PHRASES AND CLAUSES

TINA COHEN CHANG

Portrayed By: JENNA USHKOWITZ

PHRASES AND CLAUSES

Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech.

Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All of Lima wanted a better governor. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The glee teacher knew that singing was hard for some students. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Unique was asked to go on stage. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Ms.Roz, a new coach, wanted to help the Cheerios win nationals. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Walking through New York Rachel made it to Broadway. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The glee clubs set list for sectionals was deleted. ● Infinitive Phrase verbs preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The glee club knew it was time to say goodbye.

MIKE CHANG

Portrayed By: HARRY SHUM JR.

CLAUSES

Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”)

INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. McKinley High School Glee Club expects everyone to know how to work in a team.

DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Mercedes checked what she had for her music video. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: This school where the glee club has a national first place trophy. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Quinn is the most popular cheerleader in this school. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: Sam left New York because he accomplished his New York dream. Modifying adjectives: Puck is the kid that gets in trouble the most. Modifying adverbs: Tina tried harder than every girl in the glee club on her solo. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. Whoever placed first in nationals would take a big trophy back to their school. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. While driving Quinn was on her cell phone. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. The College that interested Rachel more is NYADA. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. Santana's favorite pair of high heels broke after 4 years.

SUE SYLVESTER

Portrayed By: JANE LYNCH

SENTENCES

Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.

Sentence Parts

Subject – what/who the sentence is about The Glee Club won Nationals.

Predicate – what the subject does The Glee Club learned songs for Nationals.

Sentence Types

Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Glee is such an inspiring show to viewers.

Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Puck needs to get his life together.

Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why do some people like Rachel Berry?

Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) Santana is the best character!

WILL SCHUSTER

Portrayed By: MATTHEW MORRISON

Sentence Patterns

Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. Most characters go off to college.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (coordinating conjunctions) or a semicolon (;). Learning songs for Nationals from all sorts of genres is very difficult.

Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When Finn died everyone couldn’t believe it.

Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Whether you agree or not, Santana's version of Don’t rain on my parade was better than Rachels.

Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. Glee has diverse characters, Hispanic, Asians, Cacasians, and African American.

Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. With all the characters there are, Glee has a diversity of characters.

RACHEL BERRY

Portrayed By: LEA MICHELE

Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. Glee has three main good singers Rachel sings melo songs, Santana sings high note songs, and Mercedes sings hard outgoing songs.

Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. The Glee club masters a song in one day so that the next they can master another one.

Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. The original Glee club brought the Glee club back to McKinley without them the Glee club wouldn’t be back. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Glee kids show outgoing, smartness, strongness, and unity. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Glee kids show outgoing, smartness, strongness, unity, and a strong voice.

Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For the kids glee was the highlight of high school, for some kids glee saved them, and for some glee made their dream come true.

Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Glee club is friends, glee club will help you meet new friends, glee club will make family your friends, and glee club is a world of friends.

NOAH PUCKERMAN “PUCK”

Portrayed By: MARK SALLING

Sentence Errors

Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. The students wanted to stop working on their English project they needed to do work for other classes they had no time. [WRONG] The students wanted to stop working on their English project BECAUSE they needed to do work for other classes AND they had no time. [RIGHT]

Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas The students wanted to stop working on their English project, they needed to do work for other classes, they had no time. [WRONG] The students wanted to stop working on their English project. They needed to do work for other classes; they had no time. [RIGHT]

Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because the students had no time. [WRONG] Because the students had no time, they had to work faster. [RIGHT]

Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a

dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify

At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak to the student that was medium rare. [WRONG] At the team barbeque, the coach gave a steak that was medium rare to the student. [RIGHT]

Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force The students knew that it wouldn’t do them no good to waste time. [WRONG] The students knew that it would not do them any good to waste time. [RIGHT]

BECKY JACKSON

Portrayed By: LAUREN POTTER

PARAGRAPHS

Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic.

Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions)

Hook (Lead / Opening Statement) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) A lot of people wonder what is the best way to discipline. M. Scott Peck tells us that there isn’t a certain way to discipline but there's ways for a good discipline. He tells us that kids end up the way they do because of their parents. He tells us that one of the most important things to discipline is gratification. Parents need to show their kids gratification because it is something important. Parents need to teach their kids basic life skills and show them affection in order for their parenting discipline to work. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”)

Is there really a manual to tell you how to discipline? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Gratification is key when disciplining a child. Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about - better used as evidence to support a claim) Every parent disciplines their children differently. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Showing your child love helps discipline them.

SHELDON BEISTE

Portrayed By: DOT MARIE-JONES

Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact, though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Discipline should be done with the values each parent has. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing

the

source of the data) The way a parent disciplines their child always has an affect on them in the future. Document Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic) In The Road Less Traveled M Scott Peck argues that a child needs to be shown affection in order to know how to solve problems. Without the affection they usually give up on their problems in hopes they will go away. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Not caring about your problems could affect your actions. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Peck expands his claim by telling us how so many things contribute to discipline. The author examines the fact that affection is something key when it comes to the discipline of a child. The information of discipline helps see how the things you do and say affects it.

Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis)

Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context) Additionally, if parents let their children take responsibility for their problems their discipline would reflect on them. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health)

UNIQUE ADAMS

Portrayed By: ALEX NEWELL

Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom” Several researchers agree, “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom” (Peck 16). “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom,” according to several researchers (Peck 16). Unfortunately for patrons, “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom,” according to several researchers (Peck 16). Unfortunately for patrons, “Problems [help] out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom” (Peck 16). Unfortunately for patrons, “Problems [help]... courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom”(Peck 16). Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom” PARAPHRASE – Problems help create our courage and wisdom (Peck 16). Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Problems forth out courage and wisdom; indeed they create our courage and wisdom” SUMMARY – Our courage and wisdom is created by our problems. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote) If parents had better discipline, more kids would benefit society. Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) In the book The Road Less Traveled, Peck tells us that if you’re not responsible for your problems they hurt you way more. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) After seeing how so many things contribute to a person's life, discipline is very important and the way you do it could affect a person in the long road.

KITTY WILDE

Portrayed By: BECCA TOBIN