Editor’s Note Yumna Ahmed
Dear Reader, I am thrilled to present to you the fourth issue of Brock Health! The purpose of Brock Health is to present scholarly and personal interest articles on health-related issues such as health policy initiatives, current medical research, and contemporary biomedical and public health issues. It is run entirely by students and emphasizes peer-topeer education.
Health’s managing editors Eliza Beckett, Nida Ahmed and Kristie Newton. Their enthusiasm and dedication to the publication was above and beyond! I would also like to thank Brock Health’s layout and graphic designer Scott Alguire. Scott does an amazing job on the cover and ensures the layout is perfect! A big thank you goes out to BUSU and BUSAC for funding the publications for the 2011-2012 year! A thank you to the grad editors as well, who were encouraging and ensured accuracy of the work! I would also like to thank our faculty advisor, Dr. Kelli-ann Lawrance for her continuous support and advice, as well as Joanne Boucher for letting us use her resources. A thank you to Dr. Litsa Tsiani who has teamed with Brock Health to run a health seminar series, where health professionals and doctorates speak to students about current research and health topics. The final and largest thank you goes to Shahla Grewal. Brock Health was her vision and she put her heart and soul into this publication. So thank you Shahla for your amazing idea, determination, hard work and constant support! We hope to make you proud! This is my first edition as the Editor in Chief and I appreciate all those who have helped me along the way! I encourage you to join us next semester and share a topic in health you are passionate about! I wish you all happy reading!!
This issue contains an array of interesting subjects with the feature article written by first year student Gaibrie Stephen. Gaibrie writes about the advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine and how these advances are changing health practices. Other topics in the publication discuss the discovery of tissue regeneration, the negative effects of sports drinks and the one match stem cell and bone marrow network. This year was Brock’s first year in participating in the challenge. 283 people were swabbed and we only hope to increase this number in the years to come! Once swabbed these individuals are registered and could one day save a life! Chelsea Pretty shares her research through the “Master’s Highlight” this edition and we are introduced What sculpture is to a block of marto new lecturer Dr. Matthew Kwan ble education is to the human soul. in the “Faculty Spotlight”. - Joseph Addison This publication could not Disclaimer: Brock Health is a neutral magazine. It is have materialized without the dedi- not strictly hardcore sciences nor public health issues; cation of the numerous people in- it is a platform for students to present scholarly, peer volved. I would like to thank Brock reviewed research in any topic related to health. 1
Brock Health Team Editor-in-Chief Yumna Ahmed Managing Editors Eliza Beckett Nida Ahmed Kristie Newtom Layout Design Scott Alguire Yumna Ahmed Nida Ahmed Editorial Board Nida Ahmed Eliza Beckett Ryan Schapoks-Siebert Joshua Storey Erin Watterton Shalina Vighio Michael Carrigan Gaibrie Stephen Kristie Newton Neha Aggarwal Graduate Editors Admir Basic Amber Muir Becky Roberts Gregory McGarr Helen Taylor Kaitlyn LaForge Phuc Dang Rebecca MacPherson Sabrina Imam Steffanie Hancharyk Yasmeen Mezil Graphic Design Scott Alguire (thegreatawake.com) Faculty Consultant Kelli-an Lawrance (PhD)
Contents • Tissue Regeneration: Within Our Reach?
Page 3
• OneMatch to Save a Life
Page 4
• Circumcision: “Foreskin” or Against?
Page 5
• According to the Law...
Page 6
• Concussions: One Hit Away
Page 7
• Nuclear Medicine - Radioisotopes to Detect Cancer
Page 8
• Feature Article: A Small Solution to a Big Problem,
Page 9
is Nanomedicine the Answer? • Faculty Spotlight - Dr. Matthew Kwan
Page 11
• The Cold and Flu Season
Page 12
• The Power of Music
Page 13
• Master’s Highlight - Chelsea Pretty
Page 14
• Sports Drinks: Do They Need to be in You
Page 15
• Affects of Video Game Violence
Page 16
• Brock Health Team
Page 17
• References
Page 18
November 2011 - Issue 4
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Tissue Regeneration: Within Our Reach? Nida Ahmed effects on blood coagulation. 3 The Imagine the ability to benefits of ECM being composed grow back a ligament, muscle, fin- of collagen are an important finding ger or even limb. Seems impossible and are a vital possibility in the furight? Perhaps not. Studies and ture of tissue and limb regeneration. research have suggested that tissue regeneration may be a possibility It may be thought that ECM in the near future using a very odd causes a response from the immune therapy – a pig’s bladder. Not the system, when it actually is not dimost appealing method, yet recent rectly related to it. ECM causes an light has been shed on this discov- independent process which has a viery by the story of Corporal Isaias tal part in human and other mammal Hernandez. Hernandez was de- development. This process is known ployed in Iraq, where he lost 70% of as cell proliferation and growth. 4 It his right thigh due to a bomb blast.1 aids in cell attachment and migraAn amputation was the only option tion as well. 4 This means that ECM at this point, however Hernandez breaks down and integrates into the had heard of a previous case where tissue surrounding it, and promotes a finger tip grew back using pow- the repair of the injury. Instead of der from a pig’s bladder. Hernandez causing the surrounding tissue to then had a thin strip of the extracel- die (which causes the formation of lular matrix from a pig’s bladder a scar), it regenerates the tissue and inserted into his right thigh.1 After encourages cells to reconstruct and a few months, Hernandez could feel multiply, thus creating new tissue sensation in his right leg and feel the that is functional. ECM is largely muscle growing. It is now as strong made of collagen, which supports as his other leg and fully functional! and maintains the activity of cells 1 and allows interaction between cells.5 This very progression is the The part of the bladder that can be used to help regenerate tissues in the body is the extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix (ECM) is the substance between cells and is very rich in protein. A very important protein in the ECM is called collagen. Collagen type I does not have a high inflammatory response, does not produce a large immune response and has a low toxic response.2 These properties of collagen facilitate making ECM very useful and advantageous when used as a treatment. This fibrous substance does not promote platelet adhesion, which can lead to a blood clot, or affect elasticity of the tissue.3 In addition; collagen type 1 does not have any amplifying 3
reason why Hernandez can walk today. His muscle was able to reform and reconstruct itself due to the ECM and collagen. This is an important breakthrough and future prospect for the medical field and in aiding those with lost tissue, muscle and perhaps limbs. This procedure can be used in helping war veterans, individuals suffering from disease and others. Additional research is being conducted into the long term effects of this treatment and the many tissues that it can help repair. Therefore after looking at the outcome of this treatment, having a piece of a pig’s bladder in your body might not seem so unappealing after all.
OneMatch to Save a Life Eliza Beckett
The benefits of donating blood are well known by the general public, but what about stem cells? It has received a lot of publicity but what in fact are stem cells and why do people need them? Stem cells are immature cells that are capable of developing into any type of cells present in the blood stream.1 They are vital to the health of everyone, but unfortunately diseases such as leukemias, lymphomas, myeloma and aplastic anemia inhibit the healthy production of blood cells and therefore require transplants from others.1,2 It is important to have stem cell donors in order to provide a match in their own family.3 Stem these patients a chance at combat- cell databases exist around the ting their disease. world and there are over 6 million Stem cell donation is be- potential donors. It requires a lot of coming more and more relevant in time, organization and cooperation Canada with over 959 patients wait- from donors, patients and stem cell ing for a stem cell transplant.1 In or- databases in order to find a match der to become a match for someone to complete the stem cell transplant. who requires a stem cell transplant There is a particular need for young the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and ethnically diverse donors in type must be very similar thus, there order to provide the growing nummust be compatible genetic markers ber of ethnically diverse patients on the cells between the donor and of Canada with the best possible the patient. HLA type is inherited chance of survival. and can be connected to autoimmune disorders.2 Family members There are three different of ill patients are always eager to try ways to donate stem cells that are and help their loved ones however, non-invasive and painless. First, a although HLA type is inherited and collection of stem cells can be reover 70% of patients who require trieved from bone marrow in the stem cell transplants will not find iliac crest by performing a simple
November 2011 - Issue 4
procedure under general anesthetic. The second method to collect stem cells is by obtaining them from cir culating blood, much like donating blood but only the stem cells are collected and the other blood products are returned to the donor. The third option is retrieving stem cells from the umbilical cord blood. Ultimately it depends on the patient as to which of the three methods would be most effective.1 To find out more about the Canadian stem cell database OneMatch, or to become a member of the database please visit www.onematch.ca. Registry in the OneMatch database consists of a simple buccal swab which can be obtained via the OneMatch website and sent in by mail. Brock University competed for the first time in the second annual “Get Swabbed� university challenge to help recruit young and diverse stem cell donors. Brock was pleased to offer 283 potential donors to the OneMatch stem cell database. Hopefully one of our badgers will be the one match to save a life! 4
Circumcision: “Foreskin” or Against?
A look into the procedure of male circumcision at birth and the pros and cons surrounding the procedure Kristie Newton No matter what we call it,
boys are around 9 times less likely to contract a urinary tract infection during their first year of life3, and other studies indicated that circumcision is a preventative method for penile cancers4 ,and contracting HIV5 over the course of their lives. Uncircumcised males are also more likely to develop irritation, infection, and inflammation than males who have their foreskin removed.6
snipped, sliced, or docked, male circumcision is a procedure that varies in technique and prevalence all over the world; it depends on country of birth as well as cultural background and simple parental preference. Many North American’s see circumcision as a normal and beneficial procedure for baby boys; some see it as unnecessary, dangerous and invasive of a child’s right to choice.1 So, what is the bottom line? Is male circumcision the A con would be a loss of senway to go or is it something we need sation in the head of the penis because to restudy the effects of? the foreskin is not longer present to protect the nerve endings7, but it is Let’s start with some basic unknown if this loss of sensation has prevalence statistics for the proce- any effect on the sexual pleasure exdure. The World Heath Organization perienced by males in either category. estimated that around 30% of the Deaths, around 117/year in the United worlds male population was circum- States1, are also a possibility as a recised in 2010 and this statistic differed sult of the invasive surgery, especially depending on cultural background and geographical location.2 The procedure is almost universal in Muslim communities, Africa and the United States, whereas it is relatively rare in places like Europe and France. As for Canada, the rate sat around 31% of all males.2 There are, clearly, many factors that play into a parental choice for or against circumcision such as religious beliefs, conforming to peers, and tradition but what about the actual medical and physical pros and cons? Some pros of circumcision are the avoidance of phimosis, which is the tightening of the foreskin; by removing the foreskin the possibility of complications from this condition are completely avoided. Circumcised 5
as such a young age.1 Another factor that is being researched is the effect on female sexual partners of males who have been circumcised versus not circumcised. It has been shown that females who have circumcised partners have a decreased risk for cervical cancer because circumcision decreases the transmission of HPV by 25%.8 There are many different opinions circulating regarding circumcision and ultimately it is still a decision that is unique to every expectant parent. The bottoms line, whether you choose circumcision or not, is to be aware of the risks. Educate yourself and your son as he ages, on the proper care in either scenario.
According to the Law..... Madelyn Law! A look into Public Health
What is Public Health? That is a very good question and one that needs to be clarified for students and the community. For the context of this article “Public Health” needs to be defined in order to understand the difference between the “publicly funded health care system” and the actual structures and activities of “public health” organizations. As Canadians, we are provided with a publicly funded health care system through the Canadian Health Care Act (1984) under the principles of universality, comprehensiveness, portability, accessibility and public administration. Whereas, public health organizations focus on preventing disease and optimizing health (Public Health Agency of Canada, 2011). Given most of our experiences with “public health” we may think of it as the nurses who go in to the school, flu clinics provided in the community and a booth at the mall about smoking cessation. But public health is much more. There are 36 public health units across Ontario which follow the Ontario Public Health Standards. These standards mandate that each of the public health units focus on family health (i.e. healthy babies), infectious diseases (i.e. sexual health, vaccines), chronic disease and injury prevention (i.e. substance use, falls prevention), environmental health (i.e. water and food safety) and emergency preparedness. In public health units, professionals from multidisciplinary areas November 2011 - Issue 4
work together to understand complex health issues and work to create effective programming to address these health concerns. This work is more than the development of awareness campaigns about issues and informational pamphlets. Public health professionals are integral in the development and influencing of public policy to promote and ensure the public have opportunities to be healthier. For example, being part of efforts to create bike lanes. Public health professionals focus on bringing interest groups and community groups together to work on shared visions towards enhancing health. For example, individuals across the health care spectrum (acute care, rehab etc) working with individuals at Public health, VON and regional housing to address the issues of falls prevention. There are epidemiologists who examine local data to identify health issues in the community from which programs and activities are design to address the health concern. An example of this is the identification of priority populations who may require specific health resources in a specific section of a community. There are also health inspectors who are responsible for field work and linking to food safety in restaurants and water safety at local pools. Public health does provide basic clinical services such as vaccinations, sexual health screening but all within a health prevention framework. Public health is a comprehensive approach to prevention and promotion of healthy behaviors through a social determinants lens.
HOT HEADLINE 1 in 6 phones carries fecal matter, new UK wide survey Erin Watterton In a recent UK-wide study by Dr. Ron Cutler and colleagues, of University of London, researchers found that 1 in 6 mobile phones carried fecal matter, most often due to improper hand washing. The researchers established that phones were often contaminated with E. coli, a fecal bacterium that can cause stomach discomfort and food poisoning. The fecal matter can easily be transferred once on the hands and can survive for hours especially in warm, dry environments. The bacteria then can be transferred to food, door knobs and other surfaces, which can lead to transfer to others. This study was planned to correlate with Global Hand Washing Day, and the researchers are now hoping people realize the importance of proper hand washing! http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/236023. php
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Concussions: One Hit Away Joshua Storey unable to perform simple tasks that are not only needed to maintain their career but essential for everyday life.2
Recently there has been an overwhelming amount of controversy within the media surrounding sports-related head injuries. Stars like Sydney Crosby, Marc Savard and Jahvid Best to name a few have all experienced a season-ending concussion within the past year. The NFL, NHL, CHL, and affiliates of these leagues have established new guidelines in order to reduce the chances of concussions; however it seems that concussion incidence rates are on the rise. This injury is the most common among all sports within North America, thus it emphasizes the need for leagues to cooperate with one another to establish new prevention methods.5 A concussion is referred to as a blow to the head that results in a physiological change of brain function and activity.4 This can result in a metabolic change within the body progressing into a dysfunction within intracellular and extracellular neurotransmitter release, ionic shifts, and Sodium/Potassium ATPase activation, 7
which can ultimately lead to hyperglycolysis. Once an individual has experienced a concussion they become more susceptible and prone to another concussion. This can be dangerous because multiple concussions can eventually lead to alterations within cerebral blood flow.1 Concussions may also change the neuronal cytoskeleton; which in turn can have complications in axoplasmic flow eventually leading to permanent injury of neural connections.1 Concussions not only affect a player’s ability to perform in their chosen sport, but they have a significant impact on daily life for a few weeks to months. Individuals who have suffered from a concussion have symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, deafness, ringing in the ears, loss of balance, memory loss, dysphagia, and double vision.2 As a result of these symptoms athletes are unable to participate in everyday activities such as reading, watching television, training/ working out, driving, and engaging in conversation. In many cases this leads to depression since the athletes are
A concussion is not only an increasing injury among professional leagues; it is a growing concern among collegiate, minor, and recreational leagues as well. In hockey it is estimated that there is 3.6 concussions per 1000 athlete exposures.5 An exposure refers to any time an athlete has stepped onto the ice. In football there is an estimated 9.05 incidences per 1000 games played.5 When these contact sports are compared to a relatively safer sport such as soccer which has 0.18 concussions per 1000 athlete exposures the root of concussions becomes fairly evident.5 Leagues across the country have looked at new designs in equipment to reduce the incidence rate of concussions within their sport. However it is clear that new technology such as reshaped helmets, and newly developed padding, is not beneficial to reducing the concussion rate. It is about time that the commissioners of the various leagues implement new rules and regulations to prevent head injuries. Recently the National Hockey League has begun to address this concern by incorporating a no tolerance headshot rule. This rule ensures that any athlete that targets another athletes head will be suspended for their actions. Despite the effort of implementing this rule, there has yet been a higher suspension rate than ever. This indicates that although the rule has been implemented, so far it has had no benefit on reducing concussions.3 It is clear that something has to be done across the leagues in order to reduce the concussion rate and to protect any athletes susceptible to these injuries.
Nuclear Medicine – Radioisotopes to Detect Cancer? Shalina Vighio Nuclear medicine is cer-
tainly an intriguing area of research, it is still a fairly young practice in medicine however research regarding radioactivity began as early as the 1900’s. Nuclear medicine was pioneered by Marie Curie who coined the term “radioactivity”. She was known for her work in isolating radioactive isotopes which later contributed to studies in nuclear medicine and cancer treatment and diagnosis. Together with Henri Becquerel (discovered rays from uranium in 1896), Marie Curie recieved a Nobel Prize in 1903.1 These were all basic discoveries, however the next step was to detect and utilize radioactivity in uranium salts. Nuclear medicine is still a new concept and is unclear to many people. It uses radionuclide and relies on radioactive decay to diagnose and treat various types of cancers, along with other illnesses. A radionuclide is an isotope (possesses the same atomic number as another element but varies in atomic mass and physical properties) that undergoes radioactive decay along with emitting radioactive rays.4 The treatment uses radiopharmaceuticals (isotopes injected into the body and emit a radioactive signal, traced by cameras) which are greatly used in oncology. Radioisotopes are injected into the blood stream, where they attach to biologically active substances which are dispersed throughout the entire body, and are incorporated into the normal biological processes. The radiopharmaceuticals are attracted to certain organs of the body such as heart, and liver.2 The radiopharmaceutical accumulates and become concentrated within the malfunctioning organ. This allows researchers and November 2011 - Issue 4
doctors to evaluate the performance of that certain organ and/or system. The radiopharmaceuticals injected into the body have short half lives, meaning that after a day the radioactivity has disappeared from the body and is normally excreted from the body through regular biological processes.3 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a technique that “takes a picture” or records the location of the radioisotope (such as a fluorine-18 which is used for detecting cancers).4 Once the radionuclide has accumulated in the target tissue, it decays and emits a positron which combines with an electron resulting in the emission of two gamma rays in opposing directions. At this point, the PET camera provides an image and indicates the origin of the disease.4 This method is very useful in oncology and the treat-
ment of cancers because it is a very accurate and non-invasive procedure for detection of cancers. There are a variety of uses for nuclear medicine especially in the medical world. Such works include bone scans; heart scans to evaluate blood flow to the heart and brain; to predict the effects of surgery and after treatment; and detecting tumours for various types of cancer.4 In conclusion, nuclear medicine is giving way for a new science of personalized medicine, and new methods of approaching cancer treatments. With further studies and research a more effective treatment for cancer can be developed
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A Small Solution to a Big Problem, is Nanomedicine the Answer? Gaibrie Stephen A civil engineer uses
cement, titanium and rare metals to construct bridges, roads and infrastructure. Much the same, a chemical engineer designs intricate systems to produce and break down various chemical compounds. For a nanoengineer, atoms are the building blocks of creation. In particular, the discipline of nanomedicine looks at harnessing and mimicking the natural healing energies of the body.1 More specifically, the core chemical functions and biological
reactions that in summation allow us to heal, grow and survive. Maximum efficiency backed by minimal invasiveness, nanomedicine is the holy grail of therapy.2 Through the use of vectors such as carbon nanotubes and polymeric nanoparticles, carriers transport specific drugs and proteins to individual cells in the body without harming biological systems surrounding it. In short, it provides systematic drug distribution and effective tumour management without having to disrupt or
destroy any neighbouring cells.3 A more advanced form of atom manipulation is found in medical nanorobots (MNT).4 The use of an MNT will allow a doctor to perform incredibly complex surgical procedures on the living cellular level.4 Furthermore, in the near future instruments called “quantum dots� will allow for cheaper and more accurate diagnostic screenings.5 These dots, which are the size of a DNA sequence of an average protein, are fluorescent tags which exist in a sharp varied colour palette. Not only are they roughly a thousand times brighter than the average dyes used for diagnostic screening, but they can also follow biological sequences by tagging each component of the system with a distinct, colour. Characteristic traditional dyes lack this flexibility as they must be changed according to the particular colour associated with each component.5 Applications of nanocarriers and MNTs are finding their way into the treatment of various diseases. Atherosclerosis is caused by cholesterol or fat build up and subsequent hardening on the walls of arteries. This disorder can lead to complications in coronary and kidney disease. Traditional methods of treatment to reduce the size of the hardening involve a bypass surgery which entails an incision in the thoracic cavity and the legs.6 This treatment is quite invasive, leading to the miniaturization of clinical remedies. A
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commonly used approach is the implantation of a stent (medical tube) in the coronary artery. Rather than a macro-approach to a micro-problem, nanomedicine in the future hopes to attack the arterial plaque directly through the use of vectors.7 Atherosclerosis is only the beginning; infections such as tuberculosis, staphylococcus infections and hepatitis among many others are also candidates for this type of treatment. Unfortunately, there are many complications associated with the inception of nanomedicine and its growing convergence with traditional medicine. The majority of tests related to nanomedicine are done on mice and the full effects on biochemical pathways in humans caused by these products are still unknown. Mice scarcely differ from one another in terms of genome, while humans have a difference of roughly 1% from one another’s gene pool. This creates the issue of how the treatment would affect one individual from another. Questions regarding how the nanoparticles are removed and their effects on cellular structures are also a mystery. Further concern is found in the disposal of November 2011 - Issue 4
nanowaste and its effects on the environment. Current drugs manufactured by pharmaceutical companies are often referred to as being “one size fits all� blockbuster drugs.8 Conventional treatments involve the use of a simple drug molecule and its interactions with a highly complex system (the cell or the biological sequence). The advance of drug therapy, particularly in nanomedicine will reveal the use of supramolecular methods. In doing so, re-creating the complex as an interaction between a highly specific supramolecule with an equally complex biological system.9 In short, this creates a very individualized treatment for every person. The naturally accompanied issues with this lies in the court of regulation. Would the treatment be considered a drug or a medical tool?8 Furthermore, who would supply and financially benefit from the application of the product? By introducing nanomedicine in place of conventional drugs, there would be a great deal of money saved in both health delivery and drug use. Rather than use a drug for 30 years
as seen with chronic disorders, nanomedicine would allow for the permanent treatment of the problem. With the eradication of chronic illnesses such as atherosclerosis and other primary coronary problems there would be a reduction in the wages of doctors, nurses and other essential healthcare providers particularly in the intensive care unit.9 As Brock students and active participants in society, it is our duty to explore the future, accept its highpoints and discuss its pitfalls. Nanomedicine is a wonderful asset and a definite player in the future of therapy. It will improve the quality of life for millions of people and through it; we may live longer, happier and more fruitful lives.
Interested in joining the Brock Health team? Contact us at: brockuhealth@gmail.com 10
FACULTY SPOTLIGHT Ryan Schapoks-Siebert
Dr. Matthew Kwan
PhD
Dr. Matthew Kwan has forever been a big picture kind of man. Living true to the saying “Work to Live, not Live to Work,” Dr. Kwan has propelled himself to a lecturing position within the Department of Community Health Sciences, teaching Health Promotion at Brock University. Along with being a lecturer, he is also a SSHRC-funded postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Family Medicine at McMaster University. As a well rounded professional, Dr. Kwan has many interests. He has had an internal ‘pull’ to the teaching field for quite some time, which landed him a lecturing position at Brock University. “I’ve always gravitated towards the teaching profession.” It was during his undergraduate studies that Dr. Kwan found a second passion, research. “[Research] motivated me to go onto graduate school, instead of ‘education programs’ or ‘teachers college’.” With these choices, he felt as though he was able to reap the benefits of both his interests, declaring “I could not have asked for a better career path.” Dr. Kwan’s interest in research includes changes in physical activity during young adults’ transition from high school to 1st year university. From this, he has been able to associate the transition of university to significant declines in students’ physical activity behaviours. While targeting the reasoning and interventions for these declining trends, the ‘Active Transition’ initiative was created. This website is a physical activity intervention, specific for resident students. Now broadening his research horizons, Dr. Kwan is studying other 11
life transitions and physical activity across the lifespan. His current involvement is with research pertaining to Statistics Canada data and investigating the impacts physical activity has on health and health care utilization among Canadians in the general population.
methodologies to get the best research data we can, it is always important that we look to continually improve ourselves.” Dr. Kwan believes that:
To be successful, recognize that you must work hard, but that you must also balance that with the time to be with friends and family, and As he is early in his profes- time for fun. That being said, have set sional career, Dr. Kwan still has ambi- goals to strive for; think about how tions to achieve. “My first goal will be you can be efficient with the things to land a full-time professor position. you have to do to obtain those goals; Once I do so, I definitely look forward and be sure to be mindful of the things to continuing my line of research, you want to do along the way. and continuing my teaching at the university level.” “In our profession, In taking his own advice, he we are always continuing to strive has accomplished much in a very to improve on everything we do.” short time. In the near and distant Clearly his ambitions are not limited future, Dr. Kwan wishes to pass on to a full-time professional position, his knowledge and passion to future but rather he will strive to continually students and continually help students push academic and research standards strive for the success deserved. above and beyond current expectations. “Whether it is to find new and improved ways to teach and translate knowledge to students, or to refine our
The Cold and Flu Season Erin Watterton We have all heard our moth-
ers yell while we are on the way out the door such things as: “Put on a scarf...wear a jacket...put on another sweater or you are going to get sick!” Though we know that they are usually right about the staying warm part and we should have put on that other sweater, are they in fact right about getting sick? We all know the drill, when the cold weather hits, everyone you know seems to be struck down with some sort of illness. While this phenomenon occurs every winter, scientists are still unsure of the exact Another possible theory, but reason for the influx of illness.1 one which is less accepted, is the suppression of our immune system due to The most commonly accepted vitamin deficiencies, decreased physireason for the increase of cold and cal activity and poorer diet that conflu bugs is the move of the public to tains less fresh fruits and vegetables.1 increased seclusion indoors, with central air circulating and all the windows So what are we supposed to shut.1 In cold weather, we are gener- do to keep healthy this winter? Beally exposed to many more people in come a hermit and avoid all human much closer contact, which allows for contact? Not exactly. The most imthe easy spread of pathogens through portant intervention, which we have the air and other vectors (e.g.. door- all heard a million times, is to wash knobs, keyboards, etc).1 your hands regularly and avoid touching your face and mouth. We also The second most prominent have to be aware of what we are puttheory is that the cold air dries out our ting into our bodies, so avoid excesnasal passages and micro-abrasions sive alcohol consumption and eat a form.2 This allows easier, more ef- balanced diet and also make sure you fective access for the pathogens to are getting lots of sleep. If you work enter directly into the body and there- with the vulnerable population of the fore causes infections more quickly immuno-compromised, make sure to and easily. Recent research has also get vaccinated with this year’s flu shot found that the influenza virus is more .1 If you are the unfortunate victim of virulent when there is relatively low a pathogen stay at home if possible, humidity and low temperatures, but if you must venture out, cough which occur during the fall and win- and sneeze into your sleeve and avoid ter seasons.3 The transmission time close contact with others. of the virus was found to be much faster when temperatures got colder.2 Cold and flu season is upon us The researchers also determined that and there is not much we can do about influenza can survive longer in wa- it except protect ourselves and hope ter droplets within the air when it for the best. The good news is if you is cooler, thus making it easier for do get sick, it’s an excellent excuse to spreading from host to host through lie in bed all day and catch up with a air transmission.3 good book or TV show. November 2011 - Issue 4
HOT HEADLINE Paralyzed Patient Moves Prosthetic Arm With Thoughts Alone Article By: Christian Nordqvist, Medical News Today Kristie Newton 30 year old Tim Hemmes was able to high five his girl friend for the first time in 7 years by merely thinking about it. Hemmes was participating in a study that was looking into the ability of a paralyzed person be able to control an external device, like a computerized robotic arm. Hemmes had a series of electrodes placed on the surface of his brain so his thoughts could be translated into something the robot, built at the Johns Hopkins University applies Physics Laboratory, could understand. The postage stamp sized ECoG grid was place on the surface of Hemmes brain during a 2 hour procedure by Dr. Tyler-Kabara, connecting wires were then tunneled under his skin and exited from the upper portion of his chest where they could be attached to the computer wires. After 4 weeks of preparation and testing, Hemmes was able to will the robotic arm to high five his girl friend using only his thoughts. 12
The Power of Music Neha Aggarwal Music is both an important and ubiquitous part of the human experience. I suspect that many of you have playlists for different aspects of your daily routine. After a long stretch of studying, nothing makes me feel better than a little deadmau5 at full blast! For many of us, listening to a tune or playing an instrument can elicit emotions that range from grief and sorrow to joy and hope. Is it any wonder that the use of music can have clinical applications as well? Music therapy is a deliberate and controlled psychotherapeutic treatment used for both mental and somatic illnesses.1 It involves the clinical and evidence-based use of musical elements by a qualified musical therapist to accomplish therapeutic goals on either an individual or group basis.2 These musical elements can range from individualized listening programs (receptive therapy) to participation in the playing of a musical instrument to improvisational and rhythmic activities (active therapy).1 Improvisational music therapy, a branch of active therapy, is being used in the treatment of children with autism. Autistic children have difficulty developing age appropriate social skills that involve one or several aspects of social behavior. For example, they often have difficulty in expressing their emotions at the right time and place within a social context. Improvisational musical therapy has been shown to produce both joy and joint engagement in autistic children.3 Current research in music therapy points to improvements in the overall painful experience and perception of disease pathology by the patient. Thus, another applica13
tion of music therapy lies in the area emotional properties of music of trauma treatment.4,5 therapy have been studied, exact mechanisms of action are unknown. Trauma and pain after surgery can Deep brain and hormonal responses lead to a physiological stress re- are avenues of research to be exsponse. An important indicator of plored.2 Obviously it is difficult to this response is cortisol, which can provide optimal clinical care using have adverse effects on immune musical therapy without first unfunctioning. In one study, patients derstanding the mechanisms behind undergoing open hernia repair were this care. This much, however, is assigned listening programs after clear: musical therapy represents an surgery (receptive therapy). Fol- exciting augmentation to traditional lowing intervention, these patients therapies in many aspects of clinihad decreased cortisol levels, less cal practice. anxiety, less pain and required less morphine when compared to a con- Are you interested in a catrol group.5 Generally, the most ben- reer in music therapy? It is used in efit from receptive therapies comes institutional, community and prifrom carefully selective music that vate settings in areas including (but includes the patient’s own prefer- not limited to) brain injury, autism, ences.2 Another study which used AIDS, oncology, palliative care and both receptive and active therapies visual impairments. In Canada an confirmed the usefulness of music accredited musical therapist (MTA) therapy in the treatment of anxiety, must complete a Bachelor’s or a depression and mood in patients Graduate Certificate in music therwith traumatic brain injury.4 apy followed by a 1000-hour supervised clinical internship.6 While the beneficial diverting and
Master’s Highlight Chelsea Pretty HBSc, MSc candidate
HOT HEADLINE Deep Brain Stimulation Might Ease Tough-to-Treat Hypertension Article by: Maureen Salamon Nida Ahmed
Yumna Ahmed Chelsea obtained her Honours Bachelor of Sciences in Health Sciences at Brock University. Currently Chelsea is in her second year of Master’s studies under the supervision of Dr. O’Leary. Her research looks at how self esteem and perceived control of one’s life predicts adherence to cardiac rehabilitation, and how cardiac rehab can in turn improve self esteem and control of one’s life. Chelsea conducts her research at the Brock University Heart Institute and administers questionnaires to the patients when they first arrive and after six months. She enjoys being able to interact with the members of the institute and the personal aspect of her research. She enjoys the small community atmosphere at Brock and her advice to others who want to purse a November 2011 - Issue 4
master’s degree is to make sure you pick a field of study you really enjoy as a lot of time and energy goes into a Master’s program. She has also recently written a paper on the effects traumatic childhood events have on adolescence heart rate, blood pressure, BMI, and waist circumference. After completing her Master’s, Chelsea hopes to attend medical school or have a career as a health professional. Chelsea hails from Arnprior, just outside of Ottawa. When she is not working diligently on her Master’s, Chelsea enjoys running, hiking, kayaking, fishing and spending time with friends and family. Chelsea also keeps busy taking care of her Siberian Husky puppy , Colt.
High blood pressure cases that cannot be controlled by a healthy diet, exercise or drugs can be lowered by deep brain stimulation. Deep brain stimulation is when an implant is surgically inserted into the brain and this implant sends electrical impulses that decrease hypertension. Hypertension must be controlled as it can lead to serious events such as stroke and possible heart attacks. A recent study was conducted on these deep brain stimulators. A man in his fifties had very high blood pressure and was taking medications which had no effect in reducing his blood pressure. He had also suffered a stroke. He then had a stimulator inserted and it was seen that his blood pressure decreased gradually, to the point where he did no longer have to take his blood pressure medications. After two years, researchers then inactivated the stimulator and the man’s blood pressure increased quite drastically. The deep brain stimulator was seen to have a direct positive effect on his hypertension. This study can initiate further research into deep brain stimulation as a therapy for other conditions and diseases.
14
Sports Drinks: Do They Need to be in You? Ryan Schapoks-Siebert From television to magazines, advertisements are scattered on the forefront of mass media. Within our society, we associate these products with the likes of the National Hockey League (NHL), the National Basketball Association (NBA), Major League Soccer (MLS), and the National Football League (NFL). What is this monumental force? It is Gatorade. Gatorade is only one of many sports drinks advertised for beneficial effects regarding high performance athletes.1,5 To show this link, advertisers have reached out to professional athletes like Usain Bolt, Sidney Crosby and Derek Jeter. The problem with this advertising onslaught is not that sports drinks are bad, but they are turning into a ‘fad’. Along with Gatorade’s slogan ‘Is it in you?’, one can begin to wonder “DOES IT NEED TO BE?” It seems as though young adults are continually drinking -Gatorade, even when they are not active. These drinks should not replace other beverages such as juice and milk. Since the intake of these fluids continue despite recommendations, and not limited to use by high performance athletes 5 , what problems can arise to the average, non-active individual?
irregular heart beat can cause hypertension and may ultimately be fatal. In addition, extremely high amounts of sodium have been shown to contribute to bone loss, because of its role of helping calcium to be excreted in urine.3 As well, in extreme cases of excessive sodium intake, hypernatremia (abnormally high blood sodium concentration) can So what does this mean to occur, leading to swelling of tissues a non-active person consistently and increased blood pressure.3 Aldrinking sports drinks such as Ga- though this is the only electrolyte torade? By ingesting excess elec- discussed, excess intake of other trolytes, an imbalance is created. substances can lead to similar health Reaching the dietary sodium in- problems. take via regular eating can easily be accomplished; most individuals A small piece of advice? Do already receive 2-3x the daily di- not be persuaded by mass marketetary intake of sodium- (1.5g/day).3 ing! Enjoy the childhood favourites With these drinks containing ap- that have always been around: natu First, what is the recipe for proximately up to .2g of sodium per ral fruit beverages, water and milk. a sports drink? Ultimately, it de- bottle, inactive individuals are even Also, opt to for healthier choices pends on the brand of sport drink, more at risk to consuming more so- and avoid those sports drink vendas each company has created a pat- dium than necessary. What are the ing machines. The need to pump ent for their ingredients. The most effects of ingesting an excess of so- your body full of electrolytes is unimportant ingredients include water, dium? If the concentration of sodi- necessary in inactive, healthy indicarbohydrates and electrolytes.2,4,5 um is too high inside of cells when viduals. Our diet usually has more Water, is used primarily for hydra- compared to outside, it will cause a than enough sources to gather the tion. Carbohydrates are used as a drastic influx of sodium and make electrolytes needed to function optemporary source of energy3, they cells burst.3 Furthermore, an imbal- timally and healthily. So I ask you give people a needed boost to per- ance of electrolytes has been shown this question, “Is it in you” to say form cellular functions and overall to alter impulses to the heart.4 An no? 15
physical activity. Lastly, the most glorified part of the sports drink, the electrolytes2,4,5 are used for ionic electrical charge to stimulate nerves and to cause muscle contractions.3 Electrolytes include sodium, Na+, potassium, K+, and calcium, Ca2+, and are crucial to intra- and intercellular functions.
Affects of Video Game Violence Michael Carrigan
The connection between consumption of violent media and increased aggression has been an increased point of interest for the scientific community. Incidents such as the Virginia Tech and Columbine shootings have played a dramatic role in the recent interest. Does violence in video games actually stimulate aggression by the consumer? Obtaining direct causal evidence is problematic mostly due to the volatile nature of the onset of aggression and third party variables which may corrupt otherwise credible data. Some studies have mimicked aggressive action in their participants to gauge aggressive response, where others have claimed that this method of testing is not viable for to to the injured actor than those extesting true aggressive responses. posed to non violent video games.3 The prolonged time required by the One study aimed to prove experimental group to respond sigthe desensitization from exposure to nifies desensitization from exposure violent video games and suggested to violent media. that after 20 minutes of game play users exhibited physiological signs A study4 which sought to of desensitization. These signs in- test aggressive response after playcluded, “cardiovascular and electro- ing violent video games implementdermal responses to subsequent de- ed a series of tests which mimicked pictions of real violence, compared forms of aggression. A test includwith participants who had played a ed loud unpleasant audio played nonviolent game”. Desensitization through participants’ headphones. as explored by the study by Bushman Participants were asked to play & Anderson1 explored the funda- sound into what they thought was mental qualities of desensitization, another participants’ headphone. namely, “decreased: attention to vi- Desensitized participants gauged olent events, sympathy for violence the sound duration longer than victims” as well as the, “increased those who were not exposed to viobelief that violence is normative.”2 lent video games.5 According to the The study suggests that desensitiza- parameters of the test, participants tion allows for a greater threshold of exposed to violent media performed aggressive response, that is a person more aggressively than those not desensitized by exposure to violent exposed. media will be more likely to act aggressively. The study staged a fight In contrast, a study which before a mixed audience of people focused on the moral accountabilexposed to both violent and non vi- ity (or lack thereof) of violent video olent video games. Participants who games explored the flaws in causalplayed violent video games took ity of laboratory studies. Ferguson6 450% longer to respond with help argues that, “such claims [of causal November 2011 - Issue 4
relations] are faulty and fail to acknowledge the significant methodological and constructional divides between existing video game research and acts of serious aggression and violence.”7 Physical acts of violence present different variables which cannot be accounted for ethically in laboratory testing. Additional causes of violence such as, “Family environment, genetics, poverty, and inequality, are oftentimes difficult, controversial, and intractable problems.”8 Variables such as these severely undermine the results of laboratory tests if not taken into account. These all-encompassing elements constitute how aggression is stimulated and violence is acted. They are at the root of the problematic nature of measuring connections between violence and video games and aggressive response by the user/consumer. It is unclear if conclusive results will ever form a link between the consumption of violent video games and aggressive or violent behavior.
16
OUR TEAM Joshua Storey
Kristie Newton
Nida Ahmed
Shalina Vighio
Eliza Beckett
Scott Alguire
Gaibrie Stephen
Erin Watterton
Ryan Schapoks-Siebert
Michael Carrigan
Neha Aggarwal
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