The Music Book of Writing by Bravo Grammar Con Online

THE MUSIC BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 1 PUNCTUATION and CAPITALIZATION Punctuation – Identify the function and create one (1) example sentence of the uses for each mark. 1. . Period (Used to end a sentence) The band's new album was expected to be released this week. 2. , Comma (Used to indicate a pause or separate grammatical components) Despite just finishing her world tour, Ariana Grande rushed to begin planning her next tour. 3. – En dash (Used to represent a span of time or dates) The members of One Direction were in the band from 2010–2015. 4. - Hyphen (Used in terms that contain more than one word but represent one item or idea) The members of Blackpink were always eager to warm-up together before a show. 5. : Colon (Usef to introduce a list of items) The members who would not be returning to the group were: Kris, Luhan, and Tao 6. ; Semicolon (Used to connect two independent clauses that are closely related) There was no specific time as to when the band practice would begin; members of the band began to show up at around 5pm. 7. ? Question Mark (Used to end a direct question) Did you hear that Harry Styles is starring in a new movie? 8. ! Exclamation mark (Used to show strong feelings of excitement or high volume at the end of a sentence) I was finally going to meet my favorite band! 9. ‘ Apostrophe (Used for ownership, plurals, and contractions)

Blackpink’s new music video did not fail to quickly reach 1 million views. 10. “ ” Quotation marks (Used to quote someone or something in text) “Make some noise!” yelled Harry as he ran across the stage. 11. … Ellipses (Used to indicate hesitation or the trailing of a thought) I did not expect Calum to cut his hair that short... 12. [ ] Brackets (Used for clarification or additional information) Loonas new album [12:00] was highly anticipated by fans all over the world. 13. ( ) Parentheses (Used to add comments or more information) Harry Styles sister (Gemma) constantly mentioned how proud she was of her brother. 14. / Slash (Used to represent the word and, for abbreviations, and conflicts between to things) Ariana Grande is a very famous singer/actress. EX: Comma (used to switch words around in a list) – Students at Bravo can freely choose between AP World History, AP US History, AP Government, and AP European History. Capitalization – Identify and create one (1) example sentence for each rule of capitalization. 1. Capitalization is used when starting a sentence, writing someone/something's name, for titles, and the names of months. Ariana Grande was born on June 26, 1993. EX: (Used to begin a sentence) – Sadly for some, 11th grade is the year with the most high-stakes testing.

THE MUSIC BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 2 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES PARTS OF SPEECH NOUNS Types of nouns: · Common Nouns: name a class of people, places, things, or ideas. EX: venue, bands, studio · Proper Nouns: give the name or title of a particular person, place, thing, or idea (must be capitalized). EX: Ariana Grande, Staples Center, Harry Syles, One Direction · Compound Nouns: consist of words used together to form a single noun. EX: comeback, bedroom, keyboard · Concrete Nouns: refer to material things, to people, or to places. EX: microphone, stage, radio · Abstract Nouns: name ideas, qualities, concepts, emotions, or attitudes. EX: amazement, satisfaction, determination

Functions (How nouns are used): Write one sentence for each function. · Subject (comes before the verb) Jennie Kim g azed at the crowd as they sang the lyrics to her song. · Direct Object (comes after the verb and answers what or whom) Mina asked Momo for extra help learning the new choreography. · Indirect Object (answers to who or to whom) Harry Styles handles his microphone to a fan at the concert.

PRONOUNS Pronouns take the place of nouns that have been established. Personal: Nominative (subjects) Objective (objects) I/we me/us you/you you/you He, she, it, one/they him, her, it, one/them

Possessive My, mine Your, yours His, her, hers, its, one’s Relative: Nominative who That

our, ours your, yours their, theirs

Objective whom that those/ this

Possessive whose of that

Interrogative: who, which, what, whatever, whoever Reflexive: (personal pronouns plus the suffix –self o r –selves) Used only: when the action verb is directed toward the subject of the construction: He bought himself a new guitar. She dreamt herself performing on stage. to intensify a point: The singer herself performed in front of the large crowd. Demonstrative: this, these

that, those

Indefinite: all, another, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere, few, many, much, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, one, other, several, somebody, someone, such.

VERBS Verbs show the time, action, and state of being of a subject. Tense: verbs indicate time via tenses: simple past past past perfect

past progressive simple present present

present perfect present progressive

present perfect progressive

future future perfect

Types: There are at least eleven (11) types of verbs:

auxiliary verbs (helping verbs) linking verbs (verbs that do not describe action, but connect the subject of a sentence to other parts of the sentence – usually the predicate) lexical verbs (main verbs) dynamic verbs (indicate action) stative verbs (describe a condition) finitive verbs (indicate tense) nonfinitive verbs (infinitives or participles) regular verbs (weak verbs) irregular verbs (strong verbs) transitive verbs (verbs followed by a direct object) intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take direct objects)

Voice: Voice is the form of the verb that indicates how it relates or interacts with the action. The English language has two voices: ACTIVE and PASSIVE. Active: The fans received their concert tickets through the mail Passive: The mail has brought the concert tickets to the fans.

Verbals: (VERB FORMS NOT USED AS VERBS) Gerund: word ending in “ing” used as a noun. · The singer enjoys interacting with her fans Participle: word ending in “ing” or “ed” used as an adjective · The band ran around the emptied arena after the concert. · Infinitive: verb preceded by the word “to” (to go, to jump) used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs · Frank likes to write songs alone.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives modify, describe, limit, and identify nouns and pronouns. · Kinds: Demonstrative, Common, Proper (Give one example of each using words related to your subject) Demonstrative- This album is brand new. Common- Most fans thought that the lyrics were corny. Proper- She was known for being the only Chinese member of the group.

ADVERBS Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. · Endings (Create one example related to your subject for each) Calum awkwardly stood up after he slipped on stage. Conversions (Show how three words related to your subject can become adverbs – Example: “Educational” becomes “Educationally”) She rapidly started preparing for her comeback. She was supposedly going to release an album soon. The tour unexpectedly came to an end. ·

Types: Manner, Frequency, Degree, Place, Time

Example Types: (Create one example each related to your subject) Manner – Zayn replied to the fans question anxiously. Time – The group has dance practice daily. Place – Jennie was willingly here late at night helping the staff. Degree – Wendy was extremely excited to meet her fans. Frequency – Jessica was consistently ranked one of the best vocalists in the group.

CONJUNCTIONS Coordinating (FANBOYS): for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Correlative: Either/or; neither/nor; not only/but also; both/and; whether/or; as/so Subordinate: after, though as, as if, as long as, as thought, because, before, if, in order that, provided that, since, so, so that, that, though, till, unless, when, where, whereas, while Relative pronouns: who (refers to people), which (refers to nonliving object or animals), that (may refer to animals or nonliving objects)

PREPOSITIONS Prepositions link nouns, pronouns, and phrases to other parts of the sentence. Prepositions are NEVER followed by verbs. There are one-word prepositions and complex prepositions. These are some common one-word prepositions: aboard, about, above, according to, across, across from, after, against, along, alongside, alongside of, along with, amid, among, apart from, around, as, as far as, aside from, at, away from, back of, because of,

before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, but (except), by, by means of, concerning, despite, down, down from, except, except excluding for, for, from, from among, from between, from under, in, in addition to, in behalf of, including, in front of, in place of, in regard to, inside, inside of, in spite of, instead of, into, like, near, near to, notwithstanding, of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, onto, on top of, opposite, out, out of, outside, outside of, over, over to, owing to, past, prior to, to, toward, under, underneath, until, unto, up, upon, up to, versus, with, within, without.

INTERJECTIONS Interjections are the final part of speech. ○

Aah

○

Aha

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Ahem

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Alas

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Argh

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Aw, Aww

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Bah

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Behold

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Bingo

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Boo

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Bravo

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Brr

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Dear

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Duh

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Eek

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Eww

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Gah

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Grr

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Hah

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Hmm

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Hello, Hullo

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Hey

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Huh

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Humph

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Hurrah

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Meh

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Mhm

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Muahaha

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Nuh-uh

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Ooh-la-la

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Ooh

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Oomph

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Oops

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Oww

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Ouch

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Pew

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Pff

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Phew

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Psst

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Sheesh

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Shh

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Shoo

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Tsk-tsk

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Uh-hu

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Uh-oh

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Uh-uh

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Uhh

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Um, Umm

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Wee

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Well

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Whoa

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Wow

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Yahoo

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Yay

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Yeah

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Yikes

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Yippee

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Yoo-hoo

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Yuh-uh

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Yuck

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Zing

Transitions of Logic Chart

Addition

Milder

Stronger

a further and and then then also too next another other

further furthermore moreover in addition additionally besides again equally important first, second

nor

finally, last

Comparison

just as ... so too a similar another... like

similarly comparable in the same way likewise

Contrast

but yet and yet still otherwise or though but another rather

however still nevertheless on the other hand on the contrary even so notwithstanding for all that in contrast alternatively at the same time though this may be otherwise instead nonetheless conversely

Time

then now soon afterward later shortly earlier recently first, second, third next before after today tomorrow

meanwhile at length presently at last finally immediately thereafter at that time subsequently eventually currently in the meantime in the past in the future

Purpose

to do this so that

to this end with this object for this purpose for that reason because of this in order to

Place

there here beyond nearby next to

at that point opposite to adjacent to on the other side in the front in the back

Result

so and so then

hence therefore accordingly consequently thus thereupon as a result in consequence

Example

that is specifically in particular for one thing

for example for instance an instance of this this can be seen in

Summary and Emphasis

in sum generally after all by the way in general incidentally naturally I hope at least it seems in brief I suppose

in short on the whole as I said in other words to be sure in fact indeed clearly of course anyway remarkably I think assuredly definitely without doubt for all that on the whole in any event importantly certainly

THE MUSIC BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 3 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES PHRASES and CLAUSES Phrases – groups of words that function as a part of speech. Noun Phrase: A group of words consisting of nouns or pronouns and their modifiers that function as a noun. All the members were excited to make new music. Verb Phrase: A group of words consisting of verbs working together and that function as a verb. The band knew they would be practicing hard this month. Prepositional Phrase: A group of words that begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, and functions as an adjective or an adverb. Harry Styles watched his fans through the window. Appositive Phrase: A group of words that include all the words that modify an appositive and function as an adjective - IT MUST BE SURROUNDED BY COMMAS. Ariana Grande, a well known singer, was promoting her new album. Verbal Phrases: A group of words that begin with a verbal and ends with a noun. ● Gerund Phrase verb ending in -ing that functions as a noun. Writing songs quitely was her favorite hobby. ● Participial Phrase word ending in -ing (present participle) or -ed (past participle) that functions as an adjective. The singer drove away from the evacuated concert hall. ● Infinitive Phrase verb preceded by the word “to” (to read, to study, to write) that function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. The band decided it was time to record their new album. CLAUSES Clauses – groups of words with BOTH a subject and a verb that function as parts of speech. There are TWO kinds: Independent and Dependent (called “Subordinate”) INDEPENDENT – CAN stand alone as a complete sentence, known as a simple sentence pattern. Jennie sang the song perfectly. DEPENDENT (SUBORDINATE) – CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence and MUST begin with a SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION. There are seven (7) kinds:

Noun Clause: Used as the noun in a sentence and may function as a subject, a predicate noun, a direct object, an object of a preposition, an indirect object, or an appositive. Lisa said that she is warming up. Adjective Clause: Used to modify a noun in an independent clause. Some adjective clauses begin with an introductory word: She auditioned for the company where vocalists excel. Some adjective clauses begin with relative pronouns: Yves is the member whose role is usually singing. Adverb Clause: Used to modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in an independent clause, introduced by a subordinate conjunction and used to indicate time, place, cause, purpose, result, condition, and/or concession. Modifying verbs: The billboard was placed where everyone could see it. Modifying adjectives: The vocal practice sessions began to feel twice as long as they used to. Modifying adverbs: Momo liked to practice more than her group members typically did. Relative Clauses: Dependent clause that begins with a relative pronoun. The contestant who places first automatically joins the girl group. Elliptical Clauses: Adverb clauses in which part of the clause is omitted. When performing, Sana always makes sure to interact with the crowd. Essential Clauses: Clauses necessary to the meaning of the sentence. The member who talked the most was the leader of the group. Nonessential Clauses: Clauses that are NOT necessary to the meaning of the sentence. The world tour, which lasted almost a year, finally came to an end.

THE MUSIC BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 4 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES SENTENCES Sentence – a set of words that contains a subject and a predicate and conveys a statement, command, question, or an exclamation.

Sentence Parts Subject – what/who the sentence is about Frank Iero always ran around the stage wildly. Predicate – what the subject does The band played their instruments on stage.

Sentence Types Declarative – a sentence that makes a statement (ends with a period mark) Wendy is an amazing singer. Imperative – a sentence that makes a command (ends with a period mark) Learn the lyrics to the song immediately. Interrogative – a sentence that asks a question (ends with a question mark) Why would she not want to perform that song? Exclamatory – a sentence that expresses great emotion, passion, excitement (ends with an exclamation mark) The concert was amazing!

Sentence Patterns Simple Sentence: A sentence that is just one independent clause. I enjoy attending concerts.

Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses, but no dependent clauses - connected by FANBOYS (Coordinating conjunctions). The group arrived to the event late, so they performed last. Complex Sentence: A sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. When you sing regularly, singing for long periods of time can become simple. Complex-Compound Sentence: A sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Whether they plan ahead or not, most artists attend practice for long periods of time, but it can be exhausting. Loose Sentence: A sentence that contains an independent clause plus a subordinate construction (either a clause or phrase) with your main point at the beginning. I really like this band, even though I usually don't like this type of music. Periodic Sentence: A sentence in which the independent clause is given at the end of the sentence in order to create interest or generate suspense with the main point coming at the end. Despite a few mistakes and some things looking off, the performance was amazing. Parallel Structure: A sentence using the same pattern of two or more verbs or ideas that match in tense or structure to show that they are of equal importance and to help the reader comprehend what is being written - this sentence requires symmetry. To be a successful group, the members must be good at singing and dancing. Balanced Sentence: A sentence where phrases or clauses at the beginning and the end parallel each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length - this sentence requires symmetry. Many artists spend their days performing at events and then practicing for more when they're done. Chiasmus: A sentence that includes a repetition of ideas (words, phrases, or clauses) in inverted (reversed) order - this sentence requires symmetry. Fans make concerts what they are and they would be nothing without them. Asyndeton: A sentence that leaves out conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose.

Singers and performers often demonstrate perseverance, determination, stamina. Polysyndeton: A sentence that uses multiple conjunctions in close proximity to each other between words, phrases, or clauses for a rhetorical purpose. Before performing, the band made sure to warm up and get their equipment ready and give each other a pep talk. Anaphora: A sentence that features the purposeful repetition of a word, words, or a phrase at the beginning of several successive clauses in order to place emphasis and draw attention. For so many people, a concert can be the best moment of their lives, while for others concerts can be minimal parts of their lives, but most will agree that they are memorable parts of their lives. Epistrophe: A sentence featuring several phrases or clauses ending with the same word or words. Some artists spend their whole day thinking about fame, training for fame, their days off thinking about fame that sometimes it feels like their only source of happiness will come from fame.

Sentence Errors Run-On/Rambling/Fused Sentence – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly without punctuation. The band wanted to go home early they had a performance the next day they needed to rest before it.[WRONG] The band wanted to go home early BECAUSE they had a performance the next day AND they needed to rest before it. [RIGHT] Comma Splice – a sentence construction error where two or more independent clauses are connected incorrectly using commas The group wanted to halt their promotions, one member had been injured, she needed time to recover. [WRONG] The group wanted to halt their promotions. One member had been injured; she needed time to recover. [RIGHT]

Fragment – incomplete sentence pieces that are not connected to or do not form an independent clause Because a fight broke out. [WRONG] Because a fight broke out, the concert ended early. [RIGHT] Misplaced/Dangling Modifiers – modifiers are words, phrases, or clauses that add description; a misplaced modifier describes the wrong part of a sentence and a dangling modifier is missing the part it’s supposed to modify After the concert, the singer arrived home and fell onto the sofa drenched in sweat. [WRONG] After the concert, the singer arrived home drenched in sweat and fell onto the sofa. [RIGHT] Double Negative – combining two or more negative words in a sentence in a way that is supposed to produce a positive force After the lead singer got injured, the band couldn't perform no more. [WRONG] After the lead singer got injured, the band could not perform anymore [RIGHT]

THE HIT MAKERS: HOW TO SUCCEED IN AN AGE OF DISTRACTION BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 5 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES PARAGRAPHS Paragraphs – a group of sentences that together convey a shared purpose structured around the same topic. Introductory Paragraphs (Introductions) Hook (Lead) – can begin with the title Anecdotal (Brief story to set the mood and lead the reader into the topic) Ex. Throughout history there have been many instances in which certain things gain a massive amount of popularity. These things become extremely popular and in some cases, common knowledge among people. The more we see and hear these things the more likely we are to like and remember them. As a society many of us are unsure as to why certain things become popular, why we are so interested in them, and have the ability to remember them so easily but the answer is quite simple. Query Based (Question that brings the reader to the topic - avoid second person POV “you”) Ex. Does the amount of times we listen or hear about something really affect how much you like it? Thesis Statements (the purpose of a piece of writing – usually one sentence in length, but can be longer depending on the purpose – must be something that is arguable) Assertion (claim - a subject + a “so what” about the subject) Ex. Being able to recognize similarities and see large amounts of exposure allows us to find new things we enjoy and is the reason why certain things become popular. Fact (empirically verifiable but often difficult to argue extensively about better used as evidence to support a claim) Ex. Humans are more attracted to things they are familiar with. Opinion (personal position on a topic) Ex. Repetitiveness makes things annoying and unlikeable. Belief (social, religious, or political in nature – an opinion held by many to be a fact,

head.

though it is not necessarily factual – often involves a judgement) Ex. Too much exposure can make something uninteresting. Generalization (uses absolute or statistical pronouns: all, always, every, never, none, most, half – avoid using this type of thesis statement unless citing the source of the data) Ex. Every song that has repetitive lyrics can easily get stuck in your

Document Based (cites a specific source, author, and position on a topic) Ex. In Hit Makers: The Science of Popularity in an Age of Distraction, Derek Thompsom presents that the reason why certain things become a success is because of the familiarity and exposure of it. Theory (a statement that can be tested and potentially proven - often answers a research question) Ex. If you see something more than once you're more likely to remember and become attracted to it. Clarification/Expansion of Thesis (could extend the thesis, preview the evidence supporting the thesis, give the purpose of thesis, establish the importance or significance of examining the intricacies of the thesis – this could be several sentences long) Ex. Thompson adds on to his claim by reviewing previous studies and observations, such as how the media and radio, which we interact with frequently, introduce certain things to us repeatedly making them more popular, as well as experiments which go over how we were more attracted to things we are familiar with. (preview of evidence) Ex. The author gives examples of the media's influence on society in order to show the reader how constant exposure makes things more popular quickly(purpose of thesis) Ex.The information showing the connection between familiarity and exposure and popularity and what we enjoy can provide people an explanation as to why we enjoy certain things and allow them to become popular. (establishing the importance or significance of thesis)

Body Paragraphs (must have echoes of the thesis in each AND present evidence to support or expand on the thesis) Topic Sentences (must specifically indicate the topic of the paragraph and focus on one subject and/or area of evidence or support – could start with a “Transition of Logic” that connects to the previous paragraph to give context)

Ex. Furthermore, multiple sources show that familiarity and exposure can affect the popularity of something. (Now every sentence in this paragraph must be related to the connection between fast food and health) Presenting Evidence from Quotations (quotes should NEVER be used as individual sentences – quotes should be embedded within sentences) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “For better and for worse, people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”(Thompson 32). Ex. Based on several studies, “For better and for worse, people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”(Thompson 32). Ex. “For better and for worse, people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”, according to researchers. (Thompson 32).

Ex. Based on several studies, “For better and for worse, people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”, according to researchers. (Thompson 32).

Ex. Based on several studies, “For better and for worse, people tend to [almost always] gravitate toward the familiar”, according to researchers. (Thompson 32). Ex. Based on several studies, “...people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”, according to researchers. (Thompson 32).

Examining the Evidence Paraphrasing (rewording of a quote into other words of the same length without quotation marks, but still citing the source - useful for examining the quote and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “Most consumers are simultaneously neophilic curious to discover new things - and deeply neophobic - afraid of anything that's too new”(Thompson 26). Ex. PARAPHRASE – Most consumers are scared to try new things but also want to discover something new. (Schlosser 73).

Summarizing (condensing larger quotes or sections - useful for closing the examination of the quote/evidence and transitioning to your analysis of the quote) ORIGINAL QUOTE – “For better and for worse, people tend to gravitate toward the familiar”(Thompson 32). Ex. SUMMARY – People most commonly stick with what they already know. Abstract Examples (hypothetical, “what if” examples that do not refer to a source – AVOID USING THEM AS EVIDENCE – but useful for examining the quote) Ex. People like what they recognize. Concrete Examples (actual examples that do refer to a source – useful for enhancing your analysis of the quote) An experiment conducted by Psychologist James Cutting in which he showed 166 Cornell students two paintings, one being more famous than the other, and asked which they preferred, which showed that six out of ten students said they preferred the more famous one. Closing Sentences (must end the discussion of the topic within the paragraph with a transitional or culminating word – possibly an adverb – and should echo the thesis of the essay) Ex. Consequently, valid experiments related to the topic show that people are more likely to be attracted to what is familiar to them.

Closing Paragraphs (Conclusions – should not be mere summaries of the previous paragraphs of your essay) Consequences of Disregarding the Thesis (establishing the potential consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – CREATING A COUNTERARGUMENT – could be one or more sentences) Ex. If most people did not rely on familiarity and exposure when it comes to what they like, it would be extremely difficult to make the connection as to why they like certain things and how to find more things they enjoy. Statement(s) of Extension (extending the consequences of disregarding the implications of the thesis – could be one or more sentences) Ex. As similarities and exposure are so important in what becomes popular and what we like, these factors are extremely important

in being able to make connections with ourselves and discovering what we enjoy. Reestablishing the Significance of the Thesis (could be one or more sentences) Ex. Thus, as society continues to look for the next big song or movie to storm with popularity, it is no surprise if it is introduced with a large amount of exposure and marketing and seems oddly familiar. Final Sentence (connects to the hook and finishes the essay – the “Smoky the Bear”/”Drop the mic”/dot dot dot moment…) Ex. So given all of the tactics used to launch something into stardom, think about all of the popular things you like and how much marketing they receive and how similar they all are...

THE ESSAY BOOK OF WRITING SECTION 6 TEMPLATE AND GUIDELINES ESSAYS Essays – An essay is a short academic composition. The word “essay” comes from the French word “essai” or “essayer” which means “trail”. An essay is a piece of non-fiction writing that talks or discusses a specific topic. Types – Persuasive (Argumentative) – A persuasive essay is meant to convince the audience to do something or not do something. Expository (Informative) – An expository essay exposes things in detail to make readers understand without any complications. Definition or Description – A definition essay defines different things, idead, and perceptions. Process (How-to) – A process essay outlines a process of making or breaking or doing something that readers understand fully and are able to do after reading it. Compare and Contrast – A compare and contrast essay makes either a comparison or, a contrast, or both between two different or similar things. Cause and Effect – A cause and effect essay makes readers understand the cause of things and their effects on other things. Analytical/Critical – An analytical essay presents arguments in the favor of something. It has an additional fourth body paragraph that presents opposite arguments. Evaluative – An evaluative essay is a type of essay that includes evidence to justify the writer's opinions about a subject. Interpretive – An interpretive essay is an essay where the writer interprets another writer's work.

Narrative (Tells a story) – A narrative essay is a narration like a short story. It is, however, different from a short story because it is written in an essay format. Personal Statement/Anecdote – A personal statement essay is an essay Research – A research essay revolves around a research question that is meant to answer a question through research of the relevant literature. Timed Document Based Question (DBQ) – A DBQ is an essay in which one uses their own knowledge along with support from provided sources to answer a question or series of short answer questions. Synthesis – A synthesis essay means to synthesize different ideas in order to make a judgement about their merit and demerits. Strategies/Planning Tips/Steps – Pre-writing/Prompt Analysis/Outlining – In order to plan an essay it is important to first read the prompt and look for key words and questions that stand out. Write down any important information you may need to focus on such as a thesis. You can also make a graphic organizer in order to plan what you are going to say in each paragraph of your essay. Before beginning to write your essay it is important to have your evidence ready to use and properly cite your sources, as well as have a brief idea of what you're going to be writing. Researching/Evaluating of Sources – When planning your research you should read the prompt of the thesis and make sure that your evidence is relevant to the topic. It is also important to have your sources ready in order to properly cite your sources . For evaluating your sources, you should always use reliable sources such as an unbiased reading or news article from a reputable source. Work Cited Page – MLA Format: To set up a works cited page in MLA format it must begin on a separate page at the end of your paper with the same formatting of the rest of your paper. Title the work cited page with the title Works Cited centered at the top of the page. All citations must be double spaced. Ex: Thompson, Derek. Hit Makers: How to Succeed in an Age of Distraction. New York, Penguin Books, 2017.

APA Format: When making a works cited page in APA format you have to write the author's name inverted, so its name and then the first names initial. Your reference list should be in alphabetical order. When citing multiple sources by the same author, list them in order from earliest to most recent. Titles of longer works such as books and journals should be italicized. Ex: Thompson, D. (2017). Hit Makers: How to Succeed in an Age of Distraction. New York: Penguin Books.