ii. Appendix

(references) 1. Andreas Alexander, Jaroslav Obu, Thomas V. Schuler, Andreas Kaab, and Hanne H. Christiansen,” Subglacial permafrost dynamics and erosion inside subglacial channels driven by surface events in Svalbard,” The Cryosphere 14 (2020): 4217-4231.

Ole Humlum, “Glaciers,” Svalbard Museum, last accessed Novemeber 10, 2022, https://svalbardmuseum.no/en/ natur/isbreer/.

(image) Subglacial landscape conditions inside the Larsbreen and Tellbreen ice caves. These show the subglacial systems during the winter months (November to March).

Larsbreen and Tellebreen cave systems, photograph, Andreas Alexander et al., https://www.researchgate. net/figure/Pictures-of-the-Tellbreen-and-the-Larsbreen-subglacial-drainage-system-after-the-summer_fig4_341509095

Larsbreen Glacier

78°10’59.5”N 15°34’00.9”E

“Increased precipitation and [glacial] surface melt, as expected for future climate, will therefore likely lead to increased degradation of subglacial permafrost, as well as higher subglacial erosion of available sediment around the preferential hydrological paths. This in turn might have significant impacts on proglacial and fjord ecosystems due to increased sediment and nutrient input.”1

Depth: 120m deep, extending 300 to 800m above sea level Temperature: -5°C to -10°C

Timespan of ground: 3000 to 4000 years old (glacier)

Geological Strata: Ice on top of Eocene marine sandstones and shales from Van Mijenfjorden Group

Relevance: Valley glacier located close to Longyearbyen. These cold glacier beds are expected to have permafrost underneath which experience numerous thaw cycles over the years, creating unique underground landscapes for ice and sediments.

Materials found: Frozen water, sandstone, shale, fossil, monitoring equipment, lateral supraglacial streams,

UNIS East Monitoring Borehole

78°13’17.4”N 15°39’29.6”E

Depth: 8m

Temperature: -1.3°C to -3°C

Timespan of infrastructure: 2017 - present Timespan of ground: Aptian - Albian Era, 100 to 113 million years ago

Geological Strata: Carolinefjellet Formation comprised of “mudstones and siltstone with thin interbeds of very fine- to fine-grained sandstones.”1

Relevance: One of the many permafrost monitoring stations littered throughout Longyearbyen this one sits directly beside UNIS and the main path into the center. This directly measures the increasing active layer and ground temperature over the years.

Materials found: marsh vegetation, gravel, fluorescent markers, steep rod, metal casing, plastic visible tube, sensors, active layer muck, goose guano...

Activities taking place: monitoring, passing, flooding, freezing, growing

Events: 2017 construction 2018 -2022 annual data readings

(references) Hanne Christiansen et al., Permafrost thermal snapshot and activelayer thickness in Svalbard 2016-2017, (Longyearbyen: SESS Report, 2018).

Hanne Christiansen et al., Permafrost thermal snapshot and activelayer thickness in Svalbard 2017-2018, (Longyearbyen: SESS Report, 2019).

(image) The surrounding landscape presents a scaled down version of the thaw condition of permafrosts active layer.

Permafrost monitoring borehole beside UNIS, photograph September 7th, 2022.

(references) A. Instanes and D. Mjureke, Svalbard airport runway. Performance during a climate-warming scenario, (Trondheim: Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways, and Airfields Conference, 2005).

(image)

Alexey Reznichenko, Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen, photograph, Airliners, June 20, 2013, https://www.airliners.net/ photo//2442905/L.

Runway

78°14’46.8”N 15°27’36.0”E

Depth: 1 to 4m

Temperature: -1.3°C to -3°C

Timespan of infrastructure: 1975 - present Timespan of ground: Holocene Era

Geological Strata: Marine Sediments

Relevance: Due to a lack of understanding of sub-surface permafrost the runway has faced numerous repairs and continuous to have surface stability issues. With an expanded literarcy of frozen ground this might have been avoided.

Materials found: asphalt, filling, sensors, gravel, concrete, frost stable fill

Activities taking place: leaving, arriving, driving, flying, monitoring...

Events: 1973-1975 construction occured 1989 reconstruction due to surface instability caused by permafrost 2005-2006 additional reconstruction needed Daily/weekly routine of incoming and outgoing flights

Foundations

varies

Depth: 0-8m (structure depending) Temperature: varies

Timespan of infrastructure: 1596-present Timespan of ground: varies

Geological Strata: varies

Relevance: One of the many permafrost monitoring stations littered throughout Longyearbyen this one sits directly beside UNIS and the main path into the center. This directly measures the increasing active layer and ground temperature over the years.

Materials found: wood (imported), steel (imported), concrete (imported), insulation (imported)...

Activities taking place: holding, stabilizing, securing, structure, pressing...

(references) Christian Katlein and Kristoffer Hallberg, Foundation of infrastructure in Pyramiden and Longyearbyen (Longyearbyen: UNIS, 2009).

(image) A newer structure with wooden piles and glulam beams for lateral load holding up the pipe system which runs along Longyearbyen.

Pipeline structure, photograph September 7th, 2022.

(image) Naturally forming mounds are created as ice underground piles, before thawing and the land inbetween giving way to valleys.

Permafrost landscape outside of Longyearbyen, photograph, September 9, 2022.

Mounds

varies

Depth: active layer (no more than 20m below surface) Temperature: varies

Timespan of ground: varies

Geological Strata: varies

Relevance: One of the many permafrost monitoring stations littered throughout Longyearbyen this one sits directly beside UNIS and the main path into the center. This directly measures the increasing active layer and ground temperature over the years.

Materials found: marsh vegetation, bird guano, bird nests, muck, mud, minerals, insects, moss...

Activities taking place: nesting, freezing, thawing, draining, compiling...

Events: Annual freeze thaw cycle

Mapping the Geosphere and Cryosphere

To relate to the landscape of the Arctic as a whole and to understand the materials which comprise permafrost I have worked to map and compile important layers of information regarding the geological formation of the Arctic, Svalbard, and Longyearbyen, in addition to the Arctic ice coverage, main rivers and waterbodies at these same scales.

Geosphere

Continuous permafrost layer + Geological layers of the Arctic classified based on geological era

Hydrosphere/Cryosphere

Main rivers throughout arctic + Sea ice + Sea ice extents + Continuous permafrost

Geology

Geological conditions of Svalbard above and below sea level categorized according to era

Hydrosphere/Cryosphere

Rivers, Moraines, Glaciers throughout Svalbard + Sea ice extents (top left)

Geosphere

Geological layers sorted according to era

Hydrosphere/Cryosphere

Rivers, moraines, and glaciers of Longyearbyen

NICOP Local Field Trip Guidebook—Site #13, CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox, Alaska 55

Figure 9. Cryostratigraphic map of part of the main shaft of the CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, right side (viewed from entrance) of the tunnel. (From Bray et al. 2006).

Prepared for Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, June 29-July 3, 2008 This report has not been reviewed for technical content or for conformity to the editorial standards of DGGS.

One method of mapping the cryosphere is through cyrostratigraphy which maps the movement of ice and sediment

Mikhail Kanevski et al. Cryostratigraphic map of the main shaf of the Fox Tunnel, 2008. In Mikhail Kanevski et al, Late-Pleistocene Syngenetic Permafrost in the Crrel Permafrost Tunnel, (Ninth International Conference on Permafrost: Fairbanks, 2008).

This report has not been reviewed for technical content or for conformity to the editorial standards of DGGS. Prepared for Ninth International Conference on Permafrost, June 29-July 3, 2008

Figure 11. Cryostratigraphic map of the left wall of the winze, interval 31-37 m. 1 – silt; 2 – sand, gravel inclusion; 3 – in situ peat layers; 4 – inclusions of retransported organic matter; 5 –lamination in silt; 6 – erosion boundary; 7 – approximate position of active layer at the periods of slower sedimentation; 8 – ice wedge; 9 – composite wedge (ice/silt); 10 – isolated ice vein; 11 – ice layer (‘belt’), thickness in cm; 12 – reticulate-chaotic cryostructure; 13 – thermokarst-cave ice; 14 – radiocarbon date, yr BP. (From Kanevskiy et al. 2008). 58

NICOP Local Field Trip Guidebook—Site #13, CRREL Permafrost Tunnel, Fox, Alaska

Mapping of ice, sediment, and movement within the Fox Tunnel

Mikhail Kanevski et al. Cryostratigraphic map of the left wall of the winze, 2008. In Mikhail Kanevski et al, Late-Pleistocene Syngenetic Permafrost in the Crrel Permafrost Tunnel, (Ninth International Conference on Permafrost: Fairbanks, 2008).

Glossary of Permafrost Terminology

Types and Conditions of Permafrost from the Cryosphere Glossary assembled by the National Snow and Ice Data Centre

Active Construction Methods In Permafrost special design and construction methods used for engineering works in permafrost areas where permafrost degradation cannot be prevented.

Altitudinal Limit Of Permafrost the lowest altitude at which mountain permafrost occurs in a given highland area outside the general permafrost region.

Altitudinal Zonation Of Permafrost the vertical subdivision of an area of mountain permafrost into permafrost zones, based on the proportion of the ground that is perennially cryotic.

Construction Methods In Permafrost special design and construction procedures required when engineering works are undertaken in permafrost areas.

Continuous Permafrost geographic area in which permafrost occurs everywhere beneath the exposed land surface with the exception of widely scattered sites, such as newly deposited unconsolidated sediments that have just been exposed to the freezing climate; mean annual soil surface temperatures are typically below -5 degrees Celsius (23 degrees Fahrenheit).

Continuous Permafrost Zone the major subdivision of a permafrost region in which permafrost occurs everywhere beneath the exposed land surface with the exception of widely scattered sites.

Discontinuous Permafrost permafrost occurring in some areas beneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographic region where other areas are free of permafrost.

Discontinuous Permafrost Zone the major subdivision of a permafrost region in which permafrost occurs in some areas beneath the exposed land surface, whereas other areas are free of permafrost.

Disequilibrium Permafrost permafrost that is not in thermal equilibrium with the existing mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature and the geothermal heat flux.

Dry Permafrost permafrost containing neither free water nor ice.

Epigenetic Permafrost permafrost that formed through lowering of the permafrost base in previously deposited sediment or other earth material.

Equilibrium Permafrost permafrost that is in thermal equilibrium with the existing mean annual surface or sea-bottom temperature and with the geothermal heat flux.

Extensive Discontinuous Permafrost (1) (North American usage) permafrost underlying 65 - 90% of the area of exposed land surface (2) (Russian usage) permafrost underlying 70 - 80% of the area of exposed land surface. Friable Permafrost permafrost in which the soil particles are not held together by ice.

Ice-Bearing Permafrost permafrost that contains ice.

Ice-Bonded Permafrost ice-bearing permafrost in which the soil particles are cemented together by ice.

Ice-Rich Permafrost permafrost containing excess ice.

Intermediate Discontinuous Permafrost (1) (North American usage) permafrost underlying 35 - 65% of the area of exposed land surface (2) (Russian usage) permafrost underlying 40 - 60% of the area of exposed land surface.

Intrapermafrost Water water occurring in unfrozen zones (taliks and cryopegs) within permafrost.

Isolated Patches Of Permafrost permafrost underlying less than 10% of the exposed land surface.

Latitudinal Limit Of Permafrost the southernmost (northernmost) latitude at which permafrost occurs in a lowland region in the northern (southern) hemisphere.

Latitudinal Zonation Of Permafrost the subdivision of a permafrost region into permafrost zones, based on the percentage of the area that is underlain by permafrost.

Mountain Permafrost permafrost existing at high altitudes in high, middle, and low latitudes.

Onshore Permafrost permafrost occurring beneath exposed land surfaces.

Partially-Bonded Permafrost ice-bearing permafrost in which some of the soil particles are not held together by ice.

Passive Construction Methods In Permafrost special design and construction methods used for engineering works in permafrost areas where preservation of the frozen condition is feasible.

Permafrost layer of soil or rock, at some depth beneath the surface, in which the temperature has been continuously below 0*C for at least several years; it exists where summer heating fails to reach the base of the layer of frozen ground.

Permafrost Aggradation a naturally or artificially caused increase in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost.

Permafrost Base the lower boundary surface of permafrost, above which temperatures are perennially below 0 degrees Celsius (cryotic) and below which temperatures are perennially above 0 degrees Celsius (noncryotic).

Permafrost Boundary (1) the geographical boundary between the continuous and discontinuous permafrost zones (2) the margin of a discrete body of permafrost.

Permafrost Degradation a naturally or artificially caused decrease in the thickness and/or areal extent of permafrost.

Permafrost Extent the total geographic area containing some amount of permafrost; typically reported in square kilometers.

Permafrost Limit outermost (latitudinal) or lowest (altitudinal) limit of the occurrence of permafrost.

Permafrost Region a region in which the temperature of some or all of the ground below the seasonally freezing and thawing layer remains continuously at or below 0 degrees Celsius for at least two consecutive years. Permafrost Table the upper boundary surface of permafrost.

Permafrost Thickness the vertical distance between the permafrost table and the permafrost base.

Permafrost Zone a major subdivision of a permafrost region.

Planetary Permafrost permafrost occurring on other planetary bodies (planets, moons, asteroids).

Poorly-Bonded Permafrost ice-bearing permafrost in which few of the soil particles are held together by ice.

Relict Permafrost permafrost existing in areas where permafrost can not form under present climatic conditions; reflects past climatic conditions that were colder.

Saline Permafrost permafrost in which part or all of the total water content is unfrozen because of freezing-point depression due to a high dissolved-solids content of the pore water.

Seasonally-Active Permafrost the uppermost layer of the permafrost which undergoes seasonal phase changes due to the lowered thawing temperature and freezing-point depression of its pore water.

Sporadic Discontinuous Permafrost (1) (North American usage) permafrost underlying 10 - 50% of the exposed land surface (2) (Russian usage) permafrost underlying 5 - 30% of the exposed land surface. Subglacial Permafrost permafrost beneath a glacier.

Subpermafrost Water water occurring in the noncryotic ground below the permafrost.

Subsea Permafrost permafrost occurring beneath the sea bottom.

Suprapermafrost Water water occurring in unfrozen ground above perennially frozen ground.

Syngenetic Permafrost permafrost that formed through a rise of the permafrost table during the deposition of additional sediment or other earth material on the ground surface.

Thaw-Sensitive Permafrost perennially frozen ground which, upon thawing, will experience significant thaw settlement and suffer loss of strength to a value significantly lower than that for similar material in an unfrozen condition.

Thaw-Stable Permafrost perennially frozen ground which, upon thawing, will not experience either significant thaw settlement or loss of strength.

Two-Layer Permafrost ground in which two layers of permafrost are separated by a layer of unfrozen ground.

Well-Bonded Permafrost ice-bearing permafrost in which all the soil particles are held together by ice.

References

Primary sources are noted with an asterisk (*).

Bennett, Jane. Vibrant Matter: A Political Ecology of Things. Durham: Duke University Press, 2010.

Cable, Stefanie, Bo Elberling, and Aart Kroon. “Holocene permafrost history and cryostratigraphy in the High-Arctic Adventdalen Valley, central Svalbard.” Boreas 47 (2018): 423-442.

*Cho, Leena. “Permafrost Politics: Toward a Relational Materiality and Design of Arctic Ground.”

Landscape Research 46, no.1 (2021): 25-35.

*Cho, Leena. “The Perennial Solidity of Water.” Journal of Architectural Education 74, no.1 (2020): 120122.

*Christiansen, Hanne, H. Hugh M French, and Ole Humlum. “Permafrost in the Gruve-7 mine, Adventdalen Svalbard.” Norwegian Journal of Geography 59, no. 2 (2005): 109-115.

*Christiansen, HH. et al. “Permafrost thermal snapshot and active-layer thickness in Svalbard 20172018”. In State of Environmental Science in Svalbard Report. Longyearbyen: SIOS. 2019.

Cysewski, Margaret, Kevin Bjella, and Matthew Sturm. The History and Future of the Permafrost

Tunnel near Fox, Alaksa. GEO2010: Calgary, 2010.

Dobricic, S, and L. Pozzoli. Arctic Permafrost Thawing: Impacts on high latitude emissons of carbon dioxide and methane. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. 2019.

*Gilbert, Graham Lewis. “Cryostratigraphy and sedimentology of high-Arctic fjord-valleys.” Masters thesis, University of Bergan (2018).

Goldinger, Aniella Sophie, and Caitlin Jakusz Paridy. “Re-assessing the assessment: Impacts of green colonialism in Sápmi” KERB Journal. 30. 2022. In print.

Gordon Helen. “Journey deep into the Finnish caverns where nuclear waste will be buried for millennial.” Wired. Last modified April 24, 2017. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/olkiluoto-island-finland-nuclear-waste-onkalo.

Government of Canada. Giant Mine Remediation Project: Underground Design Plan. Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affaris Canada: Yellowknife, 2021.

*Granjou, Celine, and Juan Francisco Salazar. “The Stuff of Soil: Belowground Agency in the Making of Future Climates.” Nature and Culture 14 no.1 (2019): 39-60.

Gray, Richard. “The mystery of Siberia’s exploding craters.” BBC. Last modified December 1, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20201130-climate-change-the-mystery-of-siberias-explosivecraters.

Grebenets, Valery I., Vasily A Tolmanov, Fedor D. Iurov, and Pavel Y Groisman. “The Problem of Storage of Solid Waste in Permafrost.” Environmental Research 16 (2021).

Greene, Tommy. “Nuclear storage plans for north of England stir up local opposition.” The Guardian.

Last modified August 23, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/aug/23/nuclearstorage-plans-for-north-of-england-stir-up-local-opposition.

Grundvag, Sten-Andreas and Snorre Olaussen. “Sedimentology and palynology of the Lower Cretaceous succession of central Spitsbergen.” Norwegian Journal of Geology 99, no.2. 2019.

*Hanssen-Bauer I et al. Climate in Svalbard 2100: a knowldge base for climate adaptation. Oslo: Miljodirektoratet, 2019.

Heginbottom, Alan. “Excavating the Spanish Flu.” Government of Canada. Last modified 2019. https:// definingmomentscanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Higgenbottom-English.pdf.

Humlum, Ole. “Permafrost, Endalen borehole.” UiO Climate4you. Last accessed October 22, 2022. https://www.climate4you.com/index.htm.

*Humlum, Ole; Arne Instanes and Johan Ludvig Sollid. “Permafrost in Svalbard: a review of research history, climatic background and engineering challenges.” Polar Research 22, no.2 (2003): 191-215.

*Ingold, Tim, and Cristian Simonetti. “Introducing Solid Fluids.” Theory, Culture, and Society 39, no.2 (2022):3-29.

*Jobst, Marko. “A Ficto-historical Theory of the London Underground.” Site-Writing. Last accessed

October 17, 2017. https://site-writing.co.uk/a-ficto-historical-theory-of-the-london-underground-2017/.

Kanevski, Mikhail, Y.L Shur, H.M French. Late-Pleistocene Syngenetic Permafrost in the Cerrel Permafrost Tunnel. Ninth International Conference on Permafrost: Fairbanks, 2008.

*Kearnes, Matthew, and Lauren Rickards. “Earthly graves for environmental futures: Techno-burial practices.” Futures 92 (2017): 48-58.

Kovalcik, Katherine. “An Index of Groundworks and Bearings: Architectural lessons on foundation building in Vuntut Gwitchin traditional territory.” Master’s thesis. University of Waterloo: Architecture. 2018.

Kubny, Heiner. “Oldest permafrost in Siberia discovered.” Polar Journal. Last modified June 18, 2021. https://polarjournal.ch/en/2021/06/18/oldest-permafrost-in-siberia-discovered/.

La Cour, Astrid, and Philip Stevens. “Hiroshi sambuichi brings nature to subterranean copenhagen with cisternerne installation.” Designboom. Last modified July 31, 2017. https://www.designboom.com/ art/hiroshi-sambuichi-cisternerne-installation-water-copenhagen-rasmus-hjortshoj-07-31-2017/.

Liesowska, Anna. “Drone flies inside giant Yamal permafrost crater for the first time, dipping 15 metres below the surface.” The Siberian Times. Last modified February 25, 2021. https://siberiantimes. com/other/others/news/drone-flies-inside-giant-yamal-permafrost-crater-for-first-time-dipping15-metres-below-the-surface/.

Linell, Kenneth A. and John C. F. Tedrow. Soil and permafrost surveys in the arctic. New York: Oxford

University Press. 1981.

LPO Presentation. “Artica Listens 2022: Return to Nature? The Transformation of a Post-Coal Mining

Landscape.” Arctica Svalbard. Tromsø: UiT Kunstakademiet, 2022. Making the Geologic Now, ed. Elizabeth Ellsworth and Jamie Kruse. Brooklyn: punctum books, 2013.

McMillan, Jason. “Unsettling Ground: Studies on Buildings and Fluid Geology in Arviat, Nunavut.”

Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo: Architecture, 2019.

Moore, Jason W. “The Capitalocene, Part I: on the nature and origins of our ecological crisis.” The

Journal of Peasant Studies. 44, no. 3, 2017.

Muller, Siemon W. Frozen in Time: Permafrost and Engineering Problems. Reston: American Society of

Civil Engineers. 2008.

Ootes, Luke, et al. “The Timing of Yellowknife Gold Mineralization: A temporal relationship with crustal anatexis?” Economic Geology 106, no. 4 (2011).

Ostrander, Madeline. “In a tunnel beaneath Alaska, scientists race to understand disappearing permafrost.” Smithsonian Magazine. Last modified May 4, 2020. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/ science-nature/tunnel-beneath-alaska-180974804/.

Reymert, Per Kyrre. Longyearbyen: from company town to modern town. Longyearbyen: Governor of

Svalbard, Environmental Protection Department. 2013.

Reymert, Per Kyrre. Longyearbyen: from company town to modern town. Longyearbyen: Governor of

Svalbard, Environmental Protection Department. 2013.

Shur, Yuri et al. “Permafrost,” in Singh V.P, Sing P., Haritashya, Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers.

Dordrecht: Springer, 2011.

*Simonetti, Cristian. “Viscosity in Matter, Life and Sociality: The Case of Glacial Ice.” Theory, Culture, and Society 39, no.2 (2021): 111-130.

Stuart A. Harris, Anatoli Brouchkov, and Cheng Guodong. Geocryology: Characteristics and Use of

Frozen Ground and Permafrost Landforms. London: Taylor and Francis Group, 2018.

Thomson, Jimmy. “This is Giant Mine.” The Narwhal. Last modified June 9, 2018. https://thenarwhal. ca/this-is-giant-mine/.

U.S Army Corps of Engineers Research and Development Center. “Permafrost Tunnel Research Facility,” USACE. Last modified November 19, 2012. https://www.erdc.usace.army.mil/CRREL/Permafrost-Tunnel-Research-Facility/

Vatn, Ingvild Sæbu. and Lilli Wickström. “Svea Post Mine.” Arctica Svalbard. Last modified August 18, 2022, https://www.articasvalbard.no/artica-writings-2022/svea-post-mine.

Williams, Peter J, and Michael W. Smith. The Frozen Earth: Fundamentals of Geocryology. Oxford:

Cambridge University Press. 1989.

*Williams, Rosalind. Notes on the Underground. Cambridge: MIT Press. 2008.

*Yusoff, Kathryn. “Geosocial Strata.” Theory, Culture, and Society 34, 2-3 (2017): 105-127.

*Yusoff, Kathryn. “Queer Coal: Geneaologies in/of the Blood.” Philosophia 5, no. 2 (2015): 203-229.

“Dark beer from the deep.” Svalbard Bryggeri. Last accessed October 23, 2022. https://www.svalbardbryggeri.com/gruve3/.

“Freeze Remediation: plain language summary.” Government of Canada. Last modified July 23, 2019. https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1563905637880/1618400628948.

“Frøhvelvet er rustet for fremtiden.” Statsbygg. Last modified October 21, 2019. https://www.statsbygg. no/nyheter/frohvelvet-er-rustet-for-fremtiden.

“Major deposit for the Svalbard Global Seed Bank.” Statsbygg. Last modified February 24, 2020. https:// www.statsbygg.no/nyheter/major-deposit-for-the-svalbard-global-seed-vault-storinnrykk-til-svalbard-globale-frohvelv.

“Mine #3.” Spitsbirgen, Svalbard. Last accessed October 23, 2022. https://www.spitsbergen-svalbard. com/photos-panoramas-videos-and-webcams/spitsbergen-panoramas/mine-3.html.

“More about the physical plant.” Government.no. Last updated February 23, 2015. https://www.regjeringen.no/en/topics/food-fisheries-and-agriculture/svalbard-global-seed-vault/mer-om-det-fysiske-anlegget/id2365142/.

“Norwegian cemetary may hold clues to Spanish flu.” Canadian Medical Association News and Anslysis. 158, no. 2 (1998).

“Returning Svalbard to its Natural State.” AF Gruppen. Last accessed October 31, 2022. https://afgruppen.com/projects/miljo/rydder-opp-pa-svalbard/.

“Svalbard Global Frøkvelv.” Statsbygg. Last accessed October 19, 2022. https://www.statsbygg.no/prosjekter-og-eiendommer/svalbard-globale-frohvelv.

“The Cisterns x Sambuichi.” Dineseen. Last accessed October 31, 2022. https://www.dinesen.com/no/ inspiration/the-cisterns-x-sambuichi/.

“The Facility,” Svalbard Global Seed Vault. Last accessed October 19, 2022. https://www.seedvault.no/ about/the-facility/.

“The Remediation Project’s Frozen Block Method,” Government of Canada, last modified April 13th, 2018, https://www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1100100027422/1617999507283.

“Van Mijenfjorden Group.” Time Scale Foundation. Last accessed October 23, 2022. https://timescalefoundation.org/resources/NW_Europe_Lex/litho/svalbard/mijen.htm.