ATTI E MEMORIE DELLA
SOCIETÀ MAGNA GRECIA Fondatore: UMBERTO ZANOTTI BIANCO Direttore: GERARDO BIANCO QUARTA SERIE V (2011-2013)
Roma GIORGIO BRETSCHNEIDER EDITORE 2014
proprietà riser vata
Comitato
direttivo della
Società Magna Grecia
Presidente: Gerardo Bianco Consiglieri: Joseph Carter, Stefano De Caro, Juliette de La Genière, Michel Gras, Pietro Giovanni Guzzo, Adriano La Regina, Eugenio La Rocca, Elena Lattanzi, Maria Letizia Lazzarini, Elisa Lissi Caronna, Gianfranco Maddoli, Madeleine Mertens Horn, Maria Luisa Nava, Felicita Nisio Cifarelli, Gabriele Pescatore, Salvatore Settis, Paolo Sommella, Giuliana Tocco, Fabrizio Vistoli, Licia Vlad Borrelli, Fausto Zevi Segretario: Fabrizio Vistoli * * * La rivista AMSMG adotta un sistema di selezione dei contributi scientifici basato sulla revisione paritaria anonima (Peer review) Per le abbreviazioni delle riviste si è fatto riferimento all’Archäologische Bibliographie (1993); autori e opere antiche sono citati secondo il repertorio dell’Enciclopedia dell’Arte Antica, Secondo supplemento (1971-1994), I, Roma 1994, pp. xi-xiii.
La rivista «Atti e Memorie della Società Magna Grecia» è pubblicata a cura della Associazione Nazionale per gli Interessi del Mezzogiorno d’Italia, Piazza Paganica, 13 00186, Roma, tel. 06/68136846 - fax 06/68136142 - e-mail assmezz@tin.it
Direttore responsabile: Gerardo Bianco Autorizzazione Tribunale di Roma n. 576/99 del 1-12-1999
KROTON STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA POLIS ACHEA E IL SUO TERRITORIO a cura di
ROBERTO SPADEA
GIORGIO BRETSCHNEIDER EDITORE ROMA • 2014
Indice
Presentazione (Gerardo Bianco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Premessa (Simonetta Bonomi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nota preliminare (Roberto Spadea) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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ix xi xiii
Topografia e urbanistica Roberto Spadea, Note topografiche di introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . Agnese Racheli, Continuità e discontinuità nella struttura della città: l’area meridionale dell’antica Kroton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Giovanna Verbicaro, Aree residenziali ed officine ceramiche di Crotone antica: un contributo sull’organizzazione dello spazio urbano nel quartiere centrale della polis tra l’VIII secolo a.C. e il III secolo a.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enzo Lippolis, Ricardo Stocco, Pianificazione e sviluppo urbano a Crotone: nuovi dati dall’area ex-Montedison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gregorio Aversa, Giovanna Verbicaro, La necropoli della ‘Carrara 3’ di Crotone: rapporto preliminare di scavo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alfredo Ruga, Crotone romana: dal promontorio Lacinio al sito ‘acheo’ . . . . . . Joseph C. Carter, Cesare D’Annibale, Ritorno al Passato. La seconda campagna di field survey dell’Istituto di Archeologia Classica dell’Università del Texas nel territorio del Marchesato di Crotone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gregorio Aversa, Coperture fittili ed edilizia a Crotone. Vecchi indizi e nuove testimonianze per una storia dello sviluppo urbano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3
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13
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67
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121
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143 181
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273
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289
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311
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335 363
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395
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407 411
Materiali Elena Lattanzi, Bronzetti dalla Magna Grecia nelle collezioni Townley e Payne Knight nel British Museum di Londra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Roberto Spadea, Una sirena di bronzo ed un frammento di gorgone in terracotta: ipotesi di officine a Crotone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aba Muleo, Il grifo del Lacinio: problemi interpretativi e conservativi . . . . . . . . Roberta Belli Pasqua, Munificus erga patriam suam. Note sul gruppo bronzeo di Manio Megonio Leone e dei suoi famigliari a Petelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tesoretti ed oreficerie dal Fondo Gesù di Crotone Roberto Spadea, Introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ermanno A. Arslan, Il ripostiglio di Crotone ‘Fondo Gesù 2005’ . . . . . . . .
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KROTON. NUOVE RICERCHE NELLA POLIS ACHEA E NEL SUO TERRITORIO
Alfredo Ruga, Il ripostiglio di Crotone ‘Fondo Gesù 2005/AE’ . . . . . . . . Roberto Spadea, Oreficerie dal Fondo Gesù . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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459 481
Francesco Cristiano, Note sui cinturoni italici dalla Crotoniatide . . . . . . . .
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489
Pier Giovanni Guzzo, Doni ad Hera Lacinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maria Letizia Lazzarini, Nuovi documenti iscritti dal Capo Lacinio . . . . . . . Ada Caruso, Mouseia pitagorici in Magna Grecia: questioni topografiche e culturali . . .
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509 519 529
Abstracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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555
Varie
Presentazione
Dopo i 15 tomi sui pinakes di Locri Epizefiri e i due sull’Heraion di Paestum, segue ora la pubblicazione del volume sull’antica Kroton. Viene così completata la trilogia dei numeri monotematici di Atti e Memorie della Società Magna Grecia, che riprenderà la sua originaria caratterizzazione di rivista storico-archeologica pluritematica. Non è stato semplice concludere il disegno editoriale impostato dal Comitato scientifico, con la guida dell’indimenticabile Giovanni Pugliese Carratelli e con il primo, determinante impulso di Michele Cifarelli e la costante cura di Cetta Nisio Cifarelli. Dietro le tre pubblicazioni vi sono ricerche e studi durati decenni che hanno visto affiancati giovani archeologi ed esperti studiosi dei siti, tra i quali i sovrintendenti dei Beni archeologici operanti nel territorio. Il risultato di questa lunga elaborazione è una sistemazione scientifica che apre nuovi orizzonti alla ricerca del mondo magno-greco, sotto diversi profili che vanno dalla ricostruzione archeologica, storica, economica, al mito, ai riti, alla religiosità di questi popoli migranti dalla madre-patria greca tra l’VIII e il VII secolo a.C. V’è un filo conduttore che lega le tre pubblicazioni. È, in primo luogo, un atto di fedeltà al lascito culturale del fondatore dell’ANIMI e della Società Magna Grecia, Umberto Zanotti Bianco; è un modo, con questa ultima pubblicazione su Kroton, per onorarne la memoria nel cinquantenario della morte. Il nome di Zanotti Bianco è strettamente collegato ai luoghi oggetto delle tre pubblicazioni. La sua collaborazione con il leggendario esploratore dei siti archeologici della Magna Grecia, di Locri Epizefiri e di Capo-Colonna in particolare, il roveretano Paolo Orsi, fu continua e feconda, così come intensa fu la collaborazione con Paola Zancani Montuoro, la prima, scrupolosa ordinatrice dei pinakes locresi, che hanno trovato, ora, nei tomi curati da Licia Vlad Borrelli, Elisa Lissi Caronna e Claudio Sabbione, una definitiva, puntuale catalogazione e descrizione. Con l’archeologa partenopea Umberto Zanotti Bianco portò a termine, negli acquitrinî di Paestum, una delle maggiori imprese archeologiche del secolo scorso: la scoperta dell’Heraion alla foce del Sele. Un anonimo cacciatore di anatre ci ha lasciato di quell’affascinante avventura un vivido racconto. Le curatrici dei tomi pestani, Juliette de La Genière e Giovanna Greco, hanno recuperato, nell’introduzione al loro lavoro, anche l’inedito racconto di quelle ricerche redatto da Umberto Zanotti Bianco. Con la pubblicazione di Kroton, curata con acribia da Roberto Spadea, sarà, quindi possibile procedere a fruttuose comparazioni tra questi tre luoghi sacri e cittadini, celebri nel mondo antico. I risultati delle ricerche e delle scoperte di Paolo Orsi, di Umberto Zanotti Bianco e di Paola Zancani Montuoro, che si erano accumulati nel tempo, hanno trovato ora un più ordinato assetto. Ciò può aiutare a comprendere meglio la realtà di questi antichi, vitali centri, situati in luoghi geograficamente strategici, che combatterono vigorosamente per affermare la loro egemonia, affidandosi non solo alle armi, ma anche al prestigio religioso dei loro Santuari. Sul rapporto tra questi luoghi di culto, sulla loro funzione religiosa e politica, acutamente analizzati in numerosi studi da Giovanni Pugliese Carra-
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KROTON. STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA POLIS ACHEA E IL SUO TERRITORIO
telli, si può ora ritornare, come egli stesso suggeriva, con nuove ipotesi, sulla base di dati e di elementi meglio chiariti nelle pubblicazioni dell’ANIMI / Società Magna Grecia. Il volume su Kroton, con i venti contributi sinteticamente presentati da Roberto Spadea nella nota introduttiva, conferma il ruolo rilevantissimo della Città nel mondo magno-greco. La fama di Crotone, ricordata da numerose testimonianze di antichi scrittori, legata al nome di Pitagora, ma anche al prestigio del santuario di Hera Lacinia e alla sontuosa vita cittadina in rivalità con Sibari, rimase, tra sconfitte e vittorie militari, inalterata ancora in epoca romana. In età neroniana, Petronio, nel suo Satyricon, ne evoca i fastigi, definendola «città antichissima e un tempo la prima d’Italia», e insieme ne sbeffeggia i costumi, comuni a Roma, tipici di società ricche e indolenti. Di questa variegata realtà storica, sociale e religiosa il volume raccoglie, interpretandole, molte significative tracce emerse soprattutto in questo ultimo quarantennio, fissando così paletti orientativi per ulteriori esplorazioni. «Nuove revisioni e ravvedimenti», afferma Spadea, evocando un ammonimento di un grande storico del mondo antico, caro amico, scomparso ante diem, Domenico Musti, «sono sempre possibili». Resta, comunque, fermo il principio che la premessa per un discorso critico è l’offerta di elementi e di materiali conoscitivi accertati con rigore. Le pubblicazioni dell’ANIMI / Società Magna Grecia sulle tre città, che hanno svolto ruoli fondamentali nella costruzione della civiltà magno-greca, rispondono, appunto, a questo metodo. È un riconoscimento unanime che viene confermato da agguerriti archeologi italiani e stranieri che hanno recensito il corpus dei pinakes di Locri Epizefiri e l’aggiornata monografia sull’Heraion di Foce Sele. Il volume su Kroton, alla cui messa a punto editoriale ha dato un notevole contributo Fabrizio Vistoli, è stato concepito da Roberto Spadea con pari scrupolo scientifico. A tutti coloro che hanno contribuito a realizzare questa grande impresa va la gratitudine dell’ANIMI / Società Magna Grecia. L’obiettivo, comunque, del Sodalizio fondato da Umberto Zanotti Bianco va oltre l’aspetto culturale. Esso mira, attraverso la riscoperta delle antiche radici della propria storia a ricostruire nella gente del Sud il sentimento profondo della propria identità per una rinnovata coscienza civile che lotti contro la decadenza e l’illegalità, contro i troppi ‘cacciatori di testamenti’ della Crotone petroniana. La speranza è che riemerga quello spirito creativo che scoprì la bellezza dei numeri, l’armonia del creato, il sentimento religioso della terra, il fascino della musica che i corografi di Locri Epizefiri evocarono nelle immagini dei loro pinakes, accanto alla robusta operosità che costruì i grandi Heraia e gli affascinanti centri urbani della civiltà magno-greca. Gerardo Bianco
PREMESSA
Al Presidente dell’ANIMI, prof. Gerardo Bianco, ed al Comitato Direttivo va innanzi tutto la gratitudine della Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Calabria, come pure mia personale, per aver accolto nell’illustre rivista Atti e Memorie della Società Magna Grecia questo impegnativo volume dedicato agli scavi ed alle scoperte effettuate in questi ultimi decenni a Crotone. Un dovuto riconoscimento va reso pure alla Casa Editrice Giorgio Bretschneider per aver portato a termine un’impresa editoriale gravosa e complessa. Esprimo a Roberto Spadea, curatore del volume, e al nutrito gruppo di colleghi e collaboratori le mie vive congratulazioni per il grande lavoro svolto, che finalmente rende organicamente noti gli esiti dell’intensa attività archeologica portata avanti per un trentennio a Crotone dall’Ufficio Scavi della Soprintendenza e non solo. Il gravoso impegno profuso dalla Società Magna Grecia, dall’editore, dal curatore e dagli autori tutti nella realizzazione del presente volume è compensato da un risultato tanto più importante in quanto viene a rappresentare una tappa significativa o, per meglio dire, una svolta nella storia degli studi sull’antica città magno-greca. Si tratta infatti di un grande quadro di sintesi delle conoscenze topografiche e urbanistiche acquisite, arricchito da approfondimenti su temi altrettanto cruciali per la restituzione dell’immagine storica e culturale dell’antica Kroton. Nella sua lunga, plurimillenaria esistenza Crotone ha continuato a vivere su sé stessa e a rielaborare il suo passato. Come sempre, l’archeologia urbana apre spiragli, mai scene aperte, ed è inevitabile che tanti restino i problemi e gli interrogativi irrisolti. Ma dai dati pubblicati in questo volume si può proseguire nel quotidiano lavoro di tutela con maggiore consapevolezza, con maggiore attenzione ad ogni indizio e con più solido metodo per tentare di sciogliere almeno in parte alcuni nodi. La ricerca e le nuove scoperte non conoscono soste in una città viva come Crotone, non solo a causa degli interventi di emergenza e di tutela nei cantieri edilizi, ma anche grazie a grandi progetti di valorizzazione, alcuni in corso, altri di prossimo avvio, che si spera possano far emergere agli occhi del grande pubblico tutta la straordinaria ricchezza del passato della città, così come questo volume lo fa per il pubblico degli specialisti. Simonetta Bonomi Soprintendente per i Beni Archeologici della Calabria
ABS T R AC T S
Topografia e urbanistica Agnese Racheli, Continuity and Discontinuity in city structure: the Southern quarter of ancient Kroton The paper analyzes the Southern quarter of the Achaean polis Kroton. The analysis of the finds allows to ascertain continuous frequentation of the site along the Middle, Recent, Final Bronze age and the Iron age; a fortification on the summit of the hill (now the site of ‘Castello’) with an emplecton wall; the presence of one of the city’s harbours on the sides of the hill; the urban grid, around the middle of the 7th century B.C., as attested in the other two districts of the city; the constant width throughout the lifetime of the city of residential lots with the same depth but different lenghth; the evidence of the first traces of settlement before the end of the 7th century B.C.; home building in large blocks of sandstone in the 6th century B.C.; the discovery in the polis of two other building phases, the first one dated from the early 5th to early 4th century B.C. and the other one to the second half of the 4th century B.C.; an evident crisis in the 3rd century B.C. (residential homes used as artisanal complexes), followed by final abandonment; the installation of a necropolis from the first century A.D. with various types of tombs, which lasts at least until the end of the fourth century; traces of a later frequentation (a duct dated to the 5th century A.D.) and medieval pits, silos and kilns; a trove of Angevin coins of the same age. Giovanna Verbicaro, Residential Areas and Pottery Workshops in Ancient Kroton: A Contribution on the Organization of Urban Space in the Central Neighbourhood of the Polis between the 8th and 3rd Centuries B.C. This contribution focuses on the central area of the Achaean polis of Kroton by examining a part of the vast inventory of archaeological resources and contexts in order to point out its characteristics and transformations from the foundation of the colony during the last years of the 8th century B.C. to its decline around the first half of the 3rd century B.C. Based on unpublished archaeological work conducted up to 2006 by the “Federico II” University of Naples, this study has produced an updated version of the archaeological map of one of the largest colonies in Magna Graecia. As a result of intensive modern urban expansion during the 1970s archaeological intervention by the Superintendency of Calabria produced a 1:2000 scale aerial photogrammetric map that began to define aspects of the ancient urban topography of Kroton. Continued urban development led to the production of a vector based map by the City of Crotone in 1992. These two versions were integrated to provide a digitized archaeological map of the colony. This base map supports the insertion of new archaeological data for the production of phase maps that characterize the fabric of settlement in this area throughout the life of the ancient city. After a brief overview of the previously known aspects of the topography of the ancient city this report incorporates the diachronic analysis of the material culture within the latest excavated contexts to provide an overview of spatial and functional transformation that have affected this urban area over the centuries. The resulting identification of domestic structures together with a number of ergasteria in this specific urban area has helped to define for the first time the spatial and temporal characteristics of the Kerameikos of Kroton.
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Enzo Lippolis, Ricardo Stocco, Urban planning and devolopment at Kroton: New data from the ex-Montedison area Environmental and tutelage necessities have forced an archaeological intervention in an area located on the northern suburb of Kroton, already included in the industrial expansion of the ex-Montedison. The activity has provided an assessment of the level of the soil pollution, the possibility of organizing an archaeological site, and the subsequent archaeological investigations. Previously, non-destructive surveys, coring and surveys had been done in the same vast area: therefore, it was possible to determine that it was included in the urban space of the great Achaean colony, perhaps the greatest of the West in the 5th century B.C. The new researches have confirmed these data, bringing new elements on both the regularity of the ancient road system (a wide plateia parallel to the coastline was identified), and the character of the alluvial stratification, which obliterated the ancient structures. A chronological development was so far documented from the late archaic period to the early 3rd century B.C. The study has allowed reconsidering some of the problems related to the urban development of ancient Kroton and its models. In a wide area occupied since the beginning of the colony, the plan of the different districts of the city seem to have been defined in a progressive manner. The investigated district, across the river Aisaros, shows a specific plan: it could be the most recent, being also the most northern and extreme. Therefore, it may represent the result of an organized urbanization of the late archaic age, perhaps in coincidence with the military success of the Crotoniates on the Sibarites. Gregorio Aversa, Giovanna Verbicaro, The necropolis of the ‘Carrara 3’: a preliminary excavation report In 2005 the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Calabria carried out in the Carrara area an emergency excavation, during which 62 burials dating to the Greek period were found. Other researches in the seventies and eighties of 20th century permitted to study in detail other lots of burials and to confirm that the Carrara area had to be considered as the main cemetery of the archaic town, in direct contact with the chora and in close relationship with the south-western city border. The catalogue of the tombs shows the presence of three different types (“a cassa”, “in fossa terragna” and “alla cappuccina”); the cappuccina types show slight differences, due to the unusual position of the tiles covering the burials themselves. At the same time the burial sets refer to a chronological span that dates from the late decades of the 6th century to the beginning of the 4th century B.C., a period that was very important in the history of the polis. Most part of the excavated materials are to be dated between the late 6th century and the half of the 5th century B.C.: they are mainly Attic vases, especially lekythoi. The black-figured vessels from tomb 32 are fine, just like the kylix from tomb 44, that can be attributed to the painter Makron; the lekythos from tomb 58, with a painted cult scene, is instead a production of Magna Grecia. A general study of the burials allows us to affirm that the rather little number of objects that formed each burial set could be interpreted as the will of the local aristocracy to obtain good pottery pieces from the best contemporary ateliers, yet without displaying excessive wealth in their funerary customs. Alfredo Ruga, Roman Kroton: from the Lacinio’s cape to the “Achaean” settlement The essay presents a synthesis of archaeological data emerged in Capo Colonna, the ancient Lakinion, relating to the Roman period attendance (second century B.C. - first century A.D.), with the creation of a structured settlement. It is documented circulation of artefacts relating
ABSTRACTS
559
to the main pottery classes of the time, everyday metal objects, a few inscriptions and many coins. The study of evidence concerning the settlement of the Achaean city in the Roman period (between the end of the first century B.C., and the whole imperial age, up to the fifth century A.D.), enables us to recognize in the Lacinio’s settlement the Roman colony deducted in 194 B.C. Joseph C. Carter, Cesare D’Annibale, Return to the Past. The Second Phase of Field Survey in the Marchesato Territory of Crotone by the Institute of Classical Archaeology of the University of Texas at Austin Since initiating an archaeological field survey in the Marchesato area in the chora of Crotone in 1983, the Institute of Classical Archaeology (ICA) of the University of Texas at Austin rejuvenated the project after a lapse of 19 years with field work in 2005. The second phase of the project entails several key initiatives leading to an eventual final publication of the data. Foremost amongst these is the upgrading of the legacy of paper datasets from the 1980’s and converting it to current applications of geospatial technologies (Geographic Information Systems and the Global Positioning System). Based on the results from the first phase of the project, from which a total of 456 sites were identified, the stratified random sampling strategy was redesigned with a series of long transects incorporating the initial sampling units. Continued field work from the second phase of the project increased the total number of sites identified to over 550. Preliminary analysis of the data has allowed us to unequivocally attest to the efficacy of this type of research in providing a diachronic perspective of the settlement pattern of the territory. The results have demonstrated an intensive exploitation of the area from Neolithic times onward. The few previously documented Prehistoric settlements are no longer isolated entities but are now incorporated into a network of small subsidiary activity sites that amount to over 350. The survey’s initial intent of providing a comparable scenario to that of the chora of Metaponto, also investigated by ICA, was realized as the density of occupation of the territory of ancient Crotone proved to be just as dense with a total of 375 site components. This confirmation of the preponderance of farmhouses as the main unit of agricultural settlement in ancient Greek colonies is apparent in all periods from the 6th to the 4th century B.C. These are dispersed throughout the chora with one noticeable exception being that on Capo Colonna where no farm sites exist. With the Roman occupation of the area (66 Republican and 94 Imperial sites) a shift in emphasis in location criteria for establishing farm sites occurs. Perhaps the most striking example of this realignment is witnessed on Capo Colonna which now sees an increased number of new establishments. However the most surprising result to emerge from the data is the abundance of Late Antique farms (190 sites) throughout the territory. These display an unprecedented settlement pattern of agglomerated small farms. With the emphasis now on comprehensive specialist studies in material culture a detailed image of the territory with its pattern of occupation for every major phase will emerge. Gregorio Aversa, Terracotta roofs and buildings at Kroton: old documents and new findings for a history of its urban development This article updates a previous paper of the author that was published in the book Kroton e il suo territorio tra VI e V secolo a.C. (2005). It presents new architectural materials from the archaeological excavations in the city area carried out between 1997 and 2007 and it also gives new interpretations to the old findings in order to attempt and retrace back their original contexts. Despite the difficulty of carrying on urban archaeology, this article offers new ideas starting from architectural terracottas, a category of materials that are for sure undeniable markers of
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KROTON. STUDI E RICERCHE SULLA POLIS ACHEA E IL SUO TERRITORIO
buildings under the ground, besides testifying the existence of ancient local workshops that produced them. Important interpretations are actually based on the fictile remains which belonged to monumental buildings in the central area of the ancient city plan (via Tedeschi, Fondo Gesù, Campo sportivo and BPC areas). When analyzing other pieces regained from the buildings, we can’t help focussing our attention on a stone block from the trabeation of a typical architecture of archaic Kroton. The author eventually proposes a typological and stylistic framework of the materials taken into consideration, and thus tries to reconstruct the overall chronological lines corresponding to the development of the ancient Greek town. This can be done also thanks to the data obtained by the largest group of architectural terracottas that were excavated since the time of Paolo Orsi in the most important sanctuary of Kroton, located on the promontory of Capo Lacinio.
Materiali Elena Lattanzi, A group of small Bronzes from Magna Graecia in the British Museum’s Townley and Payne Knight Collections A new approach to a group of small bronzes in the British Museum of London, that belong to the Payne-Knight and Townley collections, (the two 18th century British travellers of the “Grand Tour”), offers the author the opportunity of connecting them to the bronze production of the main Greek colonies in Magna Graecia (Taras, Kroton, Lokroi, Rhegion, etc.). The bronze statuettes are a part of the handles either of mirrors or of oinochoai (6th-5th B.C.) and represent women or young athletes; a big decorated handle, part of a dish, stands out of the group, due to its decoration (Tritons and Gorgons), and offers particular and interesting problems related to the subject (the deeds of Perseus), to the stylistic influence of the Ionic and Peloponnesian world in Southern Italy during the Late Archaic Period and to the possibility of different moulds. U. Jantzen (1937) was the first who suggested to place these small bronzes within the larger context of the handicraft of Magna Graecia and who attributed the making of a big part of them to the “ateliers” of ancient Kroton, without much evidence, in the opinion of the author. A close examination of the small bronzes in question, thanks to a research in the inventories of the British Museum poses interesting questions, but for these and other attributions it is necessary to await new discoveries and the study of all the unpublished materials in the museums. Roberto Spadea, A bronze Siren and a fragment of terracotta Gorgon: hypothesis about local workshops in Kroton Three extraordinary objects, two bronze askoi having the shape of a Siren, and one terracotta Gorgon, a fragment representing the mythological figure in the ‘knee race’ pattern, were found in the chora of Kroton: the first one north of the city, in ‘Murgie di Strongoli’, the second one south, in the Marchesato; the third one in the Sanctuary of Hera at Capo Colonna. The analysis of the metal objects reflects a mixture of styles (the so called ‘mélange’ of Claude Rolley), and points to the most important schools of Greece. With great probability the ‘ateliers’ where the object were created (in the last thirty years of the 6th century B.C. and half of the 5th) were connected with Kroton, where it is easy to imagine the presence of artisans with particular experience and knowledge. It is possible to say the same about the beautiful fragment of a terracotta Gorgon, probably the side-akroterion of the temple of Hera Lacinia, that preceded the existing one. The Gorgon reflects examples and patterns popular in the greek world, well known by the local artisans, who moulded these works.
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Aba Muleo, Fragments of a Small Bronze coming from an Excavation with Casting Core Remains: Interpretative and Conservation Problems During a restoration campaign in 1998 aimed at the conservation of several objects from “Edificio B” at Capo Colonna, the head of a griffin, part of a “greifenattache” from a votive bronze cauldron stylistically dating to the end of the seventh century B.C., was identified and reconstructed. This paper describes the multidisciplinary study revolving around this artifact that includes the conservation treatment, archeo-metallurgical analysis, and the stylistic and historical background within which the Lacinian griffin head can be allocated. Analysis of the object provided evidence for two types of manufacturing techniques: indirect casting and “sphyrelaton” as well as a mingling of the two processes. The fragments were treated with a number of delicate conservation techniques herein described along with metallurgical analysis. In 2001 in collaboration with specialists from ICR in Rome analytical studies were conducted on the residues of the casting core. Further metallurgical analysis of a tiny sample in 2006 in collaboration with the University of Tuscia and conducted by Dr. Ulderico Santamaria provided morphological and microstructural data. Examination by SEM obtained a reliable characterization of the alloy that provides valuable data for geologic origins as well as interesting paleo-technological insights. Despite the need for caution in drawing conclusions from the data obtained it allows for some initial comparisons with other authoritative studies (Rolley). The griffin head can now be placed into a chronological and cultural framework crucial in the development of metallurgical technology, especially in regards to the techniques of “sphyrelaton” and bronze casting. Small and complex three-dimensional bronze artworks such as animal heads attest to a high degree of specialization achieved by early eastern Greek craftspersons especially those linked to Samos according to studies by Haynes. The multidisciplinary scientific analysis along with the historical and stylistic study of the griffin head from Capo Colonna infer a similar eastern Greek influence. Roberta Belli Pasqua, Munificus erga patriam suam. Remarks about the Bronze Statues of Manius Megonius and his Family at Petelia Starting from the XIV century, marble bases and fragments of bronze statues were found in the town of Strongoli (the ancient Petelia), and they are now preserved in the Cathedral of Strongoli and in the Archaeological Provincial Museum of Catanzaro. The bases and the bronze statues were part of an honorary family group of Manius Megonius Leo, a wealthy landowner who lived during the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius. The group consisted of an equestrian statue and two standing statues of Manius Megonius Leo as well as the statues of the mother and the wife of the latter; the statues were placed by the college of Augustales, the local magistrates and all inhabitans. Manius Megonius Leo held important public positions in the local municipality and was always magnanimous towards his countrymen, through a series of legacies, in honour of himself, of his mother and his wife, mentioned in some chapters of his will, which had been engraved on two of the five bases preserved. The dedication to family groups was common in the municipal towns of the Roman Empire; these groups were intended to celebrate the most important local families, but they also represented an opportunity to enrich the urban design, sometimes reaching a particular emphasis thanks to the duplication of the images of the persons represented. Moreover, the private placement of honorary statues was governed by precise laws, as demonstrated by the clause placed at the bottom of the preserved inscriptions, referring to the granting on behalf of the local Senate of the place where the statues were to be exhibited. Finally a particular emphasis was placed in the dedication of the equestrian statue, which represented Manius Megonius in an attitude typical of dynasts and leaders.
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This paper intends to compare the information provided by the inscriptions on the bases with the examination of the remains of the statues, in order to try and reconstruct practices and ways in which the group was dedicated and built in the ancient city. Coin Hoards and Golden Objects from ‘Fondo Gesù’ in Kroton Ermanno Arslan, Kroton’s Hoard ‘Fondo Gesù 2005’ The coin hoard of Fondo Gesù in Kroton, discovered in 2005, yielded 11 electrum coins, 67 silver coins, and one unreadable bronze coin, issued from various mints of Magna Graecia (7 staters of Neapolis; two didrachms of Taras; one stater of Metapontium; 2 didrachms of Thurii; 6 didrachms and one obol of Velia; one stater of Caulonia; three triobols of Kroton; two Pegasi of Locri; one Pegasus of Rhegium), of Sicily (two Pegasi, two tetradrachms, eight coins of 25 litrae and two of 12 and ½ litrae in electrum of Syracuse; two tetradrachms of Punic Sicily), of Illyria (one Pegasus of Dyrrachion), of Epirus (one Pegasus of Ambrakia), of Akarnania (4 Pegasi of Anaktorion; 6 Pegasi of Argos Amphilochikon; two Pegasi of Leukas; 10 Pegasi of Thyrreion), of Corinth (4 Pegasi and 5 Drachms), of the Macedonian Kingdom (two golden staters of Philip II; one tetradrachm and one golden stater of Alexander III), of Carthage (one stater of electrum). By cataloguing and analyzing these 81 coins of gold, silver and electrum, it became possible to make some statements about the preconditions of circulation of money and other valuables in Magna Graecia in the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C., with some observations concerning the combinations in the electrum issues of Syracuse and the phenomenon of reminting, in this case of the Pegasi, intended as a renewed use of a currency excluded from the market. The occupation of the monetary markets of the region was examined through the political, economic and military choices of the main powers of the period, first of all Macedonia ruled by Philip II and Alexander, then Carthage and finally Agathocles’s Syracuse. The monetary union that issued staters of the Corinthian type, with Pegasus on the reverse, is presented as an instrument realized and financed by Philip II to control the monetary markets of Magna Graecia and Sicily in the preparatory phase of the military expansion to the East, accomplished by Alexander. This happened in a period of fallback of the power of Syracuse. The expansive politics of Agathocles, which characterized the following decades, turned down this project that had destined to the Pegasi the role of medium-rate currency assigned to medium and long-distance trade. The Agathoclean turn led to the withdrawal of this currency, whose market was gradually reduced and finally wound up by the penetration of silver coins of other mints of Magna Graecia and finally by the currency of Rome. Thus, the gradual weakening of Macedonian-Epirote tutelage over Magna Graecia resulted in military intervention, that of Pyrrhus being the last occasion, involving the conflict with Rome, which brought to the introduction of a new weight standard for silver coins (the light staters), certainly as a response to the increased appreciation of silver as metal, drained to the East for the mighty coin emissions of Hellenistic mints. Alfredo Ruga, Kroton’s Hoard ‘Fondo Gesù 2005/AE’ The analysis of this bronze coins hoard, perhaps not entirely come down to us, is an opportunity to study the data on the money circulation of the tiny bronze coins in Kroton between the beginning and the middle of the third century B.C., as known from isolated discoveries by layer, and the hoarding mechanisms with a coin amount of certified coins and mints (e.g. Syracuse) different from the data emerged from the built-up areas.
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Roberto Spadea, Golden objects from ‘Fondo Gesù’ in Kroton The main coin hoard found in ‘Fondo Gesù’ (Kroton) included an extraordinary little set of gold and silver jewels. Most of them are connected to ‘ateliers’ in Taras and fit models studied by Piero Guzzo. Three pairs of ear-rings and a single specimen belong to the ‘cornucopia’ type, ending with a lion’s head. Four golden rings are present, one having a moveable setting, two a circular smooth setting, and a small one with a “stondato” setting; there are also fragments of a golden necklace, a silver bracelet, two ornaments (silver plait-pins for the hair) and two silver fibulae. The whole set and its story are related to a dramatic period in the history of Kroton (the first half of the 3rd century B.C.) full of sieges and military occupations, in which Agathokles, Pyrrhus or the Romans may have induced people to hide their hoard, in the vain hope of recovering it in better times. Francesco Cristiano, Notes on Italic Bronze Belts from the Territory of Kroton The bronze belts found in the area of Kroton are analysed from the technical and typological point of view, and the area of diffusion of the types is outlined. Reinforced or repaired pieces are especially interesting as evidence of the techniques used by the artisans, and of the value of the object, which was as much practical as it was symbolic. All available evidence on the dating of the bronze belts is reviewed and their function is investigated, in particular in the funerary practices of the tribal groups settled in the hinterland of Kroton, for whom the belt was a sign of the individual’s status within the community.
Varie Pier Giovanni Guzzo, Gifts to Hera Lacinia The production technique, the iconography, the chronological and cultural framework of the mantle devoted to Hera Lacinia from Alkisthenes (mir. aus. 96; Ath. 12, 541 a.) is discussed. The lack of known appropriate findings makes the conclusions uncertain, even those proposed by modern Authors that studied this same literary passage. We propose, however, it consists of an exceptional textile product, we don’t know if woven or embroidered with iconographic schemes or explicative writings, made in Sybaris not long before 510 B.C. Maria Letizia Lazzarini, New inscribed documents from Capo Lacinio Some fragments of a Greek honorary decree of the third century B.C., incided on a bronze plaque found in an area occupied by Roman houses in the east extremity of Capo Lacinio near Kroton, are published and discussed. The honor of a crown is awarded to a man, whose merits toward the city are partially, but clearly recognizable in the surviving parts. Other fragments, probably, but not surely, belonging to the prior decree, mention a new kind of eponymous official, the iere, till now not known for the polis Kroton. Ada Caruso, Pythagorean Mouseia in Magna Grecia: Topographical and Cultural Issues Mouseia represent a very particular type of sanctuary in which the worship of the Muses is practiced along with the pursuit of intellectual activities.
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They are attested in many places in Greece from the 7th cent. B.C. onwards, in open space in the earliest phases (like the mouseion of Mt. Helikon), and from the 4th cent. B.C. onward within the area of gymnasia or philosophical schools. Sometimes the mouseion occupies the same space as the gymnasion and the philosophical school (e.g. Plato’s school is inside the gymnasion of Akademos in Athens). The literary sources attest Mouseia in Magna Grecia in three sites only: Kroton, Metapontum and Taras. In the case of Kroton and Metapontum, several writers connect them to Pythagoras, although they are not so clear in the case of  Taras. The present study discusses first the location, and secondly the organization and activities of the Magna Graecia mouseia. Since the archaeological data are scant, literary sources offer an essential investigative tool, although they too are often problematic. At Kroton the mouseion is supposed to have been connected with the sanctuary of Apollo, together with the gymnasion of the city, which was likely dedicated to the same god. A large complex dedicated to Apollo (temple, gymnasion and mouseion) is supposed to have been in the agora for historical, political, even ideological reasons. From a topographic point of view it is not unusual to have a sanctuary of Apollo in the agora. It occurs in other Achaian colonies, as for instance in Metapontum. Here the mouseion, which it is impossible to identify, is said to be located near a stenopos. In Taras, which is not an Achaian colony, the mouseion is expressly attested to be near the agora, where the gymnasion very likely stood (Lippolis 2009). The link between Pythagorean mouseia and gymnasia is supported by many sources attesting the importance of physical training for Pythagoras, but it is also consistent with the political ideas and activities of the Pythagoreans, which were chiefly focused on the youngsters of the city. Mathematics, music, astronomy, medicine, politics were the main subjects of study inside the Pythagorean mouseia. Music moreover was symbol of harmony, in the universe as well as in the civic life. Such a concept is detectable in the government of Architas from Taras.