KalamCosmologicalArgumentAnalysis
TheKalamCosmologicalargumentisconsideredoneofthemostpowerfulargumentforGods existence.Thesyllogismgoeslikethis,Whateverbeginstoexisthasacause;Theuniversebeganto exist;Therefore:Theuniversehasacause.Beingabletogiveareasontowhyonebelieves somethingshouldbethefoundationofone'sbelief."Theuniverseeitherhadabeginningoritis eternal,thereisnomiddlegroundintheKalamCosmologicalargument"(Vitale103)Manywilltry andtakepremiseoneoftheargumentandsaythatinphysicsthereisnosuchthingas"nothing." Instead,skepticswillsaythattheuniversedoesn'tneedacreatorbecauseaccordingtothelawsof quantummechanicsitcanjustcomeintoexistencefromnothingThis"nothing"
...Getmorecontent...
SomeofthethreemajorargumentsfortheexistenceofGodarecosmological,ontological,and teleologicalarguments.Cosmologicalargumentisthereasoningthatthebeingoftheuniverseis powerfulprooffortheexistenceofaGodwhomadeitTherearetwomainformsofcosmological argument,themodalandtemporal.Modalcosmologicalargument,alsoknownastheargumentfrom contingency,recommendsthatbecausetheworldmaynothaveexisted,wethenneedsome clarificationofwhyitdoesexistWhenthereismorethanonelikelihood,somethinghastodecide whichofthepossibilitiesisunderstoodclearly.Thereforetheworldiscontingent,becausetherehas tobealogicalreasonforitsexistence.Thisformofargumentalsoclaimsthattheonlytypeof existencethatdoesn'tneedanyclarificationisabeingthatdoesnotfailedtoexistsuchasGod.
Temporalcosmologicalargument,alsoknownastheKalamargument,contendsthatallevidenceare thatthereisapointinlifeatwhichtheworldbegantoexist,andthatthisstartingmusteitherhave beencausedoruncaused.ThecosmologicalargumentusedbyAquinasdeclaresthatsincenothing originatesfromnothing.Thereforetheworldmusthavebeenbroughtintorealitybysomething outsideit,whichcanbecalled"God"
Ontologicalargumentisanargumentthatisnotbasedoninspectionoftheuniverse,butratheron rationalityaloneThistypeofargumentreasonsfromthestudyofbeingorexistence(ontology) ...Getmorecontent...
A.P.J.AbdulKalam
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia(RedirectedfromAbdulkalam)
ThisarticleisabouttheformerPresidentofIndia.Forthefreedomfighter,seeAbulKalamAzad.A. PJAbdulKalam
BR||11thPresidentofIndia|Inoffice 25July2002–24July2007|PrimeMinister|AtalBihariVajpayee
ManmohanSingh|VicePresident|BhaironSinghShekhawat|Precededby|KRNarayanan| Succeededby|PratibhaPatil||Born|15October1931(age79)[1]
Rameshwaram,MadrasPresidency,BritishIndia|Almamater|MadrasInstituteofTechnology| Profession|Aerospaceengineering|
AvulPakirJainulabdeenAbdulKalam(Tamil: showmorecontent
Thecitationsaidthathewasbeingrecognisedfor:*makingstate–of–the–arthealthcareavailableto thecommonmanataffordableprices;*bringingqualitymedicalcaretoruralareasbyestablishinga linkbetweendoctorsandtechnocrats;*usingspin–offsofdefensetechnologytocreatestate–of–the–artmedicalequipment;and*launchingtele–medicineprojectsconnectingremoterural–based hospitalstothesuper–specialtyhospitals
Itaddedthathewasaneminentscientist,agiftedengineer,avisionary,andahumanitarian.[12]
On13September2009,hewasawardedtheInternationalvonKármánWingsAward.[13]
TheGovernmentofIndiahashonoredhimwithsomeofthecountry'shighestcivilianawards:* PadmaBhushanin1981*PadmaVibhushanin1990*BharatRatnain1997forhisworkwiththe ISROandDRDOandhisroleasascientificadvisortotheIndiangovernment.
KalamwasthethirdPresidentofIndiatobehonoredwithaBharatRatnabeforebeingelectedtothe highestoffice,theothertwobeingSarvepalliRadhakrishnanandZakirHussain.Heisalsothefirst scientistandfirstbachelortooccupytheRashtrapatiBhavan
AfterhistenureasthePresidentheisnowavisitingprofessoratJ.S.S.University,Mysore.Hehas agreedtodeliveraminimumoffourlectureseveryyear.
ApjAbdulKalam
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––[edit]Booksand ...Getmorecontent...
LABOUTABDULDoyouknowwholovesfootballwellido,It'sAbdul.Abdulisapersonwho wantstobesomethingbiginthefuture.Abdulissomeonethatworkshardtogetgoodgradesanda resultofthatAbdulwouldliketobeanengineerwhenhegrowsup.Tostartoff,Abdulwouldlike togotoOaklandUniversity.HethinkthatOaklandUniversityisagreatandfunenvironment.Inthe college,AbdulwouldliketobeanengineerAbdulwouldliketobeanengineerbecauseheknows thatengineeringhastodowithmathandhis"specialty"ismath.Additionally,IfAbdulwas strandedonadesertthreepossessionswouldyouabsolutelyhavetohaveishisphone,foodand waterHewouldliketohavehisphonebecausehewon'tgetboredHewould
CompareAndContrastEssayAboutAbdul
...Getmorecontent...
Forthisreflectionoftheotherwise,AbdulaandIdecidedtomeetatthequadlikeweusuallydo. Thistimewedecidedtopickpeopleatrandom.Thismadethingsinterestingforusandourdecision. Foryinterview,Idecidedtotaketheeasywayoutandpickastudent(Patrick)thatIknewfrom AmericanSignLanguageClassthathappenedby.Thisinterviewwentwell.ButattheendofitIfelt likeIhadtoofferPatrickaninterviewbackforoneofhisclassestomakeitevenandnotindept AbdultohiscreditjustwalkedovertotheVoteforHillarybooth.Thiswentbetterthanexpected, andtheconversationwentdeeperwiththeindividualconsideringyouronlinepresenceasa"other".
Duringthiswebothdecidedtodoouttodinner
AbdulInterviewReflectionPaper
...Getmorecontent...
WilliamLaneCraigputsforthanargumentfortheexistenceofGodinKalam'sCosmological Argument.Inthis,Craigarguesthattheuniversebegantoexistandthecauseoftheuniverse's existencemusthavebeenGodKalam'sCosmologicalArgumentistryingtodemonstratethe impossibilityofanactualinfinite,whichstatesthattheuniverseiseternal–ithasalwaysbeenhere. Kalam'sCosmologicalArgumentgoesassuch:Whateverbeginstoexisthasacause–Theuniverse begantoexist–Therefore,theuniversehasacauseAndthiscauseisGod
ThefirstpremiseofKalam'sCosmologicalArgument–whateverbeginstoexisthasacause–must betrue.Bydenyingthefirstpremiseoftheargument,oneisdenyinganaturallaw.Thelawisthe LawofConservationofMatter,whichstatesthatmattercanneitherbecreatednordestroyed. However,thesecondpremisehashadmuchcontroversy.Howdoesoneknowthattheworldbegan toexist,insteadofitalwaysexisting?ThereisplentyofsciencetoproveitTheSecondLawof Thermodynamicsstatesthatweareslowlyrunningoutofenergy;therefore,iftheuniversewas eternal,itmostlikelywouldhaverunoutofenergybynow.Ithasalsobeendiscoveredthatour worldanduniverseareconstantlyexpanding,andthatifithasbeenexpandingthroughoutthepastit couldnotbeinfinite.Therewouldbeapointinthepastinwhichitallbegan.Soonecanconclude thattheuniverse,alongwithtimeandspace,begantoexist ...Getmorecontent...
GodselectedAbrahamtobethefatheroftheHispeople.ThebibledoesnotdirectlystatewhyGod selectedhim,butafterreadingscriptureonecanconcludethatGodselectedAbrahamduetohis greatfaith.Abraham'slifelendsitselfasanexampletoallwhodesiretowalkwithGod.
EARLYLIFE
AbrahamwasoneofthreesonsborntoTerahinthecityofUroftheChaldeans.Research conductedbyElmerTownsindicatesthatAbrahamwasyoungerthanhistwobrothers,Nahorand Haran,althoughthebibledoesnotspecificallyindicatethat(56)Theexactdateofhisbirthcannot bedetermined,butitisestimatedtohavebeenbetween2100and1800B.C.(Davis,159).Hewas bornafterthefloodandthroughthefamilylineofShem,tenshowmorecontent
ThebibledoesnotindicatehowlongAbrahamlivedinHaran,butitdoessaythatheremainedthere untilhisfather'sdeath.AtthisjunctureinAbraham'slife,Godagaincalledouttohim.
RESPONSETOGOD'SCALL
InreactiontoGod'scall,AbrahamdepartedHaranenroutetoCanaan.At75yearsofage,he abandonedhiswayoflifeassembledhiswife,hisnephewLot,hisservants,livestock,andmaterial possessionsandmovedinaccordancewithGod'sleading.Abraham'sobediencetoGodservesasan exampleforallbelieverstoemulate.Helefthis"comfortzone"oflivingtofollowGod'sspoken promiseseventhoughtherewasdefiniteuncertaintyastohowtheyweregoingtocometopass AbrahamsojournedinfaithasGodledhimonhisjourneythroughthelandofCanaan.He demonstratedapatternofrelianceonandfellowshipwithGodduringhistrekbybuildingaltarsat stopsalongthewayGenesis12:7pointsoutthatGodspoketoAbrahaminShechem,promisingthe landtohisdescendantsandAbrahamconstructedanaltar.Genesis12:8showsthatAbraham communedwithGodaftermovingfromShechemtoBethelbyerectinganaltar.Abraham's movementsthroughCanaanappeartobeatGod'sleadingandasaresultoftheircommunion,but Goddoesnotyetgivehimpossessionoftheland.Thelandthroughwhichheandhisfamilyare travelingisoccupiedbyotherinhabitantsAkeypointhereisthatwhileAbrahamandhisfamilyare travelingas
TheLifeofAbrahamEssayexample
...Getmorecontent...
InOsoyoosCanadatherewasalake.Thislakeisspecial.Thislakeismagical.Ababygirlemerges fromthelake.Sheisablondbeautifulbabygirl.Shelooksaroundandsee'ssteamrisingfromthe north.Sheheadsnorthandfindshernewfamilythere.Thesamedaytherewasavolcaniceruption nearthelake.Ababygirlemergedfromthevolcano.Shehadjetblackhairandfireinhereye's.She sawsmokecomingfromahousesoshecrawledallthewaytothehouseandfoundanewfamily Theygottothehouseatthesametime.Theysaweachotherandknewthegirlsweregoingtothe samehouse.Theyknockedandthenlaiddownholdinghands.Aladydressedforbedcameoutand sawthegirlsThemancameoutoncethewomanhadcalledhimTheywereabout25Theshow morecontent...
Kalamawassoenragedshedidn'teventalktoOceana.Kalamaranaway.Oceanastayedandtriedto makeabetterlife.Kalamafoundthedarkfireandputitintohertomakeherselfhappyagain. Kalamastartedtolighteverythingonfirethatwasinherway.Oceanafindsout.Oceanaknowsshe hastostophersisterOceanatravelstopariswherehersisterlivesKalamasenseshersisterand goesoutintothestreetstofindher.KalamafindsOceanaandsays"Whyareyouhereandwhatdo youwant?"OceanasimplyexplainsthatKalamaneedstostop.KalamarepliesIamhappierthan everbefore.OceanasaysbackYoutookdarkfireintoyourlifejustletitgoandIwilldestroyit.No fightmesaysKalama.Oceananodsherheadandthefightbegins.Theyshootblastsateachother andtheymeetinthemiddleOceanaisstrongersheturnedthefirewateragainstKalamaKalamais insomuchpainthedarkfireisletout.Oceanashootsthedarkfireandhitsit.Thedarkfirehasleft toregroupitwillbeback.OceanarunstoherKalama.Kalamaisbleedingeverywhere.Oceana healsherwithawaterspellKalamaandOceanawhereneverheardof
...Getmorecontent...
AbdulKalamaEssay
PART2:Writing
DR.APJABDULKALAM
–thepersonwhoinspireme–
Whatdoessomeonedotoinspireyou?Tome,inspirationistheprocessofinstillingfaithin someonetomotivatehimorhertodosomething.Manypeopledothingssimplyoutofthekindness intheirheart,anddonotrealizetheyareinspiringothersaroundthemTome,anewspaperboy whoisbecameanIndianscientistandalsoadministratorwhoservedasthe11thPresidentofIndia, inspiresmethemost.AvulPakirJainulabdeenAbdulKalamusuallyreferredtoasDr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam,isthemostmotivatertomystudyandlife.Heinspiresmetodothingsbyexample.For example,inDr.Kalamlife,hisfatherwasn'teducatedbuthewantedKalamtostudy.Dr....show morecontent
|Topicsentences|AvulPakirJainulabdeenAbdulKalamusuallyreferredtoasDr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam,isthe|
||mostmotivatertomystudyandlife.|
|Bodywithsupportingdetails|Heinspiresmetodothingsbyexample|
||Hisfatherwasn'teducatedbuthewantedKalamtostudy.|
||Afterhismorningclass,KalamalongwithhiscousinSamsuddinwentaroundtown|
||distributingthenewspaper|
||Asthetownhadnoelectricity,kerosenelampswerelitathishomebetween7pmand9pm.|
||ButbecauseKalamstudieduntil11,hismotherwouldsavesomeforhimforlateruse.|
||Dr.Kalamalwayssaidtostudentsthattosucceedinourmission,wemusthave|
||single–mindeddevotionto
...Getmorecontent...
ThePersonWhoInspireMe
|
Everyday,peopleallovertheworldconstantlyquestionhowlifewascreated.EverythingonEarth existsbecauseitwascreatedbysomething,whichmeansthatithasacause.Therefore,weshould supposethebeginningsofexistenceneedstobecausedbecauseeverythingthatexistsonEarthhasa cause.AsstatedintheKalamArgument,whateverhasabeginningmusthaveacause.Thecauseof thebeginningofexistencewasafreeandintelligentlymadechoicebyGod,thegiveroflife Additionally,weshouldacceptthattheuniversehasabeginningbecausetheuniverseexistsright now.Sincetheuniverseexists,accordingtotheKalamArgument,itmusthaveacause.Withoutthe existenceoftheuniverse,humanlifewouldnotbepossibleand
TheUniverseHasACauseInTheKalamArgument
...Getmorecontent...
BothRosemaryLaingandAbdulAbdullah,althoughtheydrawfromdifferentculturalandhistorical experiencesrepresentacommonthemeintheirworks.Theydrawfromsocialinjusticesandportray theseincontroversialandstrikingworks.Thesetopicsareoftenoverlookedorignored,the'political correctness'ofoursocietycausingustoforgetthestrugglesofotherpeopleandthefundamental issuesinoursocietyinregardwithtreatmentofpeoplethataredeemedas'lessthan'humanorasa blightonsocietyratherthanausefuladdition.Abdulpresentscontroversialideasandthemessuch asthediscriminationthatMuslimsfaceineverydaylife,the'expectation'allMuslimsareextremist, andthattheyareseenbysomeas'lessthanshowmorecontent
'JourneytotheWest'isaself–portraitofAbdulhimself,wearinga'monkeymask'.Heisplaces slightlyoffcentreinastagesetintraditionallavishMuslimweddingstyle.Abdulcreatedthese worktohighlightthistreatmentofMuslimsinhistown,butalsocommunitiesallacrossAustralia. HecreatedthisimagetoshowcasetheignoranceofgenuineMuslimsfaithandashowthey're treatedas'inhuman'Thestagingofthebackgroundreferencesweddingsaspartofhisreligious backgroundbutalsosomethinguniversalthroughoutallcultures,optimismforacceptanceinthe future.Thebeautyofthestage,instarkcontrasttothe'monkeymask',asimianmaskfromthe moviePlanetoftheApes.Elementssuchasline(showedintheflowofthecurtains)andcolour (goldsymbolisingprosperity,redrepresentingpassion)thefigurehasbeenplaceddeliberately,a portrayalofacreatureconsidered'lessthan'surroundedbythe'pureopulence'ofthelavishwedding setup.Principlessuchasbalance,emphasis,focalpoint,repetition,andunityhavebeenheavily utilisedandwould'veneededcarefulconsiderationasthecompositionisquitesignificantinthe imageThesettingofthestageinsuchasymmetricalwaymakeshisfigurestand
...Getmorecontent...
ComparingRosemaryLaingAndAbdulAbdullah
APJAbdulKalam:'ALeaderShouldKnowHowtoManageFailure'Abdulkalamfollowing qualitiestobeofutmostimportanceforacreativeleader.Leaderscannotgobacktoadictatorial style.Whoisthatcreativeleader?Youhavetoaskyourself?Whatarethequalitiesofthecreative leader?Thecreativeleadership,Idefine,'Thecreativeleadershipisexercisingthetasktochangethe traditionalrolefromcommandertocoach,managertomentor,fromdirectortodelegator,andfrom onehedemandsrespecttoonewhofacilitateself–respect.Thehighertheproportionofthecreative leadersinanation,thehigherthepotentialofsuccessofvisionslikedevelopedIndia.'Inconclusion, reverenceforlifeisindeedpossibleinrealsenseifshowmorecontent
Coordinationofallsuchinstitutions,whicharegeographicallyseparatedandorganizationally dispersed,isthemostdifficultjobwhichamanagerfaces.ThisisanareainwhichtheMMAcan findnovelmethodsofcoordinatingmultipleagenciesthroughvirtualorganisationstogeneratehome growntechnologyforapplicationinourproducts.Thisistheonlywaywecanmakeourproducts competitiveExpandingroleofmanagersandentrepreneursIndiahasdemonstrateditsimmense capabilitiesandcore–competencetotheworldwithlargetalentedmanpower.Onaccountofthe greenrevolution,Indiaisnowselfsufficientinfood.TheoperationfloodhasmadeIndia,thelargest producerofmilkintheworld.Healthserviceshavealsobeenimprovedsinceindependencewith increaseinlifeexpectancyfrom33to64years;fallininfantmortalityfrom148to71perthousand, anderadicationofdiseaseslikesmallpox,cholerathroughvaccinationetcSmall–scaleindustries provideasignificantpercentagetothenationalGDP.Indiaisinapositiontodesign,developand launchworld–classcommunicationandremotesensingsatellites.Indiaishavingcapabilityof buildinglargeThermalandNuclearpowerstationsDefenceresearchhasledtomanysignificant developmentsinweaponsystemslikestrategicandcruisemissiles,sonar's,
...Getmorecontent...
LeadershipQualityofAbdulKalamandAmbedkar
TheCosmologicalArgumentattemptstoprovethatGodexistsbyshowingthattherecannotbean infinitenumberofregressionsofcausestothingsthatexist.Itstatesthattheremustbeafinal uncaused–causeofallthingsThisuncaused–causeisassertedtobeGod
Argumentslikethisarethoughtuptorecognizewhyweandtheuniverseexist.TheCosmological Argumenttakesseveralformsbutisbasicallyrepresentedbelow
CosmologicalArgument
Thingsexist
ItispossibleforthosethingsnottoexistWhateverhasthepossibilityofnon–existence,yetexists, hasbeencausedtoexist.Somethingcannotbringitselfintoexistencebecauseitwouldhavehadto existtodoshowmorecontent
Weaknessesoftheargument
Oneoftheweaknessesoftheargumentisthatifallthingsneedacausetoexist,thenGodHimself mustalso,bydefinition,needacausetoexist.Butthisonlypushescausationbackandimpliesthat theremustbeaninfinitenumberofcauses,whichcannotbeThisiscontradictoryAlso,by definition,Godisuncaused.
Therearetwoformsofthecosmologicalargument.OneistheKalamargument:Likeall cosmologicalarguments,thekalamcosmologicalargumentisanargumentfromtheexistenceofthe worldoruniversetotheexistenceofGodTheexistenceoftheuniverse,suchargumentsclaim, standsinneedofexplanation.Theonlyadequateexplanation,theargumentssuggest,isthatGod createdit.
Whatdistinguishesthekalamcosmologicalargumentfromotherformsofcosmologicalargumentis thatitrestsontheideathattheuniversehasabeginningintimeModalformsofthecosmological argumentareconsistentwiththeuniversehavinganinfinitepast.Withthekalamcosmological argument,however,itispreciselybecausetheuniverseisthoughttohaveabeginningintimethat theexistenceoftheuniverseisthoughttostandinneedofexplanation
Theargumenthasthefollowingstructure:
(1)Everythingthathasabeginningofitsexistencehasacause ...Getmorecontent...
AbdulReflection
DuringmyfirstclassofCST100Iwasthrilledtogettoknowoneofmypeersalittlebetter,and introducehimtotherestoftheclass.First,IstartedmypresentationbyintroducingAbdul,thenI statedthathemovedtotheUnitedStatedfouryearsagofromSierraLeonewithhisfamily,which includeshiswifeIsiahanddaughterMaryomma.Second,ImentionedAbdulisveryFamily oriented,thereforehisfamilyplaysahugeroleinhislife,asasupportsystemwhilehefurthershis education.Third,IannouncedAbduliscurrentlystudyingChemistrywithplantobecomea Pharmacist.Abduldecidedtoexpandhisknowledgeinthisareaofstudiesbecausehe'sinterestedin howthebodyreactstomedicationInconclusion,IstatedAbdulwouldshowmorecontent Youhavetoconsideradditionalfactors,suchasrememberingthematerialandinsomecasesyou maybeunawarewhoyouraudienceis,thiscancauseatremendousamountofanxiety.Conducting apresentationthatyoucanprepareforisstilldifficult,butismorefeasiblebecauseitallowstimeto reallyunderstandyourtopic,thinkofinterestingpointandensureyourthoughtsareorganized.How canyouprepareforaplannedorunplannedpresentation?Myapproachwouldincludeasmall introductionandbulletpointsforthebodyofmypresentation;thiswillhelpensureIstayontrack allowinganeasyreferenceifIforgetmymainpoints.ComparedtomyclassmatesIcaneasilysayI wastheweakestpresenter,Iallowedmyanxietiestobedisplayedonmyface,myvoiceandthrough myactions.IfIcouldredothispresentationIwoulddressforsuccessbecausethiswillpromote moreself–confidence,usebulletspoints,andvisualize
...Getmorecontent...
Inthearticle,TheKalamCosmologicalArgumentbyTheodoreSchick,hestatesthatthereis scientificproofforexplainingthecreationoftheuniversebutthisproofalsoprovidesevidenceof whatothersbelieveshowstheexistenceofGod,whotothem,istheonewhocreatedthebigbang thatthencreatedtheuniverse.Withinthisarticle,thereareseveralargumentsthatliewithinthe mainpremisesoftheoverallargumentthatopposetotheideathatGodisthecreatoroftheuniverse Thisargumentwouldalsobedeductiveandinvalid.Whendoingthetestforvalidity,thereisa possibilitythattheconclusioncouldbefalsebecauseitmightnotnecessarilybeGodwhowasthe causefortheuniversebutratheritwasonlythesciencethat
...Getmorecontent...
TheKalamCosmologicalArgument
AmongvarioustheoriessupportingtheexistenceofGod,cosmologicalargumentsarestrongest. Thisconceptsuggeststhattheexistenceoftheuniversehasreason(Davies48).Cosmological argumentsconsiderhowtheuniversecameintoexistence.Thekalamcosmologicalargument supportsthetheorythattheuniversecouldnothavecommencedbyitself(Davies49).
DesignargumentsareweakestwhenassertingthattheexistenceofGodisattributableto characteristicsdisplayedbytheuniverse.Aquinasconcludedthatobjectswithoutknowledgecannot havegoalsunlessahigherpowerisdirectingthem(Davies76).Daviesusesanexampleofacorns consistentlygrowingintooaktreestosupportthisstatement(76)However,DavidHumesuggests that"orderintheuniversecouldeasilybetheresultofchance"(Davies79)....showmorecontent...
Designargumentsarelesspersuasive,becausetheregularityweexperienceintheuniversecouldbe duetochance(Davies79).
Therearesomeweakpointsincosmologicalarguments,however.Onemajorweaknessisthatthere isnowaytoprovetheexistenceoftheuniversehasacauseForexample,DavidHumebelievesthat ifwearecapableofimaginingauniversewithoutcause,thenitispossiblethattheuniversecould havebegunwithoutreason(Davies50).Anotherargumentstatesthattheuniverseisinfinite,andif thatisthecase,theneveryeventhasapredecessor.Thiswouldmeanthattherewasnobeginningof theuniverse(Davies53).
Therearefewstrengthsindesignargumentswiththeexceptionofhavinganexplanationforthe mundaneoccurrencesoflife.WhileIfinddesignargumentsintriguing,Icannotbelievethat inanimateobjectsreceiveinstructionfromagodlyentity.Cosmologicalargumentsaremore plausible,asitisnotdifficulttoacceptthetheorythattheuniversecameintoexistencebecauseof
...Getmorecontent...
KalamCosmologicalArgument
Intryingtoconvinceanopen–mindedindividualwhoisanon–believerthatthereactuallyisaGod, IwouldattempttousetheKalamArgument.Thisargumenthasbeenaroundforcenturiesbackto themedievalMuslims(Holt,2008).Theoverallbasisofthisargumentisthateverythinghasto beginsomewhere,theuniverseasadefinitebeginningandhascause,andthatcauseisGod, thereforeGodexists(Holt,2008)Thisargumenthasseenmanytransformationsoverthecenturiesit hasbeenused.ThemostrecentisfrommodernscienceandtheBigBangTheory(Holt,2008). Whenlookingforstrengthsinthisargumentonemustlookatthesimplicityoftheargument.Inthe simplestformyouhaveaGodwhocreatedeverythingTheuniverseatsomepointintimebeganto exist.ThisargumentstatesthatthecauseoftheUniversewasGod.ThisalsoconfirmstheBible's descriptionofcreation(Holt,2008).Thereareplentyofweaknesseswithinthisargument.Thefirst majorweaknessinthisargumentisthatifeverythinghasacausewhatcauseprovideduswitha God....showmorecontent...
WithadvancementsinDNAtestingandgenetictesting,theCosmologicalargumenthasahardtime explaininghowthisoccurred.Darwin'stheoryofnaturalselectionishardtodisregardwhenstudies showthat"[i]mplicationsofnaturalselectioninshaping99.4%nonsynonymousDNAidentity betweenhumansandchimpanzees..."(Wildman,Uddin,Liu,Grossman,Goodman,2003,p.7181).
Humanshave99.4%ofDNAthatisfoundinchimpanzees..."AlongwithalotthesameDNAthatis alsofoundinotheranimalssuchasmiceandpigsToaddtotheweaknessisthatarchaeologists continuetofindotherprimitivepeopleallacrosstheworld.Withtheuseofradiocarbondatingthere hasbeenevidenceshowingthatmanhasbeeninNorthAmericaaslongas50,000yearsago (UniversityofSouthCarolina,
KalamArgumentAnalysis
...Getmorecontent...
Grade6
Fillintheblankswithappropriatewords:
IWhenachildentersschoolathis/herfirstlevel,he/sheisnot to his/hermother'shand.He/sheisina stateofmind.He/sheexhibitsemotionsof and Theteacherwelcomesthechild
Thisfirststep ofthechildisagreatchangeinhislife.Whenhe/sheenterstheclass,he/shehasbeencomparedtoa andtheclasshasbeencomparedtoa (pupa).Itisherethatthechild, withthehelpandteachingsofhisteacher,gains overtimeandtheyarenowcompared toyoung whoarereadytostepintothe .
IIChoosethecorrectanswer
1Whathappensshowmorecontent
Thespeedingcar,aboltoflightning,hithimhard.Thecarhasbeencomparedtoaboltoflightning becauseitwas–
Averyfast
Bverybright
Cnotfondoffleas
Dveryold
4HerefusedtolistentoanybodyHeissuchamuleThemetaphorcompareshimtoamulebecause hewas
Aalwayseatingoats
Babletodohardwork
Craisedonafarm
Dverystubborn
5shecouldleaveherlittlesonwithanyoneandhedidn'ttroublethem.Heissuchanangel.The childhasbeencomparedtoanangelbecause
Aheiscute
Blookslikeanangel
Chedoesnottroubleanybodyatall
Dthemothercallshimanangel
6Hehassomuchenergyinhimthathecanworknon–stopforhours.Heisreallyahorse.Hehas beencomparedtoahorsebecause
Aheresemblesahorse
Bhehastheenergyandstaminaofahorse
Cheisasbigasahorse
Dheloveshorses
QuizofPrefixes
1Whatdoesthewordunhurtmean?
AhurtbadlyBhurtCnothurt
ASkitonDrApjAbdulKalam
2Ifyoutakeawaytheprefiximfromimpolite,thentherootwordispolite.
AtrueBfalse
3ifyouaddtheprefixuntothewordwrap,whatisthecorrectspellingofthenewword?
AunrapBunnwrapCunwrapDunwrapp
4Whatdoyoudoifyoure–readabook?
AreaditagainBreaditforthefirsttimeCdon'treadit
5ifyoutaketheprefixilawayfromthewordillegal,whatistherightword?
AllegalBlegalClegall
6Ifyouaddtheprefiximtotheword
...Getmorecontent...
TheSuccessoftheKalamCosmologicalArgumentinEstablishinganExistenceinGod
Thekalamcosmologicalargumentisanargumentfromtheexistenceoftheworldoruniverse–to theexistenceofGod,Ithinkthisiseffectivebecausetheexistenceoftheuniverse,sucharguments claim,standsinneedofexplanation,theonlyadequateexplanation,theargumentssuggest,isthatit wascreatedbyGod
Thisisbecauseitsaysthateverythingthathasabeginningofitsexistencehasacauseofits existenceandtheuniversehasabeginningofit'sexistence;soitmusthaveacausetoexist,andthis causeisGod,thereforeGodexists.Theargumentclaimsthateverythingthatbeginstoexisthas ashowmorecontent
Theproponentofthekalamcosmologicalargumentmustshowthatthiscannotbethecaseifthe argumentistobesuccessful.
Theideathattheuniversehasaninfinitepast,stretchingbackintimeintoinfinity,isboth philosophicallyandscientificallyproblematicAllindicationsarethatthereisapointintimeat whichtheuniversebegantoexist,eg/thebigbang.Thisbeginningwaseithercausedoruncaused. Thecosmologicalargumenttakesthesuggestionthatthebeginningoftheuniversewasuncausedto beimpossibleTheideaofanuncausedeventisabsurd;nothingcomesfromnothingTheuniverse wasthereforecausedbysomethingoutsideit,God.
WithoutGodtherewouldbeoneentity,theexistenceofwhichwecouldnotexplain,namelythe universe;withGodtherewouldbeoneentitytheexistenceofwhichwecouldnotexplain,namely GodPositingtheexistenceofGod,then,wouldraiseasmanyproblemsasitsolved,andsothe cosmologicalargumentwouldleaveusinnobetterpositionthanitfoundus.
ButthereisadistinctiondrawnbetweentheuniverseandGodisthattheuniversehasabeginningin time.Everythingthathasabeginningintime,thekalamcosmologicalargumentclaims,hasacause ofitsexistenceTheuncausedexistenceofGod,whodoesnothaveabeginningintime,is consistentwithit'sclaim.If
...Getmorecontent...
