TheUnitedStates,inthe19thcenturywasaplacethatwasonlymeantformen,specificallywhite men.Tobeawomaninthe19thcenturymeantbeingsomeone'sproperty,someone'sresponsibility anddefiantlynotabletomakeyourowndecisionsNineteenthcenturyfeministsbegantoquestion thelaws,andregulationsthatwereplacedbythegovernmentatthattime.Theybeganspeakingup, quotingthebible,constitutionanddeclarationofindependence."Itwaswethepeople,notwe,the whitemalecitizens,noryetwe,themakecitizens;butwethewholepeople,whoformedthis Union"(Anthony41).
Thattheytoowerehumanbeings,thereforecitizens,whichmeanttheywereentitledtothebenefits ofwhatitmeanttobeacitizennotjust...showmorecontent...
Thesewritersdescribethebondbetweenamotherandachildassomethingthatissacred,something thatcannotbereplaced,andthefactthatamotherhadnorightsoverherchildwascruelandunjust Stantondescribestheloveofamotherforherchildasabondthatyoucan'tcomparetoanyother relationship,asthemostimportantrelationshipachildandamothercouldeverexperience."Lookat thepositionofwomanasmother.Thereisnohumanlovesogenerous,strongandsteadfastasthat ofthemotherforherchild;yetbeholdhowcruelandruthlessareyourlawstouchingthismost sacredrelation"(Stanton23)
Shethengoesontosaythatamotherhasnochoiceinwhatmighthappentoherchildrenthatthe fatherofthosechildrenistodoashepleases.Thelawsgiveafatherfullcustodyofanychildunder theageof21andthatisunmarried."Amother'slovecanbenoprotectiontoachild...tosaveitfrom afather'scruelty"(Stanton24).SusanB.Anthonymakesthesamepointthatawomanhasnorights concerningherchildinmoststatesthatitisalluptothefather,regardlessifthatmanisabletobea goodfather.Regardlessifthatfatherhasthebestintentionsforthatchild."Nomatterifhewerea brutal,drunkenlibertine,hehadthelegalright,withoutthemother'sconsent,toapprenticehersons torumsellers,orherdaughtertobrothelkeepers"(Anthony50)
CharlottePerkinsGilmanmakesaslightlydifferentobservation
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TheWorkof19thCenturyFeministsEssayexample
The19thCentury
1.The19thcenturywasatimeofchangewiththeIndustrialRevolutionaffectingtheeconomy, societyandpolitics.Thesteamengineexpandedindustries.WesternEuropesawmanyinventions duringthisperiodaswellasthenotionofdevelopingnationalidentities.Russiawasemergingfrom feudalismduringthistimeanddidnotembraceindustrialization.Russiahadbecomeoneofthemost powerfulcountriesintheworldandwasabletoplayaroleinEuropeanaffairsafterespeciallyafter thedefeatofNapoleonin1814.TheEnglishsocietyinthe19thcenturywascalledtheVictorianera becauseofthelongandpeacefulreignofQueenVictoria.Thistimeappearedtobedignifiedand restrainedbuttherewaschildlabor,prostitution,andshowmorecontent JoinedtheLaScalaBalletin1829andbecamethepupilofPerrotin1833.In1841,shejoinedthe ParisOperaBalletanddancedtheleadinGiselle.Shebecameaprominentromanticeraballerina. Sheretiredin1853andshewasknowntowearthefirstblockedslippertodanceonpointe.Pasde Quatredancer.ThethirddancerofthistimewasLucilleGrahn(1819–1907)Danishdancerthat studiedwithAugustBournonvilleanddancedthetitleroleinhisfirstproductionofLaSylphideIn 1839,shejoinedtheParisOperaballetforthreeyears.Sheoftendancedthesylphroleswhichshe excelledin.ShemovedfromRussia,toLondon,toGermanywheresheretiredin1856.Shewas knownasthe"DanishTaglioni".ShealsodancedinthePasdeQuatre.(page131)
4.FlippoTaglionia(1777–1871)AnItaliandancer,choreographer,andballetmasterofthe Romanticera,alsofatherofMarieTaglioniIn1822,hecreatedtheballedLaReceptiond'une jeunenymphealacourdeTerpischoreforMarie.HealsochoreographedLeDieuetlaBayaderein 1830andLaFilleduDanubein1836.Createdthe1steverromanticballet,LaSylphide.Another RomanticerachoreographerJulesPerrot(1810–1892)FrenchDancerandFrenchOperadancer Leftttheoperain1884andstartedchoreographingin1886.HechoreographedandcreatedPasde QuatreandGiselle.Hewasthegreatestmaledanceroftheromanticera.
5.ThePasdeQuatre(1845)asignificantballetofthetimeasitwasa
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EarlyandMid19thCenturyThought
Throughouthistory,therehavebeenmanyismsthathadcomeandgone.Manythingshavecome outoftheseso–called"isms."
Romanticismbeganintheclosingdecadesoftheeighteenthcentury.Itpracticallydominated Europeanculturallifeinmostofthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.PoetssuchasShelley, Wordsworth,Keats,andByronwereallexponentsofromanticismThiswasexpressedinmany differentwayssuchasWriting,artandmusic.
VictorHugo,A.W.,FriedrichSchlegel,SchillerandSchellingallexpressedtheirthoughtsof romanticismthroughwriting.CasparDavidFriedrichandJohnConstableexpressedtheirthoughts onromanticismoncanvasthroughartLateron,showmorecontent Liberalsattackedthestateandotherauthoritiesthatpreventedtheindividualfromexercisingthe rightoffreechoice,interferedwiththerightoffreeexpression.
TothetraditionalrulersofEurope—kings,aristocrats,andclergy—theFrench Revolutionwasagreatevil,whichhadinflictedanear–fatalwoundoncivilizationEdmundBurke's ReflectionsontheRevolutioninFrancewasinstrumentalinshapingconservativethought.Burke, anAnglo–Irishstatesmanandpoliticaltheorist,wantedtowarnhiscountrymenofthedangers inherentintheideologyoftherevolutionaries
Conservatismpointedtoalimitationoftheenlightenment.Itshowedthathumanbeingsandsocial relationshipsarefarmorecomplexthanthephilospheshadimagined.Theyoftenfindfamiliar customsandancestralreligionsmoresatisfyingguidestolifethantheblueprintsofphilosophers.
Conservativetheoristswarnedthatrevolutionaryviolenceinthepursuitofutopiandreams transformspoliticsintoanideologicalcrusadethatendsinterroranddespotism.
Nationalismisaconsciousbondsharedbyagroupofpeoplewhofeelstronglyattachedtoa particularlandandwhopossessacommonlanguage,culture,andhistory,markedbysharedglories andsufferingsNationalistscontendthatone'shighestloyaltyanddevotion
EarlyandMid19thCenturyThoughtEssay
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Women'sRightsInThe19thCenturyEssay
InGreatBritainduringthenineteenthcentury,womenexperiencedlessrightsinmanyaspectsof theirdailyliveswhencomparedtotwenty–firstcentury.Womenlivedastricterlifestyleandmen decidedonmanydecisionsinawomen'slife.DuringthenineteenthcenturyinEurope,womenand menhadanexpectationtoliveonoppositespheresofsociety.Menwerefamiliarizedwithlivinga publiclife,whetheritwasworkinginafactoryorsocializingwithlike–mindedmeninpublic places,likeclubs,meetings,orbars.Onthecontrary,womenhadtheexpectationtolivetheirlives largelyathome,whichincludedcooking,cleaning,andchildrearing.Freetimeforwomenwasnot supposedtobespentsocializingbutdoingotherthingsrelatedtoshowmorecontent Itdepictedthecontemporarydiscussionsoftheneedforwomentoobtainahighereducation.In 1848,"theestablishmentofthefirstwomen'scollegeinLondon,anexamplelaterrecommendedby ThomasHenryHuxley,astrongadvocateofadvancededucationforwomen.Bytheendof Victoria'sreign,womencouldtakedegreesattwelveuniversitiesofuniversitycollegesandcould study,althoughnotearnadegree,atOxfordandCambridge"(Abrams991)Therewasstillalotof changethatneededtobedonebutitwasjustthebeginningofchangetocomeforwomen'sequality. WomenbegantrendingintoliteratureintheVictorianperiod.AsstatedinNineteenthCentury WomenandPeriodicals,"whileconstructionsofgendermadeitdifficultforwomenunderthebest ofcircumstancestoaspiretoaliterarylifeintheVictorianperiod,itwasnotimpossibleeitherto breakintoprintor,eventually,totakethelargerstep"(Trela90)Stridesweretakentowards equalityineducationbywomen,andliteratureprovidedwomenandmenawaytoputdowntheir feelingandthoughtsonwomen'sequality.AsstatedbyChevalier,"Miss
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Fromtheyear1865to1900theUnitedStatesgovernmentwasattributedtofollowingthestandards oflaissez–faire,aneconomicaxiominoppositionofgovernmentalmoderationoformeddlingin commercebeyondthemerestessentialforafree–enterpriseorganizationtofunctionaccordingtoits owneconomicregulations.TheUnitedStatesgovernmenttookthisstanceofnoninterference, however,apparentwithintheguidingprinciplesconcerningrailroadlandgrants,managementof interstatecommerce,aswellasantitrustactionsweseedirectgovernmentalinterventionandclear infringementanddisruptionoflaissez–faireideology.
Duringthelate19thcenturymanyAmericansadvocatedthefosterageofalaissezfaire administrationtoallow...showmorecontent...
Stateregulationstendedtobeinadequateandineffectualagainstpriceinjusticesapparentinseveral SupremeCourtcasesinthe1860'sand1870'ssuchastheGrangerMovement,aswellasothers.In responsetopriorfaultyefforts,CongressdevelopedtheInterstateCommerceActof1887.Thisact constructedacommissiondesignedtooverlookrailwayratestomakesurethattheywerejustand fair,aswellasoutlawingotherinequitablepracticestakingplaceduringthistime.Apparentina declarationfromthecommitteeofinterstatecommerce,melancholyanddisagreementprogressed amidstsmallfarmerswhobelievedthatthegovernmentwasdispensingthebigdealerafavorable positionoversmallertraders.Asaresult,CongressinitiatedtheInterstateCommerceCommission, whichwasgearedtowardestablishinganunbiasedandjusteconomicsystemhandlingtheproblems ofarbitraryratesandpractices.TheInterstatecommerceactwouldnotstopissuesinvolvingrailroad monopolies,althoughitwouldestablishthearchetypeoffederalmoderationontransportation betweenstates
Imposedbycongressin1890,TheShermanAntitrustActwascreatedtoforbidtrustsandvarious otherlimitationsontrade.Thisnewact,believedtoendrivalrywouldprovetobeafailure.Inthe caseofTheUnitedStatesvs.E.C.KnightCompany(1896),theSupremeCourtdischargedthecase, leadingtoeighteenantitrustproceedingsovertheperiodofelevenyears.
EconomicGrowthintheLate19thCenturyEssay
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Revolutionsmayhaveoccurredsorapidlyinthe18thand19thcenturybecause,onceonewas sparked,itlitafireallover.Timeandtimeagainweseeinhistoryonenationbringinginchange, andthenothersfollowing.Yes,theEnlightenmentopenedmindstotheideaofchangebeinggood, butitwasnotmerelytheEnlightenmentthatcausedarousalforRevolution.TheEnlightenmentis generallythoughtofasastepfurtherfromthechurch,completelyembracingtheindividualand leavingbehindwaysofthepast.ButRevolutionsarenotpulledthroughbyoneindividual,theymay bestartedbyoneloudvoice,butittakesmanymoretofullybringthemabout.Thus,the Revolutionsofthe18thand19thcenturyweremostlikelyacombinationofenlightenment
19thCenturyEnlightenment
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UnliketheGermanswhoreceivedapositiveresponseforboththeirethnicandracialidentity, unfortunatelyfortheIrishitwasnotthecase.Irelandduringthenineteenthcenturywasidentifiedto beareligious–oriented,inwhichCatholicismwasimportanttoIrishnationalidentity.Because ethnicityispartlybasedonreligion,duringthenineteenth–centurymajorityofAmericawas ProtestantTheIrishimmigrantsunderwentethnicalandracialdiscriminationespeciallythosethat wereIrishCatholics.BasedontheirtransmittedsocialstatusfromIrelandasdeprivedimmigrants, theIrishweretheleastexpectedtohavetheabilitytoopposesuchscorn.Furthermore,theIrish wereperceivedtobeunintelligentThiswasconsideredbecauseshowmorecontent AsDinnersteinmentioned,aNewYorkerenclosedinhisdiarythattheIrishwere"almostasremote asusintemperamentandconstitutionastheChinese"(87).Irishnameswerethemostfrequentto appearamongthelistofpaupersandcriminals(Dinnerstein73).AsDinerstated,thatemployersof Irishimmigrantswere"worriedaboutthepropensityofIrishservantgirls[stealing]"andfollowing thattheir"tendency,usuallyconsideredracialandfixedbynature(118)Thisiscontrarytothe Germans,whowereknowntobelaw–abidingpeople.TheGermanswereknowntolovetheir'lager 'bier',howeverconsumingalcoholwasabigpartofIrishsocialculturalpractice(Diner133). Becausethe"alcoholprovidedcalories,and[they]broughtwiththematraditionofusingalcoholin partasafoodsubstitute",itcausedseveralproblemsdamagingtoproblemstheyalreadyendured. Dinerstatedthat"[the]AmericansconstructedtheIrishasinherentlypredisposedtodrunkenness andthemoralcrusades"(141).ThisexplicitlyshowedthatAmericansbelieveddrunkennessispart oftheirrace,specificallytheywereborntobedrunksandtheycouldnotchange
IrelandInThe19thCenturyEssay
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Summaryof19thCenturyGlobalization
Summaryof19thCenturyGlobalizationGlobalizationhadbeenindevelopmentsincethe NapoleonicWars.Europeanempiresfoundthemselvesexpandingthroughouttheworld.This expansionwasbasedon"increasingtransfersofcommodities,people,capital,andideasbetween andwithincontinents"(Broadberry,O'Rourke,2010,p.6).Anincreaseinintegrationamongthe nationsoftheworldcanbemeasuredbystudyingincreasesininternationaltradeEmpirical evidencesuggeststhatglobalizationwaswellunderwayfromtheperiod1870–1914aspricegapsin itemslikewheat,cotton,copper,etc.felldrastically,indicatingagreatercompetitioninthe internationalmarketplaceThankstotechnicalandindustrialimprovements,shippingmade globalizationthroughtrademorepossiblethaneverbefore.TheopeningoftheSuezCanalin1869 playedahugeroleinglobalizationbutsotoodidtherailroads,whichmadefreightshippingacross continentsmoreexpedient(Broadberry,O'Rourke,2010,p.8).Arelativepeaceattheendofthe 19thandearly20thcenturiesamongthemostpowerfulnationsalsofacilitatedtradeand globalizationThegoldstandardbecamemoreacceptedaroundtheworldandcurrencyunions helpeddiminish"uncertaintyintrade"(Broadberry,O'Rourke,2010,p.8).TheUKspecializedin exportingmanufacturesandservices.Itprimarilyimported"foodandrawmaterials"(Broadberry, O'Rourke,2010,p.9).FranceandGermanyfollowedsuitthoughnotquiteas
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Whenanewbabyoranewpetentersthehouse(thoughsomemayargueoverhowdifferentthetwo reallyare),thingsgetaquiteabitbusier.Anewroomneedstobefurnishedandused,there's anothermouthtofeed,andallelsethatcomeswithanadditionalfamilymember.This,however,is nothingcomparedtothelargeamountofpeoplethatgetintroducedintoagrowingcityandthe buildings,jobs,andmoneythatneedstobeprovidedforthemHowever,wheneitheroccurs,the endresultisthesame.Lifechanges,andrevolutionstakeplace.Thisisexactlywhathappenedto Englandduringthe18thand19thcenturies.Whennewpeopleandthemoneythatcamewiththem movedintocities,thewayoflife,formany,lookeddifferentTheinfluxshowmorecontent Bythistime,manymorefactorieshadbeenimplementedandthecoalbusinesshadtakenoff,thanks tothenewsteamenginesthatranoffofcoalandsteamratherthanthekineticenergyfromriver water.Assuch,moreworkerswereneededtofueltheboomingindustries.Businessownershad decidedthathiringchildrenandwomenwasmuchcheaperthanthegrownmeninthecity.They workedforlowerwages,fitinsmallerspaces,andendureddepressingconditions,whichmadethem muchmoreaffordableandefficient.Men,nowjobless,lookedtoalcoholforcomfortastheirwives andchildrenwenttowork.ThisleadtooneofthefirsttimesinEngland'shistorythatdebauchery wasaproblemforsociety.Crimeratesrose,andnewjailshadtobeconstructedtoholdallofthe murders,thieves,andvariousothercriminalswhichhaddonesomethingstupidwhileunderthe influenceAroundthesametime,newrailroadsystemswerebuilt,providingfastertransportationto thepublic.Thismeantthataworkforcewasneededtoconstructallthedifferingbranchesaround thecitiesandsurroundingcountryside.Morepeoplefloodedintotheseareastofillthisrole, requiringmoretenementsandhousesAftertherailroadwasfinished,thesepeoplefoundjobs, eitheratnewerorpreexistingfactories.By1838,theinfluxofpeopleandjobshadworsened
WhatHappenedInThe19thCentury
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19thcenturyEnglandwasnotapleasantplace.Itwashardfortherich,butevenmoresothepoor. Adultsandchildrenbothhadtodealwithunsanitaryconditions,crowds,andpollutioninthewater forcingthemtodrinkalcohol.ThesethingsarepartofthereasonhalfofthedeathsinLondonwere childrenyoungerthanten.Thechildrenbornintopoorfamilieshadtowork,whiletherichreceived educationBoysworkingmighthavebeenchimneysweepsastheyweretheonlyonessmallenough tofitandgirlscouldhavebeenwasherwomenfortheupperclass.Anychildworkingwouldpeddle goodsonthestreet,orwasputinaworkhouse.Childrenmadeupabout⅓oftheworkhouse populationAndreaWarreninsaysinherbook,"workhouseofficials
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PoorLivingInThe19thCentury
VictorianLondonInThe19thCenturyEssay
19thCenturyVictorianLondonwasavastlydifferentplacetotheLondonthatwe'refamiliarwith today.Medicinewasnowherenearthestandarditistoday,personalhygienewasalmostnon existentinsomeareas,andovercrowding,poverty,anddiseasewerethemajorproblems experiencedbyVictorianLondoners.Duetothesecircumstances,deathatanearlyagewas extremelycommon,especiallyinthepoorpopulationTheBBCVictorianBritainsectionofit's websitestatesthatababybornin'the1830'scouldexpecttolivetoonly29'.(Daunton,BBC,Death intheCity)Prominentdiseasesincludedcholera,typhoid,smallpox,scarletfever,andmeasles, mumpsandrubella(McAlpine,BBCAmerica,5HorribleDiseasesYouMightHaveCaughtin Victorian
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19thCenturyArtDuringthe19thcentury,agreatnumberofrevolutionarychangesalteredforever thefaceofartandthosethatproducedit.Comparedtoearlierartisticperiods,theartproducedinthe 19thcenturywasamixtureofrestlessness,obsessionwithprogressandnovelty,andaceaseless questioning,testingandchallengingofallauthority.Oldcertaintiesaboutartgavewaytonewones andalltraditionalvalues,systemsandinstitutionsweresubjectedtorelentlesscriticalanalysisAt thesametime,discoveryandinventionproceededatanastonishingrateandmadetheonce–impossiblebothpossibleandactual.Butmostimportantly,oldideasrapidlybecameobsoletewhich createdanentirelynewartisticworldshowmorecontent
ForIngres,paintingencompassedflatandlinearfigures,amannerthatwasseverelycriticizedas being"primitive"andGothic.However,Ingressoonbecametheleaderoftheacademicforcesin theirbattleagainstDelacroixandhiscontemporaries.Ingres'best–knownwork,GrandeOdalisque (1814,oiloncanvas)illustrateshisratherstrangemixtureofartisticallegiances.Hissubject,a recliningnudefigure,istraditional,butbyconvertingherintoanodalisque,awomanofaTurkish harem,IngresmadeastrongconcessiontothecontemporaryRomantictastefortheexotic.Another artisticdevelopmentwasoccurringinEngland,especiallyinrelationtolandscapepaintingbysuch menasJ.M.W.Turner(1775–1851)andJohnConstable(1776–1837).Thesetwoartistswerehighly influencedbytheRomanticMovement,bestsymbolizedbythepoetryofByron,ShelleyandKeats. AsElizabethGHoltpointsout,"TurnerandConstableemotionalizedinbothitsgrandandminute manifestations,livesinthecanvasesoftheEnglishschoolandcreatedthebreadthandscopeof natureintermixedwiththepathosoftime,change,distanceandthepast"(221).Healsomadeit clear
Essayabout19thCenturyArt
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19th–CenturyWomen WorksCitedMissing
Womeninthenineteenthcentury,forthemostpart,hadtofollowthecommonrolepresentedto thembysocietyThisrolecanbesummedupbywhathistorianscallthe"cultofdomesticity"The McGuffeyReadersdoesasuccessfuljobatillustratingthewomen'sroleinsociety.Womenthat tookpartintheoverlandtrailasdescribedin"Women'sDiariesoftheWestwardJourney"hadtotry tofollowtheseroleswhilefacingmanychallengesthatmadeitverydifficulttodoso
Oneofthemostcommonexpectationsforwomenthenisthattheyareresponsiblefordoingthe choreofcleaningwhetheritiscleaningthehouse,doingthelaundry.TheMcGuffeyReaders mentionsthewomen'sdutytocleanin...showmorecontent...
Inaddition,toshowwhattheeditorsaidintheMcGuffey'sthereisapoemthatisfromachild's pointofviewtalkingabouthismother,"Smooththefewsilverthreadsoutofmyhair;Overmy slumbersyourlovingwatchkeep;Rockmetosleep,mother,rockmetosleep!(Gorn108)."Itis shownherehowthemotheristowatchoverherchildrenandtakecareofthem.Moreover,inthe Women'sDiariesittalksaboutthehardshipmothershad,"Accountsshadeanddarkeninthepages ofwomenwhoseenergieswerespentnursingandcaringforinfantsandsmallchildren(Schlissel 115)."Itsaysthattheirdiariesturninessencebleakbecausetheyarebeingoverwhelmedwithso manydutiesandthenontopofthathavingtocareforthechildren.Beingonthetrailmadeitvery difficultforthewomentoperformthesedutiesastheauthorpointsout,"TheWesttothemmeant thechallengeofrearingafamilyandmaintainingdomesticorderagainstthedisorderedlifeonthe frontier(Schlissel115)."Thewomenhadtofacetochallengeandtheydidinawaythatshowsthat themenwerenottheonlyoneswhohadanimmenseamountofcourageinthisgreatundertaking.
AnintegralpartofthenineteenthcenturyVictorianwayoflifewashavingstrongmoralsThe womenwereseenaspurebeingsandthereforeitwastherejobtokeepthefamilyunitmoral.InThe McGuffey'sittellsofhowthemoralsweretaughttokids
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Essayabout19thCenturyWomen
Asurbanindustrialworkersexpandedinthe19thcentury,industryandtheindustrialworkforce boomedaswell.Workers,however,weremetwithdifficultsituationsthatultimatelyledtoviolent outbursts.Lowwagescouldnotbuyfoodandclothesatthesametimeandconditionsinthework placebroughtaboutcountlessdeathsandinjuries.Growingnumberofimmigrantscausedthe reductionofwagesandinsecurityoftheworkerscausedunemploymentTherewerehostilities betweenworkers,employers,andorganizationsandcomplaintsofnosocialsafetynets.Duetothese chaoticdilemmas,unionmembersdecidedtoemergeasone,inordertoovercomethecorporations.
Methodsofshowmorecontent
Between1880and1900,35,000workerswerekilledannuallyandanother536,000wereinjured. Thereweremoredeathsintheworkingfieldofrailroadsandcoalmines.Therewereatleast2000 fatalinjuriesandoneofevery399railroadmenwerekilled.Inaddition,unsafeworkingconditions playedamajorroleinthesufferingoftheindustrialworkers.Conditionsinthefactorieswerevery poorInCalifornia,2,000men,women,andchildrenwouldshare8untendedoutdoortoilets,eatand sleepamonginsects,andlaboredtemperaturesover100degrees,oftenwithoutwateravailable.To topitoff,therewasaswarmofimmigrantsthatcausedfactoriestobeovercrowded.Asimmigrants increased,workingforceincreased,leavingemployerstocontrolthewages.
Ifitwasn’tlowwagesorlonghours,itwasjobinsecurities.Onlyafewworkerscouldcounton full–timeemploymentDepressionsandrecessionsledtocyclicalemployment,styleandweather causedseasonalemployment,andmachinesreplacinghumansbroughtstructuralemployment.There werenosocialwelfareprogramsorasocialsafetynettoturnto.Asocialsafetynetwasasocial welfareprogramfundedbythegovernmentthatcompensatedfortheinjuries,illnesses,andwelfares forworkersandsinglemothers.Nosafetynetmeantbadnewstotheunemployedworkers. Therewere3levelofworkers:unskilledworkers(whowerelaborers),machine
AmericanHistory-19thCenturyEssay
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EuropeanImperialismInNineteenthCentury
ThroughouttheNineteenthCenturywealthyEuropeancountriesengagedtotakeadvantageofpoor Africannations.ThisimperialismwasseenasadutytoGodandcountry.Often,thereeffortsto colonizelesscivilisednationsresultedinthedestructionoffamilies,government,andindividualsin thecolonisednations.InWhiteMan'sBurdenandThingsFallApartAchebeandKiplingdiscuss imperialismindifferentwaysWhiteEuropeansduringtheNineteenthCenturyfelttheneedto civilize,peopleandcountriesthattheythoughtwereuncivilised.Kiplingoncesaid,"Toserveyour captivesneed"(Kipling,4).Europeansfeltaresponsibilitytospreadtheircultureandincreasetheir fortunesbycollinazationWhiteEuropeansusedreligionto
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TheCivilWarAndThe19thCenturyEssay
The19thcenturywasoneofthemosttroublingtimesinhumanhistory.Thingslikethecivilwar, childlaborandevenslaveryhelpedshapetheliteraryculturefrom1850–1900.Thecivilwarwasa warfoughtbetweentheNorthernandSouthernStatesintheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Amongthe 34statesinJanuary1861,sevenSouthernslavestatesindividuallydeclaredtheirsecessionfromthe UnitedStatesofAmericaandformedtheConfederateStatesofAmericaThefirststatetosecede wassouthcarolinaaftertheelectionofpresidentlincolnin1860.AfterSouthCarolinaseceded,the "cottonstates"ofMississippi,Florida,Alabama,Georgia,Louisiana,andTexasfollowed,seceding inJanuaryandFebruary1861UnionandConfederateleadershipandfightingsoldiersonbothsides believedthatslaverycausedtheCivilWar.Unionmenmainlybelievedthewarwastoemancipate theslaves.Confederatesfoughttoprotectsouthernsociety,andslaveryasapartofit.Sectionalism referstothedifferenteconomies,socialstructure,cultureandcustomsandvaluesoftheNorthand South.Whilethesouthbasedtheireconomyoffofslavelaborandplantationagriculture,theNorth wasurbanizing,industrializingandhadfeignedslaveryoutofexistenceSouthernslaveholding states,becauseoftheirlowcostlabor,hadlittleneedforindustrialization.WhiletheNorthhighly investedinitsindustrialization,couldnotcompetewiththeindustriesofEuropeinofferinghigh prices
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19thCenturyIndustrializationNineteenthCenturyIndustrializationDuringthesecondhalfofthe nineteenthcentury,theUnitedStatesexperiencedanurbanrevolutionunparalleledinworldhistory uptothatpointintime.Asfactories,mines,andmillssproutedoutacrossthemap,citiesgrewup aroundthem.Thelatenineteenthcentury,declaredaneconomistin1889,was"notonlytheageof cities,buttheageofgreatcities"Between1860and1910,theurbanpopulationgrewfrom6 millionto44million.TheUnitedStateswasrapidlylosingitsruralroots.By1920,morethanhalf ofthepopulationlivedinurbanareas.Theriseofbigcitiesduringthenineteenthcenturycreateda distinctiveurbanculturePeoplefromshowmorecontent
Thetideofimmigrationrosefromjustunder3millioninthe1870stomorethan5millioninthe 1880s,thenfelltoalittleover3.5millioninthedepressiondecadeofthe1890s,androsetoits high–watermarkofnearly9millioninthefirstdecadeofthenewcentury.Thenumbersdeclinedto 6millioninthe1910sand4millioninthe1920s,afterwhichofficialrestrictionscuttheflowof immigrationdowntoanegligiblelevel"(Tindall,938)ImmigrantsthoughtofAmericaasalandof opportunityandfeltthattheyonlyneededtomaketotripacrosstheoceantobecomesuccessful.
The"roadspavedwithgold"theoryledtothedownfallofthevastmajorityofimmigrants.They camewithhugeaspirationsbutendedupworkingforextremelylowwagesandlivinginawful livingconditions.Immigrantsworkingforlowwagesandtheirconstantavailabilitywasnecessary forindustrialization'ssuccessWithoutthehugenumbersofimmigrants19thCentury Industrialization3.workingtheirwouldhavebeennoonetoworkinthefactories.Theimmigrants weresolargeinnumberthattheywouldtakealmostanyjobforanywage.Largeownersof factoriesandbusinesstycoonswereabletomakelargeamountsofmoneybecauselaborwasso cheap.Inturn,theeconomygrewimmenselyduringtheperiodofindustrialization.InWhatSocial ClassesOwetoEachOtherbyWilliamSumner,hegivesevidencetothefactthatthepoormanis vitaltoasociety.Hewrites,"Thereisno
19thCenturyIndustrializationEssay
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Imaginelivinginthe19thcenturywhiletheworldisexperiencingmajorsocialandeconomic changesfollowingtheFrenchandIndustrialRevolutions.Theseworldchangingeventsaremostly causingplaguesfortheworkingclass.These19thcenturyconditionscausethepeopletorevolt againstthesocialreformsoftheexistingworldandrevealtheneedforanewsocialstructure.The newlyemergingIndustrialrevolutionresultsinashiftwithineconomicclasses,whicharethe bourgeoisieandproletariat.The19thcentury'sconditionsarearesultoftheIndustrialRevolution, FrenchRevolution,andUrbanizationwhichcauseKarlMarxandFriedrichEngelstocreatetheir proposedsolution,communismThesocialconditionsofthe19thcenturywerearesultofthe FrenchRevolution.TheFrenchRevolutionresultedintheneedforanewsocialstructure,afterthe kingwasbeheaded.TheFrencherasedtheirmonarchandthecitizensbegantosearchforliberty, equality,andfraternity."Aspeopleformulatedtheirviewsoftheworldaroundthem,many concluded...theprinciplesoflibertyandequality,andperhapstherationalorder"(Szporluk6). ThegoalsoftheFrenchrevolutionweretogetridofthekingandforthepeopletohaveavoicevia voting."TheFrenchRevolutioninventedanewtypeofpoliticaldiscourseandpracticebywhichwe havebeenlivingeversince"(Szporluk6).TheFrenchrevolutioncreatedanewwayofinputfor citizensinthegovernment.Thesearch
TheSocialConditionsOfThe19thCenturyEssay
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The19thCentury Political
Theyouthoftodaycanhardlycomparetothoseof200yearsago.Asamatteroffact,under CommonLaw,apersonbetweentheagesofeightandfourteencouldhavebeenconsideredanadult (Blackstone,W,1760)AttheturnofthecenturytheRevolutionaryWaroccurredbarelytwenty yearsearlierandwasactuallystillgoingoninplaceslikeLouisiana.Youthofthatdayhadprobably takenpartinthewarinoneformoranotherwhichcausedthemtomatureatafasterrate.This, coupledwithanagrariansocietyanddifferentsocialnorms,hadchildrenasyoungasfifteenmarried andhavingchildrenoftheirown(HackerD.J.,2003).Theagedistinctionweplaceonjuveniles todaywouldnothavebeenappliedatshowmorecontent
Asindustryincreasedinthegrowingurbancenterstherewasaneedforcheaplabor,andsince federalchildlaborlawswerenotimplementeduntil1916,orphanagesbecameaprimarysourceof forcedlabor(Clark–Bennett,R,etal2004)Thesechildworkcentersdidnottreatthechildrenas employeesbutratherpaidtheorphanageownerssimilartotheConvictLeaseprogramsofthepost CivilWarSouth.Lackofadultsupervisionandfreedomtomoveaboutthesenewindustrialhubs leadtoincreasedjuveniledelinquencyasweknowittoday.Afterall,whatrepercussionswerethere todeterdelinquency,thechildrenwerealreadyinareformatory.
The20thCentury Political
AsAmericafellintotheGreatDepressionin1929,PresidentRooseveltplacedpoliticalemphasison employingadultsThisreturnedchildren,18–20percentwhowereusedtoworking,backtobeing theidlepoor(Yellowitz,I.,2017).This,coupledwiththelackofstateenforcementofmandatory schoolattendance,exacerbatedthejuveniledelinquencyrateandincreasedthenumberofjuvenile offenders(ThompsonReuters,2017).Theconceptofthejudicialsystemactingas"parenspatriate", literallytranslated"ParentoftheCountry",whendealingwithjuvenileoffenders,gainedmomentum intheearly20thcentury(TLS,2015)Unfortunately,itwasn'tuntillaterinthecenturythattheterm Juvenilewasbroadlydefinedas
The19thCentury:TheNineteenthCentury
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The19thcenturywasbuiltuponliberalismandnationalismanddevelopedawondrouscenturythat wasunforgettable.The19thcenturywasfullof"–isms",suchas,nationalismandliberalism. Liberalismisapoliticalphilosophyfoundedonideasoflibertyandequality.Nationalism,ideology basedonthepremisethattheindividual'sloyaltyanddevotiontothenation–statesurpassother individualorgroupinterestsTheimpactliberalismandnationalismhadonthe19thcenturyandthe influenceofWesternsocietywaswhatprevailedtheworld.Libertywasaprimarygoalofthe AmericanandFrenchRevolutions,anditisobviousthat19thcenturyLiberalismisadirect descendantofbothofRevolutionsandtheEnlightenmentItadvocatesa ...Getmorecontent...
19thCenturyResearchPaper
