated by a new line, indentation, or numbering Parallel Structure A sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal 38

importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written Paraphrase Rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source participle A word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective parts of speech The part of speech indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence Periodic Sentences A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense Personal Anecdote Essay An anecdote is a very short story that is significant to the topic; usually adding personal knowledge or experience to the topic Persuasive (Argumentative) Essay (pg. 50) A persuasive essay, also known as an argumentative essay, is where logic and reason are used to show that a point of view is more legitimate than any other phrases Phrases are groups of words that function as a part of speech Polysyndeton A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose prepositional A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb prepositions Link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence.

Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs Pre-writing Prewriting is the first stage of the writing process, typically followed by drafting, revision, editing and publishing Process (How-to) Essay A process essay is structured around the goal of providing the reader with directions or guidance. Process essays discuss how to do something or make something, they are the recipes or technical brochures of essay writing Prompt Analysis (p. 53) A prompt tells you what to write about and why you are writing Prompt Based Essay Essay prompts are statements that focus on a topic or an issue, followed by questions. The purpose of an essay prompt is to inspire a response in the form of an essay, which will test your writing, reasoning, and analytical skills pronouns Words that take the place of nouns that have been established punctuation The marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning Query Base Question that brings the reader to the topic rambling sentences Happens when you connect several sentences with the word AND relative clauses Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. A relative pronoun is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas 39

Research Research is the collection and evaluation of information about a particular subject Research paper A research paper is a piece of academic writing based on its author's original research on a particular topic, and the analysis and interpretation of the research findings run-on sentences Occurs when two sentences are joined without punctuation or a connecting word sentences A set of words that is complete in itself typically containing a subject and a predicate, conveying a statement, question, exclamation, or command, and consisting of a main clause and sometimes one or more subordinate clauses Simple Predicate The simple predicate is the word or words that tell us what specific action the subject is taking. It is always a verb Simple Sentence A sentence that is just one independent clause Simple Subject A simple subject is a main word or words that tell what or whom a sentence discusses, not including any modifiers subordinate (dependent) CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION Summary Condensing larger quotes or sections Synthesis Essay A synthesis essay is a written work that takes a unique

viewpoint about a central idea, theme, or topic, and backs it up with a combination of multiple sources Theory A statement that can be tested and potentially proven Thesis Statements The purpose of a piece of writing usually one sentence in length and something that is arguable Timed Essays Essays that require you to demonstrate disciplinary knowledge by producing a writing sample within a limited time period Topic Sentences Must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence or support transitions Transition words prevent our writing from sounding stilted or choppy verbal A verbal is a word derived from a verb that functions in a sentence as a noun or modifier rather than as a verb verbs Words that show the time, action, and state of being of a subject Works Cited Page Works cited pages would appear at the end of a research paper. Works cited means the same as references but differs from a bibliography. A works cited page is a list of works that you referenced in the body of your paper, whereas a bibliography is a list of all sources used in your research

WORKS CITED Easybib.com (2019). EasyBib: The Free Automatic Bibliography Composer. [online] Available at: http://www.easybib.com/ Easybib.com. (2019). MLA Format: Everything You Need to Know Here. [online] Available at: http://www.easybib.com/guides/ citation-guides/mla-format/ Englishclub.com. (2019). Prepositions List | Vocabulary | EnglishClub. [online] Available at: https://www.englishclub.com/voc abulary/prepositions/list.htm English-grammar-revolution.com. (2019). English-Grammar-Revolution.com Sitemap. [online] Available at: https://www.english-grammar-revolution .com/sitemap.html Esldesk.com. (2019). Pronouns. [online] Available at: http://www.esldesk.com/gramma r/pronouns Guidetogrammar.org. (2019). Adverbs. [online] Available at: https://guidetogrammar.org/gra mmar/adverbs.htm Lab, P. (2019). Purdue OWL // Purdue Writing Lab. [online] Purdue Writing Lab. Available at: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/purdu e_owl.html Simmons, Robin L. “Grammar Bytes!” Grammar Bytes! Grammar Instruction with Attitude, http://www.chompchomp.com/ menu.htm. Thepunctuationguide.com. (2019). The Punctuation Guide. [online] Available at:

https://www.thepunctuationguide .com/ The Writing Centre. (2019). The parts of the sentence. [online] Available at: https://arts.uottawa.ca/writingcen tre/en/hypergrammar/the-parts-of-the-s entence