FreedomofspeechistherightgiventoallUnitedStatescitizenstoexpresstheiropinionsopenly, withouthavingtofearlegalpunishment.However,theideaofthisfreedomgoesbackfarbeforethe UnitedStateswasevendeclaredanindependentcountryInthe16thcentury,Europeanthinkers suchasJohnLockebegantodiscussfreedomofspeechasabasichumanright,anecessityforafree andthrivingsocietyandawellgovernedcountry.IntheUnitedStates,freedomofspeechissplit intothreecategories:fullyprotected,limitedprotected,andunprotectedspeech.Freedomofspeech doesnotexactlymeanthatonecanordowhatevertheywantatalltimes,whichiswhythereare theseseveralcategoriesthatspecifywhatisprotectedbytheFirstAmendment,andwhatisnotA 1969courtdecisionTinkervs.DesMoinesisagreatexampleofwhatqualifiesasprotectedspeech. Ontheotherside,Chaplinskyvs.NewHampshirein1942showedthattheSupremeCourthas recognizedseverallimitedexceptionstoFirstAmendmentprotectionFreedomofSpeechissovery importantbecauseifpeoplecannotexpressthemselves,thentheycanneverreachandrealizetheir fullpotential.Therefore,inmyopinion,itissimplyimmoraltorobpeopleoftheirrighttosaywhat theywanttosay.FreedomofspeechisapartoftheFirstAmendmenttotheUSConstitution,which wasadoptedin1791,andstatesthat"Congressshallmakenolaw...abridgingthefreedomof speech"
FreedomOfSpeechByJohnLockeEssay
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLocke:AccountofPoliticalSociety
WhatwouldtheAmericangovernmentbeliketodayifitwasnotforthemindandpoliticaltheoryof JohnLocke?SomehistoriansandphilosophersbelievethatwithoutJohnLockeourgovernment wouldonlybeashadowofwhatitistodayArguably,oneofhismostimportantpoliticaland philosophicalworkswashisTwoTreatisesofGovernment.Therehearguesthatthefunctionofthe stateistoprotectthenaturalrightsofitscitizens,primarilytoprotecttherighttoproperty.John Locke,inmanyeyes,canbeviewedasoneofthefather'sofDemocracyHeembracedmanyof ideasinhistheoriesonthestateofnatureandtheriseofpoliticalsocietytoday.InLocke'spolitical society,
showmorecontent
Thisinessencemeansthatallmembersofthesocietyshouldbeequalunderthelawofjustice,and thatnomanisbetterthananother,sinceallmenarecreatedequal,andallareequalbeforethelaws ofnature"Everyoneasheisboundtopreservehimself,andnotquithisstationwillfully;sobythe likereasonwhenhisownpreservationcomesnotincompetition,oughthe,asmuchashecan,to preservetherestofmankind,andmaynotunlessitbetodojusticeonanoffender,takeany,or impairthelife,orwhattendstothepreservationofthelife,theliberty,health,limborgoodsof another,"(Lockepg117,6).Thatmeansthatnoindividualhastherighttotakeawaytherightsof anotherAsaresult,ifapersoncommitsacrime,thepeoplehavearighttopunishhimFor example,ifonemankillsanotherman'ssheep,thenthepeoplehavetherighttokilloneofhissheep withoutcommittingacrime.Besidestherighttoself–preservation,Lockealsobelievedthatall individualshadanaturalrighttoproperty,"thelabourofhisbody,andtheworkofhishands,we maysay,arepropertyhis,"(pg.128,27).Thisnaturalrightcarriedwithittwopreconditionsof naturallaw.First,sinceGodgavetheearthtoallindividuals,peoplemustbesuretoleaveenough propertyforotherstohave,thesecond
PoliticalTheoryofJohnLockeEssay
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLocke;bornonAugust29,1632,liveduptohislife.Hisworkisstillrememberedtothisday evenwithhisdeathonOctober28,1704."Wearelikechameleons,wetakeourhueandthecolorof ourmoralcharacter,fromthosewhoarearoundus."JohnLockesaidhimself.Hebelievedthatin ordertohavepeaceontheworldallpointsofviewneededtobeseen.Thismeltingpotofideas,if establishedintopoliticswouldresultinequalpowerThisiswhyJohnLockeisalsoknownasthe "FatherofLiberalism".JohnLocke'sphilosophydidinfactimpactcurrentAmericasincehesetthe foundationofthenatureofthegovernment,healsohadaphilosophyoneducationandconsidered educationtobeveryimportant,andlastlyhebelievedthatshowmorecontent
Tothisday,Americalivesuptoallthesephilosophies.Hewasatrueinspirationtomanygreat mindseventoThomasJeffersonhimself."thethreegreatestmenthathaveeverlived,withoutany exception"ThomasJeffersonsaidaboutJohnLocke.Firstofall,JohnLockehadtheinformation andintelligenceinordertobuildwhatAmericastandsontoday.Thegovernment.Accordingtothe FoundationsofAmericanGovernment,"Thedutyofthatgovernmentistoprotectthenaturalrights ofthepeople,whichLockebelievedtoincludeLife,Liberty,andProperty."Ifthegovernment failedtoprotecttheseindividualrights,thepeoplewouldhavethepowertofightandprotecttheir naturalrights.Lockewasthefirstpersontocomeupwiththeideathatpowerisbetterdivided. Today,Americaisseparatedintothreebranchesofgovernmenttheexecutive,legislative,andthe judicialbranchesOurworldwaschangedintohavingabsolutepowersinsocietyfromnow includingtheopinionsthatthepeoplehad.Lockehadapositiveoutlookandhewasabletoavoid tyrannyfromhappeningintheworld.AccordingtotheSecondTreatisesofGovernment,"The powerofthelegislative,beingderivedfromthepeoplebyapositivevoluntarygrantandinstitution, canbe
JohnLockeResearchPaper
...Getmorecontent...
Theenlightenmenteraaroseinthemodernculturalideologyofthe18thcentury,asideasamong philosophershadawidespreadeffectamongthesociety.Theageofenlightenment,inwestern society,projectedtherejectionoftraditionalChristianity,westernphilosophy,intellectualadvances, scientific,andculturallife,governmentlegitimacyandauthority.Upontheenlightenmentperiod multiplephilosophersemerged,theindividualsarosetoleadingfiguresusingreasontounderstand allaspectsofhumanlife.Themotivationsfortheenlightenmentcameprimarilyfromthe Englishmen,JohnLocke.JohnLockewasaphilosophicalinfluenceinbothpoliticaltheoryand theoreticalphilosophy,whichwasembracedamongtheeraof1789–1914andshowmorecontent ThisideologyisembracedduringtheFrenchRevolutionas"beforetherevolution,Frenchsociety wasgroundedintheinequalityofrights,"amongthecitizens.(Spielvogel578)TheFrenchwere dividedintoclasses,havingnovoiceamongthethreeestates,leadingtothenationalassembly.The nationalassembly,influencedbyJohnLocke'sideologyofrejectingroyalreignsuperiority,created theDeclarationoftheRightsofManandoftheCitizenLocke'sargumentofrevolutionagainst tyrannywasacceptedtobringreasonableruletothenationandcitizens.Thesameliberalistviewof overthrowingofrulerisseenduringthenapoleonrule.BenjaminConstantpublishedThePrinciples ofPoliticsadvocatingfortheregulationsofthegeneralswilloftheindividualsliberty, "distinguishingbetweensovereignty,authority,andindividualfreedom,"rightbeforeNapoleon's finaldefeat(PrimarySources342)
ManyofJohnLocke'sideaswereinputintotheDeclarationofIndependence,ashisprimarywords "life,liberty"andinsteadofproperty,thepursuitofhappiness,arethebasisoftheAmerican ConstitutionandDeclarationofIndependence.Locke'sargumentsconcerninglibertyinfluencedthe worksofJamesMadison,AlexanderHamilton,ThomasJefferson,ashisSecondTreatiseisimitated intheDeclarationofIndependence.Whenthefoundingfathersadoptedtheresolutionforthe nation's
JohnLocke
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLockeAndModernCapitalism
JohnLockewasaphilosopherthatdidn'tthinkhumanthoughtwasbasedonpureegoisticbehavior. Lockebelievedpeoplewerepartiallyaltruistic,believingthatpeoplerespectedtherightsofothers byrationalthoughtcapabilities.ThereisspeculationabouthowJohnLockewouldviewthemodern ideaofAmericanCapitalismandhowitwouldcomplementorconflicthisideaofthesocial contractIwillarguethatJohnLockewouldbeagainstthisinterpretationofmoderncapitalism Therearedifferentviewsofcapitalism,andtheseinterpretationscanchangepossibleoutcomesof howJohnLockecouldviewthem.Insteadoftryingtoarguewhymoderncapitalismisthis interpretation,I'mgoingtoonlymaketheargumentthathewouldbeagainsttheinterpretationof moderncapitalismprovided,whetherthisinterpretationissoundornot,fortheargumentisabout JohnLockedisagreeingwiththisinterpretationduetohisideaofthesocialcontract.Modern capitalismcanbeviewedaseveryonegetsafairchanceatbeingthebest.Whilesomestartoffahead ofothersintermsoffinancialresources,anyonehasachancetoownbusinesses,andmakeaprofit forthemselvesTheproblemhoweveriscommonbusinesstechniquesaredeceptiontogainmore powerandwealth,evenifitviolatescommonethicrulesliketruthandtrust.Whilethisisnever openlydiscussed,storiesoccasionallycomeupaboutthesepractices,butmostremainunknown, settledincourt.
TheSocialContract
...Getmorecontent...
Interview1–JohnLocke
Self:Whatisyourviewpointonthestateofnature?
Locke:Ibelievethatnaturallyallmenareequalandshouldhavethefreedomtocontroltheiractions andproperties,howevertheychoosetodosoButitshouldbewithintheboundaryofthelawof naturemeaningoneshouldrefrainfromplacingthemselvesintoanotherperson'srightsinlife, health,liberty,andproperty.WiththefreedomthatGodgrantedeachandeveryoneofus,weshall learntorespecttherightsgiventoothers
Self:Whatispeople'shumannaturelikeatbirth?
Locke:Atbirth,childrenarebornasblankslates,atabularasa,meaningthattheirmindisblank. Buttheyarebornwithnaturalinclinationssuchaswhattheir...showmorecontent...
WhatIcouldsayisasastudentgrowingup,IwasirritatedbytheschoolcurriculumatthattimeI hadnointerestsinthematerialtaughtatmyuniversityandratherpreferlearningabouttheworksof modernphilosophers.Buttherewasn'tanyfreedomformetoexpressmyinterestinthisarea becausethecoursewasn'ttaughtinmyuniversity.Intheend,Iwaseventuallyintroducedto medicineandtheexperimentalphilosophythroughmygoodfriendRichardLowerfromother universitiesButfromthisexperience,Isayit'simportanttobegrantedthefreedomofeducation andknowingwhatyourinterestslie,especiallyatanearlyage.Thus,it'sthenuptotheparentsto observetheirchildinordertocomeupwithasustainablemethodthatcanguideandmotivatethem topursuetheirinterests
Self:Howdoeslanguage,atypeofeducation,playaroleinourlives?
Locke:Languageisreallycommunication.Bychoosingspecificwords,wearecommunicatingour ideasbecauseeachwordattachedtoaspecificidea.Well,wordsare,oftentimes,misused.Words arearbitrary,especiallythosethatstandformorecomplexideas,soit'softendifficulttograspwhich wordsconnecttowhichideas.Theproblemisworsenedbythefactthatweoftenaretaughtwords beforeweunderstandwhatthewordrepresents.Thisisnotonlyaffectingeverydayinteractionsbut alsoinimportantfieldslike
JohnLockeEssayQuestions
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLockewasbornin1632.Heearnedhisbachelor'sDegreein1656andamaster'sdegreein 1658.In1690Locke'sAnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstandingappeared.Fromthiscame TabularasaThisthenlaidthefoundationforenvironmentalismLockewasanEnglishphilosopher whowasregardedasoneofthe"mostinfluentialofenlightenmentthinkers"and"importanttosocial contractsocial"(Wikipedia).Lockediedin1704neverbeingmarriedorhavingchildren.His theoriesareapartofwhatwepracticetoday
AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstandingisasetoffourbooksandwithinthisis"extremely longanddetailedtheoryofknowledgestartingfromtheverybasicsandbuildingup."(SparkNotes Editors,n.d.)Inthesefourbooksshowmorecontent
OneofmyfavoritequotesbyLockegoes"Noman'sknowledgeherecangobeyondhisexperience." IagreewiththisquoteBecauseofLocke'stheoryofthemindsknowledgetheterm environmentalismcameabout.
EnvironmentalismisthebeliefthattheenvironmentwilldeterminewhatachildbecomesThisis somethingIagreewith.Aswelookatallthedifferentenvironmentswehavegrownupinandthe environmentsourchildrenaregrowingupintheyareverydifferentForsometheseenvironments aredrasticallydifferent.Therearemanydiversefamilieswithsingleparenthome,samesexparents, grandparentsraisingchildren,andsomanyotherthingsthatcaninfluencetheenvironmentachildis growingupinbecauseofthesethingssomechildrenarenotreadyforkindergartenwhenthey shouldbeandarelackingtheskillsneededtomoveon.Thesehavebecomewhatisknownas "disadvantaged"children/schools.AsanexampleIgrewupinaprettyniceneighborhoodwith middleclassfamiliesmyenvironmentwasonmysideandIthrivedinschool.Nowontheotherside ofthetracksisanareathatisofpovertyandarestrugglingtogetbythosearetheareaswherethere arehighernumbersofhighschooldropoutsandcrimeratesbecausetheydidnothavethe environmenttoshowthemhowtoactandbehaveinsociety.Theirenvironmentgavethemalackof knowledgetheydidnothaveatbirth.Thentherearethosewhohavefaced
...Getmorecontent...
agreewithmeonthis.HewouldexpecttheMayortobefair,andhonesttohiscity.Hisconceptofa StateofNaturewasthat"ofperfectfreedominwhichpeoplenaturallycooperatedforthecommon good",notforpersonalbenefitinthiscasewiththeMayor(LessonWeek3).Lockebelievesthat peopleare"equalandindependent",thattheyjustwanttobegovernedandprotected,"whatthey yieldtotheirgovernorinexchangefortheabilitytogoabouttheirlivesandbusinesses"(Week3 Lesson).TheMayordidn'tapplySocialContractintohisaction,hedidn'tthinkaboutthesafetyand benefitofhiscity.
Inthissecondsituation,Ithinkit'sunethicalandethicalforthecollegeinstructortousethesame lectures,thesameassignments, ...Getmorecontent...
JohnLocke'sArgument
InthisessayIarguethatthelatephilosopherLockehasthemostcompellingtheoryofmetaphysics.
First,IexplainLocke'spointthatallhumansarebornasTabulaRasa,inordertogainbasic understandingofwhereLockebeginshistheory.Second,IdiscusshowLockeargueshowwe obtainknowledge,empiricismandrepresentationalism,andknowledgeabouttheworkvaries betweenstrongandweakinferencesThird,IwillprovidecounterexamplestoLocke'sideas,and willexplainwhythesecounterexamplesworkforLocke'stheoriesprovided.Finally,Iaddresssome ofthewaysthatLockemightrespondtomyobjections.Thefollowingparagraphwillbeusedto defineandunderstandtheconceptsofthefollowingkeytermsthatLockeuses:showmore content...
Lockefurthershisowntheoryofthisbystatingthathumansarenotbornwithinnateideas (Matheis).WithwhatLockestates,weashumanscanreasonthatwearebornwithoutany knowledgeandeverythingthatwelearnisputontoourblankslate.TheTabulaRasaisimportant becauseitalsogivesusabasicunderstandingtoLocke'slaterargumentsandtheoriesLockeargues thatifweallhadaninnateideawewouldn'tneedtousereasontodiscoverthembecausetheywould alreadybepresentinthehumanmind.Although,Locke'sideaaboutblankslatesisaverylogical idea,thereareafewflawswithin.Innateknowledge,whichwasproducedasanideafromPlato statesthatwealreadylearnedeverythingpriortobeingborn,wearejustsimplyexperiencingand recollectingknowledgefromoursoulthatwehadbeforeourphysicalbirthPlatowasnottheonly philosopherthatsupportedtheideaofinnateknowledge.Descartesalsobelievedininnate knowledgeovertheTabulaRasa,hebelievedintheinnateideasofGod.Kantalsobelievedthatwe hadasenseoftime,space,causalityandcomparisonfrominnateknowledge(Al–Rodhan)Locke thengoesfurtherintohistheorybystatingthatallknowledgebeginswithsensoryexperiences. Lockestatesthateverythingthatislearnedfromourexperiencewithobjects.Sincewearebornasa TabulaRasaweknownothing,soknowledgeisthemostvaluablekey.Locke
EssayJohnLocke
...Getmorecontent...
TheUnitedStatesConstitutionhasagreatimpactonAmerican'slife.TheU.S.Constitution recognizedAmerica'snationalgovernment,fundamentallaws,andguaranteedcertainbasicrights foritscitizens.Outofallthephilosophers,JohnLocke'sphilosophyhadthegreatestimpactonthe decisionsthatweremadeatthePhiladelphiaConventionandthewritingoftheUnitedStates ConstitutionLockeintroducedtheideasofnaturalrightsandlimitedgovernment JohnLockehadmanyaccomplishments.JohnLockehaspublicmaysignificancewriting;Essay ConcerningHumanUnderstandingin1689,TwoTreatiesofGovernmentin1690,andLetters ConcerningTolerationin1689–1692JohnLocke's"EssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding" definedthetheoryofhumanknowledge,identityandselfhood.Inhis"TwoTreatisesof Government"believingthatthelegitimacyofgovernmentreliesonconsentfromitscitizenswhich isgivenonthebasisofequality.Agovernmenthasthedutytoprotectthenaturalrightsofits people,iftheyfailtoprotecttheserights,thecitizenhavetherighttooverthrowthegovernment. ThiswritingshowsJohnLockebeliefsin"life,liberty,andproperty"Inhis"LettersConcerning Toleration,"...showmorecontent...
Constitution.JohnLocke'sbeliefof"life,liberty,andproperty"wasthemostinfluenceonthe American.BesidetheMagnaCarta,PetitionofRights,andEnglishBillofRights,Lockealsohasa greatinfluenceoflimitgovernment.Locke'sSocialContracttheorywastoprotectthebasicrightsof thepeople,itfortherightofcitizenstorevoltagainsttheirkingSocialcontractisaconvention betweenmenthataimstodiscardthestateofnature.AccordingtoLocke,theStateofNatureisa stateofperfectandcompletelibertytobehaviorone'slifeasonebestperceivesfit,andfreefromthe interferingofothersAlsofromLocke'sviewofStateofNature,hebelievesitwasgivenby
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLocke'sInfluenceOnTheUSConstitution
JohnLocke
JohnLocke,bornonAug.29,1632,inSomerset,England,wasanEnglishphilosopherandpolitical theorist.LockewaseducatedatChristChurch,Oxford,wherehefollowedthetraditionalclassical curriculumandthenturnedtothestudyofmedicineandscience,receivingamedicaldegree,buthis interestinphilosophywasreawakenedbythestudyofDescartes.Hethenjoinedthehouseholdof AnthonyAshleyCooper,latertheearlofShaftesbury,asapersonalphysicianatfirst,becominga closefriendandadvisorShaftesburysecuredforLockeaseriesofminorgovernmentappointments In1669,inoneofhisofficialcapacities,Lockewroteaconstitutionfortheproprietorsofthe CarolinaColonyinNorthAmerica,butitshowmorecontent
Therearealsoimmaterialsubstancesassociatedwithhumanbodies.Thesebodieshavesense organs,whichwhenstimulatedproduce"ideasofsensation."Theseideasareoperatedonbyour mindstoproduce"ideasofreflection"Thesetwotypesofideasarethematerialofourthoughts, perception,andconsciousness,whichareallderivedfromexperience;wecanhavenoknowledge beyondourideas.Inperception,accordingtothisview,wearenotdirectlyawareofphysical objects;wearedirectlyawareoftheideasthatobjects"cause"inusandthat"represent"theobjects inourconsciousness.Ourideasofprimaryqualitiesofobjects,orthemathematicallydeterminable qualitiesofanobject,suchasshape,motion,weight,andnumber,actuallyexistintheworld Secondaryqualities,thosewhicharisefromthesenses,donotexistinobjectsastheyexistinideas. AccordingtoLocke,secondaryqualities,suchastaste,"arenothingintheobjectsthemselvesbut powerstoproduceideasinusebytheirprimaryqualities"Whenanobjectisperceived,aperson's ideasofitsshapeandweightrepresentqualitiestobefoundintheobjectitself.Colorandtaste, however,arenotcopiesofanythingintheobject.Genuineknowledgecannotbefoundinnatural sciencesincetheessenceofphysicalobjectsthatsciencestudiescannotbeknown.
LockeisbetterknownforhispoliticalthoughtThefirstoftheTwoTreatisesofGovernmentisa refutationofthe
JohnLockeEssay
...Getmorecontent...
ComparingJohnLockeagainstDavidHume:Empiricism
JohnLockeandDavidHume,bothgreatempiricistphilosopherswhoradicallychangedtheway peopleviewideasandhowtheycomeabout.Althoughsimilarintheirbeliefs,thetwohavesome quitekeydifferencesinthewaytheyviewempiricismLockebelievedincausality,andusedthe exampleofthementalobservationofthinkingtoraiseyourarm,andthenyourarmraising,whereas Humebelievedthatcausalityisnotsomethingthatcanbeknown,asadirectexperienceofcause, cannotbesensedLockebelievedthatallknowledgeisderivedfromoursenses,whichproduce impressionsonthemindwhichturntoideas,whereasHume'sbelievedthatallknowledgeisderived fromexperiences,showmorecontent
Humerejectedlockestheoryofexperiencingcause.Hearguedthatyoudonotfeeltheconnection betweenyourmindandarm,andthusdon'tsensethecauseofthemusclescontractingtoraiseyour armCause,inHume'smind,isasyntheticexperienceusedtoexplaintheunobservablethingsin reality.Tohelpexplainheusedthebilliardballexperiement.BallAishitandputintomotion towardsballB.WhenballAcollideswithballBthecauseofballB'smovementisnotexperienced, thereisnoobservableconnectionbetweenthetwo.Thiswouldmeanthatthereisnowaytobe certainthateverytimeBallAcollideswithballBthatballBwillmove,ballAcouldjustaslikely bounceoffandbeginrollinginarandomdirectionHebelievdthatthereisnowayofknowingfor certaintheoutcomeofaneventwithoutbeingabletoperceivethecause.
JohnLocke'stheoryofknowledgestatedthatallknowledgeisderivedfromthesenses,thatare convertedintoimpressions,thatarethenmadeintoideas,eithersimpleorcomplex.Simpleideasare onesthatinvolveonlyonesense,whereascomplexideasconsistofmultiplesimpleideasbeing combinedtocreateavividone.Ideashavetwoqualities,primaryqualities,andsecondaryqualities. Primaryqualitiesarethingsthatareperceivedthesameforeveryone,andsecondaryqualitiesarethe individualperceptionsof
ComparativeEssayDavidHumevs.JohnLocke
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLockewasbornonAugust29,1632thesonofacountryattorneyand.Lockegrewupinand duringthecivilwar.In1652,heenteredtheChristChurch(Oxford)whereheremainedasastudent andteacherformanyyears.LocketaughtandlecturedinGreek,rhetoric,andMoralphilosophy. Locke,afterreadingworksofDescartes,developedastronginterestincontemporaryphilosophical andscientificquestionsandtheories
In1666,LockemetLordAnthonyAshleyCooper,andfromthenon,thislifelongrelationshipand associationhelpedtochangethecourseofLocke'scareer.CoopermadeLockehispersonal secretaryandconfidentialadviserIn1675,Lockebecameveryillandwasforcedtoleavehis employmentandresideforfouryearsin...showmorecontent...
Iwasbroughtupinafreedomlovinghome;withfamilyineitherthemilitaryorbusiness,I'mfairly surethatthishadaninfluenceonmeandonwhatexperienceswereavailabletomeatayoungage. Sofollowingthetabularasaidea,Iwastaughtandlearnedtolovethefoundingfathersandthe idealsoftheconstitution
AswehavestudiedLockethissemester,andwhenIwasinhighschool,Ihavelearnedwheremany oftheideasthatIhavegrowntolikecomefrom.ThisguidedmetoreadmoreofJohnLocke'swork andsolidifiedtheinfluencehehashadonmythoughtspoliticallyandotherwise.
Menarenotentirelyevilinnature,andallarecreatedequal,menandwomenalike.Icouldn'tagree moreandthisiswhatIhavebeentaughtathomeandreligiouslyandwhenIgottoanageto questionthingsanddecideifIagreedwithwhatIhadbeentaughtIfeltitwasaccurate.Whenyou comparetwopeoplethereisnoreasontosuggestthatoneisanybetterthantheother,whilethey mayhavechosendifferentpathsorhaddifferentexperiencesandvalues,theyareeachpeopleand havethesamevalueasaperson.JohnLockelobbiedthateveryonestartsonanequalplayingfield. Peoplethenderivevaluefromwhattheydo,inmanycaseswhatlaboritisthatthey
JohnLocke
...Getmorecontent...
LockewasanEnglishphilosopher.HeattendedWestminsterschoolandthenChristChurch UniversityofOxford.Hemajorodinmedicine.Johnwasinfluentialbecausehewasthefatherof classicalliberalism.Johnwasalsothegreatestenglishphilosopher.JohnLockewasbornAugust 29th1632inWrington,SomersetEngland.Hismotherdiedduringhisinfancy,hewasraisedbyhis dadHewasbornintoawealthyfamilyHewasbornasacountrylawyerinEnglandHisdad servedinthemilitaryasacaptainduringtheEnglishCivilWar.Hewasverysmart.Hegraduated withabachelor'sdegreeinmedicine.Johnwasagreatwriter.HetraveledtoFrancejusttowrite aboutitHewassosmarthehelpedtreatagirlwithlivercancerHewasa
JohnLockeInfluenceOnEducation
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLocke,knownasthefatherofclassicalliberalism,wasaBritishphilosopherofthe enlightenmentandwasaveryinfluentialcharacterduringhistime.Hisinfluencescamefromthe literaturehewrotelike"TwoTreatisesofGovernment","AnEssayConcerningHuman Understanding"and"ALetterConcerningToleration".Notonlyknownforhiswriting,butfor beingalife–savertotheShaftesburyparty,hewasanintelligentandinterestingman
JohnLockewasbornonAugust29of1632goingontostudyintheWestminsterschool.Afterhis studieswerefinishedtherehewentontostudyintheUniversityofOxfordwherehestudied medicineandexperimentalphilosophy.YearslaterhemettheEarlofShaftesbury,AnthonyCooper thathelpedhiscontinuehisstudiesinmedicinewhichcameintoactioninmanyways;thiscouldbe seenin"AnEssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding".WhenCoopersdiseasebecameabigger problem,hecoordinatedmanyphysiciansgetridofhiscysthelpingAnthonyCooperlivewellafter thatandalsobeingseenasthepersonwhosavedhimJohnwasseenasaheronow,butwaslater seenasapromoterofrevolution.
DuetotheinfluencesthatShaftesburyhadonhimpoliticallyhestoodinoppositionoftheTories andpushedforconstitutionalmonarchy.Hethenwrote"TwoTreatisesofGovernment".Thiswork wasstandingagainstconstitutionalmonarchyandothertopicslikenaturalrightsofmanHewas alsoundersuspicionoftheRyeHousePlot,which
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLockeLeaderEssay
JohnLockewassomeonemorethanjustanordinaryman.Hewasthesonofa countryattorneyandbornonAugust29,1632.Hegrewupduringthecivilwarandlater enteredtheChurchofChrist,Oxford,whereheremainedasastudentandteacherfor manyyears.(Rivitch23)Withawidevarietyofpoliticalandreligiousviews,he expressedmostofhispersonnelviewsoneducationandsocialandpolitical philosophies.Oncehenotedthefivelastingpleasuresthroughouthiscareerwerehealth, goodnews,knowledge,doinggood,andeternalparadiseManyofhisviewsboth politicalandreligiouswerefoundtobefamousthroughouthistoryinmanycountries.
Lockewasoneofthefirstpeoplethatthoughtreligion...showmorecontent... (Squadrito43)Manyofthesethoughtswerelaterembodied intheconstitution.Someoftheseideas,suchasthoserelatingtonaturalrights,property rights,thedutyofthegovernmenttoprotecttheserightsandtheruleofthemajorityare usedinmanyplacestothisday.Healsobelievedthatmanbyhisnaturehadcertain inalienablerightsandduties(Rivitch12)Theserightsincludedlife,liberty,and ownershipofproperty.Byliberty,Lockemeantpoliticalequality.Thetaskanddutyof thegovernmentofanystatewastoprotectmansrights.Lockebelievesthatthe governmentshouldprotecthumanrightsbetterthanindividualscouldonthereown,and ifitdidn'tadequatelyprotecttherightsofthecitizens,thentheyhadtherighttofind otherrulers.(Squadrito34)
Lockealsosaidthatthegovernmentshouldbesplitup.Thereshouldbethree
TheInfluenceofJohnLockeEssayexamples
branches,thelegislative,executive,andthejudicial.Hesaidthatrevolutionwasnotonly arightbutoftenanobligation,andheadvocatedasystemofchecksandbalancesinthe governmentfromthesethreebranchesHesaidthatthelegislativeshouldbethemost
J.Mathis4 powerfulbranch,butnotpowerfulenoughtododamagetothegovernmentandstate.
(Eisenach11)Theexecutivebranchwouldhavecertainpowersoverthelegislativeand thejudicialovertheotherbranches
...Getmorecontent...
JohnLockeJohnLockeisconsideredtobeEngland'smostprominentphilosopher.Hewasborn August29,1632inasmalltownofSomerset,whichissouthofBristol,England.Lockewasthe oldestofthreechildren.Hismotherdiedwhenhewas22yearsoldandLockespokeofhervery well.Locke'sfatherwasaPuritanattorneyandclerktoajusticeofthepeaceinthetownwhere LockewasbornHewasverystrictwithhissonwhenhewasyoungerwhichLockelaterbelieved thatparentsshouldbestricterandlessindulgenttowardstheirchildren.JohnLockewasraisedina homethatwasveryconcernedwitheducation.Hewaseducatedmostlyindoctrinesofpolitical libertyandalwayssurroundedbyimportantpoliticalfiguresshowmorecontent
In1671LockewrotetwodraftsofhisessaywhichrevolutionizedEnglishphilosophy.Hisessay wasabouttheprinciplesofmoralityandrevealedreligion.Lockeconcludedthatquestionsabout religiousandmoralprinciplescouldbeansweredonlyafterthoroughinvestigationofthehuman understandingandofhumanknowledge.5Hehadmanytheoriesandideas,whichhespentmostof hislifetryingtofindtheanswerstoLockebelievesthat"everythingexistingoroccurringinamind eitherisorincludesanidea;andallhumanknowledgebothstartsfromandisfoundedonideas".6 Hisideasandessayscausedpeopletogetupsetbecauseofthenewnessoftheideas.Lockebelieved thateveryoneshouldbeequaltopursuewhatheorshewants.Hebelievedthateveryoneisborn perfectandyoubuildonwhathappentoyouinyourlife.Thisisthetheoryofblankslate.Atthis timeinhistorythereweremanydifferenttheoriesaboutwhyhumansweretheywaytheywereand whatmadepeopleevil.Lockebelievedthatsocietyandyoursurroundingswerewhatmadepeople badorevil.Locke'smainbeliefwasin"Life,Liberty,andProperty"andheshowedallofthisinthe wayheinfluencedsocietywithhisideasJohnLockenotonlyinfluencedthepeopleofhistime,but heisalsostillinfluencingustoday.Hemadeusthinkaboutourselvesandourrelationstotheworld welive
JohnLockeEssay
...Getmorecontent...
ThispaperisaboutJohnLockewhowasaphilosopherinthe17–century.HewasanEnglishmen andhisideasformedthebasicconceptforthegovernmentandlaws,whichlaterallowedcolonistto justifyrevolution.IagreewithwhatLockeissayingbecauseeverybodyshouldbeabletohavetheir ownfreedomandstillrespectthefreedomofotherpeople.Johnsaid,"Individualshaverights,and theirdutiesaredefinedintermsofprotectingtheirownrightsandrespectingthoseofothers"This paperwillpresenttoyouinformationabouthisenlightenment,personalinformation,andhowweas peoplefeelabouthisdecisions.TheEnlightenmentisatimeinhistorywhentherewasawantin greaterknowledgeordiscoveryJohnhadashowmorecontent
OnAugust291632JohnLockewasborninatownnamedWringtonandlivedinasmallSomerset village.HismotherdiedwhenJohnwasataveryyoungage.Hisfatherwasacountrylawyerand diedacoupleyearsafterhismother.HewenttoWestminsterin1646andthenOxfordin1652.In 1666JohnstartedpracticingmedicineonLordAshley.AshleyandLockebecameknowntobecome goodfriendsIn1668LockewaselectedtobeintheRoyalSocietyTheRoyalSocietywasfor improvingnaturalknowledge.Johndidalotofamazingthingsinhislifetimeandheaccomplished alotandtheonethingthatinfluencedJohnthemostwasmostlikelytobethathisparentsdiedata veryyoungageandthatusuallyhasagreateffectonchildrenthatcanlaterleadintoadulthood. Johnwentintogovernmentwhenhebecamefriendswiththefirstearl,ahighbishopnoble,of Shaftesbury,wherehedefinednaturalrightsaslife,liberty,andpropertyWhenhedefinedthe naturalheaffectedAmericasFoundingFathers.Hewrotetwomajorbookstothegovernmentcalled FirstandSecondTreatise.ThesebookswerewrittentodefendtheGloriousRevolution.Inthe secondtreatiseheexplainedtothemthatmenandwomenwerefreetopursueanddefendtheirown interest.Thisledtoabrutalwar.Lockenotethattheonlywayoutwastomakeasocialcompact. Whatitmeansisthatpeoplewillhavefreedomtothemselveswithhavingagovernmentandlaws.
EssayonJohnLockeandtheEnlightenment
...Getmorecontent...
JohnathanRobert'slifehasbeencharacterizedbyakeenabilitytoselfteach.Attwoyearsold,he sufferedanaccidentthatbrokehisfemur.Withinweeksofhiscastebeingremoved,herelearnedthe skillofwalking.AtnoolderthansixyearsoldJohnathanhadreceivednumerousearsurgeriesyet refusedtoallowhisspeechtoreflectanyofhishearingloss.Bytheageofseven,hehadeffectively taughthimselfhowtoreadandwriteAccordingtothephilosophyofJohnLocke,Johnathan's knowledgedidnotcomefrominnateideasorprinciples,butratherfromexperiencesandsensations. AlthoughJohnLocke'sthoughtsweremonumental,flawsexistintherejectionofinnateideas.John Lockebeginshisargumentwithaweightyshowmorecontent
Doubting,believing,reasoning,andknowing,allconstitutedifferingformsofreflection.Whenthe twoseparateconceptspurposedbyLockearecombined,theresultisaclaimthatexperiencesshape humanknowledgeandideas.Followingthediscussionofknowledge,Lockedelvesintoaseparation oftwodistinctformsofideas.Initially,simpleideasarescrutinized.Asimpleideaisonethatmay beexaminedsingularlyForexample,whenapersonviewsatangerinethecitricscentandthe orangecoloraresimpleideas.Anindividual'sfivesensesarewhatcomposesimpleideas.Colors, weight,smell,taste,texture,areindividualsimpleideas.Beforemovingontocomplexideas,Locke differentiatesbetweenqualitiesthatcomposeideas.Thetwoqualitiesareprimaryandsecondary qualitiesofanobject.Aprimaryqualityisanythingthatis,"inseparablefromthebody,inwhatstate soeveritbe;andsuchasinallthealterationsandchangesitsuffers,alltheforcecanbeuseduponit, itconstantlykeeps"(StumpfandFieser,197).Solidity,extension,figure,andmobilityare consideredbyLocketobeprimaryqualities.Secondaryqualities,ontheotherhand,consistoftraits thatexistwithinthemindsofthepersonsperceivingtheitems"Bulk,figure,texture,andmotionof theirinsensibleparts,ascolors,sounds,tastes,ect.TheseIcallsecondaryqualities,"Lockestated (StumpfandFieser,197–198).FinallyJohnLockeconcludeshis
ThePhilosophyofJohnLockeEssay
...Getmorecontent...
