minor transit road major transit road forested area less populated more populated major city minor city
6-8+ WEEKS
12-20+ MONTHS
3-5 YEARS
POPULATON DENSITIES highest population in south/coast
$240-280 18.5 - 21 sq m tarpaulin, tents, ropes, nails
$380-1800 18 - 24 sq m steel/wood frame, concrete foundation
$4600-18000 18.5 - 150 sq m brick, CMU, or masonry
MAJOR ROAD INFRASTRUCTURE connecting largest cities in Sumatra FORESTED AREA 1985 58% coverage with 25.3 million ha FORESTED AREA 2009 29% coverage with 12.8 million ha
COLUMNS AND BEAMS ARRANGED TO MAXIMIZE BAY SIZE ELEVATED PLATFORM
WATER CLOSEST + SHOWER
REGULAR COLUMN GRID CONTINUOUS FROM BELOW
LIVING + SLEEPING QUARTERS DIVIDED FOR PRIVACY
CONTINUOUS COMMUNAL SPACE DIVIDED COMMUNAL HOMES
COMMUNAL/PUBLIC SPACE
HOMES AGGREGATED OVER TIME HAVE THE ABILITY TO TACK ON TO THE ADJACENT BUILDING
COMMUNAL HALLWAY AND DRYING AREA
ROOF OVERHANGS CREATE SHELTERED PUBLIC SPACES
A series of interconnecting apartments arranged in a linear manner Typically have a covered veranda which is a public space for things like markets Longhouse sites are chosen for their access to water, farmland, transportation, and jungle resources Accessible by an hour drive from Kuching Small detached buildings aggregate in a random pattern around a main longhouse structure Traditionally the flooring is a bamboo platform deck Comprised of three main structures divided into smaller apartments Share a roof structure along all of the adjacent homes The houses are elevated to avoid flooding - the space under the buildings are used to house livestock away from predators
Known as “village under one roof” Each apartment connects to the communal gallery space on one side and has kitchens and bathrooms on the other Forgoes the traditional thatch roof for a tin roof After the initial longhouse burned down, people create shelters with concrete, cement board, timber, burned steel roofing, etc. Individual homes resulted in a more visible + apparent difference in income Open air sewage drains under homes to the river - spreads disease Loss of the communal gallery weakens the community + hinders customs Created a shared spatial understanding to create a more cohesive image Kitchen wall facing the longhouse includes fireproofing material + split roof away from the longhouse
Communal spaces are located in one continuous longhouse rather than the irregular individual dwellings
The longhouse development was built at once with input on the design options to create a more unified longhouse with one vision
OVERHANGING ROOFS TO CREATE COVERED PATIO SPACES COVERED ZONE FOR COMMUNAL SPACE
ADDITIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE LARGE ROOF
INDIVIDUAL HOUSING AGGREGATED SLOWLY
STEEP ROOF + OVERHANG FOR WATER DRAINAGE
COMMUNAL HOUSING
PRIMARY SUPPORT BEAMS ARE CONTINUOUS
EXTERIOR ELEVATED WALKWAY
SMALLER SECONDARY SUPPORT BEAMS
CONTINUOUS BAMBOO PLATFORM HIGH STILTED PLATFORM
STILTS ON FOUNDATIONS
MEDAN, SUMATRA altitude: 2.5 meters temp range: 26 - 27 C rainfall: 21.3 meters
maximize ventilation
attic storage
long overhangs
temporary divisions
RUTENG, E NUSA TENGGARA altitude: 1189 meters temp range: 12-26 C rainfall: 35.6 meters
bamboo framework AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
AVERAGE RAINFALL
35 C
700 mm
30 C
high in Medan (2.5m above sea level)
25 C
average daily temperature in Indonesia
DEC
NOV
annual rainfall in Medan
SEP OCT
JAN
DEC
OCT NOV
0 mm
SEP
0C
JUL AUG
100 mm
JUN
5C
APR MAY
200 mm
MAR
10 C
JAN
RUMAH GADANG
300 mm
JUL AUG
low in Ruteng (1189m above sea level)
FEB
BATAK
annual rainfall in Ruteng
400 mm
15 C
LONGHOUSE
500 mm
JUN
20 C
600 mm
APR MAY
< 6% ground drainage slope
MAR
steep slope
FEB
stilted ground level
W. COASTAL STRIP + E. COASTAL SWAMP
MOUNTAIN ZONE
COCONUT PALM + CARIBBEAN PALM + NIPA PAL
PIEDMONT ZONE + PENEPLAINS
SUMATRAN PINE
BROWN SALWOOD
30-50 cm
Cocos Nucifera Coconut Palm
60-100 cm
Pinus Merkusii Sumatran Pine
20-30 m tall straight bole of ? m 30-40 cm trunk 400-820 kg/m3
30-40 m tall straight bole of ? m 60-100 cm trunk 710 kg/m3
Coastal tropical areas 0 m elevation 19 - 29 deg C 1.5-2.5 m annual rainfall
Fast growing evergreen 400-2000 m elevation 21-28 deg C 1-3.5 m annual rainfall
20-30 meters
30-40 meters
20-30 meters
30-40 cm
Acacia Mangium Brown Salwood 20-30 m tall straight bole of 15+ m 30-50 cm trunk 515 kg/m3 Fast growing evergreen 0-800 m elevation 16-35 deg C 1-4 m annual rainfall
West Coastal Strip + East Coastal Swamp 0-100 meters above sea level Tropical climate 24-32 deg Celsius 80% humidity 31.8 meters of rain per year
Mountain Zone 1000-2400 meters above sea level Tropical climate 12-26 deg Celsius 80% humidity 36.4 meters of rain per year
Piedmont Zone + Peneplain Zone 200 - 400 meters above sea level +/- 200 meters Tropical climate 22-32 deg Celsius 82% humidity 22.9 meters of rain per year
Coastal: costal plains + lowland freshwater swamp
Mountain: mountains created by active/inactive volcano
Combination of ultisol and quartz sand Ultisol: soil top layer + red clay soil
Combination of lithosol and limestone Lithosol: shallow soil containing weathered rock fragments
Piedmont: landform at the foothills of a mountain Peneplain: low-relief plain created by erosion
HIGH LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL
LANDSLIDES
COLUMN STEEL “U” TO ATTACH COLUMN + PILE TOPSOIL
Combination of gleysol + histosol on sandstone Gleysol: wetland soil that is sticky and on top of sandstone Histosol: damp and lacks density, but can be drained WET SOIL WOOD ROT COLUMN
COLUMN STEEL “U” TO ATTACH COLUMN + PILE BOLT TO BOULDER BOULDER
ULTISOL
LITHOSOL
HELICAL PIER
LIMESTONE
STEEL “U” TO ATTACH COLUMN + PILE SONOTUBE + CONCRETE TOPSOIL GLEYSOL/HISTOSOL BEDROCK
UNIT OCCUPANCY LAYOUTS: 3/8” = 1’-0” scale
MAXIMUM INITIAL OCCUPATION
2’-3”
9 person occupancy 11 sqft per person Minimum 27” between bunk beds No storage space
2’-3”
1’-0”
4’-0”
IDEAL INDIVIDUAL OCCUPATION 4 person occupancy 25 sqft per person Minimum 36” between bunk beds 50 sqft of storage space
3’-0”
2’-0”
IDEAL FAMILY OCCUPATION
4 person occupancy 25 sqft per person Minimum 36” between bunk beds Double bed for max 2 occupants 50 sqft of storage space 3’-0”
BASE MODULE: 1/5” = 1’-0” scale
VARIABLE HEIGHT FROM GROUND PLANE
10’ BAYS
50’
TO
10’ B TAL AYS
’
30
AL T TO YS
’ 10
BA
MATERIALS: 1/96” = 1’-0”
BAMBOO ROOFING 3” diameter x 12’ : 217 split in halves
BAMBOO FLOORING 3” diameter x 11’ : 414
COLUMNS + BEAMS 6” x 6” x 10’ : 184
BAMBOO FLOORING 3” diameter x 10’ 6” : 156
LONGER ROOF EDGE 4” x 4” x 9’ : 12
ROOF TRUSS BEAM 4” x 4” x 12’ : 12
CONNECTOR: BEAM 1’6” x 3’ x 1.5” : 24
CONNECTOR: TRUSS 1’7” x 1’2“ x 6” : 36
BAMBOO ROOFING 3” diameter x 7’10” : 217 split in halves
SHORTER ROOF EDGE 4” x 4” x 6’6” : 12
CONNECTOR: TRUSS BEAM 3’ x 1’5“ x 6” : 24
TRUSS MEMBERS 4” x 4” x 1’10” : 24
CONNECTOR: COLUMN 1’6” x 1’6” x 6” : 24
STORAGE FLOORING 3” diameter x 4’6” : 207
DIVISION INFILL 22 cubic ft : 22 walls
TENSION ROD 1” diameter x 14’ : 72
TOOLS: not to scale
LASHING MATERIAL connecting bamboo
CONNECTOR: BEAM splitting wood + bamboo
CROSS-CUT SAW cutting down lumber
PLANE create square edge for connection
RATCHET/POWER DRILL attach bolts
BOLTS connect components + wood
UNIT ARRANGEMENTS: 3/32” = 1’-0” scale
2X5 RESIDENTIAL
3X5 RESIDENTIAL 40 person occupancy 37.5 sqft per person
20 person occupancy 37.5 sqft per person
20
ideal occupancy
40
ideal occupancy
45
maximum occupancy
90
maximum occupancy
4X4 COMMUNITY
2X2 SERVICE
32 person occupancy 50 sqft per person
8 person occupancy 100 sqft per person
18
maximum occupancy
32
ideal occupancy
72
maximum occupancy
8
ideal occupancy
SYSTEMS: Construction Process
FOUNDATION ON COMPACT SOIL
MINIMUM 6% GRADE FOR WATER FLOW
ROD CONNECTION
COLUMN HEIGHT ADJUSTMENT + BEAM ATTACHMENT
DEEP BEAM CONNECTION
TRUSS CONNECTION
COLUMN TO TRUSS CONNECTION
COLUMN CONNECTION
uneven width tree trunk brackets to attach a vertical member to the tree trunk
SYSTEMS: Organizational Layout
flexible dividers out of scrap wood/bamboo stacked
COMMUNITY SPACE FLEXIBLE DIVIDERS
KITCHEN
MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING
BATHROOM
severable walkway to kitchen
bathroom tie in to existing septic tank, or create a composting toilet
SYSTEMS: Environmental Management + Water Flow split bamboo roof to channel water in bamboo gutters
1â&#x20AC;? spacing between bamboo to allow for water passage
hung catchment system to funnel water to one end
lined water storage area
vertical member for lashing or bolting attachments
stacked bamboo division wall
VILLAGE LAYOUTS: various scales
SHELTER TO PERMANENT
Shelters line streets or open spaces in a grid formation Tightly packed with high density Small center sizes Rebuilt areas are more spread out
EXISTING TO REBUILD
Temporary structures occupy space around the old footprint Permanent structures occupy the old footprint with minor alterations Settlements line rivers or roads in open spaces
COASTAL VILLAGE LAYOUTS
EXISTING CONDITION 132 residents
SHELTER CONDITION 132-160 residents 46 trees required
MOUNTAIN VILLAGE LAYOUTS
EXISTING CONDITION 222 residents
SHELTER CONDITION 222-240 residents 14 trees required
PENEPLAIN VILLAGE LAYOUTS
EXISTING CONDITION 580 residents
SHELTER CONDITION 580-600 residents 120 trees required