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Piranesi 義大利版畫藝術家：皮拉奈奇 撰文及考題設計 British Council 英協教育中心 Brian Welter 中譯 陳怡君 （中央社編譯） 圖 美聯社
1 A small, curving palm tree grows out of still
by doing. They didn’t go to university, but worked
water. Enormous chunks of fallen buildings, mostly
under the direction of a skilled master. In his early
columns which once held up heavy structures, lay
career, Piranesi worked under many masters because
in pieces on their side, sticking out of the water. In
of his varied interests and his difficult personality.
the background, a few people are standing around,
出生於威尼斯，年輕時的皮拉奈奇於家鄉發跡，
fishing, or talking. Behind the people are enormous
從事建築與藝術的工作。擁有強硬脾氣的他，首先
Roman ruins, several stories high, only half standing
跟著叔叔學習，直至意見分歧。在18世紀，建築師
and mostly roofless. Bushes and other plants grow
和藝術家總是從實際創作中汲取經驗。他們沒上
out of the walls. We are looking at the artwork of
大學，而是在技藝高超的大師指導下工作。在早期
Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who lived between 1720
事業中，因多方興趣以及執著的脾氣，皮拉奈奇輾
and 1778.
轉於多位不同的大師門下。
一株小而彎曲的棕櫚樹，自靜止的水面中長出，
3
圍繞周圍的是巨大的倒塌建築，大多是曾用以支
When he went to Rome for the first time in his
撐厚重建築的梁柱，散落一旁矗立於水塘。背景有
early twenties, he worked continuously to better
一群人圍繞，抑或釣魚、交談。在人群背後則是巨
understand the city and portray its ancient buildings,
大、數層樓高的羅馬遺跡，建築本體大多只剩一半
walls, statues, and fountains. He spent day after day
或是少了屋頂本體。灌木叢與其他植物則自牆壁夾
looking throughout the city for ancient artifacts,
縫中長出。我們正欣賞著生於1720年、逝於1778年
such as lost coins or crumbling ruins. He studied the
的義大利版畫藝術家─皮拉奈奇的藝術畫作。
ancient city’s history, reading Latin and looking at
2
old building plans. He applied what he knew about
Born in Venice, the young Piranesi spent time
architecture to the old buildings, imagining how
working as an architect and artist in his native
they must have looked in their best days and how
city. Always strong-tempered, he worked first with
the ancient Romans had designed and built them.
his uncle until they had a disagreement. In the
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eighteenth-century, artists and architects learned
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20歲出頭首次前往羅馬發展時，皮拉奈奇持續
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去年9月在莫斯科舉辦 超大規模的皮拉奈奇蝕 刻與雕刻作品展覽。
努力地去理解這座城市並試著描繪它古老的建
this time. Tourists from northern Europe would buy
築、雕像與噴泉。他日以繼夜地搜尋這座城市的古
this artwork to take back with them to their own
早「缺陷」，像是遺失的錢幣、剝落的廢墟等。他
country.
研讀這座古城的歷史，研究拉丁文與分析老房屋
皮拉奈奇大多數的作品是大型的，描繪鄰近周
的藍圖。他將建築知識應用在這些老房子上，想像
遭建築、廢墟的廣角街景、寬廣的街廓與公共空
這些建築在當年輝煌的年代究竟是什麼模樣，以
間、路樹以及羅馬的山丘。這種風格稱作「景觀
及古羅馬人是如何設計與建造它們。
畫」；這些畫作展露驚人的細節於大型的城市街
4 In particular, Piranesi became famous in his
景畫中。當時羅馬有眾多景觀畫風格的畫家。來自 北歐的觀光客則將畫作買回國內。
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own day for his etchings and engravings. To etch a picture, we use acid to make marks, such as lines or
Despite his love for the city of two thousand years
the shape of buildings, on a metal plate. To engrave
ago, Piranesi often portrayed the remains of ancient
a picture, we cut into a metal plate.
Rome as he saw them in his day, surrounded by
皮拉奈奇以蝕刻與雕刻版畫逐漸打響名號。要
skulls and other bones, broken lanterns, books and
完成一件蝕刻作品，通常用酸性溶液標記於金屬
scattered paper. There was a mixture of the ancient
盤上，用來做劃線、建築塑形的註記；雕刻版畫，
and the more modern in these scenes. Much of his
則是直接在金屬盤上刻劃。
artwork portrayed eighteenth-century Rome much
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better than it did the ancient city.
Much of Piranesi artwork was large, depicting
儘管他熱愛的是兩千年前的城市樣貌，皮拉奈
wide views of neighborhoods: buildings and ruins,
奇常用他的觀察去描繪古羅馬的遺跡，例如圍繞
wide streets and public spaces, and the trees and
著的骷髏頭、骨骸、破損的燈籠、書籍與散落的紙
hills of Rome. This style is called veduta. These
張等。在這些情境中常混雜著古代與現代的元素。
paintings showed the large areas of a city in great
許多他描繪18世紀的羅馬作品遠比他描繪古城來
detail. There were many veduta artists in Rome at
得傑出。
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儘管熱愛羅馬，這位偉大的藝術家仍常四處遷
This must have troubled Piranesi, because one
徙，一次因財務狀況而必須返回威尼斯。當時的義
of his key goals was to show ancient Rome not in
大利並非統一的國家，義大利人並無法自由選擇
separate scenes, but in its unity. He believed that
居住地區。他第一次是以威尼斯政府的代表身分
Rome’s greatness was in the spirit of the ancient city
前往羅馬，因此任務結束，他也必須離開。
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as a whole. He believed that the Rome of his day had lost this greatness, but could recover it.
When he was able to return a few years later, he
這想必困擾 著皮 拉 奈 奇，因為他 主要的目標
took up his art and architectural work again. In this
之一是完整地、而非片段式的呈現古代羅馬。他
second Roman period of his life, he became famous.
深信羅馬的偉 大必須包含古城的精神。他相信
Occupying a large building near the main street in
他 那 時的羅馬已經失去它的雄偉，但是可以回
the city at the time, his place became a center for
復的。
trading ancient coins and other small things, buying
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and selling veduta paintings, and studying ancient
Yet eighteenth-century Rome was a mixture of
art and architecture. Until his last day, Piranesi
the many architectural and artistic styles that had
continued to study architectural plans of ancient
come and gone in the centuries since the end of
buildings and read other old documents to better
antiquity. An ancient building would be next to a
understand the ancient city.
church from his own century, with a three-hundred
數年後有機會重返羅馬，他於是重拾建築與藝
year-old structure across the street. Piranesi disliked
術事業。第二度的羅馬生涯中，他逐漸享有名聲。
this chaos, and worked hard so that the Rome of his
他的住所是矗立於市中心主要大街上的宏偉建
day could once again have a unified spirit.
築，亦成為古代錢幣與各種玩物及景觀畫派畫作
然而，18世 紀 的羅馬歷 經 許多自古典 時 代結
的交易或交換處，也是古典藝術與建築的研究中
束 以降建 築與藝術的風 格更 迭。一座古代建 築
心。直至人生的最後一天，皮拉奈奇依舊持續鑽研
旁 也許就 矗 立著當代風 格的教 堂，跨過對街 也
古老的建築藍圖以及其他古代文稿，以求更了解
許又是另一棟300年歷史的建築。皮拉奈奇不喜
這座古城。
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歡混亂，於 是 他 致力於 恢復當年的羅馬 街景 一
His son Francesco followed this interest, and
致風格。
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continued this work after his father’s death. Because
Despite his love for Rome, the great artist traveled
of political instability and the resulting violence,
a lot. Once he had to go back to Venice because
Francesco had to leave for Paris, where he took
of money troubles. The Italy of his day was not a
much of his father’s work with him.
united country where Italians could live wherever
他的兒子佛蘭契斯柯繼承衣缽，在皮拉奈奇過
they wanted. He first went to Rome to work for the
世後持續他的志業。因為政治的不穩定以及暴戾
representative of the government of Venice. When
風氣，佛蘭契斯柯必須帶著父親的作品前往巴黎
that job ended, he had to leave.
發展。
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love for ancient Rome.
12 Piranesi’s work today is considered a great example of eighteenth-century art and that period’s
雅思考試粉絲團： www.facebook.com/ielts.testcentre
皮拉奈奇的作品直至今日仍被視為18世紀藝術 的偉大範例，展現當代對古羅馬的思古幽情。
雅思考試模擬試題 IELTS questions
A. Paragraph Information Questions: Which paragraph contains the following information? The answers are not in order. Word 1. Piranesi’s home and workplace became a 10 centre for those interested in ancient Roman culture. 2. A description of a piece of art done by Piranesi. 3. A definition of the kind of veduta art.
5. How people in Piranesi’s occupations developed their skills and knowledge. 6. What Piranesi disliked about the Rome in which he lived. 7. His daily habits during his first time in Rome.
4. An explanation for Piranesi’s leaving Rome for a certain period of his life.
B. Match the word to its definition: Word
Definition
1. column
a. someone who designs buildings
2. ruins
b. a man-made pool with water falling down from the middle
3. architect
c. falling into smaller pieces because of age or poor condition
4. strong-tempered
d. over fifteen hundred years ago, when Rome had an empire
5. fountain
e. a long piece of strong material used to hold up a building or structure
6. artifact
f. start something new or to restart it after a long break
7. crumbling
g. parts of very old structures or buildings still existing after many years and popular with tourists
8. depicting
h. someone who is inflexible and gets angry easily
9. antiquity
i. something from the past that we usually see in a museum
10. took up
j. showing something, like in a painting
Answers: A 2. Paragraph 1 3. Paragraph 5 4. Paragraph 9 5. Paragraph 2 6. Paragraph 8 7. Paragraph 3 B 1. e 2. g 3. a 4. h 5. b 6. i 7. c 8. j 9. d 10. f
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