The
Promise
1
MPLA Campaign During the MPLA Conference in August of 2008, Jose Eduardo dos santos promises 1 million dwellings to the Angolan population, to get built until 2012.
“on voting in the MPLA you are voting for the safe path for a better Angola, you are voting for 1 million new dwellings�
2008 2
3
Index
History of Luanda
Growth Pattern
LUANDA
City Fabrics
4
Players
Current state
CENTRALITIES
Geographical Overview
5
Sao Paulo da Assuncao de Luanda (Original Name) The choice for the location of the village was greatly influenced by the existence of a magnificent natural harbor, situated in a bay protected by an island. Also, by the excellent conditions of defense offered by the hill of SĂŁo Paulo, after the reconquest of the place to the Dutch designated by hill of SĂŁo Miguel.
6
1665
7
Luanda Today Shore Line in 1665 Main Roads Municipalities Divison
0
8
5
10
20 KM
2018
9
The city served as the centre of slave trade to Brazil from around 1550 to 1836. The slave trade was conducted mostly with the Portuguese colony of Brazil; Brazilian ships were the most numerous in the port of Luanda. By this time, Angola, a Portuguese colony, was in fact like a colony of Brazil, paradoxically another Portuguese colony. A strong degree of Brazilian influence was noted in Luanda until the Independence of Brazil in 1822. In the 19th century, still under Portuguese rule, Luanda experienced a major economic revolution. The slave trade was abolished in 1836, and in 1844, Angola’s ports were opened to foreign shipping.
Brazilian Style Barbecue dinner during the field trip 10
Brazil-Angola Cultural Center
1700
10 % Br a zil ia 30 .0 0
2018 n
0
se ue g tu 0 00 0.
11
Po r
% 30
60%
Chinese
230.000
Expats*
*Referring to the most numerous expats population in Luanda 11
By 1850, Luanda was one of the greatest and most developed Portuguese cities in the vast Portuguese Empire outside Continental Portugal, full of trading companies, exporting (together with Benguela) palm and peanut oil, wax, copal, timber, ivory, cotton, coffee, and cocoa, among many other products. Maize, tobacco, dried meat, and cassava flour are also produced locally. The Angolan bourgeoisie was born by this time.
12
1850
13
Economic growth and development in Luanda reached record highs during the Portuguese Colonial War (1961-1974). In 1972, a report called Luanda the “Paris of Africa”. Throughout Portugal’s Estado Novo period, Luanda grew from a town of 61,208 with 14.6% of those inhabitants being white in 1940, to a wealthy cosmopolitan major city of 475,328 in 1970 with 124,814 Europeans (26.3%) and around 50,000 mixed race inhabitants. Luanda has also became one of the world’s most expensive cities in the world.
14
1970
15
with the advent of independence and the start of the Angolan Civil War, most of the white Portuguese Luandans left as refugees, principally for Portugal, with many travelling overland to South Africa. There was an immediate crisis, however, as the local African population lacked the skills and knowledge needed to run the city and maintain its well-developed infrastructure.
16
1975
17
Cuban Building in a former colonial workers neighbourhoods The large numbers of skilled technicians among the force of Cuban soldiers sent in to support the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) government in the Angolan Civil War were able to make a valuable contribution to restoring and maintaining basic services in the city. During our field trip, we witnessed a strong degree of Cuban influence, specially in the political spectrum of the country, but also in some of the architectural typologies we found along the way, which were social housing blocks remanescent from the period above described.
18
2018
19
20
Cuba’s first informal contacts with the MPLA dated back to the late 1950s.MPLA guerrillas received their first training from Cubans in Algiers starting in 1963 and Che Guevara met party leader Agostinho Neto for the first high-level talks on 5 January 1965. Agostinho Neto was the Angolan Revolutionary that led the war for independence, the first president of the country (1975-1979) and also led the MPLA during the civil war. Since Angolan independence in 1975 the same party has been in power. Although there is a democratic regime established in the country, a high level of totalitarism is perceived in the pervasive presence of the government. Left - Jose Eduardo dos Santos (former president) banner in the new city of Kilamba Right - Newest road in Luanda is called commandant Fidel Castro Road
21
Informal Settlement
22
MPLA Committee Zango 3
The overwhelming visual presence of MPLA on the party’s flag is felt everywhere. Moreover, some people we spoke to were fearful of openly criticize the politics of the country.
New City of Kilamba
Informal Settlement 23
As a result of the decades-long civil war, slums called musseques — which had existed for decades — began to grow out of proportion and stretched several kilometres beyond Luanda’s former city limits because of the rise of deep social inequalities due to large-scale migration of civil war refugees from other Angolan regions. For decades, Luanda’s facilities were not adequately expanded to handle this massive increase in the city’s population.
24
Sambizanga Slum
View from the plane 25
26
A picture of Luanda Urban Growth caused by civil war refugees migration. During the war, Luanda was the safest territory in the country.
0
213M 27
198 9
19
Luanda was a city originally planned to accomodate around 650.000 inhabitants. The current population is around 8.000,000 people, more than 10 times of what its original plan accounted for. However, throughout such growth, no extension or renewal were made in the infrastructure of the city, which is currently overburdened.
75
8,000,0
7,000,0
Population
6,000,0
5,000,0
4,000,0
3,000,0
2,000,0
1,000,0 0
28
10 km
2018
2010
1995 2000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
1940
1950
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2018 29
After 2002, with the end of the civil war and high economic growth rates fuelled by the wealth provided by the increasing oil and diamond production, major reconstruction started. To handle the reconstruction effort, the government created in 2004 the Cabinet for National Reconstruction. Under the authority of the President, the cabinet task was to promote, monitor and supervise the implementation of specific programs in the area of economic and social recovery. Jose Eduardo dos Santos, presdient-in-office, appointed General Helder Vieira Dias know as “General Kopelipa” to run the Cabinet. General “Kopelipa” is appointed as coordinator of the illicit enrichment of the presidential family and of the ruling elite that is responsible for institutional corruption. Moreover he was the Angolan ambassador in Paris.
30
2004
Jose Eduardo dos Santos with general “kopalipa” 31
“An agreement between Angola and the International Monetary Fund does not go further because if you take the GDP per capita of the country, it is classified as a middle class country” “General Kopalipa ordered Jose Eduardo dos Santos to accept the agreement with the Chineses and he accepted.” Anonimous Professor at the Lusiada University of Angola
32
2004
Jose Eduardo dos Santos with Xi Jinping 33
The wealth provided by the oil production brought a large number of expats to the city to work in the international oil companies newly settled in the country. Such imigration made Luanda one of the most expensive cities in the world and also reflected on a particular settlement pattern in a certain area of the city. In Talatona, a neighbourhood developed in the early 2.000’s, the landscape is dominated by luxury buildings and large tracts of American style upper-class condos. A glimpse of the cost of life for expats: Rent in Luanda Sul - $12.000,00 month International School - $40.000,00 year Reportedly costs an average international company operating in Angola $1 million USD a year to settle an expat in Luanda.
34
Post-War
35
Overview Angola Angola Deep Offshore Extraction Angola Offshore Extraction
Soyo
Zaire
Kwanza Onshore Sedimentary Area Congo Onshore Exploration Diamond Mines Roads Railways
Bengo Luanda
Cu
Lobito
Benguela
Cal
Hu Lubango Namibe
Namibe
0
36
165
300
660 Km
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Uije Dundo
Uije
Luanda Norte
Cuanza Norte
Malanje Malanje
Luanda Sul Samakwo
uanza Sul
Bie
Huambo Huambo
Moxico
lumbeque
uila
Menongue
Zambia
Cuvelai
Cuando Cubango Cunene
Namacunde
Namibia 37
Centralities Throughout Angola Cabinda
Centralities
Soyo Zaire
Bengo
Capari Sequele C km 44 Vida Pacifica Zango
kilamba kk 5.000
Luanda
Cua
Baia Farta
Lobito Luhongo Benguela
Cal
Quilemba Lubango Namibe
Praia Amelia 5 de Abril Namibe
0
38
165
300
660 Km
2008
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Uije
Dundo
Uije
Cuanza Norte
Luanda Norte Malanje Malanje
Luanda Sul Samakwo
anza Sul
Bie Huambo Huambo Moxico
lumbeque
Huila
Menongue
Zambia
Cuvelai
Cuando Cubango
Cunene
Namacunde
Namibia 39
Mediator Pierson Capital Group is an international, privatelyheld entity that focuses on developing businesses in the World’s fast growing markets. The core business consists in leveraging strong strategic alliances commercial conglomerates for the design and long term financing of major infrastructure programs in emerging countries, such as social housing programs, highways, railways, pipelines, power stations and others, i.e. programs that governments rank among their priorities to implement.
Developer and Contractor CITIC Group Corporation Ltd., formerly the China International Trust Investment Corporation, is a state-owned investment company of the People’s Republic of China. CITIC Limited is the largest conglomerate in China and an established global player, with businesses covering financial services, resources and energy, manufacturing, engineering contracting and real estate as well as others. It now owns 44 subsidiaries including China CITIC Bank, CITIC Limited, CITIC Trust and CITIC Merchant (mainly banks) in China, Hong Kong, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
Developer and Contractor China Tiesiju Civil Engineering Group Co Ltd is a large-scaled construction enterprise and a model subsidiary of China Railway Engineering Corporation which is one of Fortune Global 500. It is a stateauthorized hi-tech enterprise. It has banks in China, Hong Kong, the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.
40
Actors
Meeting at Pierson Capital Group 41
Real State Companies Delta Imobiliaria was created in 2007, just before the promise from Jose Eduardo dos Santos to handle the sales of the centralities. It was a subsidiary of SONIP, which was the real state subsidiary of Sonangol. Throughout the units sale process, there were numerous scandals involving the company. For instance, Delta employers were reported conducting illegal charges for the apartments candidates registration, some buyers payed for the unit and did not receive their keys, among other issues. In 2014 the sales management of the centralities were transfered to Imogestin.
SONIP is the real state Sonangol subsidiary. Sonangol Group is a parastatal that oversees petroleum and natural gas production in Angola.
Imogestin is a private real state group which is currently responsible for the sales of all the centralities throughout the country.
42
Kilamba model at CITIC compound in Kilamba 43
Pierre Falcone (chairman of the Pierson Capital Group) is main character of the “Angola-gate” controversy. The so-called “Angolagate” scandal involved arms sales to Angola worth US$790m in 1993-2000, during the country’s civil war, by a French businessman, Pierre Falcone, and his Russianborn associate, Arcady Gaydamak, in which numerous French and Angolan officials allegedly received pay-offs and gifts worth US$56m. Both Mr Falcone and Mr Gaydamak deny any wrongdoing. Due to french business interests in Angola, the French government has done its best to limit the damage caused by the Angola-gate trial. However, the French government’s influence over the French judiciary, which is fiercely protective of its independence, is weak. Falcone remained incarcerated for 18 months and obtained his release only after paying a $15 million bail and supposedly turning over his passport to the court, and accepting severe restrictions on his movements and activities.
“60% of the wealth of a bank in dubai belongs to 3 Angolans” Anonimous Professor at the Lusiada University of Angola
44
2011 “The chairman of this company is very thankful to this country� Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
Pierre falcone at kilamba construction Site 45
Overview Luanda Main Roads
O Port CBD
Airport
University Campus
Novem
0
46
10 km
Oil Refinery
mber 11th Stadium
Unknow Industry
Unknow Industry
New Industrial Zone
Special Economic Zone
Future New Airport
47
Centralities Throughout Luanda Centralities
O Port
CBD
“We decided to go far not to disappropriate people, disappropriating people costs twice the cost of a project�
Airport
University Campus
Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
Novem
Kilamb
KK 5
0
48
10 km
Capari
Oil Refinery
mber 11th Stadium
ba
5.000
Unknow Industry
Unknow Industry
Sequele
New Industrial Zone
Vida Pacifica Zango 0
Special Economic Zone
Zango Km 44
Zango III
Future New Airport
Zango IV Zango 8.000
49
From the milliom dwellings promised by President Dos Santos: 115.000 would be provided by the public sector, 120.000 by the private sector, 80.000 by co-ops and 685.00 for guided self-construction, where the government provides the infrastructured land.
“It is very hard to define what is social housing here� Anonimous Professor at the Lusiada University of Angola
50
Guided
Self-Construction
Zango III 51
“I am thankful to have a house because life is very tough here, it is very hard to have anything. However, I know that we live in very bad conditions here, there is no regular garbage collection, no public transportation, the schools are forming bad kids, the teachers whenever they want, there is no health service. We are human beings and deserve to be well treated.� Sequele Resident
52
Centralities
Sequele 53
Cultural Conflict
“They come (the chineses) build all of this and leave, then are left here unable to keep the mantainance, because they are the only ones who know how those buildings were constructed.” Sequele Resident
““Sand, Water and Aggregates are the only materials produced in Angola, all the rest is imported from China” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
“It is crazy to think about all those stamps, signs and billboards in Chinese in a Portuguese speaking country. ” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
54
Emergency sign at Zango 0
Sewage cap at Km 44 55
“There was no consideration of the Angolan cultural habits on the design of the centralities. We have an extended family, we are used to have people over at our houses on a daily basis. We like to party on the weekends, play music loudly, invite friends and family� Pedro Rodrigues, local Architect
Balcony in Kilamba 56
Balconies at Zango 0 57
“It is pretty normal here that some residents get together and fence part of the circulation for themselves, so they have a kind of a shared extension of their apartments� Marcella Guarnieri, UN-Habitat Staff
Common space at Zango 0 58
Fenced Corridor at Zango 0 59
Informality
60
“Informal Settlements start to emerge around the centralities, as people living there demand services� Anonimous Professor at the Lusiada University of Angola
Emerging informal settlement outside Zango 0 61
Emptness
62
“The infrastructure is all done and working properly and the units are all sold. People did not come because they realized how far it was after they bought the unit� Guard surveilling the development
Km 44 63
64
Km 44 65
“It is empty because the infrastructure is not built yet, they (Angolan Government) did not pay us and we did not deliver the complete development, we have been stuck here for 3 years, I want to go home� CITIC Staff at Zango 8.000
Zango 8.000 66
In 2014 there was a huge drop on the price of the oil barrel worldwide. Such crisis had a huge consequence in the Angolan economy and therefore in the development of the centralities. Several of the second phases of those complexes were not completed due to lack of payment from the Angolan government to the Chinese developers.
Zango 0 67
Crisis
[Reinier De Graaf]: “Would you move to a centrality?” [Informal Settlement Resident]: “First of all it is too far, second I have no means of officially proving my income as I am not employed in the formal market”
“You have to prove $1.500 of monthly income to be eligible” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
GDP per capita of around $350 monthly United Nations, 2013
68
The economic crisis shifted many people employed in the formal sector to lose their jobs and migrate to the informal sector. The informal market has a strong presence in the urban landscape of Luanda.
Interviewing people at an informal settlement
Informal settlement market 69
Kilamba In July of 2012 BBC reports the centrality of Kilamba as a ghost town with only 220 of the 3.180 apartments occupied. The report spreads in the internet and begin to cacth a wide attention to Kilamba as a ghost city.
“Kilamba remained empty for 3 to 4 months because Angola did not have a mortgage system� Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
The initial price of the apartments in Kilamba was $125,000, while 2/3 of the population lives on less then $2 a day. Approximately one year after the conclusion of the first phase, the Angolan President launchs a governmental sudsidy program and drops the starting price of an apartment to $70,000
70
2012
71
Kilamba was planned, built and it is mantained as “the apple of the eyes” of the centralities project. Where there was a careful attention to the landscape design, the provision of services and so on. Therefore, throughout our visit we found a neighbourhood in very good conditions, full of people and a with a strong sense of community, where the residents self-organize to keep the gardens well mantained, and the schools and kindergartens up and running.
“Each building has some unique characteristic in order to give them some degree of specificity” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
72
Bus Stop in Kilamba 73
“You know, Paris h
“We comissioned 2 proposals from a chinese office, the President of Angola chose this one intending it to become the symbol of the country” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
74
2008
has the Eiffel Tower, we also need to have a symbol for this country� Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
Aedas proposal for the one of the sides of Kilamba Central Axis 75
“I told him (Angola’s President): If you want Kilamba to succed, you will need to establish a city hall for the town” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
76
2008
The group with Kilamba Mayor 77
“In Kilamba there is fiber optics internet network, all the schools and kindergarden are no more than 300 meters away from your apartment, you can drink water from the tap. Everything you want from a city, you can have here!” “I wish I could have raised my kids here” Pierson Capital Group Chief Engineer
Resident taking care of the garden in the common area 78
Kindergarten
Middle School 79
After the 2014 oil crisis, Angola started to draw a new strategy towards its reconstruction and development. Instead of relying a 100% on chinese investment backed by oil-trade, they began to seek for private investors worldwide to pursue their land and build. For such purpose they created a state owned company entitled Infrastructured Land Management Company. The company besides managing those sites, also built a long-term vision for the country, in which they project Angola as the new gate to sub-sharian Africa through its high capacity upcoming airport and planned new port. EGTI was also responsible for a new masterplan for Luanda, where they aim to descentralize the city through the creation of a new center around the upcoming airport. Moreover, the centralities in Luanda are mostly located around the airport and are part of such plan, which they call Aeropolis. Aforementioned masterplan also contemplates improvements in terms of mass transportation and services. However, none of the visions are yet implemented. For instance the new airport, comissioned to China International Fund with the participation of China National Aero-Technology International Engineering Corporation and China Hyway Group Limited has been under cosntruction since 2004.
“In Angola you have 60 years of right to use the land” “Our role is to build a transition from public to private land” Cristina Camara, EGTI Architect
80
2015
Meeting at EGTI 81
Part II: Regional Long-term Vision Intended and built fiberIntegration optics cables Angola World
“Angola Cables is involved in the implementation project of fiber optics, named Cabo das Americas that connects Brazil to North America and also operates in the connection between Western Africa and Europe across 15 countries.” Cristina Camara, EGTI Architect
82
* Southern African Development Community
SADC *
EGTI courtesy 83
African Annual Airport Movement
Yoff-Leopold Senghor International Airport 1.7 million passengers
Kokota International Airport 1.6 million passengers
“We intend the airport to become the gateway to Africa and to investments” Cristina Camara, EGTI Architect
[Camila Huber]: “Why has the new airport been under construction for so long?”
Luanda In 15
[Cristina Camara]: “Because the China International Fund credit line was has been suspended”
Ca
84
Tripoli International Airport 1.7 million passengers Cairo International Airport 13 million passengers
t s Jomo Kenyatta International Airport 5 million passengers
nternational Airport 5 million passengers
OR Tambo International Airport 18 million passengers
ape Town International Airport 8 million passengers EGTI courtesy 85
Porto do Dan PDGML Julho 2015
64
Plano Director Geral Metropolitano de Luanda - Volume 1 Luanda Metropolitan Plan - Volume 1
New Port
Luanda Masterplan
Cenário Acordado - Plano de Acção Composto Agreed Scenario - Composite Action Plan
Sas
OCEANO ATLÂNTICO
LEGENDA / KEY
Rodoviário | Roads
Portos | Ports
Rede Rodoviária Primária | Primary Road Network
Porto de Passageiros | Passenger Port
Rede Rodoviária Secundária | Secondary Road Network
Porto de Carga | Cargo Port Portos Secos | Dry Ports Aeroporto | Airport
de
K Cacuaco Co rre
dependê In
Mulenvos Baixo
Filda
Futungo
Ferroviário de Carga e Passageiros | Cargo and Passenger Rail
Se
Cazenga
Corimba
ia nc
Ferroviário | Rail Ferroviário de Passageiros | Passenger Rail
a Ilh
da an Lu
Estalagem
Talatona
40
Viana
or rid or
Comboio Expresso Bungo-Aeroporto | Express Train Bungo-Airport Estações Primárias | Primary Stations
Km
e
c b m be Ca mba ba ba m m
Terminal de Comboio Expresso | Express Train Terminal
Ilh ad oM us su lo
Estações de Comboio Expresso | Express Train and Stations
Morro da Cruz
rredotr de
Via Ex p resso
AEROP
Camama
Vida P Kilamba
25 Km
Kilamba
Áreas de Desenvolvimento | Development Areas Principais Pólos de Desenvolvimento | Main Development Hubs
UAN
C a
Co
Estações de Transferência | Interchange Stations
Vila Flor
KK 5.000
Zango
Zang
Ramiros
Núcleo da Cidade | City Core
Ro do via cos teir a
Principais Áreas de Desenvolvimento | Major Development Areas Áreas de Desenvolvimento Secundário | Secondary Development Areas Extensão Urbana | Urban Extension
Rio Kwanza
Banco de Terras | Land Bank Cinturão Verde | Green Belt Áreas Inundáveis Principais | Major Wetlands Parque Nacional | National Park
PARQU
Lagoas e Albufeiras | Water Bodies Limites Urbanos | Urban Limits
1km
N
0m
2km
5km 10km
Fig. 2.6 Cenário Preferido - Plano de Acção Composto Preferred Scenario - Composite Action Plan
86
Barra do Kwanza
Estrada para Cabo Ledo
nde
65
Cenário de Crescimento Acordado
feedback do processo de consulta constituindo, a base da estratégia de crescimento adoptada.
and formed the basis of the adopted growth strategy.
Capari
Vision
do
x e lE ut ne rO -A id o o or r nd go oC an
edor
[Cristina Camara]: “Yes, sure!” Visão
PROVÍNCIA DO BENGO
Kifan gon d
Introduction
A estrutura de desenvolvimento preferida mostrada no Plano,
Estrada para Caxito
Introdução
ssa Bengo
[Camila Huber]: “Was this masterplan designed Agreed Growth Scenario at the same time as the The preferred framework shown centralities project? ” on the Plan has been adapted to
f
Ki
Economy
rR
Económico
equel
ing
tern
o
Funda Cacuaco
Lagoa da Quiminha
Mobility
Mobilidade
20 Km
POLIS
Lagoa da Quilunda
Planning
Cananga
Planeamento
Sequele
Pacifica ZEE Aldeia Solar
Km 10Novo Aeroporto
Environment
Ambientais
go
New Airport
Internacional de Luanda
Km 44
Catete
Infrastructure
Infra-Estrutura
Bom Jesus
Regeneration
PROVÍNCIA DE LUANDA
Ma lanje
Regeneração Social
Community
UE NACIONAL DA QUIÇAMA
Est rad ap ara Hua mb oe
Anexo
Appendix
EGTI courtesy 87
Assets for sale in Kilamba
Asset Valuation Strategy
Valuation Model is the set of procedures that leads to the determination of the market value of the land, allowin to be placed on the market while ensuring the alignment of prices with market dynamics. Value Enhance Model Strategic Areas of Valorization
Territorial tools
Product definition with focus on infrastructure
Product positioning on the market
Valuation of assets
Land occupation Model
Price Setting
Guiding principles for determining the comerciaization value, better location for projects and lower risk for the investor 88
Real estate products
Portfo
Credibl potenti
ng it
Communicate the Value
olio
Comunication
Comercialization
le real estate products with greater ial for attracting investment EGTI courtesy 89
EGTI expected revenue in 10 years of operation* Location
Available Assets
GBA (m²)
Estimated Revenue* (AOA)
Estimated Revenue* (USD)
Cidade do Kilamba
61
3.078.020,00
109.119.745.202,76
660.943.234,60
A. R. Camama
144
1.561.287,00
23.198.741.985,51
140.515.830,00
City of Sequele
14
2.367.156,40
45.593.562.435,11
213.044.074,74
Boa Vista
133
640.197,00
68.898.864.637,71
321.942.267,36
Sambizanga
216
688.503,00
74.097.621.512,85
346.234.388,64
TOTAL
1568
9.443.072,40
360.110.303.000,71
1.682.679.795,34
EGTI courtesy
90
[Reinier De Graaf reaction towards the numbers]: “wow” [EGTI Architect]: “Is it too much?” [Reinier De Graaf]: “It is substantial!”
Land for sale in Kilamba 91
[Sonangol Reporter]: “Can we do a report about you visit?” [Camila Huber]: “Yes” [Sonangol Reporter]: “What are you researching here?” [Camila Huber]: “We are investigating the rapid growth that Luanda has been through and the impressive pace of its urbanization” Report: “According to Camila Huber, one of the Harvard students, the main interest of the research is to know closely the Angolan cultural habbits and lifestyle.”
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2018
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