Update: AAEP parasite control guidelines 2020 by Rosemary Bayless, DVM, MS, DACVIM (LAIM)
This succinct review of equine internal parasite control measures reflects modern strategies now in place to reduce development of resistance. Many horse owners have heard about parasite resistance from other equine professionals, members of the horse community and internet sources but may not be familiar with the most up-to-date recommendations for responsible equine internal parasite control programs. Veterinarians continue to play a key role in educating horse owners about comprehensive parasite control strategies designed to keep horses healthy and limit parasite resistance. To help veterinarians stay abreast of current recommendations, the AAEP Infectious Disease Committee and Parasite Control Subcommittee collaborated in 2019 to update the AAEP Parasite Control Guidelines (initially published in 2013). The updated guidelines offer a concise review of clinically relevant equine intestinal parasites, explain several key terms that are central to understanding the basis of modern parasite control and highlight the following important components of a comprehensive internal parasite program:
Methods of estimating parasite burden and degree of resistance Environmental measures for controlling internal parasites Judicious use of anthelmintic drugs (i.e. dewormers) Assessing parasite burden Gone are the days when blanket administration of a dewormer to every horse on a strict bimonthly or trimonthly schedule, often using a rotation of multiple classes of anthelmintics, was considered the best practice for controlling equine internal parasites. Today’s approach reflects what the equine veterinary and scientific communities have since learned: Horses, even those residing on the same property, are not uniform in their internal parasite profiles or their need for anthelmintic treatments. A major feature of modern parasite control recommendations is targeted treatment of young horses, horses showing clinical signs consistent with parasite infections and horses shedding high numbers of eggs in their feces.
Fecal egg count testing
To establish an idea of which horses are moderate or high egg shedders (relevant for devising individualized deworming plans), fecal egg counts (FECs) should be performed on fresh or recently collected and refrigerated manure samples obtained after the effective period of previously administered anthelmintics is expected to be over (typically 8 weeks post deworming for most anthelmintics). Because the intent of FEC testing is to provide information about a specific horse’s innate ability to regulate parasite burden, collecting fecal samples too soon after deworming can interfere with interpretation of basal FEC, although intentional repetition of FEC testing before and two weeks after anthelmintic administration is useful for assessing parasite resistance. Ideally, FEC testing should be completed on all horses because the egg shedding profile is individualized for each horse (low, moderate or high shedding for adult horses; strongyle-type eggs versus ascarid eggs for young horses). Conducting several FEC tests over time may yield a more complete idea of a particular horse’s egg shedding status. However, there is evidence that an adult horse’s FEC category is typically stable given systemic health, a consistent environment and appropriate pasture management, so once an egg shedding category has been established, 50
the usefulness of annual or semiannual FEC testing is uncertain in adult horses maintained in the same environment. When interpreting FECs, it is important to keep the following in mind: Eggs of certain parasites (e.g. tapeworm, pinworm) are not readily detected in standard fecal flotation protocols. Large strongyle and small strongyle (i.e. cyathostomin) eggs cannot be differentiated without fecal culture to yield larvae that can then be identified, although a vast majority of strongyle-type eggs tend to be from small strongyles. Only patent infections, with adult female worms laying eggs into the gut lumen, will be evident. FEC testing can provide information about the shedding status of strongyle-type or ascarid eggs in horses, but the results should not be interpreted as reflecting the total adult strongyle or ascarid burden.
Fecal egg count reduction testing
The most widely used method for evaluating the efficacy of an anthelmintic is fecal egg count reduction testing (FECRT) to determine the number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) prior to deworming and again 10 to 14 days later. FECRT results can be averaged within a group of tested horses on the same property. FECRT findings should be interpreted at the farm level, not on an individual horse basis, as percentage reduction in FECs can vary widely among individuals. Exposure to resistant parasites should be similar among horses housed in the same environment, so it likely is not necessary to conduct FECRT on every horse on a property. However, use of post-deworming samples from at least six horses in which parasite eggs were detected prior to deworming is recommended. Horses that have resided on the property for at least one year and have the highest pretreatment egg counts should be prioritized for FECRT sample collection. Repeating FECRT on the same property at least every three years is suggested for reassessing anthelmintic efficacy. Veterinarians should keep in mind that low percentage reduction in egg counts after deworming is not definitive for true parasite resistance to a particular drug, as other factors, including incorrect dose (based on inaccurate body weight estimates or due to accidental losses during administration), improper dewormer storage and use of expired anthelmintic products, may also reduce efficacy. For properties where an anthelmintic appears to be efficacious and clients wish to be proactive, monitoring of the egg reappearance period— the amount of time between deworming and detection of strongyle eggs in feces—can be used to help anticipate the emergence of resistance. When compared with the expected egg reappearance period for a particular drug, a shorter egg reappearance period (i.e. less time elapsed between deworming and reappearance of strongyle eggs) is a harbinger of developing resistance.
Environmental parasite control measures
Many veterinarians recognize that horses with asthma often respond poorly to appropriate medications when environmental modifications are not implemented as recommended. In the same way, even the most carefully planned and executed deworming protocol can have limited efficacy and may promote parasite resistance if not combined with proper environmental control measures: Frequent removal of manure piles from pastures or dry lots is ideal for reducing the chance that eggs passed in feces will mature and
AUGUST 2020
