Research book

R IO ES N P M RO EA AL IS F R G SCSIS ES AR CH A H SIP SO C 4 + RD O P R 5 D E O I A 3 E N L ST L 6- V P O A EX 0 E R F T I 2 LO O A E S FA P J R U G L M E C N R L E C H IV E 2 N T IT E G 0 T EC R OR 15 TU SIT Y R Y E

U C AT

ED

EDUCATIONAL GARDEN PROJECT | PROFESSOR ALEXIS GREGORY | ARC 4536-02 | FALL 2015

STUDENTS: Ashton Aime Conner Ansley Anna Barr Aaron Ellzey Brandon Fairbanks Sam Goodwin Joshua Johnson Ben Marshall Lucas Posey Morgan Powell Spencer Powell Jared Robinson Nathan Thomas Zac White EDITOR: Ashton Aime PROFESSOR: Alexis Gregory, AIA CONSULTANTS: Critz Campbell Richard Harkess, PH.D. Chris Howe Jeffrey Johnson Lorianna Livingston Ethan Norvell Elizabeth Payne-Tofte John Poros Hunter Stewart Stephanie Stiglmeier Justin Taylor Brian Templeton Spencer Waschenbach

2015 School of Architecture College of Architecture, Art, & Design Mississippi State University Printed by Blurb.

All rights reserved.

All photographs and drawings are courtesy of the students unless otherwise noted. All efforts have been made to obtain lawful permission to reprint copyright images. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manor without written permission from the publisher, except for copying permitted by sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except for reviews for the public press.

Every effort has been made to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinions, or statements appear in this Portfolio. The data and analysis appearing in the context herein are the responsibility of the contributors concerned.

01

ADA, BUILDING CODES, & ZONING

1-26

02

SITE VERIFICATION

27-34

03

SITE ANALYSIS

35-52

04

PROGRAM

53-62

05

PRECEDENT RESEARCH

63-82

06

SUSTAINABILITY

83-97

01

ADA, BUILDING CODES, & ZONING ADA RAMPS ADA OBSTRUCTIONS ADA SIGNAGE ADA PARKING BUILDING CODES NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH ZONING

ADA RAMPS 405.2 Ramp runs shall have a running slope not steeper than 1:12.

EXCEPTION: In existing sites, buildings, and facilities, ramps shall be permitted to have running slopes steeper than 1:12 complying with Table 405.2 where such slopes are necessary due to space limitations.

405.3 Cross Slope. Cross Slope is the slope of the surface perpendicular to the direction of travel. Cross slope is measured the same way as slope is measured (i.e., the rise over the run).

405.4 Floor or Ground Surfaces. Floor or ground surfaces of ramp runs shall comply with 302. Changes in level other than the running slope and cross slope are not permitted on ramp runs.

405.5 Clear Width. The clear width of a ramp run and, where handrails are provided, the clear width between handrails shall be 36 inches minimum.

EXCEPTION: Within employee work areas, the required clear width of ramps that are a part of common use circulation paths shall be permitted to be decreased by work area equipment provided that the decrease is essential to the function of the work being performed.

405.6 Rise. The rise for any ramp run shall be 30 inches maximum.

405.7 Landings. Ramps shall have landings at the top and the bottom of each ramp run. Landings shall comply with 405.7.

405.7.1 Slope. Landings shall comply with 302. Changes in level are not permitted.

EXCEPTION: Slopes not steeper than 1:48 shall be permitted.

405.7.2 Width. The landing clear width shall be at least as wide as the widest ramp run leading to the landing.

405.7.3 Length. The landing clear length shall be 60 inches long minimum.

405.7.4 Change in Direction. Ramps that change direction between runs at landings shall have a clear landing 60 inches minimum by 60 inches minimum.

405.7.5 Doorways. Where doorways are located adjacent to a ramp landing, maneuvering clearances required by 404.2.4 and 404.3.2 shall be permitted to overlap the required landing area.

405.8 Handrails. Ramp runs with a rise greater than 6 inches shall have handrails complying with 505.

EXCEPTION: Within employee work areas, handrails shall not be required where ramps that are part of common use circulation paths are designed to permit the installation of handrails complying with 505. Ramps not subject to the exception to 405.5 shall be designed to maintain a 36 inch minimum clear width when handrails are installed.

3

4

405.9 Edge Protection. Edge protection complying with 405.9.1 or 405.9.2 shall be provided on each side of the ramp runs and at each side of ramp landings.

EXCEPTIONS: 1. Edge protection shall not be required on ramps that are not required to have handrails and have sides complying with 406.3.

2. Edge protection shall not be required on the sides of ramp landings serving an adjoining ramp run or stairway.

3. Edge protection shall not be required on the sides of ramp landings having a vertical drop-off of ďż˝ inch maximum within 10 inches horizontally of the minimum landing area specified in 405.7.

405.9.1 Extended Floor or Ground Surface. The floor or ground surface of the ramp run or landing shall extend 12 inches minimum beyond the inside face of a handrail complying with 505.

405.9.2 Curb or Barrier. A curb or barrier shall be provided that prevents the passage of a 4 inch diameter sphere, where any portion of the sphere is within 4 inches of the finish floor or ground surface.

406 Curb Ramps 406.1 General. Curb ramps on accessible routes shall comply with 406, 405.2 through 405.5, and 405.10.

406.2 Counter Slope. Counter slopes of adjoining gutters and road surfaces immediately adjacent to the curb ramp shall not be steeper than 1:20. The adjacent surfaces at transitions at curb ramps to walks, gutters, and streets shall be at the same level.

406.4 Landings. Landings shall be provided at the tops of curb ramps. The landing clear length shall be 36 inches minimum. The landing clear width shall be at least as wide as the curb ramp, excluding flared sides, leading to the landing.

EXCEPTION: In alterations, where there is no landing at the top of curb ramps, curb ramp flares shall be provided and shall not be steeper than 1:12.

406.5 Location. Curb ramps and the flared sides of curb ramps shall be located so that they do not project into vehicular traffic lanes, parking spaces, or parking access aisles. Curb ramps at marked crossing shall be wholly contained within the markings, excluding any flared sides.

303.2 Vertical. Changes in level of 1/4 inch high maximum shall be permitted to be vertical.

303.3 Beveled. Changes in level between 1/4 inch high minimum and 1/2 inch high maximum shall be beveled with a slope not steeper than 1:2

5

6

ADA OBSTRUCTIONS 306.3.1 General Space. General Space under an element between 9 inches and 27 inches above the finish floor or ground shall be considered knee clearance.

306.3.2 Maximum Depth. Knee clearance shall extend 25 inches maximum under an element at 9 inches above the finish floor or ground.

306.3.3 Knee Clearance. Where knee clearance is required under an element as part of a clear floor space, the knee clearance shall be 11 inches deep minimum at 9 inches above the finish floor or ground, and 8 inches deep minimum at 27 inches above the finish floor or ground.

306.3.4 Clearance Reduction. Between 9 inches and 27 inches above the finish floor or ground, the knee clearance shall be permitted to reduce at a rate of 1 inch in depth for each 6 inches in height.

306.3.5 Width. Knee clearance shall be 30 inches wide minimum.

307.2 Protrusion Limits. Objects with leading edges more than 27 inches and not more than 80 inches above the finish floor or ground shall protrude 4 inches maximum horizontally into the circulation path.

Exception: Handrails shall be permitted to protrude 4 inches maximum.

308.2.1 Unobstructed. Where a forward reach is unobstructed, the high forward reach shall be 48 inches maximum and the low forward reach shall be 15 inches minimum above the finish floor or ground.

308.2.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a high forward reach is over an obstruction, the clear floor space shall extend beneath the element for a distance not less than the required reach depth over the obstruction.

308.3.1 Unobstructed. Where a clear floor or ground space allows a parallel approach to an element and the side reach is unobstructed, the high side reach shall be 48 inches maximum and the low side reach shall be 15 inches minimum above the finish floor or ground.

308.3.2 Obstructed High Reach. Where a clear floor or ground space allows a parallel approach to an element and the high side reach is over an obstruction, the height of the obstruction shall be 34 inches maximum and the depth of the obstruction shall be 24 inches maximum. The high side reach shall be 48 inches maximum for a reach depth of 10 inches maximum. Where the reach depth exceeds 10 inches, the high side reach shall be 46 inches maximum for a reach depth of 24 inches maximum.

7

8

ADA OBSTRUCTIONS

9

ADA SIGNAGE 703.4 Installation Height and Location. Signs with tactile characters shall comply with 703.4.

703.4.1 Height Above Finish Floor or Ground. Tactile characters on signs shall be located 48 inches (1220 mm) minimum above the finish floor or ground surface, measured from the baseline of the lowest tactile character and 60 inches (1525 mm) maximum above the finish floor or ground surface, measured from the baseline of the highest tactile character.

EXCEPTION: Tactile characters for elevator car controls shall not be required to comply with 703.4.1.

703.5 Visual Characters. Visual characters shall comply with 703.5.

EXCEPTION: Where visual characters comply with 703.2 and are accompanied by braille complying with 703.3, they shall not be required to comply with 703.5.2 through 703.5.9.

10

ADA PARKING 502.1 General. Car and van parking spaces shall comply with 502. Where parking spaces are marked with lines, width measurements of parking spaces and access aisles shall be made from the centerline of the markings.

EXCEPTION: Where parking spaces or access aisles are not adjacent to another parking space or access aisle, measurements shall be permitted to include the full width of the line defining the parking space or access aisle.

502.2 Vehicle Spaces. Car parking spaces shall be 96 inches wide minimum and van parking spaces shall be 132 inches wide minimum, shall be marked to define the width, and shall have an adjacent access aisle complying with 502.3.

EXCEPTION: Van parking spaces shall be permitted to be 96 inches wide minimum where the access aisle is 96 inches wide minimum.

502.3.1 Width. Access aisles serving car and van parking spaces shall be 60 inches wide minimum.

502.3.2 Length. Access aisles shall extend the full length of the parking spaces they serve.

502.3.3 Marking. Access aisles shall be marked so as to discourage parking in them.

Advisory 502.3.3 Marking. The method and color of marking are not specified by these requirements but may be addressed by State or local laws or regulations. Because these requirements permit the van access aisle to be as wide as a parking space, it is important that the aisle be clearly marked.

11

BUILDING CODES Sec. 26-4. - Deletions, additions, and modifications by code. (a) The 2012 edition of the International Building Code (IBC) shall be adopted in its entirety with the following modification for foundation design: (1) If the proposed habitable building area, whether stand-alone or an addition, exceeds 400 square feet in size, the foundation shall be designed by a professional engineer licensed in the State of Mississippi. An exception shall be allowed if the foundation is an addition to an existing structure and is to be designed and constructed the same as that existing structure.

(2) Foundations, footings, piles and piers shall be built on undisturbed soil or properly compacted fill material.

(3) Soils investigation. Footings shall be designed so that the allowable bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. If structural concrete, masonry or timber footings are used, they shall rest on undisturbed or compacted soil of uniform density and thickness. Compacted soils shall be tested to a minimum of 95 percent of Modified Proctor in accordance with ASTM D 1557 and compacted and tested in lifts not to exceed 12 inches.

(4) Expansive soil. In areas likely to have expansive soil, the building official shall require soil tests to determine where such soils do exist. Soils meeting all four of the following provisions shall be considered expansive, except that tests to show compliance with items (1), (2) and (3) shall not be required if the test prescribed in item (4) is conducted: a.

Plasticity Index (PI) of 15 or greater, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4318. b.

More than ten percent of the soil particles pass a #200 sieve (75Âľm), determined in accordance with ASTM D 422. c.

More than ten percent of the soil particles are less than 5 micrometers in size, determined in accordance with ASTM D 422. d.

Expansion Index (EI) greater than 20, determined in accordance with ASTM D 4829.

(5) Compaction reports. Compaction reports prepared by a certified soils lab shall be provided to the building official prior to the pouring of concrete.

(Ord. No. 2012-06, 6-5-12) Flooring for Outdoor Areas Outdoor surfaces are also important and should be considered with care. The ADAAG contains studies that show that sand, gravel, and wood-chip walkways are unsuitable for wheelchairs and walkers. Walking aids perform best on heavily-packed earth, concrete, and soil compressed with natural consolidants (materials that make the soil firm).

1203.3 Under-floor ventilation.

The space between the bottom of the floor joists and the earth under any building except spaces occupied by basements or cellars shall be provided with ventilation openings through foundation walls or exterior walls. Such openings shall be placed so as to provide cross ventilation of the under-floor space.

1701.1 Scope.

The provisions of this chapter shall govern the quality, workmanship and requirements for materials covered. Materials of construction and tests shall conform to the applicable standards listed in this code.

2101.2.7 Direct design.

Masonry designed by the direct design method shall comply with the provisions of TMS 403.

12

BUILDING CODES 2101.3 Construction documents.

The construction documents shall show all of the items required by this code including the following: 1. Specified size, grade, type and location of reinforcement, anchors and wall ties.

2. Reinforcing bars to be welded and welding procedure.

3. Size and location of structural elements.

4. Provisions for dimensional changes resulting from elastic deformation, creep, shrinkage, temperature and moisture.

5. Loads used in the design of masonry.

6. Specified compressive strength of masonry at stated ages or stages of construction for which masonry is designed, except where specifically exempted by this code.

7. Details of anchorage of masonry to structural members, frames and other construction, including the type, size and location of connectors.

8. Size and permitted location of conduits, pipes and sleeves.

9. The minimum level of testing and inspection as defined in Chapter 17, or an itemized testing and inspection program that meets or exceeds the requirements of Chapter 17.

2103.1 Concrete masonry units.

Concrete masonry units shall conform to the following standards: ASTM C 55 for concrete brick; ASTM C 73 for calcium silicate face brick; ASTM C 90 for load-bearing concrete masonry units or ASTM C 744 for prefaced concrete and calcium silicate masonry units.

2106.1 Seismic design requirements for masonry.

Masonry structures and components shall comply with the requirements in Section 1.18 of TMS 402/ACI 530/ASCE 5 depending on the structure’s seismic design category.

2103.10 Surface-bonding mortar.

Surface-bonding mortar shall comply with ASTM C 887. Surface bonding of concrete masonry units shall comply with ASTM C 946.

2303.2 Fire-retardant-treated wood.

Fire-retardant-treated wood is any wood product which, when impregnated with chemicals by a pressure process or other means during manufacture, shall have, when tested in accordance with ASTM E 84 or UL 723, a listed flame spread index of 25 or less and show no evidence of significant progressive combustion when the test is continued for an additional 20-minute period. Additionally, the flame front shall not progress more than 101/2 feet (3200 mm) beyond the centerline of the burners at any time during the test.

2303.6 Nails and staples.

Nails and staples shall conform to requirements of ASTM F 1667. Nails used for framing and sheathing connections shall have minimum average bending yield strengths as follows: 80 kips per square inch (ksi) (551 MPa) for shank diameters larger than 0.177 inch (4.50 mm) but not larger than 0.254 inch (6.45 mm), 90 ksi (620 MPa) for shank diameters larger than 0.142 inch (3.61 mm) but not larger than 0.177 inch (4.50 mm) and 100 ksi (689 MPa) for shank diameters of at least 0.099 inch (2.51 mm) but not larger than 0.142 inch (3.61 mm).

13

2304.11.1 General.

Where required by this section, protection from decay and termites shall be provided by the use of naturally durable or preservative-treated wood.

2304.11.2.1 Joists, girders and subfloor.

Where wood joists or the bottom of a wood structural floor without joists are closer than 18 inches (457 mm), or wood girders are closer than 12 inches (305 mm) to the exposed ground in crawl spaces or unexcavated areas located within the perimeter of the building foundation, the floor construction (including posts, girders, joists and subfloor) shall be of naturally durable or preservative-treated wood.

2304.11.4.1 Posts or columns.

Posts and columns supporting permanent structures that are embedded in concrete that is in direct contact with the earth, embedded in concrete that is exposed to the weather or in direct contact with the earth shall be of preservative-treated wood.

2304.11.4.2 Wood structural members.

Wood structural members that support moisture-permeable floors or roofs that are exposed to the weather, such as concrete or masonry slabs, shall be of naturally durable or preservative-treated wood unless separated from such floors or roofs by an impervious moisture barrier.

2307.1 Load and resistance factor design.

The design and construction of wood elements and structures using load and resistance factor design shall be in accordance with AF&PA NDS and AF&PA SDPWS.

14

NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH The characteristics of fasteners, whether they are nails, screws, straps, strong ties, or adhesives; their size, width, length or diameter, their spacing, their material composition, whether cement coated, galvanized, or hot dipped, affect the structural integrity. The crucial issue is that the building should act unified and interconnected. A building square in plan is potentially more resistant than other typical shapes because it keeps to a minimum the area impacted by high lateral winds.

FLOOD LOADS 1612.1 General. Within flood hazard areas as established in Section 1612.3, all new construction of buildings, structures and portions of buildings and structures, including substantial improvement and restoration of substantial damage to buildings and structures, shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of flood hazards and flood loads. For buildings that are located in more than one flood hazard area, the provisions associated with the most restrictive flood hazard area shall apply.

1609.5.1 Roof deck. The roof deck shall be designed to withstand the wind pressures determined in accordance with ASCE 7.

EARTHQUAKE LOADS 1613.1 Scope. Every structure, and portion thereof, including nonstructural components that are permanently attached to structures and their supports and attachments, shall be designed and constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions in accordance with ASCE 7, excluding Chapter 14 and Appendix 11A. The seismic design category for a structure is permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 1613 or ASCE 7.

RAIN LOADS 1611.1 Design rain loads. Each portion of a roof shall be designed to sustain the load of rainwater that will accumulate on it if the primary drainage system for that portion is blocked plus the uniform load caused by water that rises above the inlet of the secondary drainage system at its design flow. The design rainfall shall be based on the 100-year hourly rainfall rate indicated in Figure 1611.1 or on other rainfall rates determined from approved local weather data.

SNOW LOADS 1608.1 General. Design snow loads shall be determined in accordance with Chapter 7 of ASCE 7, but the design roof load shall not be less than that determined by Section 1607.

15

ATMOSPHERIC ICE LOADS 1614.1 General.

Ice-sensitive structures shall be designed for atmospheric ice loads in accordance with Chapter 10 of ASCE 7.

1604.1 General. Building, structures and parts thereof shall be designed and constructed in accordance with strength design, load and resistance factor design, allowable stress design, empirical design or conventional construction methods, as permitted by the applicable material chapters.

1605.1.1 Stability. Regardless of which load combinations are used to design for strength, where overall structure stability (such as stability against overturning, sliding, or buoyancy) is being verified, use of the load combinations specified in Section 1605.2 or 1605.3 shall be permitted. Where the load combinations specified in Section 1605.2 are used, strength reduction factors applicable to soil resistance shall be provided by a registered design professional. The stability of retaining walls shall be verified in accordance with Section 1807.2.3.

1605.2 Load combinations using strength design or load and resistance factor design. Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is used, buildings and other structures, and portions thereof, shall be designed to resist the most critical effects resulting from the following combinations of factored loads.

2308.5 Connectors and fasteners. ments of Section 2304.9.

Connectors and fasteners used in conventional construction shall comply with the require-

2308.6 Foundation plates or sills.

Foundations and footings shall be as specified in Chapter 18. Foundation plates or sills resting on concrete or masonry foundations shall comply with Section 2304.3.1. Foundation plates or sills shall be bolted or anchored to the foundation with not less than 1/2-inch-diameter (12.7 mm) steel bolts or approved anchors spaced to provide equivalent anchorage as the steel bolts. Bolts shall be embedded at least 7 inches (178 mm) into concrete or masonry, and spaced not more than 6 feet (1829 mm) apart. There shall be a minimum of two bolts or anchor straps per piece with one bolt or anchor strap located not more than 12 inches (305 mm) or less than 4 inches (102 mm) from each end of each piece. A properly sized nut and washer shall be tightened on each bolt to the plate.

16

NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH

17

HURRICANE TORNADO/HAIL WIND

Hurricane Hurricane

SITE

High HighWind Wind

Tornado/ Tornado/Hail Hail Site Site

18

NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH

Rafter-to-Top Plate Connections: Transfer forces from the roof to the top plate

Top Plate-to-Stud Connections: Transfer forces from the top plate to the stud

When wind flows over the roof of the structure, creating a strong lifting force on the roof which can cause it to break away.

When wind blows against the side of the structure exerting a lateral force that causes it to lean over (rack) to one side.

19

Stud-to-Sill Plate Connections: Transfer forces from wall studs to the mudsill

Sill Plate-to-Foundation Connections: Transfer forces from the mudsill into the foundation

When the structure is anchored in place to limit racking or sliding, the lateral force of the wind causes the structure to rotate or overturn.

20

NATURAL DISASTER RESEARCH Wind not only affects a structure with uplift forces, it also imposes shear forces that can make a structure rack, slide, or overturn.

Additional steps must be taken to resist these loads and ensure that the structure will remain strong. This is done by adding bracing, connectors and shearwalls.

Roof Boundary Clip: Transfers shear loads between roof and top plates

When wind blows against the side of the structure exerting a lateral force, causing it to slide off of its foundation.

21

Prefabricated Shear wall: An alternate to site-built shearwalls

Site-Built Shearwall: Supports horizontal diaphragms and resists lateral forces

Holdown Anchor: Anchors shearwall ends to foundation

Mudsill Anchor: Anchors wall framing to the foundation

When wind blows against the side of the structure exerting a lateral force, causing it to slide off of its foundation.

22

ZONING

ricane

h Wind

nado/ Hail

23

A - 1 AGRICULTURAL R - E RESIDENTIAL ESTATE R - 1 SINGLE FAMILY R - 4 - A SINGLE FAMILY HIGH DENSITY R - 5 MULTI-FAMILY, HIGH DENSITY R - 6 MOBILE HOMES /MHP/MHS C - 1 NEIGHBORHOOD COMMERCIAL

PUBLIC AND INSTITUTIONAL

M-1

Child Care Community Services Family Child Care Educational Facilities Governmental Facilities Institutional and Health Care Facilities

C

Parks and Recreation, Active Parks and Recreation, Passive Places of Worship Public Spaces Transportation Utilities Wireless Communicatiion Towers (see Ord No 2001-2 for specifics)

C P C

C P

P P P

C - 2 GENERAL BUSINESS M - 1 MANUFACTURING PUD PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT P - O PLANNED OFFICE DISTRICT SITE

Conditional uses.

The uses listed which are declared to possess such characteristics of unique or special form that each specific use shall be considered on an individual case by case analysis based on review criteria provided by separate ordinance. Conditional uses are denoted by a “C” on the chart.

Permitted uses.

The uses listed which are permitted by right are denoted by “P” on the chart.

Prohibited uses.

A blank cell in the use chart indicates that the use type is prohibited in the corresponding zoning district.

24

ZONING Sec. N. - M-1 Manufacturing (light industry) Zoning District Regulations.

These [M-1 industrial] districts are intended to be composed of land and structures suitable for light manufacturing, wholesaling and/or distribution, along with similar services industries. The district regulations are designed to allow a wide range of industrial activities subject to yard, area, and other limitations designed to protect other more restrictive nearby districts. [The following regulations apply to the M-1 districts:] 1. See Chart.

For uses Permitted.

2. See Chart.

For uses which may be permitted as an exception (Conditional).

3. Minimum Lot Size.

It is the intent of this ordinance that lots of sufficient size be used for any business or service use and to provide adequate parking and loading space in addition to the space required for the other normal operations of the enterprise.

4. Minimum Yard Size.

Front yard, 30 feet, except where existing establishments, other than residential, are set back, any new structures shall be set back not less than the average of the setbacks of the existing establishments within 100 feet on each side thereof. Side yards: 20 feet, excepting a lot adjoining its side lot lines to another lot which is in a residential zoning district, in which case there shall be a side yard of not less than 30 feet wide. Rear yard: 15 feet.

5. Maximum Height of Buildings or Structures.

60 feet (see article VI, section G, for exceptions).

6. Off-Street Parking.

Parking spaces shall be provided at the ratio of 0.75 space per worker, and one space for each company vehicle incidental to the operation of the industry or use. See article VIII for requirements for other uses.

7. Off-Street Loading and Unloading.

Adequate space shall be provided for loading and unloading all vehicles or trucks incidental to the operation of the industry or use inside the established building lines.

8. Screening of Junkyards, Open Storage Areas and Certain Industrial Facilities.

Visual screening of all junkyards and open storage areas, as set forth in the schedule of land use regulations, consisting of fencing, earthen berms, landscape materials or any combination thereof, with sufficient density and height to block the view of such facilities from all public roads, is required.

25

RESOURCES: “2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design.” Web. International Building Code 2012 simpsontie.com http://www.cityofstarkville.org

26

02

SITE VERIFICATION EXISTING SITE PHOTOS PROPOSALS FOR UNDESIRABLE VIEWS

EXISTING SITE PHOTOS

A. FRONT FACADE

B. EAST SIDE

C. REAR FACADE

D. BACK PAVEMENT

29

A. REAR EAST SIDE

B. GYM

C. GARDEN BEDS

D. COMPUTER LAB

30

EXISTING SITE PHOTOS

A. DUMPSTER

B. EXTERIOR EAST WALL

C. HALLWAY

D. CLASSROOM

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PROPOSALS FOR UNDESIRABLE VIEWS

HONEYSUCKLES

BAMBOO

Honeysuckles are arching shrubs. They attach themselves by growing in a helix shape. They produce tubular flowers in the summer that have an intense fragrance.

Bamboo could also be used as a covering over the fence to provide more privacy or to block unsightly views.

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PROPOSALS FOR UNDESIRABLE VIEWS

THUJA

ENGLISH IVY

Thuja is just one of many evergreen shrubs that can be used to block views of unsightly property.

English ivy is another great plant used to cover up unsightly views. It is a vine that can grow up to 50 feet, but could take a couple of years to mask the view.

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RESOURCES: Site Photos by Anna Barr http://wwx.inhs.illinois.edu/files/6113/3892/4942/bhnysckl2.gif https://artaiafvg.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/bamboo-2.jpg http://www.palmhunters.be/shops/palmhunters/994377-1.jpg https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/English_Ivy_%28Hedera_helix%29_1.jpg

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03 35

SITE ANALYSIS AVERAGE HUMIDITY AVERAGE TEMPERATURES WIND DIRECTION WIND SPEED GROUND TEMPERATURE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION DOMINANT WIND DIRECTIONS SUN STUDIES MUNICIPAL CODE FOR WATER STORAGE CLOUD COVER STREET VIEWS EXISTING CONDITIONS EXISTING THRESHOLDS SOIL COMPOSITION AMENITIES

36

AVERAGE HUMIDITY

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40%

City Morning City Afternoon

30% Jan Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

Given the garden-oriented program, special consideration must be given to the natural external factors of the site. The site is adjacent to a large field at the rear, with comparably scaled commercial and industrial buildings on either side. This makes the site more exposed, with no existing means of shading the outside space. Given the relationship between the average monthly temperatures and cloud cover, some form of exterior shading device is imperative to maintain comfort and usability during the warmer months, as well as utilizing wind direction. As existing the site has the potential for water collection and storage given the quantities that run off into the culvert immediately beside the blacktop.

37

AVERAGE TEMPERATURES

100 F 90 F 80 F 70 F 60 F 50 F 40 F

High

30 F

Average

38

WIND DIRECTION

10%

10%

10%

10%

13% 13%

MARCH

10%

JUNE 39

13%

10%

13%

MARCH

13%

13%

JUNE

10%

JUNE

13%

13%

SEPTEMBERSEPTEMBER

20%

20%

DECEMBER DECEMBER

13%

SEPTEMBERSE

WIND SPEED

MPH 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Varying Breezes Cool Breezes Warm Breezes 40

GROUND TEMPERATURE

110 F 100 F 90 F 80 F 70 F 60 F 50 F 40 F 13’-0” Deep

30 F

6’-6” Deep

20 F

1’-6” Deep Jan

41

Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

AVERAGE PRECIPITATION

7 in 6 in 5 in 4 in 3 in 2 in 1 in 0 in Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov

Dec

42

DOMINANT WIND DIRECTIONS With the dominant summer winds coming from the southwest, it makes sense not to block the breeze with solid structure. More open structures are preferred in the southwestern area of the site. Structures with angled surfaces are even better for directing winds in desired directions

With Withthethedominant dominantsummer summerwinds windscoming comingfrom fromthethe southwest, southwest, it makes it makes sense sense notnot to to block block thethe breeze breeze with with solid solid structure. structure.More More open open structures structures areare prefered prefered in in thethe southwestern southwestern area area of of thethe site. site.Structures Structures with with angled angled surfaces surfaces areare even even better better forfor directing directing winds winds in in desired desired directions directions

CLOSED; CLOSED; NOT NOT EFFICIENT EFFICIENT

OPEN; OPEN; MORE MORE EFFICIENT EFFICIENT

OPEN; OPEN; MOST MOST EFFICIENT EFFICIENT

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SUN STUDIES

MARCH

JUNE

MARCH

SEPTEMBERSEPTEMBER

JUNE

JUNE

SEPTEMBERSE

DECEMBER DECEMBER 44

MUNICIPAL CODE FOR WATER STORAGE Sec. 66-67. - Same—Treatment required.

It shall be unlawful to have, keep, maintain, cause or permit within the city any collection of standing or flowing water in which mosquitoes breed or are likely to breed unless such collection of water is treated so as to effectively to prevent such breeding.

(Code 1977, § 17-21) Sec. 66-68. - Same—Methods of treatment; regulations.

The methods used or treatment directed toward the prevention of breeding of mosquitoes in collections of water shall be of a type approved by the health officer. The health officer shall, from time to time, issue mosquito control regulations.

Sec. 66-66. - Collections of water—Described.

Any collection of water considered in this article shall be held to be that contained in ditches, pools, ponds, streams, excavations, holes, depressions, open cesspools, privy vaults, fountains, cisterns, tanks, shallow wells, barrels, troughs, urns, cans, boxes, bottles, tubs, buckets, roof gutters, tanks of flush closets, reservoirs, vessels, tires, receptacles of any kind, or other containers or devices which may hold water.

Sec. 110-91. - Discharge of stormwater and other unpolluted drainage.

In addition to pumps, some low maintenance options for mosquito treatment include rings that kill larvae in the water that last 30 days.

(a) No person shall discharge or cause to be discharged any stormwater, surface water, groundwater, roof runoff, subsurface drainage, uncontaminated cooling water, or unpolluted industrial process waters to any sanitary sewer. (b) Stormwater and all other unpolluted drainage shall be discharged to such sewers as are specifically designated as storm sewers, or to a natural outlet approved by the superintendent. Industrial cooling water or unpolluted process waters may be discharged, on approval of the superintendent, to a storm sewer or natural outlet.

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5,647 gallons of water fall on the roof for every 0’-1” of rainfall.

-Any overflow from storage must be controlled.

-6 total downspouts, 3 on each side -941 gallons per spout, per inch of rainfall

CLOUD COVER

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Jan Feb

Mar

Apr

May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep Oct

Nov Dec

STARKVILLE FLOOD MAP Flood Zone

Site PROPERTY LINE 8 AM / 4 PM 10 AM / 2 PM 12 PM

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STREET VIEWS

1

2

1

3

2

75’

0’

3

75’

TRAFFIC COUNT: 2,300 cars per day 93 cars per hour

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EXISTING CONDITIONS

5

7 2 1

3

6

1

Location of harmful foliage (Pepperdine berries) removal advised, needs coordination with owners of neighboring land.

2

Existing maple tree, young but of significant size may need to be integrated into design to avoid destruction.

3

Location of culvert/ditch slopes toward southern property, gets deeper and narrower closer to south.

4

Existing pear trees, high maintenance and area is not used due to presence of trees.

5

Current location of exterior hose hookup, only hook-up on exterior of building.

6

Location of asphalt play area.

7

Current bench, poor condition and exposed nails.

8

Current existing garden beds, 4’-0” x 4’0” beds inadequate for use by children and adults.

8

4

75’

0’

75’

48

EXISTING THRESHOLDS

GATE

Type: Physical

DOOR

Type: Physical

Physical barrier denotes change of space

Change from interior to exterior space

CULVERT Type: Physical/implied

GARDEN

Elevation change implies change of space

CULVERT

Type: Implied

Layout of foliage implies change of space

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Type: Physical/Implied

Layout of Garden beds implies space

100’

0’

100’

BLACKTOP

Type: Physical

Material change implies change of program

SOIL COMPOSITION

1 Soil Water Retention 0’-10”

0’-0” to 0’-6” Silty Clay Loam

1

Water Table Depth 0’-6” to 2 1’-6”

2 0’-6” to 4’-9” Clay

3 4’-9” to 6’-7” Clay

1’

0’

1’

50

AMENITIES

KEY Site Schools 5. Starkville Christian School 6. Starkville Academy 7. Emerson Family School 9. Starkville High School 10. Quad County Alternative School 11. Armstrong Middle School 12. Overstreet School Suppliers/Donors 3. MMC Materials Inc. 8. Lowes Home Improvement 12. MSU Forrestry Department 14. East Mississippi Lumber Company 15. Bell Building Supply 16. Mississippi Steel Processing 17. Columbus Brick Company Parks/Recreation 2. McKee Park 4. Sportsplex

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5. Starkville Christian School Schools 6. Starkville Academy 5.

Starkville Family Christian School 7. Emerson School 6.

Starkville Academy 9. Starkville High School 7.

Family School School 10. Emerson Quad County Alternative 9.

High School 11. Starkville Armstrong Middle School KEY Quad County Alternative School Site KEY 10.

12. Overstreet School 11. Armstrong Middle School Schools 5. Starkville Christian School 12. Overstreet School Suppliers/Donors 6. Starkville Academy 7. Emerson Family 3. School MMC Materials Inc. 9. Starkville High School Suppliers/Donors 8.Alternative Lowes Home Improvement 10. Quad County School 11. Armstrong Middle School Materials Inc. 3.

MMC 12. MSU Forrestry Department 12. Overstreet School 8.

Home Improvement 14. Lowes East Mississippi Lumber Company Suppliers/Donors 12.

MSU Forrestry Department 3. MMC Materials 15.Inc.Bell Building Supply 8. Lowes Home Improvement 14.

East Mississippi Company 16.Department Mississippi SteelLumber Processing 12. MSU Forrestry 14. East Mississippi Lumber 15.

Bell Company Building Supply 17.

Columbus Brick Company 15. Bell Building Supply 16. Processing Mississippi Steel Processing 16. Mississippi Steel 17. Columbus Brick Company 17.

Columbus Parks/RecreationBrick Company Parks/Recreation 2. McKee Park 2. McKee Park Parks/Recreation 4. Sportsplex 4. Sportsplex 2. McKee Park 4. Sportsplex

KEY Site Schools 5. Starkville Christian School 6. Starkville Academy 7. Emerson Family School 9. Starkville High School 10. Quad County Alternative School 11. Armstrong Middle School 12. Overstreet School Suppliers/Donors KEY 3. MMC Materials Inc. Site 8. Lowes Home Improvement 12. MSU Forrestry Department Schools 14. East Mississippi Lumber Company 5. Starkville Christian School 15. Bell Building Supply 6. Starkville Academy 16. Mississippi Steel Processing 7. Emerson Family School 17. Columbus Brick Company 9. Starkville High School 10. Quad County Alternative School Parks/Recreation 11. Armstrong Middle School 2. McKee Park 12. Overstreet School 4. Sportsplex

RESOURCES: www.city-data.com/city/Starkville-Mississippi.html http://www.wcc.nrcs.usda.gov/climate/ www.currentresults.com/weather/Mississippi/precipitation-December.php http://batchgeo.com/map/usrainydays/year “Google Maps.” Google Maps. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.

“Soil Map Oktibbeha” http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx. Web. 7 Sept. 2015.

Google Maps 2015

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04

PROGRAM REACHABILITY EXISTING PROGRAM SUCCESSFUL NEW PROGRAM CIRCULATION VIEWPOINTS

REACHABILITY

AGES

HIGH REACH A

LOW REACH B

REACH DISTANCE C

HIGH REACH D

SEAT HEIGHT E

REACH RADIUS F

WORK DEPTH G

TABLE HEIGHT H

EYE LEVEL I

5

47.7

18.3

17.1

36.1

10.4

15.2

13.0

17.5

30.4

53.9

20.1

19.5

40.0

11.4

17.5

14.0

18.9

33.5

9

59.4

21.8

21.7

44.0

12.8

19.5

15.0

20.7

36.5

12

67.1

24.7

24.3

49.2

14.6

21.9

16.5

23.3

41.0

15

75.3

28.7

27.0

54.1

15.9

24.1

18.0

25.5

45.6

7

* MEASURED IN INCHES

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A

EYE LEVEL

EYE LEVEL

C WORK COUNTER

D

F

D

F

D G

G

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REACHABILITY

Current Occupants 27 48 35 40 12

Kindergarden - 2nd Grade 3rd Grade- 4th Grade 5th Grade - 6th Grade 7th Grade - 12th Grade Staff members

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EXISTING PROGRAM

FOOTBALL GAME AREA

OUTDOOR ACTIVITY AREA

EXISTING GARDEN AREA

75’

0’

75’

58

SUCCESSFUL NEW PROGRAM Based on the testimony of Director Johnson and the Health Promotion students there are several factor which MUST be considered for a successful program.

Shaded Areas On hot days the kids cluster around the shaded areas or refuse to go outside, shaded areas are a must.

Community Involvement Without reinforcement from neighbors the kids will be less likely to retain the knowledge they gain from the vegetable/fruit garden.

Parent Involvement Without parent involvement the kids will not continue to practice healthy choices outside of the Boys & Girls Club.

Teaching The most successful teaching method will combine group participation and one-on-one instruction.

Demonstration Demonstrations of healthy cooking habits for home consumption.

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Current Space Use The current spaces around the exterior of the building sees use for approximately 1hr a day during the children’s free time. Their activities are currently regulated to the blacktop area and the large open space to the west of the building. The outdoor activities include football, basketball, kickball, hopscotch, etc. The garden space currently sees little attention throughout this time frame.

CIRCULATION The circulation of around the exterior revolves around and through the activity area used by the kids for play. The blacktop sees the most traffic due to the placement of many of the outdoor equipment being placed in the vicinity. The large space to the west is used for larger team games like football. The small planted area to the southern corner is largely unused because the trees block the freedom of movement.

75’

0’

75’

60

VIEWPOINTS

RECREATIONAL AREA SOUTH VIEW

PLANTER BEDS

100’

RECREATIONAL AREA NORTH VIEW

61

0’

100’

PAVEMENT RECREATIONAL AREA

RESOURCES: Architectural Graphic Standards. 10th Edition. Ramsey/ Sleeper Photos by Anna Barr

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05

PRECEDENT RESEARCH MAGELLAN STREET GARDEN ECO PAVILION BLOSSOM PAVILION & COMMUNITY GARDEN ALTERNATIVE GIFT GARDEN SHADE STRUCTURES ROOM FOR A FOREST MATERIALS FOR RAISED PLANTER BEDS

MAGELLAN STREET GARDEN Designer: Tulane City Center Location: Magellan Street, New Orleans Louisiana Date: Spring 2013 In the wet soil of new Orleans Tony Lee and his wife started a community garden. After some help from the Tulane City Center, an outreach of the Tulane school of Architecture.

This community garden now thrives. Built with planters made for sitting on and a pavilion for teaching youth about farming this project is very similar in size and program to ours this semester.

The students and faculty at the TCC decided that they would use the water instead of trying to get rid of it. They created a series of pools that contain the runoff from the site and the pavilion.

Garden Render

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Sitting Bed Detail

Garden Streetview

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ECO PAVILION Designer: Tulane City Center, Buildingstudio, New Orleans City Park Location: City Park, New Orleans Louisiana Date: Fall 2008 To build the eco-pavilion the Tulane City Center partnered with building studio to construct a sustainable garden. The garden includes a pavilion used for shade and catching rainwater, a wetland environment, and vertical planters.

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Eco Pavillion and Hanging Beds

This project is very similar to the Boys and Girls club project in scale. The rainwater collection offers a playful visual for people to experience as the rain free falls through the hole in the roof to the opening of the irrigation system in the floor of the pavilion.

Water Movement Axon

Pavilion Water Catcher

Hanging Beds Detail

Custom Water Pipe Detail

Hanging Beds Detail

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BLOSSOM PAVILION & COMMUNITY GARDEN Designer: RISD Design Build Class Location: Pawtucket, Rhode Island Date: Spring 2011 Built by the students of RISD the Pawtucket Blossom Pavilion and Community Garden is another project similar to our scope. The project includes raised beds and a pavilion which acts as shade and water collection. Interesting to note on this project is the integration of the garden beds with the pavilion. The beds seats are level with the floor of the pavilion and give a sense of connection to the project.

Raised Bed Detail

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Climbing Vine Detail

Blossom Pavilion

Pavilion and Bed Attachment

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ALTERNATIVE GIFT GARDEN

Gift Garden Phase I

Designers: Tim Lai Architect and ALTernative Location: Columbus, Ohio Date: Completed in 2013 The Gift Garden is a educational vegetable garden for the Columbus, Ohio Boys and Girls Club. The raised planters are designed to allow people of different ages, sizes, and abilities to use the garden. The tiers encourage people to sit while enjoying the garden.

Included in the garden are benches at varying heights to allow comfortable work spaces. This educational garden hopes to bring together the ideas of urban food production, art, and community learning.

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Students Interacting with the Garden

Raised Planter Bed Detail

Tiered Levels

72

SHADE STRUCTURES

Noji Commons Shade Structure Noji Commons Designers: Students and Faculty of Washington University’s School of Architecture.

Location: Noji Commons in Seattle, WA Date: Spring 2004 Designed as a community gathering space for the residents, this semicircular pavilion serves many functions. Both ends of the Commons are covered to provide protection from the elements, while the center is left exposed but a climbing vine will soon cover this area.

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Noji Commons Shade Structure

Pavilion and Work Area Designers: Students and Faculty of Washington University’s School of Architecture.

Location: Highland Garden Apartments in Seattle, WA Date: Spring 1998 These structures serve the community gardens in this low-income apartment complex. The pavilion is designed as a communal gathering space, while the work area provides a covered work bench to shade users and protect them from the elements.

Work Area and Pavilion

Close-up of Pavilion

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ROOM FOR A FOREST

Modules Connected on Site Room for a Forest Designers: Students and Faculty of Washington University’s School of Architecture.

Location: Beacon Food Forest in Seattle, WA Date: Spring 2013 Designed for educational use for this community garden. The garden is based on permaculture, which simulates a woodland environment. The structure mimics this system by creating a space for the garden, harvesting, food preparation, storage, education, and small gatherings. The structure is made up of small prefabricated units that were assembled on site to create the larger structure.

Bench Detail

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Back View of Room

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ROOM FOR A FOREST

Raised Beds

Climbing Plant Detail

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MATERIALS FOR RAISED PLANTER BEDS WOOD Pros: Easy to build and install. Material is cheap and readily available. Some species are naturally rot resistant such as redwood or cedar.

Cons: Untreated wood has a short life span, roughly ten years, and will need to be replaced. Typical treatment processes include the use of potentially harmful materials.

ROCK Pros: Simple to install and adjust as needs changes. Rocks are easy to find and can be relatively cheap. When stacked properly, they can remain structural for up to a foot. This material requires no special equipment or skill.

Cons: Dry-stacked stones is not a permanent solution and could be dangerous for kids to play around and on.

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MATERIALS FOR RAISED PLANTER BEDS CONCRETE Pros: Poured in place beds are durable and will last for many generations. The material is flexible and can be formed into almost any shape and size. The concrete can be tinted to take on many colors.

Cons: Concrete is an expensive material and the form-work can be wasteful is not utilized after removal. If there is need for growth or adjustment, demolition is difficult. Construction time for this material is quite significant.

CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT Pros: This material is relatively inexpensive, readily available and extremely durable. They can be dry-stacked for easy installation and flexibility for growth with need.

Cons: Units are fairly heavy, and if left ungrouted, could be dangerous for young children.

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STEEL Pros: Durable material that is manufactured in sheets that can be bent to create the bed shape. The thin profile allows for sharp angles or bowed arches. Thus material is naturally weather resistant.

Cons: Installation is very difficult and the material is very expensive. The steel can also heat up and scorch the plants. This material also rusts and patinas over time which can create rusty run-off.

GALVANIZED CULVERTS Pros: These steel containers are durable and relatively easy to install. They are readily available and it is possible to recycle ones that are being removed from a site.

Cons: Need specialized equipment and skill to cut the larger tubes down to usable size. The steel could heat up and scorch the plants.

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MATERIALS FOR RAISED PLANTER BEDS MASONRY Pros: Masonry is durable and relatively easy to install. Comes in a large variety of styles and colors for added customization. Once grouted, they become permanent installations.

Cons: Material can be costly depending upon what is chosen, and construction time is quite long.

SHOCK TANKS Pros: No assembly required and extremely durable. These tanks are also movable, which could be beneficial as the client’s needs change. Recycled tanks are inexpensive and eco-friendly.

Cons: Large and somewhat difficult to transport to site. The steel could heat up and burn the plants. The permanent bottom could cause some trouble.

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RESOURCES: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Magellan-Street-Garden/434679453276362 http://architecture.tulane.edu/news/2013/09/article-669 http://colectivonola.com/Eco-Pavilion http://www.risd.edu/about/news/community_garden_blossoms.aspx http://www.altcolumbus.org/gift-garden/ ndbs.be.washington.edu “8 Materials for Raised Garden Beds� by Jenny Peterson from houzz.com

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06

6

SUSTAINABILITY DURABLE MATERIALS RAINWATER COLLECTION COMPOSTING WOOD PRESERVATION SHOU SUJI BAN

DURABLE MATERIALS The following are the most durable materials applicable to our project: CMU (CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS) This material is non-combustible as well as long-lasting, can contain recycled materials, does not require painting or other treatment, contains no VOC or other potentially harmful off-gassing materials, and provides thermal mass to maintain uniform temperatures.

WOOD (RENEWABLE RESOURCE) Untreated wood is most important for our purposes. The durability of wood is based on its heartwood (the dense inner part of a tree trunk). This can make the durability range from very durable when the heartwood is 25+ years old, while the heartwood of a tree less than 5 years is perishable. Wood can be made to last longer by treating it with sealants to ward off water and pests.

BAMBOO Bamboo has no rays or knots, therefore it can withstand more stress through the length of each stalk. The dense fibers make it extremely flexible as well. The high silica content in bamboo fibers cannot be digested by termites. It has a natural durability of less than 2 years, however stored under cover, untreated bamboo may last 4-7 years.

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DURABLE MATERIALS BAMBOO This material is found in various locations in and around Starkville. The flexibility of bamboo makes it useful in making various shapes for vines to grow upward.

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WOOD PALLETS There are a myriad of pallets in Starkville. The quality of wood is a big factor in selection, as well as finding untreated wood. The uses can include various types of planters and tool storage

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DURABLE MATERIALS

PLASTIC BOTTLES These bottles can be collected easily and re-purposed to make a greenhouse. One method is with 2’ x 4’ pieces of wood to make a structure with a door or another approach is with PVC pipe to make an open structure.

Plastic bottles can also be used as small planters. These could be used when the kids start cultivating plants in a pot then transfer them to the ground later.

A plastic bottle can be used a drip-watering system as well.

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RAINWATER COLLECTION This practice is innovative and will be useful in cutting down costs on watering plants. However, being a hot and humid climate, nighttime temperatures do not drop as significantly, leading to stored water getting warm and accelerating biological activity.

A freestanding plastic tank is the least expensive system in both purchase and installation cost.

They’re relatively easy to handle and require little to no excavation, working well with almost any typography.

However, there are some liabilities. The tank has a finite life span and will possibly have to be replaced after a certain period of time. The surface tank is large and difficult to conceal, but it may be incorporated into the design as a dramatic building element.

To install this system, an adjustment to the gutter is to be made to create a supply for the tank during rain.

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COMPOSTING This process is useful in saving money by using fresh, raw organic material to produce environmentally safe soil replenishment.

There are three elements needed to make a compost system: - container; either a stationary bin such as a well-ventilated cage made from wire fence or easy-to-turn bins. The bins can speed up the process to weeks instead of months and years - combine brown and green plant matter plus moisture

Brown plant matter dry leaves, wood chips, straw, sawdust, cornstalks, and newspaper

Green plant matter food scraps, grass clippings,coffee grounds,manure, and recently pulled weeds.

- add material regularly to give bacteria new food to consume as well as have enough insulation to keep the process warm.

Turn the pile every week or two to make sure all materials are blending and working together.

After a few months, the finished product should be dark, crumbly soil that smells like fresh earth.

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WOOD PRESERVATION DRYING TIME

REAPPLY USE?

moderate

yearly

YES

slow

6-18 months

NO

mostly interior use; food safe, no chemicals, not very water resistant

slow

more than once on first application

NO

interior or exterior use; little to no VOC content, exterior paint that uses zinc oxide as fungicide, recycled water-based, all natural pigments, non-toxic

moderate

yearly, depending on weathering

YES

TYPE

PROPERTIES

Normal Sealant

interior or exterior use; water-based, low-odor, little to no VOC content, non-toxic

Natural Waxes Natural Oil-Based Paint

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interior use for floors and furniture; non-toxic, all-natural ingredients, very low VOC content

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SHOU SUJI BAN

Above: A thoroughly scrubbed finish that leaves the Shou Sugi Ban with lighter gray color.

Above: A lightly scrubbed finish that leave the Shou Sugi Ban with a darker black matte texture.

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Shou Suji Ban has been used for hundreds of years in Japan.

It was used for the purpose of fireproofing and to protect the wood from both the elements and insects. Shou Sugi Ban is done through charring the top of the wood which seals the pores in the wood and stops water and insects from getting inside the wood. There are a multitude of different levels of charring. A light char will give you ridges of light wood and valleys of dark wood.

A heavy char will give a nice matte texture with an alligator like pattern. After you have charred the wood it will need to have the top particles removed. This would be done with water and brush.

Be gentle. You do not want to damage the wood and it doesn’t take a lot of pressure to remove it. The longer you scrub the wood the lighter the finish will be. Some Shou Suji Ban is given a clear coat after this to give it an additional luster and to protect the char from being damaged. If done in the classical way you would use tung oil for this, but some more industrial suppliers use high grade clear coat sealants.

Burning Process

Cooling Process

Finishing Process

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RESOURCES: http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/homes/building-systems/concrete-masonry-units http://www.wood-database.com/wood-articles/wood-durability/ http://www.calibamboo.com/ http://www.diynetwork.com/how-to/outdoors/structures/how-to-build-a-trellis-for-growing-peas http://lovelygreens.com/2013/05/how-to-make-better-strawberry-pallet.html http://www.topinspired.com/top-10-diy-garden-decoration-ideas/ http://www.nead.org.uk/downloads/pdf/bottle_greenhouse.pdf http://www.conservationtechnology.com/rainwater_storage.html http://bonnieplants.com/library/what-is-compost/ http://www.planetnatural.com/composting-101/ http://www.sustainablebabysteps.com/wood-sealer.html http://www.planetnatural.com/composting-101/ http://www.greenamerica.org/livinggreen/paints.cfm http://www.remodelista.com/posts/outdoors-shou-sugi-ban-wood-siding http://www.instructables.com/id/IntroUsing-Shou-Sugi-Ban-to-make-an-interesting-co/ http://shousugiban.com/overview/

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R IO ES N P M RO EA AL IS F R G SCSIS ES AR CH A H SIP SO C 4 + RD O P R 5 D E O I A 3 E N L ST L 6- V P O A EX 0 E R F T I 2 LO O A E S FA P J R U G L M E C N R L E C H IV E 2 N T IT E G 0 T EC R OR 15 TU SIT Y R Y E

U C AT

ED

EDUCATIONAL GARDEN PROJECT | PROFESSOR ALEXIS GREGORY | ARC 4536-02 | FALL 2015