The Incredible Grammar Book by Bravo Grammar Con Online

The Incredible Grammar Book For Dummies (ft. The World of the Transformers) By Gabriel Onate

Introduction This book has been written in the hopes of assisting numerous students that fail to comprehend the proper concepts with using and structuring grammar. The entire bookâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s examples are focused mainly on the world of transformers, while at the same time correctly incorporating the appropriate grammar usage. The entireness of this book has been effectively divided into sections that detail a general concept, such as parts of speech, which is later split into nouns, verbs, adjectives, and so forth. the end of various selected sections will include a quiz that properly tests your knowledge of the entire concept taught. Answers are included in the end. It Is highly recommended for one to properly study, and review in order to fully comprehend the ideas and do well on each quiz. The goal is so that, by reaching the end of this book, students will fully grasp the concepts of correct grammar usage, structure, and mechanical skills.

About the author, gabriel onate Mr. onate has always been an enthusiast of writing, and thus, highly enjoys the art of it. His interest has grown throughout the years, beginning with his ideas to write short stories that paralleled the ones he read in his elementary classes. Mr. onate began it all when he finally wrote an incredibly detailed book about the history of each of the fifty u.s. states for his fifth grade class project. The teacher’s congratulations, partnered with the classmates’ awestruck faces, launched gabriel unto his new writing path. Not surprisingly to many, but very shocking to gabriel himself, he won a student of the year award under the title, “Young author”. A year later In the sixth grade, mr. onate chose to participate in a school-wide competition of writing in the hopes of achieving recognition with his work of literature, which he had titled a trap in time. It was a wonderful success, and the continuity of gabriel’s interests in the fields of writing. Throughout the middle school years and the first years of high school, he planned and wrote excerpts of novels he hoped to accomplish in the future. The popularity of them amongst his closest friends and several teachers has led mr. onate to continue his passion, which carries on with the completion of this book. Currently, he has begun planning for a novel he will begin to write soon about a dystopian future and split societies. Though mr. onate has not fully planned out the details, he is sure that he will write this novel throughout his high school and college years, and dreams of getting it published officially years to come.

Dedications I would like to express a dedication to Mr. Rodriguez for his dynamic and fun approaches to the education system; though vigorous, are exceedingly useful for many students. I would like to bring a dedication to both my parents that endured the late night “Rodriguez grinds” that consisted of working and working to complete his incredible assignments late into the night. I would like to send a dedication to the wonderful Peter Cullen, who has become a father figure to many, including myself, for his continuous role of Optimus Prime in the, including but not limiting to, original series, live action movies, and the wonderfully modern Transformers the Ride. I would like to dedicate this book to my favorite authors that have brought about tears of joy, laughter, and sadness to me for their marvelous works of writing. These include: J.K. Rowling, Roald Dahl, John Steinbeck, R.L. Stine, Dr. Seuss, Marie Lu, and Dave Pelzer. Thank you for the mixed emotions all of you have contributed in me feeling with your works. Last but not least, I dedicate this book to all my classmates that burned as I did to bring about this light to others. It has been a stressful, tear-bringing, and fun ride with all of you, and now we can conclude it together. “What is to give light must endure burning.” --Viktor Frankl “The future is not set. There is no fate but what we make for ourselves.” --John Connor

“It has been an honor serving you all. Autobots, roll out!” --Optimus Prime

Table of contents A. Section One – Parts of Speech…Pages 6 - 29 i. Interjections Quiz ii. Interjections Quiz Answer Key B. Section Two – Phrases…Pages 30 – 31 C. Section Three – Clauses…Pages 32 – 41 i. Phrases Quiz ii. Clauses Quiz iii. Phrases and Clauses Quiz Answer Key D. Section Four – Sentences…Pages 42 – 52 i. Sentences and Errors Quiz ii. Sentences and Errors Quiz Answer Key E. Section Five – Paragraphs…Pages 53 – 59 i. Sentences Quiz ii. Sentences Quiz Answer Key F. Section Six – Essay Types and Strategies…Pages 60 – 66 i. Essay Types Quiz ii. Essay Types Quiz Answer Key G. Section Seven – Capitalization…Pages 67 – 69 H. Section Eight – Punctuation…Pages 70 – 71 I. Section Nine – Commonly Confused Words/Misused Words…Pages 72 – 77 i. Capitalization, Punctuation, and Commonly Confused Words Quiz ii. Capitalization, Punctuation, and Commonly Confused Words Quiz Answer Key

Section one – Parts of Speech I.

Nouns – define a person, place, thing, animal, or idea A. Types of Nouns 1. Common Nouns – a term that gives a name to any groups of people, places, things or ideas (ex: machine, planet, ship, extraterrestrial, dino-bot) 2. Proper Nouns – gives a particular person, place, thing or idea a formal title; this must ALWAYS be capitalized (ex: Cybertron, Optimus Prime, Allspark, Teletraan One, Matrix of Leadership) 3. Compound Nouns – whole words are placed together to give one single noun (ex: keyboard, gunship, motherboard) 4. Concrete Nouns – a noun that can be identified through the five senses (in reference to material things, people, and places) (ex: vehicle, Allspark, computer, alien gun) 5. Abstract Noun – gives a name to an attitude, emotion, idea or quality (ex: transformation, hyper-speed, resourcefulness, creativity, ingenuity)

B. Noun Identifiers 1. Noun Endings: the kinds of noun endings are -ness -tion -ism -ist -ture -tude -ment -ance -ence -ity -ster -ory -eer -hood (ex: sickness, transformation, optimism, fascist, adventure, attitude, movement, romance, essence, piety, sister, theory, seer, brotherhood)

2. Following a noun marker (NM) a, all, an, both, each, every, her, his, my, our, several, some, that, their, these, this, those, one, two, three, etc. The words in bold are pronouns that act a noun marker ONLY when they function as adjectives, such that Several Decepticons checked the scene out (several is an adjective to “Decepticons”, deeming it a noun marker). Several are Decepticons (Several is its own noun, so it is not an noun marker). NM N NM N Optimus took both ships. The strong, bold attack deeply infuriated Megatron.

3. Plural Form (ex: transformers and Autobots) 4. Possessive Form (ex: the Prime’s matrix or the Primes’ matrixes) 5. Following a preposition N ADV V PN Prep NM ADJ N Shockwave brutally held Optimus against his everlasting will. ADV PN Prep PN NM PN Interestingly, the next Prime after Optimus was to be their own Ultra Magnus. Common prepositions are aboard, about, above, according to, across from, after, against, along, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, s, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except for, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, towards, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, via, with, within, and without

C. Functions (How nouns are used) 1. Subject (comes before the verb) S V Optimus Prime agreed to charge. S V Optimus Prime willingly agreed to valiantly charge on the Decepticon base. 2. Direct Objects (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) S V DO IO Megatron fired bullets at Starscream. (fired what?) S V DO Megatron fired furiously at Starscream, angered by his careless fiascos. (fired at whom?) 3. Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) S V DO IO Sideswipe handed the matrix to Hotshot. (to whom?) S V DO IO Sideswipe handed the matrix willingly to Hotshot at the precipice of the final battle. (to whom?) 4. Adverbial Object (comes after verb and answers when) S V AO Optimus Prime fought nightly. (fought when?) S V AO Optimus Prime fought nightly and silently to camoflauge into the loud darkness. (fought when?) 5. Object of the Preposition (follows a preposition) S V Prep OPrep Jazz transformed into Pontiac. (into a what?) S

Prep

OPrep

Jazz quickly converted into a sleek, modern Pontiac with precision and style. (into a what?) 6. Subject Complement (follows a linking verb) S LV SC Optimus Prime is the leader of the Autobots.. (leader renames Optimus Prime) S LV SC Optimus Prime is the noble leader of the Autobots, positively elected by them. (leader renames Optimus) 7. Object Complement (follows a direct object and renames it) S V DO OC Optimus Prime chose Ultra Magnus as the next Prime. (Prime renames Ultra Magnus). S V DO OC Optimus Prime wisely chose Ultra Magnus as the next brave Prime due to his skill. (Prime renames Ultra Magnus) 8. Appositives (renames nouns, separated by commas) S APP V Sam, Bumblebeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s friend, bought Bumblebee as a car. S APP V Sam, Bumblebeeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s friend, bought a silenced Bumblebee as a yellow, old car. 9. Adjectival (describes noun following it) S V Adjvl The Autobots returned to fight at the destructive battle. S V Adjvl The strong Autobots returned to fight united at the destructive battle in Chicago. 10. Noun in Direct Address (directly addresses someone in questioning) N Lord Megatron, what will you do with Optimus Prime?

N Lord Megatron, forgive my curiosity, but what will you do with the brat of Optimus Prime?

11. Object of the gerund (noun that follows a gerund) G OG Asking for the mission directives allowed Starscream to target Sam. (asking what?) G OG Asking once more for the mission directives allowed blood-thirsty Starscream to target a terrified Sam. (asking what?)

12. Object of the participle (noun that follows a participle) Part OPart After the alarming battle, Megatron retreated. (alarming what?) Part OPart After the rather alarming battle, melancholy Megatron was forced to retreat, gravely injured. (alarming what?) 13. Object of the infinitive (noun that follows an infinitive) Inf OInf The Fallen had to burrow in cowardliness as Optimus was alive. (to burrow in what?) Inf OInf The Fallen had to burrow himself in cowardliness as Optimus went on, still alive. (to burrow in what?)

II.

Pronouns - take the place of nouns that have been established A. Personal: personal refers in directing yourself to a person whether in first, second, or third person; consists of three different kinds embedded within this (objective, nominative, and possessive) NOTE: to use personal pronouns, you must consider the gender, number, and case (subjective/nominative, possessive, or objective) Nominative pronouns: I/we; you/you; he; she; it; one/they Objective pronouns: me/us; you/you; him; her; it; one/them Possessive: my; mine; you; yours; his; her; its; oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s; our; ours; your; yours; their; theirs NP He is a Prime. (He is the subject, replacing a different noun, thus a nominative/subjective pronoun) PP OP His name is Prime, one that everyone respects. (His is the a pronoun that replaces a possessive noun. One is an object pronoun that refines name, such as through a direct, indirect, or object of a preposition.) B. Relative: this is a kind of pronoun that begins a subordinate clause, connects it to the other, and follows a noun Relative pronouns: (nominative) who; that Relative pronouns: (objective) whom; that; those; this Relative pronouns: (possessive) whose of that OP Sideways is the Decepticon that crosses paths with Sideswipe. (that is objective to Decepticon) OP Sideways is the cowardly Decepticon whom crosses similar paths with adventurous, lethal Sideswipe. (whom is objective to the Decepticon) 11

C. Interrogative: used to start or introduce any interrogative question (one that asks a question) Interrogative pronouns: who; which; what; whatever; whoever IP Which Autobot is being targeted for extermination? IP My most glorious Lord Megatron, which disgusting Autobot is being heavily targeted for a wonderfully gruesome extermination? D. Reflexive: pronouns that take you back to the subject, basically; personal pronouns combined with the suffixes â&#x20AC;&#x201C;self OR â&#x20AC;&#x201C;selves NOTE: Used only: A. When the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction AV RP i. Lockdown yelled silently at himself harshly for his slow, stupid reaction. B. To intensify a point i.

RP Lockdown himself enjoyed the hunting down of Optimus Prime like the Fallen.

E. Demonstrative: point out specific things, such as people, places, things, animals, or ideas Demonstrative pronouns: this, these, that, those

This Autobot was found crossing into Decepticon territory. (this is demonstrative pronoun for a specific thing, the Autobot)

That dirty Autobot was found sneakily crossing into our glorious Decepticon territory. (that is once more, a demonstrative pronoun for the Autobot)

F. Indefinite: these do not refer to anything in particular; they replace nouns, but do not specify which Indefinite pronouns: all; another; anybody; anyone; anything; both; each; either; everybody; everyone; everything; few; many; much; neither; nobody; none; no one; nothing; other; several; somebody; someone; such IndP Several were found attempting meekly to infiltrate Astro-Trainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s computer system as he rested, my lord. IndP The Decepticons have found another escaping into the atmosphere, only to be shot down magnificently.

III.

Verbs - show the time, action, and state of being of a subject A. Verb Ending –s, –ed , and –ing are the most basic verb endings, but there also such endings of – ed, and –d. (ex: transformed, attacks, acquired, battling) B. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses 1. Simple past 2. Past 3. Past perfect 4. Past progressive 5. Simple present 6. Present 7. Present perfect 8. Present progressive 9. Present perfect progressive 10. Future 11. Future perfect The more common ones are deemed past, present, and past participle. (ex: transforming, present progressive; transform, present; will attack, future) C. Forms 1. Forms of “to be”: am, are, is, was, were, be, been, being; these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs. When used as the main verb, they are always linking verbs – true linking verbs = all forms of be, become, and seem. (ex: is transforming) 2. Forms of “to do”: do, does, did, done, doing; these verbs can be used as helping verbs or main verbs (ex: did launch) 3. Forms of “to have”: have, had, has, having; these verbs can be used a helping verbs or main verbs (ex: having captured)

D. Types: there are at least eleven types of verbs 1. Auxiliary verbs – these are just helping verbs 2. Linking verbs – verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence—usually the predicate. 3. Lexical verbs – main verbs, this includes all verbs except for helping verbs 4. Dynamic verbs – these indicate an action (describe) 5. Stative verbs – describe a condition, usually referring or relating to thoughts, emotions, senses, or states of being 6. Finitive verbs – indicate a tense (in reference to time) 7. Nonfinitive verbs – infinitives or participles 8. Regular verbs – weak verbs 9. Irregular verbs – strong verbs 10. Transitive verbs – verbs followed by a direct object 11. Intransitive verbs – verbs that do not take direct objects (ex: to launch, nonfinitive verb; seemed robotic, linking verb; will capture, auxiliary verb; transformed, lexical and finitive verbs) E. Voice: voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action; there are two kinds of voices in the English language ONLY, active voice and passive voice (ex: converted the, activated the, active voice – subject does the action; attacked by, infected by, passive voice – subject receives the action) F. Verbals: verb forms NOT used as verbs 1. Gerund – word ending in “ing” used as a noun i. Sideswipe reflexes quickly when transforming into a car. (transforming has been modified into a noun, as an act of) 2. Participle – word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective i. Megatron charged an angered Devastator into the secured Autobot base. (secured is an adjective formed from a verb to describe the base) 3. Infinitive – verb preceded by the word “to”; used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs i. Lockdown was on a desperate mission to hunt down a long-lost legend. (to hunt down is used on the direct object – to hunt down what?) ii. Ironhide has a model to acquire upon his intense arrival to Earth. (to acquire is an adjective – it modifies model: what model?)

IV. Adjectives - modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns A. Kinds: Demonstrative – points out nouns and answers the question which one? (ex: those Decepticons, these Energon stores, that Autobot ship) Common – a simple, usual noun that basically describes the noun (ex: arrogant tyrant, malicious Sideways, brave Prime) Proper – derived from a proper noun and capitalized (ex: Cybertronian transformer, American vehicle mode, Japanese stealth mode) B. Endings: Adjective endings: -ful, -eous, -y, -ish, -ble, -ial, -ent, -less, -ng, -ly, -are, -ive (ex: respectful leader, hideous Decepticon, angry dictator, feverish Autobot, liable resource, artificial human, lenient warrior, malevolent Shockwave, restless tyrant, fighting soldier, cowardly commander, aware vigilante, hydrophobic Megatron) C. Conversions: Other parts of speech are converted into adjectives using noun endings or other part of speech endings ex: Megatron the tyrant (n.) becomes tyrannical Megatron (adj.), and Megatron tyrannizes (v.); Optimus’ honor (n.) becomes honorable Optimus (adj.), and Optimus honors (v.); Sideways’ menace (n.) becomes menacing Sideways (adj.), and Sideways menaces (v.) D. Articles: The article adjectives are a, an, and the. These are used in front of many, well most nouns to specify it more. (ex: an extraterrestrial vehicle, a Decepticon, the matrix) E. Comparatives/Superlatives: These are adjectives used to describe two things, or three or more things/people with greater detail. To make a comparative or superlative adjective, you can only use adjectives of one and SOMETIMES two syllables; simply add –er to the adjective for a comparative, and –est for a superlative. 16

*if a short adjective ends in y, change the y to i and add –er or –est. When a short adjective ends with e, simply add an –er or –st. To adjectives longer than two syllables, add most/least or more/less to the actual adjective. (ex: most horrible Decepticon, angriest commander, greater power-yielding Autobot)

Adverbs - modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. A. Endings: Adverb endings are –ly, –wards, and –wise. (ex: cowardly hiding, Cybertron ravaged afterwards, attack strength-wise) B. Conversions: (see Adjectives; convert into adverbs from other parts of speech); this usually happens when you add an adverb ending (see above) to a verb or adjective (ex: tyrant governing turns into tyrannically governing; loyal protection becomes loyally protection; horrendous injury becomes horrendously injured) C. Types: types of adverbs are manner, frequency, degree, place, and time Manner Optimus Prime epically ravaged Megatron’s face with an axe. S Adv V Optimus Prime epically ravaged Megatron’s fierce face with a crushing blow of an axe. (How did he ravage?) Time The Ark instantaneously escaped into Cybertron’s atmosphere. S Adv V The Ark instantaneously escaped into the polluted atmosphere of war-destroyed Cybertron. (When did the Ark escape?) Place Megatron has forcefully here at the scene. S Adv A gravely injured Megatron was forcefully here at the scene, a place of ruin. (Where was Megatron?) Degree Jazz’s delightfully wonderful stealth has led him out of trouble S Adv V A ninja-like Jazz’s delightfully wonderful stealth has led him out of tight corners. (How wonderful is Jazz’s stealth?) Frequency 18

Optimus is usually fighting on the battlefield with his Autobots. S Adv V A valiant Optimus is usually strongly fighting on the torn battlefield with his restless Autobots. (How often in Optimus fighting?) D. Intensifiers: describe a quality of the action taking place, puts an emphasis on the action (ex: obviously evil, really inevitable, literally indestructible) E. Comparatives/Superlatives: these are adverbs that help compare two or more adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs; comparatives are used to compare up to two things; superlatives are used for three or more (more or less for comparatives, most or least for superlative) (ex: most loyal Autobot; less intelligent; least tyrannical)

VI.

Conjunctions A. Coordinating: these conjunctions connect phrases, words, and clauses with one of the seven coordinating conjunctions FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Soundwave attacked Optimus, but did not succeed in assassination. S V DO CCon A brutal Soundwave harshly attacked Optimus, but did not considerably succeed in a gruesome assassination. B. Correlative: these conjunctions go together in a sentence, if one is used with a noun, the next noun will soon precede another correlative conjunction. The kinds of correlative conjunctions are: either/or; neither/nor; not/only; but/also; both/and; whether/or; and as/so As Optimus enters the bay, so will Autobot Bumblebee. CoCon S V CoCon As a heavily prepared Optimus enters the secured bay, so will an overconfident Autobot Bumblebee. C. Subordinate: these kinds of conjunctions provide a transition with two sentence clauses that make a complex one, while at the same time, indicate a time, place, or a cause and effect relationship. Types of Subordinate Conjunctions: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while The Fallen awaits the murder of Optimus Prime, in order that after the event, he can assume power. S Adv V SubCon The Fallen eagerly awaits the murder of the legendary Optimus Prime, in order that after the spectacular event, he can steal and assume all power. D. Relative Pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving objects or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects) Shockwave, who is a strong Decepticon commander, owns a Driller-Bot. 20

S RPro Adv Adj Pro Shockwave, who happens to be an incredibly strong Decepticon commander, owns a fiercely brutal Driller-Bot.

VII. Prepositions - links nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs Common Prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, as, away from, back of, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except)m by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, excluding, for, from, from among, from between, from under in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without *please note: these are not all of them

The successful attack on the secured Decepticon base on behalf of the team-built Autobots led to a wave of fury from the greedy Lord Megatron, that resulted in abuse towards an unwilling Starscream. Sideswipe emerged from between the bushes, near the frozen lake, looking repulsive and weak as he ran onto open road, despite the risk of being seen. A gleaming Pontiac Solstice glowed at Jazz from the inviting inside of the Chevy dealership that also displayed just-as-attractive vehicle alongside the Solstice.

VIII. Interjections - words that show an emotion but are not related to the grammatical structure of the sentence. Types of interjections: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw, bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brr, cheers, congratulations, dang, drat, darn, duh, eek, eh, encore, eureka, fiddlesticks, gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh, ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm, holy buckets, holy cow, holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray, oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops, ouch, ow, phew phooey, pooh, pow, rats, shh, shoo, thanks, there, tut-tut, uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh, wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow, yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck Ahh, Prime has finally shown a devastating weakness; oh well, it is finally time for him to be done with. Gee, Optimus, do you reckon we will safely make it there? Uh-oh, Megatron is zooming over here and good grief that means we will run out of time to set up our positions.

Key Associated Terms to know for the Parts of Speech 1. Antecedents – the word that tends to replace a word, phrase, or clause with one third-person personal pronoun (ex: transformed by himself) 2. Complements – the adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows a linking verb (ex: Optimus is an honorable leader) 3. Objects a. Direct – this will follow a transitive verb (action verb) (ex: Bumblebee fights a Decepticon bravely) b. Indirect – this is an object/person that receives the direct object (ex: In order to settle his fury, Megatron gave Starscream a beating.\ 4. Modifiers – words that can be words, phrases or clauses and give description to a sentence; without one, a sentence is entirely boring (ex: An infuriated Shockwave quickly feared his own life as his kidnapped Autobots managed to escape.)

5. Transitions – phrases and words used to connect one ideas together and separates significant ideas from each other

(ex: Moreover, Megatron’s deadly threat terminated with his complete obliteration thanks to Optimus Prime.) 6. Expletives - a crude expression, like an unnecessary word or phrase used to fill space in a sentence for grammar purposes (ex: Damn it! They’re getting away quickly, my Lord.) 7. Agreements a. Subject – Verb: a single subject will take a single verb; likewise, a plural subject will take a plural verb (ex: Mudflap the Autobot is stealthily arriving soon.)

b. Noun â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Pronoun: a noun will be replaced by a pronoun later in the sentence to avoid multiple repetition of one noun (ex: Sideswipe quickly hurdled himself in the air to transform.)

Interjections Quiz Part I Directions: Read the quote that a Transformer says. Use common sense and what you now know on interjections to choose the most probable answer to fill in the blank. 1. Autobot Topspin: “________! Thundercracker has spied on us and gained quite valuable information that was supposed to be kept secret!” What is the MOST PROBABLE interjection that Autobot Topspin has used? a. Ahoy! b. Blah. c. Phooey. d. Oh dear!

2. Megatron: “Now that Optimus is unsuspecting, we can heavily take siege on the Ark. ________, this is going to get interesting soon.” What is the MOST PROBABLE interjection that Lord Megatron has used? a. Holy buckets! b. Well c. Shoo! d. Shh…

3. Soundwave: “________, my Lord. You have successfully brought an end to the rebel of Optimus Prime. What is the MOST PROBABLE interjection that Soundwave has used? a. Congratulations b. Holy cow! c. Well d. Gadzooks

Part II Directions: Match each term with a letter that holds its closest significance. (hint: none will be used twice, but all will be used up) 1. _____ Huh? 2. _____ Yuck 3. _____ Phew 4. _____ Congratulations 5. _____ Brr

A. A term relevant to demonstrating feelings of being elated for someone due to their accomplishment B. Used to express a state of “shock”, from cold weather C. A term to express a state of confusion D. “saved by the bell” E. Used to indicate a feeling of disgust

Part III Directions: Read the paragraph. As you go along, fill in any appropriate interjections from the word bank. DO NOT USE AN INTERJECTION MORE THAN ONCE, BUT YOU WILL FIND THAT NOT ALL INTERJECTIONS ARE USED. Word Bank: oh no, phooey, darn, eek, hello, thanks, congrats, gosh, shoo, humph, oh my, oh well, ahh “________(1), my Lord. I am ever-so-glad to see you alive and well, Your Majestic Glory.” Starscream says with a bow. “Spare me of your empty comments, nincompoop,” Megatron says, waving an arm to ________(2) him away. Another Decepticon appears from the shadows, holding a bird majestically on his arm. “_________(3), Soundwave, one of my favored Decepticons. ________(4), what news do you bring for me?” Megatron growls softly. “My Lord, I will say ________(5) on your success of hiding our base so well. The Autobots will never find it. I have made sure of that.” Megatron turns to look at Starscream, who looks down, embarrassed. He then turns to Soundwave. “_________(6) in the meanwhile, Soundwave. You have done me well. Keep it up and you’ll take Starscream’s job.” Starscream looks pleadingly to Megatron, who indifferently looks back. Little do they know, Optimus has traced Soundwave…

Interjections Quiz Answer Key Part I 1. D 2. B 3. A

Part II 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

C E D A B

Part III 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Hello shoo Ahh Well congrats Thanks

Section 2 – Phrases A. Prepositional – a group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and is used as an adjective or an adverb N Adv V Prep N Optimus Prime elegantly transformed alongside his army. Adj N Adv V Prep A brave Optimus Prime elegantly transformed alongside his wisely chosen Autobot N army. B. Appositive – a group of words that include all the words and phrases that modify an appositive N App Adv V Adj Ultra Magnus, Optimus’ heir, gladly accepted his ancient Matrix. N App Adv V Adj Ultra Magnus, Optimus’ strong heir, gladly accepted his old, obsolete Matrix. C. Verbal – a group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun i.

Gerund – word ending in “ing” used as a noun N Adj Ger V Adv Shockwave, a ruthless killing machine, sent Driller-Bot quickly after Sam. N Adj Ger V Adj Adv Shockwave, a ruthless killing machine, sent a hungry Driller-Bot quickly after a terrified Sam.

ii.

Participle – word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective Part N Adv V A transformed Jazz speedily zoomed after the Decepticon. Part N Adv V Adv Adj A transformed Jazz speedily zoomed after the cowardly and weak Decepticon. 30

iii.

Infinitive – verb preceded by the word “to” used as a noun, adjective, or adverb N Inf Adj Megatron wants to launch a coordinated attack on the base. N Inf Adv V Adj Megatron wants to launch an effectively planned, coordinated attack on the lone N Autobot base.

Section 3 – Clauses A. Independent Clauses – can stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern N V Adv Adj Bumblebee took extensively long exams to help him reacquire his voice. N V Adv Adj Bumblebee took extensively long exams to help his poor-self reacquire his lost voice. B. Subordinate Clauses (Dependent) – cannot stand alone as a complete sentence and must begin with a subordinate conjunction i.

Noun Clause – used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, or an appositive SubConj N Adv V Unless Wheeljack can quickly transform, he will be unable to escape. SubConj Adj N Adv V Unless the intellectual Wheeljack can quickly transform, he will be unable to transform.

ii.

Adjective Clause – used to modify a noun in an independent clause a. Some clauses begin with an introductory word N IWord Adj Adv V This is Teletraan One, where the brave Autobots can actively communicate with one another from afar. b. Some clauses begin with relative pronouns Adv N RPro Adj There walks the legendary Optimus, whose battles have been victorious and full of pride.

iii.

Adverb Clause – used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinating conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession a. Modifying Verbs N V Adj ModV Adv Megatron placed his glorious war ship where the daringly rebellious Autobots could spot it. (place) b. Modifying Adjectives N V Adj Adj Galvatron resembled as the once-strong, now-defeated tyrant called Adv Megatron strikingly.

iv.

Relative Clauses – dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun N RPro V Adj The Autobot who shows the most honor will become the next Prime. Adv Adj N RPro Adj The faithfully loyal Autobot who shows the most courageous honor will become

the next Prime. Elliptical Clauses – adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted EC V N Adv When fighting, Megatron solely is there for the thrill of the hunt. EC Adj V N Adv Adj When ferociously fighting, Megatron solely is there for the enormous thrill of the dangerous hunt.

vi.

Essential Clauses – clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence N EssC Adv V Adj The fuel that mostly powers the Transformers is the mysterious Energon. Adj N EssC Adv V Adj The scarce fuel that mostly powers the remaining Transformers is the Adv Adj mysteriously rejuvenating Energon. 33

vii.

Nonessential Clauses – clauses that are not necessary to the meaning of the sentence N NonC V Adj Megatron’s tyranny, which has been fueled by the rebellious Autobots, is one incomparable across the universe. N Adj NonC V Adj Megatron’s brutal tyranny, which has been fueled by the rebellious Autobots, is Adv one incomparably evil across the far reaches of the universe.

Phrases Quiz Part One Directions: Read each question fully. Take time to respond CORRECTLY. Good luck! 1. “Galvatron, an advanced remake of Megatron himself, was only more fierce than when he *considered himself+ was less.” The underlined example between the commas above is an example of: _______________________. 2. “Starscream’s trickery and quite easy success in gaining the Decepticon throne quickly ended with the epic return of Galvatron.” The underlined example above is an example of: _______________________ (pay attention to the kind of word in the beginning of the phrase). 3. “The transformed Sideways leapt unto the short edifice and destructively ran over it.” The underlined example above is a type of VERBAL phrase. However, it is one of the three kinds of verbal phrases. Which one is it? _______________________

Part Two Directions: Read the following questions. Circle the CORRECT response. Good luck! 4. “To fire” is an example of which of the following? A. Appositive B. Prepositional Phrase C. Verbal (General Definition) D. Infinitive 5. A prepositional phrase begins with a ____ and ends in with a noun A. Gerund B. Preposition C. Infinitive D. Answer not above

6. A word ending in “ing” used as a noun (ex. “base to attack”) is known as a: A. Appositive Phrase B. Verbal (General Definition) C. Infinitive D. Answer not above 7. “Optimus, a valiant leader, has…” is an example of: A. Appositive Phrase B. Gerund C. Prepositional Phrase D. Infinitive 8. Gerund, Participle, and Infinitive phrases make up: A. Prepositional Phrases B. Appositive Phrases C. Verbal Phrases D. Subordinate Clauses

9. A verb preceded by the word “to” is an example of: A. Nonessential Clause B. Participle C. Preposition D. Infinitive 10. A Participle Phrase is a phrase with a word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as a/an ____. A. Gerund B. Adverb C. Adjective D. Noun

Clauses Quiz Part One Directions: Read the short passage and determine the kinds of clauses that are present. Good luck! Optimus Prime weakly rested on the enormous steel table (1). Whoever intended to attack him had done a good job (2). He slowly opened his spark, where he kept his glorious treasure: the Matrix of Leadership (3). The Autobots surrounding his strikingly ancient body watched in awe. Optimus then handed it to the Autobot that he believed deserved his prestigious trophy (4). Into Ultra Magnusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; hands the Matrix went, and the last, legendary Optimus Prime breathed his last. The Matrix, which was now in the hands of the former soldier (5), was now in the hands of a new Prime. 1. (1) is an example of: A. Subordinate Clause B. Relative Clause C. Independent Clause D. None of the Above 2. (2) is an example of: A. Relative Clause B. Adjective Clause C. Adverb Clause D. None of the Above 3. (3) is an example of: A. Adjective Clause B. Elliptical Clause C. Nonessential Clause D. Noun Clause 4. (4) is an example of: A. Modifying Adverb Clause B. Introductory Word Adjective Clause C. Independent Clause D. Essential Clause

5. (5) is an example of: A. Relative Pronoun Adjective Clause B. Adverb Clause C. Prepositional Phrase D. None of the Above

Part Two Directions: Read each question and answer CORRECTLY. Good luck! 6. An adverb clause modifies: A. Verbs, adjectives, and adverbs B. Prepositions, infinitives, and nouns C. Nouns, adjectives, and gerunds D. None of the Above 7. An adjective clause is categorized into: A. Modifying Verbs, modifying adjectives B. Verbals C. Introductory words, relative pronouns D. None of the Above 8. Clauses NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence are: A. Adjective clauses B. Noun clauses C. Nonessential clauses D. Essential clauses 9. Elliptical Clauses are adverb clauses that ____ part of the clause. A. Add to B. Aggregate C. Divide D. Omit 10. An _________ is used to modify a noun in an independent clause. A. Adverb clause B. Adjective clause C. Infinitive phrase D. None of the above

Phrases and Clauses Quizzes Answer Key Phrases Part One 1. Appositive phrase 2. Prepositional phrase 3. Participle phrase Part Two 4. D 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. A

Clauses Part One 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. B 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B

Section 4 – Sentences A. Sentence Parts 1. Subject i.

Complete Subjects – the subject (who or what) is doing the verb plus all the modifiers (descriptive words) Adj N V An angered, infuriated Megatron crashed through the wall. Adj N Adv V An angered, infuriated Megatron spectacularly crashed through the strong, cement wall.

ii.

Simple Subjects – the who or what is doing the verb, but lacking the descriptive words Adj N V Adj The large Decepticon swallowed the car and the frightened Autobot with it. Adj N V Adj Adv Adj The large Decepticon swallowed the blue car and the extremely frightened Autobot along with it.

iii.

Compound Subjects – contains two or more subjects N N V Adj Shockwave and Soundwave both stared at their fallen leader. Adj N N V Adv Adj A confused Shockwave and Soundwave stared stupidly at their fallen,

injured leader.

2. Predicate i.

Complete Predicate – contains the main verb and the words attached to the such action Adj N V Adv Adj A brave Optimus soared triumphantly over the skies, with the rescued humans. Adv Adj N V Adv A bravely heroic Optimus soared triumphantly over the blue skies, with Adj the rescued, grateful humans.

ii.

Simple Predicate – contains only the verb, the word that completes the action N V Adj Soundwave kneeled at Megatron’s fallen side, faithful to his last breath. Adj N V Adj Adv A loyal Soundwave kneeled at Megatron’s fallen side, immensely faithful to his own last breath.

iii.

Compound Predicate – predicates united by a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS, see coordinating conjunctions) N V DO Adv Starscream howled in pain, but was angrily attempting to kill Sam. N APP V DO Adv Starscream, blinded by shards, howled in pain, but continued to angrily Adj attempt to kill a terrified Sam.

B. Sentence Types 1. Declarative Sentences – most common of sentences; simply put, it states something…period…no command, emotion, or interrogation N V DO Adj Megatron decided to truce with an injured Optimus. (period mark the declarative sentence) N V Adv DO Adj Megatron could not help but decide he had to hastily truce with the injured Optimus CoC Adj or risk his own “scared” life. 2. Interrogative – asks a question, and ends in a question mark (ALWAYS!) Adj N What regretful news do you bring me, Bumblebee? (question mark signals interrogative sentence) Adv Adj N What regretfully melancholic news do you bring to me, Bumblebee? 3. Imperative – states a command N V Adj IO I must regret, ma’am, stand down or the angered Sentinel will attack. N Adv V Adj IO I must dutifully regret, ma’am, stand down or the angered Sentinel will most Adv definitely attack you and me.

4. Exclamatory – shouts/yells, and ends in an exclamation point Adj APP N V What you must realize, my Autobot brothers, is we were never going to win the war! (exclamation point marks exclamatory sentence) Adv V Adj APP N What you must sincerely realize, strong Autobot brothers, is we were never going to V Adj win the lost war! C. Sentence Patterns 1. Simple Sentence – a sentence that is just one independent clause N Adv V D.O. V I.O. Megatron shockingly did not miss aim upon hitting Optimus. Adj N Adv V Adj I.O. V An angered Megatron shockingly did not miss his poor aim upon hitting Optimus. 2. Complex Sentence – a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause N V D.O. Co.C V N Adv Optimus transformed back into a truck, but was intercepted by Soundwave shortly Sub.C after. N V Adj Co.C Adv V Optimus was able to transform back into his cool truck, but was stealthily intercepted Adj N Adv Sub.C by the sneaky Soundwave shortly afterwards.

3. Compound Sentence – a sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses N V Adj D.O. Pro V V Adj Bumblebee activated the faulty engine, and he hoped that it would ignite well. N Adv V Adj Adj D.O. Pro V Bumblebee nervously activated the broken, faulty engine, and he hoped that it would V ignite without problem. 4. Complex/Compound Sentence – a sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause N Adv Adj V D.O. Co.C Driller-Bot was exceedingly thirsty for blood, unquenched as he chased after Sam, but Pro V N then he was put down by the skills of Optimus. N Adv Adj Adv Adj Pro V Driller-Bot was exceedingly thirsty for human blood, strongly unquenched as he chased D.O. Pro Adv V Adj N after Sam, but then he was woefully put down by the immense skills of Optimus Prime. 5. Loose Sentence – a sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause of phrase) N V Sub.C Pro V Prep The Fallen disappeared into the air, although he was only teleporting between time and space. N Adv V Adj Sub.C Pro V The Fallen mysteriously disappeared into thin air, although he was only teleporting Prep Adj between the fabrics of time and space themselves.

6. Periodic Sentence – a sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate surprise Adj V N Sub Adv V Prep V Careful not to trigger the alarm, Carly quickly scrambled under the lasers to escape her prison. Adj V Adj V Adj N Sub Careful not to commit the unfortunate event of triggering the enormous alarms, Carly Adv V Prep V quickly scrambled under the lasers’ radar to escape her prison. 7. Balanced Sentence – a sentence where phrases or clauses parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning or length N V Adj “Soundwave, take everything: the necessary energon and the necessary fuel!” N V Adj “Soundwave, take everything at once: the much-needed energon, and the muchneeded fuel!” 8. Parallel Structure – a sentence using the same pattern of words to show that two or more words or ideas are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written N V V V The Autobots transformed into their vehicles, drove out the Ark, and readied to V intercept the Decepticons. Adj N V V Adj The strong Autobots transformed into their own vehicles, drove out the weakened Ark, V Adj and readied themselves to intercept the incoming Decepticons. 9. Chiasmus – a sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order V D.O. V V D.O. Don’t let the future choose you; you choose the future. 47

N V D.O. V V We can make fate for ourselves, or let ourselves be made by fate. 10. Asyndeton – a sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases or clauses for a rhetorical purpose N V N V N V Sideswipe transformed. Doom lingered close by. Megatron would not miss. N Adv V N V Adv N Sideswipe hastily transformed. Doom lingered quite close by. Megatron would Adv V Adj indefinitely not miss his last shot. 11. Polysyndeton – a sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose N V N V Adj N V Yet Sideswipe transformed, though doom lingered close, and Megatron would not miss. N Adv V Pro N V Adv Adj Yet Sideswipe hastily transformed, though his doom lingered quite close, and the Adj Adj N V angered and destructive Megatron would not miss. 12. Anaphora – a sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention N Adv V I.O. I.O. I.O. Optimus clearly directed himself to Bumblebee, and Sunstreaker, and Sideswipe, and I.O. I.O. Adj Jazz, and Ironhide, on the eve of the final battle. N Adv V Adj I.O. Adj I.O. Optimus clearly directed himself to the small Bumblebee, and the strong Sunstreaker, Adj I.O. Adj I.O. Adj I.O. and the brave Sideswipe, and the cool Jazz, and the gruff Ironhide, on the eve of the Adj Adj last, worthy battle. 48

13. Epistrophe – a sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words N Adv V I.O. V Adj Starscream was highly convinced that the Decepticons deserved to win the long war, to V V V exploit Cybertron, to rule Cybertron, and to control Cybertron. N Adv V Adj V Adj Starscream was highly convinced that the risen Decepticons deserved to win the long Adj V Adj V Adj and terrible war, to exploit the fuel-rich Cybertron, to rule the dark Cybertron, and to V control the lands of Cybertron.

D. Sentence Errors 1. Fragments – These kinds of errors occur when one accidentally punctuates a clause that is dependent (the most common ones are subordinate clauses, participle phrases, infinitive phrases, verb phrases, and appositives). This can be fixed upon adding a subordination or a comma, followed by a coordinating conjunction. Error: Sideswipe tore down the narrow street. As Sideways closely followed. Fixed: Sideswipe tore down the narrow street as Sideways closely followed 2. Run-on/Fused – This occurs when two main, independent clauses run together, when they must separated by period, comma and a coordinating conjunctions, semi-colon, or a subordination. Error: Optimus rose up to destroy Driller-Bot all Megatron did was slowly lament his monstrous loss of Earth. Fixed: Optimus rose up to destroy Driller-Bot, while all Megatron did was slowly lament his monstrous loss of Earth.

3. Rambling – Quite many sentences are fused together with coordinating conjunctions; more than they should be. Error: Shockwave and Soundwave walked up the mountain to spy on the Autobots and told Megatron what they saw yet Megatron did not believe them and Megatron wanted to go there himself to spy on them. Fixed: Shockwave and Soundwave walked up the mountain to spy on the Autobots and told Megatron what they saw; yet, he did not believe them. Megatron wanted to go there himself to spy on them. 4. Misplace Modifier – this is when adjectives and clauses meant to describe a noun are placed incorrectly and poorly. This is simple repaired with a simple rearrangement of wording (syntax). Error: Fused of pent-up energy was the Energon Megatron found. Fixed: The Energon Megatron found was fused of pent-up energy.

5. Double Negative – Just what the title says. It means placing to “no-related” words next to each, so they contradict what you are trying to say. Error: Megatron doesn’t have no skills in fighting against the powerful Autobots. Fixed: Megatron doesn’t have any skills in fighting against the powerful Autobots. 6. Comma Splice – Two independent clauses have been misfortunately placed together, attempted to be separated by a comma. You need more conjunctions than one comma! Error: Optimus Prime took the Matrix of Leadership from his core, he handed it to Ultra Magnus just before he passed. Fixed: Optimus Prime took the Matrix of Leadership from his core, handing it to Ultra Magnus just before passing.

Sentences and Errors Quiz Part I: Sentences Directions: Identify the type of sentence pattern, BASED ON THE UNDERLINED CLAUSES. Write your response in the provided blank space. Good luck! 1. Megatron, the arrogant leader of the Decepticons, took the Allspark and then he used its immense power to manipulatively grow new soldiers for his ranks. _____________ 2. Sideswipe bravely launched himself over the road, with the Allspark safely concealed within him._____________ 3. Optimus Prime decided to personally go to Earth, to protect it, to free it, to guide it._____________ 4. Shockwave hunted down Optimus, angered by his success in killing Driller-Bot, but couldn’t find a weak point on Optimus. ______________ 5. Hotshot took the Matrix when he realized he was the chosen leader. _____________ Part II: Errors Directions: Identify the error in the sentence. Write the type of error that is present. Good luck! 6. He ran out the door and took the Allspark with him Megatron was pleased. ______________ 7. Bumblebee broke Sideway’s neck. As Sideways fought back. ______________ 8. Optimus took Megatron hostage, Megatron laughed maniacally the entire time. ______________ 9. Full of cargo, Starscream took the battleship. ______________ 10. Optimus won’t ever lose no battle to the Decepticons. _____________

Sentences and Error Answer Key Part I 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Compound Sentence Complex Sentence Anaphora Sentence Complex Compound Sentence Simple Sentence

Part II 6. Run-on 7. Fragment 8. Comma Splice 9. Misplaced Modifier 10. Double Negative

Section 5 – Paragraphs A. Introductory Paragraphs – there should be a hook to lead readers into the writing, at least four sentences. This kind of paragraph should BEGIN with the hook. It ENDS with the thesis claim the opinion, fact, or idea of the entire topic. It should be four sentences at least (unless the anecdote takes. 1. Hook (lead) i. Anectdotal – brief story to set the mood and introduce the topic Ex. It was a creepily darker night than most on Cybertron, a thousand years before the war. A young being, neither of Autobot or Decepticon faction, for neither existed, walked alone down the abandoned road. As he stepped into the bright shadow, he was gone. The war was definitely close. All the disappearances foreshadowed the ruin ahead. Megatron was gaining power. (Nouns, Verbs, Adverbs, Adjectives) ii. Query based – question that brings reader to the topic Ex. How long will it take for the notorious Megatron to clearly realize that his defeat is inevitable? 2. Thesis Statement – usually one sentence in length, and arguable (this is the purpose of the writing!) i. Assertion – claim Ex. It takes more than one Autobot to bring down the Decepticons, because first they need to be able to work with one another. ii. Fact – empirically verifiable Ex. The most famous Decepticons have the most influence in everyday life of the others. iii. Opinion – personal position on a topic Ex. Optimus Prime is the greatest Autobot there has or ever will be. iv. Belief – social, religious, or political in nature (an OPINION held by many to be a fact, though it is NOT NECESSARILY) Ex. Deciding to take control of all worlds for yourself is immorally selfish. v. Generalization – uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, none, most, half (BUT AVOID USING THIS TYPE OF THESIS STATEMENT) Ex. Megatron is always arrogant and turns a blind ear to every piece of advice offered by his more sane commanders.

vi.

vii.

Document Based – cites a specific source and its position on a topic Ex. In Transformers: The Movie, Optimus Prime asserts clearly that the next chosen leader would be able to lead the Autobots out into the light of freedom. Theory – a statement that can be tested and potentially proven Ex. The enormous amounts of energy stored within the Energon can possibly power homes on Earth with no emission.

B. Body Paragraphs – must have echoes of the thesis in each (of these paragraphs) and present evidence to support or expand on the thesis; each should be an effective five-seven sentences, though more to expand analysis and ideas are encouraged 1. Topic Sentence – must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and area of evidence of support Ex. Multiple Autobot witnesses assert that Megatron successfully played many of them to believe he was the redemption Cybertron needed from the Quintessons. 2. Evidence from Quotations – quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences (quotes should be embedded within sentences) i. Joshua Foer asserts “our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories” (Foer 19). ii. “Our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories,” says Joshua Foer, National Memory Champion (Foer 19). iii. According to Joshua Foer “our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories,” which unfortunately is the truth (Foer 19). iv. Joshua Foer concisely states “our culture is an *endangered+ edifice built of externalized memories” (Foer 19). v. Foer claims that “…our culture…is an edifice…built of externalized…memories,” (Foer 19). vi. Paraphrase – rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but STILL citing the source ORIGINAL QUOTE: “Our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories” (Foer 19). Ex. We live in a society based on externalized memories (Foer 19). vii. Summary – condensing larger quotes or sections ORIGINAL QUOTE: “Our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories” (Foer 19). Ex. Culture is an externalized edifice.

viii.

Abstract Examples – hypothetical, AVOID “what if” examples Ex. People would be more internalized if they stopped storing as many memories on their phone. ix. Concrete Examples – actual, reference-able examples Ex. Dan Machen of the Huffington Post declares that we use modern devices 500% more than the lapse of a few years ago. 3. Closing Sentences – must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word (possibly an adverb) and should echo the thesis of the essay Ex. It is undeniably clear the negative impacts that increased usage of many modern devices can create for most humans, especially those who exceed more than one of two hours’ worth of use. C. Closing Paragraphs – conclusions should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay. These paragraphs should range from 3 – 5 sentences max! Adding more simply is too verbose and will most likely lead to be SUMMARIZING instead of CONCLUDING 1. Statements of Extension – extending the thesis statement using the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis (COULD be more than one sentence) Ex. If perhaps more people could halt their extreme usage of technology, so many memory diseases and disorders would fade. 2. Final Sentence – connects to the hook Ex. Knowing that usage of technology leads to mental disorders at an older age, perhaps the creation of the smartphone was not so smart… (assume that the underlined portion was a section in relation to a hook)

Sentences Quiz Part One Directions: Read the passage, which will refer to the Autobots. Fill in the appropriate response for each underlines section of the passage. Good luck! Optimus Prime, a lost servant, watched Megatron soar over the skies and attack the base. Brave of heart, Optimus charged to Megatron as he landed. Megatron noticed the incoming â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;threatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and smacked him to the ground. Optimus fell, circuits already short-circuiting. Megatron cackled evilly and went on his way; and as he did, Optimus, as selfless as he was, was too on his way for something. This, more need-not-be-said, is the story of how many grew from the ashes and into success and fame. It takes more than just riches and glory to earn such power amongst the people. In order to gain the love of them, one must be charitable to them, willing to fight for the benefit of them, and understanding of them. 1. The entire passage as a whole is an example of:_____ a. Closing paragraph b. Anecdote c. Introductory paragraph d. Thesis 2. The underlined part (of the passage) is an example of:_____ a. Hook b. Thesis statement c. Query based statement d. Generalization 3. REVIEW! The underlined part (of the passage) is an example of:_____ a. Gerund b. Infinitive c. Comma splice d. Appositive e. None of the above

Part Two Directions: Analyze each of the following styles of quoting and citation. Determine which one is CORRECT. 4. A. “Sam, fate rarely calls us upon a moment of our choosing (Prime 7)”. B. “(Prime7) Sam, fate rarely calls us upon a moment of our choosing.” C. “Sam, fate rarely calls us upon a moment of our choosing” (Prime 7). D. “Sam, fate rarely calls us upon a moment of our choosing. (Prime 7)” E. (Prime 7): “Sam, fate rarely calls us upon a moment of our choosing.” Response:_____ 5. Original Quote: “We were gods once, all of us! But here, there will only be one!” A. There were many gods, but only one will remain. B. All of us were once gods, but here, there’s only going to be one. A is an example of _________________, as B is an example of __________________. 6. According to CNN, the President was being moved to a bunker for protection while the Fallen took over the media to threaten the world. This is an example of a (hint: be SPECIFIC!):_____ a. Closing statement b. Evidence from quotations c. Concrete example d. Theory

Part Three Directions: Answer the following questions on CLOSING PARAGRAPHS. THERE MAY BE MORE THAN ONE RESPONSE PER QUESTION. 7. Statements of extension serve the purpose of :______ a. Transitioning into the conclusion b. Elaborating on the thesis c. Summarizing d. Add consequences

8. What connects to the hook (as applies to a concluding paragraph)? a. Statements of extension b. Thesis c. Anecdote d. Final sentence 9. The final sentence ties in the hook, consequences, and _______ into a grand finale. (hint: readers need to be left hanging, yearning to know more through thinking) a. Quotes used b. Observations of the writer c. Thesis statement d. Thought-provoking words 10. Expanding the thesis takes up just one sentence or (maybe) more IF: a. The writer is concise b. The writer effectively elaborates (as concisely as possible) c. The writer does not plan out the conclusion correctly d. The writer determines incomplete consequences

Sentence Quiz Answer Key 1. C 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. Summary, Paraphrase 6. C 7. B, A, D 8. D 9. C, D 10. A, B

Section 6 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Essay Types and Strategies A. Types (of Essays) 1. Persuasive/Argumentative: type of multi-paragraph writing where one needs to defend their position on a certain topic, issue, idea, and so forth, while at the same time, manage to convince the reader to support such stated position. The writer should be able to sway his or her readers in the direction of favoring the opinion that the writer has already offered 2. Expository (Informative): essay that requires students to research and study an idea, source evidence, and present the information in a non-verbose manner in order to inform the readers the aspects of the specific idea (both sides of the argument, and is NOT a persuasive essay) i.

ii.

iii.

Process/How-to Expository Essay: effectively shows the reader how to cook, build, draw, design (etc.) a certain thing. This is written in chronological order, correctly converting large, independent steps into a single paragraph of its own, or clearly condensing various similar, tiny steps into a paragraph as well. These should all turn up a long, multi-paragraph essay that can be easily followed and used to create the item the writer has written how to make. Compare and Contrast: clearly explains similarities and differences betwixt two (or more) different concepts, ideas, people, theories, beliefs, etc. These similarities and differences MUST be decreed in the thesis, later elaborated on throughout the length of the essay. Usually, the writer will compare similarities between the two in one paragraph, and expand more similarities in following paragraphs. Later it shifts to differences, and does so as similarities. Remember that the usage of EVIDENCE is extremely important to support similarities and differences! Cause and Effect: an elaboration of information that nicely shows the consequences of actions that are being taken or have been taken. It may also elaborate on consequences that may occur if certain actions ARE taken. In general, these kinds of essay need to elaborate on causes that were taken and how they affected present outcome, and what wouldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve happened if a different course had been taken.

3. Analytical/Critical i. Evaluative: this is where the writer gives his or her opinion, but cannot simply state an opinion and walk away. The reader must be bombarded with reasons as to why the writer stands at such opinion and effectively back it up with enough supporting evidence. There needs to be judgment (writerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opinion), reasoning (why writer stands at his or her opinion), and evidence (to ensure there is support). ii. Interpretive: the whole point behind this essay is to thoroughly explain the message an author attempts to portray in a passage or other work. One must take clear notes that analyze what the author means via quotes, lines, and literary sources. From all that, the writer must organize ideas in paragraphs and explain and expand on each idea. The writer must be able to state in the thesis what the author portrays, and use the organized ideas to let the reader become aware of what the author is asserting. 4. Narrative (tells a story) i. Personal Anecdote: this is the writerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own story that may talk about a certain point in his or her life, or a generalized version of their entire, current life. It can also be used concisely as a hook in the introduction of an essay to connect it with the main thesis. 5. Research i. MLA Format: this is a research essay that requires the writer to present the information in a specific format, based on the MLA (Modern Language Association). The writer must double-space their work, include a header with their name and page number, and include a works cited page (MLA format), as well as cite correctly throughout the length of the entire essay. ii. APA Format: this a style formed by the American Psychological Association that uses a different format from MLA. The title of the paper must run as a header throughout the entire paper, along with page numbers, contain an abstract before the actual essay, be doubled-space, have a reference section, cite correctly, and include a discussion and conclusion section.

6. Timed i. Document Based Question (DBQ) : read and analyze the document provided and use the text included to answer the questions asked from the document. The writer requires a thesis that answers the MAIN question, but also elaborates concisely on other questions. The writer must plan and organize quickly (to preserve time) while at the same time prepare at least a FIVE PARAGRAPH essay that presents evidence to support the thesis, and answer the questions asked by the document. ii. Prompt Based: the writer is given a set of texts (or text) to analyze and be able to effectively answer a prompt, which usually will require the writer to connect ideas and concepts of the texts ANALYTICALLY with the modern world. The writer must defend the reasons the evidence used to answer the prompt is valid and actually connects to the prompt. As always, a thesis is NECESSARY, because it will answer the prompt for the writer. It then becomes the writer’s job to organize ideas and evidence to back up the response to the prompt and validate them. B. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps 1. Pre-Writing/Prompt and Analysis/Outlining: the writer must always read the prompt and determine what is being asked. The writer will then read the text and analyze what can be used to write an clear essay. He or she should quickly develop a thought-out thesis, and determine the order with which the evidence can be used and applied to the prompt. WRITING WITHOUT PLANNING is not effective and will not get you anywhere. The writer must be ensured that an outline is established that holds the MAIN concepts for he or she to expand on as they write. Once an effective outline is reached, it becomes incredibly easier for the writer to write a clear, concise, and valid argument that can correctly answer the prompt. 2. Research/Evaluation of Sources: it is evident that many will believe a highly noted source more than a neighbor’s eyewitness account. Therefore it is necessary for the writer to use clear, more reliable source to support a position. Failure to do so loses the writer’s credibility. Modern examples, articles, books, and studies are useful materials to support one’s thesis. Anecdotes may help too, but are encouraged as a last resort.

C. Works Cited Page 1. MLA Format: book citations will require the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name, the title of the writing, its publication place (city), publishing press, year published, and the form of media it is (for example, print for a physical book). Example of MLA Citation: Foer, Joshua. Moonwalking with Einstein. New York: Penguin Group, 2011. Print. For other special examples, visit https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/mla http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/mla 2. APA Format: generally similar to MLA, however, the publication year follows the author of the book, and does not require a description of the form of media, and the authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name is abbreviated Example of APA Citation: Foer, J. (2011). Moonwalking with Einstein. New York, NY: Penguin Group. For other special examples, visit https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20110928111055_949.pdf https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://www.bibme.org/citation-guide/apa/

Essay Types Quiz Directions: Answer each question to the best of your knowledge. Good luck! 1. If Optimus sits down and writes an entire chronological set of books that retail his adventures throughout the galaxy, what kind of writing would we consider it to be? a. Megatron says propaganda b. Narrative c. Expository (general) d. Cause and Effect 2. “Lord Megatron, allow me to explain thoroughly why you shouldn’t launch the attack here.” Sideways says this to his Lord. Assuming he prepared an entire speech to entertain Megatron, what kind of writing would it be (as it applies to Earthly studies)? a. Personal Anecdote b. How-To (on winning the attack) c. “HOW DARE YOU CONTRADICT ME?!” d. Argumentative writing 3. “If Cybertron is exploited of Energon, then it will leave the rest to suffer for eternity,” is an example of…_____ a. A prompt based response b. An analytical thesis c. An expository thesis (general) d. None of the above 4. Question Three, had it said “When Cybertron is…” instead of “If Cybertron is,” and “It will…” instead of “Then it will” would then be an example of…_____ a. An analytical thesis b. A compare and contrast thesis c. An anecdotal thesis d. A process thesis (hmm…)

Directions: Match each definition to the correct term. Good luck! 5. Persuasive essay _____ 6. Narrative essay _____ 7. Process essay _____ 8. Evaluative essay _____ 9. General Expository essay _____ 10. Prompt based essay _____ Choices a. Explains a step by step method of making something, stated in the thesis what the goal is b. Writer must read texts and analyze them to answer the questions based on the text; requires an analysis and thesis that responds to the questions and is supported by evidence in the following paragraphs c. Presents information, expanding ideas, concepts and such to the reader. It is not meant to sway the reader, instead fulfill the duty of filling in the reader with the facts and allowing him or her to decide what to accept and support d. Using judgment, opinion, and evidence, the writer must defend a position about a certain issue e. The reader must be convinced to join a certain side, based on the writerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s evidence and support. It is the job of the writer to effectively provide details and evidence that prove that his or her position is the best one possible f. The writer tells a personal story, or one of another person.

Essay Section Quiz Answer Key 1. B 2. D 3. C* *cause and effect falls into expository category 4. A 5. E 6. F 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. B

Section 7 – Capitalization A. Capitalization Rules 1. Capitalize the first and last, as well as important words in a title Ex. The Transformers Movie 2. Capitalize words like “Mother” and “Dad” if they serve the purpose of REPLACING their name with such title (also capitalize if the title goes with their name) Ex. Lord Megatron 3. Capitalize organization names Ex. Autobot Faction 4. Day, months, and holidays must be capitalized Ex. Optimus Prime Day 5. Adjectives that modify a noun must be capitalized, but not the noun modified, UNLESS it is part of a title Ex. Autobot victory 6. Brand names are capitalized, but not the product Ex. Hasbro toys 7. Capitalize business names Ex. Takara Sake USA 8. Capitalize institution names Ex. Cybertron University of Autobots 9. Capitalize particular names of geographic destinations, points, etc. Ex. Autobot City

10. Historic events, dates, periods, and historical documents must be capitalized Ex. The Transformers’ War 11. Capitalize religions, and related terms such as a supreme being (God, Buddha, etc.) Ex. Catholicism

12. Capitalize languages Ex. English 13. Capitalize specific names of structures Ex. The Ark 14. Be sure to capitalize titles, professions, and initials appearing with names Ex. Decepticon Starscream 15. The first letter of a sentence must always be capitalized (come on, who doesn’t know that?) Ex. Megatron came home mysteriously defeated, vowing never to be such a fool again. 16. Capitalize the pronoun “I” Ex. I led Optimus to the hideout. 17. The first letter of a verse of poetry is usually capitalized unless the idea tends to run on to the next verse (such as, the sentence is split into two verses; you wouldn’t capitalize in the middle of a sentence now, would you?) Ex. The Autobots were victorious And there sat a lone Decepticon that could not accept such defeat 18. Capitalize during the beginning of an outline (Ex.) A. Megatron is defeated I. Optimus rises to power II. Optimus leads a new set of Autobots 19. The first letter in a question must be capitalized, no matter where it is placed Ex. Starscream asked, “Lord Megatron, how will you defeat Optimus?” 20. Capitalize government bodies and departments Ex. Autobot Council of the UN 21. Capitalize ethnic groups and races Ex. Cybertronian

22. Capitalize political parties Ex. Fascists 23. Capitalize a well-known area or place Ex. White House 24. Capitalize both parts of a title that go in a hyphen Ex. Second-In-Command 25. Capitalize the first letter of a greeting or ending in a letter Ex. Sincerely,

Section 8 – Punctuation A. Brackets – [] used to enclose words or figures in order to separate them from the context The President [of the US] has decided to warmly invite the Autobots to a negotiating meeting. A person with simply a Master’s *of computing and coding+ is able to help the Secretary of Defense in decoding a virus transmitted by Decepticon. B. Parenthesis – () used to separate ideas that relate to the text it is in, but doesn’t need to be there to give meaning to the text, only expands on information already there Optimus Prime, the Autobot leader (who successfully drove off Decepticons of the Ark), now has decided to pardon several Decepticons. Megatron (the tyrannical leader) furiously condemned Starscream in a fury of angered words. C. Period - . used to end sentences and conclude the idea of that sentence, in order to expand in the next or begin a new idea Megatron thoughtfully sat a while, pondering for once why he was always unsuccessful. He realized his lack of thought (he thought ironically) has led him to his unwise failures. D. Commas - , used to provide a small transition within the same sentence (“a pause”) Optimus, whom was wise and caring, skillfully crafted a plan to defeat the Decepticons. Megatron charged instantaneously, giving little thought to his quick decision. E. Hyphen - - separates words that grammatically do not go together in one take (separates two words) Twenty-two Autobots lined up to tackle down fifty-seven eager Decepticons. F. Dash - —expands on an idea from a sentence, and separates groups of words, instead of two Decepticons were unsure of how to feel pity or mercy—after all, they had been brainwashed for millennia by Megatron. Hotshot was unsure whether he was worthy of the Matrix when he received it— Optimus had chosen Ultra Magnus, not him. 70

G. Colon - : used to indicate a list of ideas Optimus yelled, “I need the following Autobots with me: Sideswipe, Ironhide, Ratchet, Wheeljack, and Wheelie!” Magnus Prime found the dead comrades: Ratchet, Jazz, Ironhide, Arcee, and Leadfoot. H. Semi-Colon - ; a transition used for two main clauses that stands out more than being separated by a comma Megatron flew over the Quintesson base, firing angrily; there was no hate towards the Quintessons more than Megatron’s. Optimus awaited Megatron at the floor of the base; he was ready to fight back against the tyrant. I. Question mark - ? used to point out a question Megatron, when do we move out to the attack? Optimus, when do you believe we must secretly attempt to remove the humans from Megatron’s grasp? J. Exclamation point - ! used to mark something of excitement, or raised voice You filth! Optimus has escaped once again! How dare you question the authority of I, Lord Megatron! K. Apostrophe – ‘ used to mark ownership or symbolize shortcut versions of other words Don’t = do not Bumblebee’s driver, Sam, was unprepared to accept the fact that Bee was an alien. L. Quotation marks – “ used to cite sources and/or show when one is speaking “Fool, bring me the Energon cubes!” “Our culture is an edifice built upon externalized memories” (Foer 19). M. Ellipses - … used to mark suspense (to be continued), or shorten a lengthy quote And with that…the great leader, was dead. “I interviewed the President…who told me…we must…”

Section 9 – Commonly Confused Words/Misused Words 1. Who/Whom – who is the subject of a verb, whereas whom NEVER is Who did Megatron hunt with last night? Megatron hunted with whom last night? 2. Their/they’re/there – their refers to ownership, “they’re” is a shortcut to “they are”, and there refers to pointing out a certain thing Optimus led the newcomers to their lost shuttle. They’re coming to intercept us, Optimus! Lord Megatron, I can spot the Autobots over there! 3. Lie/lay – lie is in reference as a present form resting horizontally on a bed, couch, etc., and lay is when one puts and object down Starscream, in an attempt to please Megatron, decided to lay the shard gently with a bow in front of him. A weary Optimus took the time to lie on the table to let Ratchet work on him. 4. Laid/lain – laid becomes a past form of lie, and lain becomes a past form of lay Starscream had laid down the shard to please Megatron, but received a kick to the face by the unmoving leader. Optimus, who had lain on the table, was now in examination by medical officer Ratchet. 5. Affect/effect – affect is an influence but an effect is a consequence that occurred from an action The Ark will affect the circuits of the Autobots and revive them. The effect the Ark had on the volcano it crash landed in was it reactivated it. 6. Accept/except – accept is to agree to an idea, while except is a word for exclusion Megatron was happy to accept the Autobot head for a trophy. Everyone was destroyed and terminated except for the warrior Optimus

7. Could/would/should have versus could/would/should of – c/w/should of is an incorrect term developed from its original and correct term, c/w/should have. c/w/should of is only most closely used when it should, would, or could come before a comma and the word of Optimus should have known that Megatron’s deal was a false promise to earn time. Sideswipe could, of course, tear apart the Decepticon, but he was quite merciful. 8. Loath/loathe – loath is an extreme hate, in noun form, but loathe is the verb form of loath Megatron’s loath of Optimus led him to adhere to quick, thoughtless decisions. Megatron made it his mission to loathe all the Autobots for being rebellious. 9. Infer/imply – infer is the term for reasoning something out of given data, while imply is almost the opposite, it is something that is given that can make one infer out of that Optimus was able to infer that Megatron was attempting a decoy when they found the base empty and easy to take control of. The Fallen implied to Megatron that he should kill Optimus when he told Megatron Optimus was the only Prime left. 10. Weary/wary – weary is tiredness, wary is on alert A prisoner of war Autobot escaped and wearily warned Optimus of the incoming danger before collapsing. Optimus put everyone to maintain a wary vigilance for any incoming Decepticons. 11. Proceed/Precede – proceed is to continue on, precede is to come before Sentinel Prime was the leader to precede Optimus Prime. The Decepticons went to proceed past the destroyed Autobot base in hunt for more prisoners. 12. Discrete/discreet – discrete means separated, discreet means secretive, restrained, so as not to draw attention The transformer factions were discrete unevenly, with more transformers supporting Megatron. Teletraan One discreetly hid each Autobot with an earthly vehicle form to allow them to move freely amongst the human race.

13. Conscience/conscious – conscience is the voice of your head that allows for reasoning and logic, while conscious is the term for being awake and “alive” Bumblebee’s conscience was warning him not to fight with Optimus, but his brave heart was saying otherwise. The Autobot was beaten badly by the Decepticons until he was barely conscious. 14. Can/may – can is in reference to the ability of doing something, may is in reference to being polite and asking for consent to do something you can do[when teachers apparently don’t understand you mean the same thing with asking either or+ Optimus believes that even humans can contribute to the war efforts effectively. Starscream may personally kill an Autobot should he receive consent from Megatron.

15. Advice/advise – advice is tips and pointers given to someone to help them, advise is the verb form of such thing Sentinel’s advice to Optimus was greatly accepted by him and put to wise use. Optimus was wary to advise Ultra Magnus that he would hold the responsibility of leading the Autobots into the light as soon as he was gone. 16. Angel/angle – angel is a supernatural being of many religions, angle is used to measure the width amongst two different lines The angel appeared to Optimus, promising a time for reform and well-earned peace. Optimus’ angle of view inhibited from getting an excellent shot. 17. Assistance/assistant – assistance is the noun form of receiving help, and an assistant is the noun form to someone who does that very same assistance Ironhide called for quick assistance, and Optimus rapidly sent Arcee, Jazz, and Hotshot. Optimus worked closely with Ultra Magnus, deeming him as the closest assistant Optimus had. 18. Council/counsel – council is a small group of people who assist in governmental issues and such, and counsel is an act of giving help and advice to others The council of Megatron advised him not to attack the Autobots immediately, but he refused to consider the idea. Optimus relied on heavy counseling by the Primes before him so he could become a great leader.

19. Rode/road â&#x20AC;&#x201C; rode is a past form of ride, road is a path Megatron rode in the Astro Train to get to the hidden Autobot base. The road to success, in Optimusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; eyes, was to allow freedom to all beings, and become selfless.

Capitalization, Punctuation and Commonly Confused Words Quiz Directions: The following are true of false, yes and no questions. Write the correct term as to whether it is true or false. In the yes or no, if they are no, write the correct term. Good luck! 1. _____“Accept” is to exclude, whereas “except” is to agree on. True or false? 2. _____Their going to the Ark to hunt down rebel Autobots. Was the emboldened used correctly? (if yes, simply answer “Y”, if no, state “N” and write the correct word) 3. _____Bumblebee was wary of his surroundings, ensuring no Decepticon tried to strike the base by surprise. In this sentence, the word is referring to being tired. True or false? 4. _____The Fallen has grown to loathe his Autobot brothers, because they are more victorious than he is. Was the emboldened word used correctly? (if yes, simply answer “Y”, if no, state “N” and write the correct word) 5. _____The Catcher In The Rye is a more properly capitalized form than The Catcher in the Rye. True or false? 6. _____Autobot victory is proper over Autobot Victory. Assume victory is a noun described with Autobot. Answer whether true or false. 7. _____The question mark fails to properly interrogate a subject. True or false? 8. _____An apostrophe is used to cite and/or show when one is speaking. True or false? 9. _____should have is the correct grammatical sense of should of. True or false? 10. _____One’s conscious permits them to have second thought and reason, something that Optimus finds appealing. Was the emboldened word used properly? (if yes, simply answer “Y”, if no, state “N” and write the correct word)

Capitalization, Punctuation and Commonly Confused Words Quiz Answer Key 1. F 2. N, theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re 3. F 4. Y 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. N, conscience

Glossary Adjectives – words that modify a noun and describe it Adverbs – word or phrase that modifies an adjective, verb, or adverb Allspark – the life force of the Transformer creator god Primus that gave life to each Transformer and can continue to give a spark for any technological device Antecedent – “the word that a *this+ pronoun refers to or replaces” (for more information, please visit www.chompchomp.com/terms/antecedent.htm) Autobot – a faction of Transformer soldiers originally built by the Quintessons as robotic slaves that gained intelligence and fight for freedom, justice, and restoration of peace on the Transformer home planet of Cybertron Capitalization – the process of making the first word of a sentence (or when appropriate) uppercase and the remaining letters lowercase Complements – a word or phrase that completes, or makes sense of a subject, object, or verb (this is a very generalized definition, refer to grammar book section on complements for more info) Clauses – groups of words that always include a subject or verb; there are four types of clauses that are used to structure sentences Conjunctions – words used to connect clauses and sentences together or even connect words within same clauses Cybertron – home planet of the Transformers, ravaged by a civil war between the Autobots and Decepticons that has run for centuries; the body-form of Primus the Transformer creator-god Decepticon – militia faction that were built by the Quintessons shortly after the Autobots to be more able-bodied and stronger; they overthrew the Quintessons and fought for the oppression of the Autobots, as well as numerous galaxies and planets, including Earth Energon – main source of energy for the Transformers; can be found in numerous planets and galaxies Essay – bodies of writing that focus on a particular subject; there are multiple forms of essays, refer to grammar book section on essays for a lot more info

Interjection – a word, phrase, or clause that shows a communication of facial expression and or body language that is usually ignored by the sentence Joshua Foer – United States Memory Champion, author of best-selling series Moonwalking with Einstein Megatron – notorious leader of the Decepticons that craves for power and control of the galaxies; he fights for the oppression of all species and for the hoarding of all Energon Noun – a word that is used to classify a person, place or thing; note: there are several forms of nouns, refer to grammar book for more info Optimus Prime – the greatest Autobot leader that was exiled with the remaining Autobots to Earth; he fights for the freedom of all sentient beings Paragraph – a body of four or more sentences that correspond with one another and talk about a certain aspect that flows smoothly together Phrases – “two or more words that do not contain the subject-verb pair necessary to form a clause”; visit www.chompchomp.com/terms/phrase.htm for more information Preposition – “think of a preposition as any word that describes the relationship between a caterpillar and an apple”; go to www.english-grammar-revolution.com/what-is-apreposition.html for an elaborated explanation Prime – the sacred name bequeathed to an Autobot upon receiving the legendary Matrix of Leadership that dubs that Transformer the next leader of the Autobots; Optimus Prime is the current leader of the Autobots, and the last Prime left within Autobot ranks Primus – the good of the universe; twin brother of Unicron and the original creator of the 13 Primes, one of which betrayed him (the Fallen) Pronouns – any word that takes the place of a noun; this helps avoid using “jim did this. Jim did that. Jim walked. Jim talked,” In the sense of using jim the noun too much Punctuation – the process and concept of correctly giving the grammar symbol at the end of each sentence to how it belongs; a question mark to an interrogative statement, an exclamation mark to an excited statement, and so forth. The entire section on punctuation will effectively provide examples and more help Sentences – sets of clauses that go together effectively to correctly transmit a complete thought

Transformer – proper term for the species of robotic organisms first created by Primus and/or the Quintessons (disputed); Primus created the first 13 Primes to destroy Unicron, but the Quintessons created the Autobots and Decepticons to serve them Quintesson – mysterious species that are known for their dark ways and travel the universe as businessmen, though they are nowhere near such elegant reputation Unicron – the chaos of the universes, twin brother of Primus Verbs – words that describe an action, state, or occurrence. they also form the main part of the predicate of a sentence