Social housing: design applications

(1) https://vandkunsten.com/en/projects/ co-living-jystrup (2) A. Pattini (2012), Social Housing in the European Union, https://www. researchgate.net/publication/308964157 (3) Fondazione Cariplo with Fondazione Housing Sociale, Polaris and Comune di Milano (2014), Housing sociale per persone fragili nell’ambito del progetto abitativo sperimentale Borgo Sostenibile; http://www.cennidicambiamento.it Next page: diagram of the users This building system can be adapted to several housing typologies. In this chapter, I’ll show three of its possible applications, through the design of a tower, of a courtyard and of a row housing typology. The three housing complexes represent three different ways of living and conceiving Social Housing and they’re addressed to diverse users as well, demonstrating how this construction method could be used in the most diverse situations and geographies.

Te theme of Social Housing, starting from the Nordic examples of the ‘70s, from Vandkunsten, for instance, with their project of Jystrup Savværk (1) or Hertzberger with his Student Housing Weesperstraat (p. 96), has been strongly developed over time and found diferent types of application depending on how was conceived the signifcance of the term Social. In Italy especially, missing a strong tradition of Social Housing, that rather corresponds to an imaginery of cheap living, Social Housing can assume today new characteristics, looking at the same time to topics as sustainability and inclusiveness. Te topic is really current, if we think that housing deprivation in Italy regards around the 7% of population (2). In this regard, some experiences today are paving the way showing the application of new concepts of Social Housing. It’s the case, for instance, of the Milanese projects of Cenni di Cambiamento or Figino Borgo Sostenibile, both characterised by the presence of functional and social mix and by the fgure of the so-called Gestore Sociale, aimed at checking the on-going dynamics inside the complex and the operative life of the buildings (3).

Anyway, the typologies I’m going to present are deliberately not related to a context. Their context could potentially be the entire globe, as the same structural system can be further adapted in view of each geography it belongs to. Nevertheless, they present diferent ways of living and conceiving Social Housing and this is a peculiarity that could actually be context-based. In this regard, according to the willingness to share that each typology permits potentially, the space of Liveable Double Skin assumes diferent meanings.

The tower typologies shows a more traditional way of living, that doesn’t envisage shared spaces but the ones eventually hosting the services for residents. Te courtyard typology, instead, displayes a more fuid way of living, where the distinction between public and private sphere is more subtle and uncertain.

Here the Liveable Double Skin becomes the main junction between different housing units. Finally, in the last one, the Housing in row, Social Housing is properly conceived as a synonim

of living together and the Liveable Double Skin assumes the connotations of a common living room, as a junction between the housing spaces.

Te design of each housing unit was also inspired by the types of users it could eventually host. Teir potential needs were the starting point to conceive an open framework to set the design.

In any case, fexibility was the main driver for the design of each unit, to be eventually suitable for further spatial increment.

User’s typologies

Single < 30

Single > 30

Divorced parent

Artisan

Smart workers’ family

Young couple

Old couple

Family

Extended family (4)

Need

Possibility to allocate an extra bedroom / offce / nursery

Possibility to get in touch with other people living in the same complex. Eventually, high accessibility to the shared Liveable Double Skin Facade.

Division between the offce and the house. Large space of Liveable Double Skin Facade to be used as additional space and showcase

Presence of spatious gathering area as well as of big rooms, eventually suitable for smart working

Compact apartment with additional functions located in the collective space of the building or within the territory of their urban block

Spacious apartment with a separate bedrooms

(4) Family that can periodically grow due to the arrival of a second family nucleus normally living somewhere else. Common situation when part of the family lives abroad and comes to visit relatives.

Units

<36 sqm

36-45 sqm

46-55 sqm

56-65 sqm

66-80 smq

>80 smq

Aims of design

To provide openness toward the Liveable Double

Skin Facade that shall be conceived as an integrated part of the housing unit.

To leave space in the Liveable Double Skin Facade to eventually house an extra room.

To provide visual and spatial continuity between the formal living room and the Liveable Double Skin

Facade, eventually stressing the concept of private and public depending on the willingness to share of each user.

To design the Double Skin to be suitable in size to be

a workspace, where the atmosphere of working in openair is combined to the comfort of working indoor.

To address the Liveable Double Skin as the sum of

different spatial situations suggesting diverse social behaviours.

The three typologies

143

The Tower The tower typology presents a central core of accessibility. Structural segments containing pipes are placed all around in view of fexibility while following the structural rules they need to respect. In this regard, the tower is possibly the most complicated between the three typologies, structurally speaking. The placement of structural segments needs to be careful to fnd the balance between fexibility and number of segments affecting the space design, especially as in this case they’re neither symmetrical or parallel. In the following pages, I’ll present three possible housing variations using the same structural scheme.

The tower presents a central core of accessibility.

Structural segments are placed all around it in view of fexibility and space adaptability. Services could be potentially placed along all of them.

Depending on the housing divisions and on the presence of structural segments, rooms and services are set.

Their partitions, when facing the Liveable Double Skin Facade, correspond to the inner layer of the Double Skin.

The units are fnally wrapped by the Liveable Double Skin, that here becomes an additional private living space of the house that bridges between indoor and outdoor environment.

The structure. The Tower. Scale 1:200

19.6 m

Structural diagram. The trend of beams and the placement of the segments. 19.6 m

Plumbing diagram. Pipes run along the structural walls, providing spatial fexibility.

First variation. The Tower

3 m To divide. The frst variation foresees four different housing units.

To distinguish. Units have different sizes and thus will host users with diverse needs: young or old couples, family or extended families or even single over 30 and divorced parents, in need of additional space to eventually host guests.

To reverse. Each housing unit can be spatially read in reverse, looking at the space of Liveable double skin. Each apartment has access to the space of Liveable Facade, proportionally to its area.

12 m 28 sqm

42.5 sqm

50 sqm

61.7 sqm

Second variation. The Tower

3 m To divide. The second variation foresees three different housing units.

To distinguish. The three units are here really different. The big one could be moslty suitable for an extended family of large family nucleus. The small one for young couples that would eventually need an additional room; the third one for an average family, even eventually in smart-working.

To reverse. Still, each apartment has access to the space of Liveable Facade, proportionally to its area.

12 m 46.5 sqm

57.5 sqm

83 sqm

Third variation. The Tower

3 m To divide. The third variation foresees four different housing units.

To distinguish. Each unit replies to different needs but all of them can be eventually enlarged due to the space of Liveable Double Skin Facade

To reverse. Still, each apartment has access to the space of Liveable Facade, proportionally to its area.

12 m 36.5 sqm

38.4 sqm

52 sqm

56.5 sqm

The Courtyard The courtyard typology here presented shows a different way of conceiving what living in Social Housing means. Differently from the Tower typology, it foresees part of the Liveable Double Skin to be shared between users. Units open on this public square, that becomes the main junction between them. For this reason, its perimeter is not completely linear. It shapes depending on spatial hierarchies aimed at ensuring the virtuous combination between passages and informal potential places to stay. The Liveable Double Skin has a private character instead when facing the exterior perimeter, as in this case it directly belongs to each apartment. As their social character is diverse, I decided to treat the outer layer of the two skins differently also in architectural terms. Inside the courtyard, the outer layer is a green wall: a solution that confers space a certain kind of atmosphere, making the courtyard recongnisable and potentially improving the climate with the creation of a chimney effect. On the outside, instead, the external skin would be formed by openable glazed panels and by translucent ones, as in the aesthetic of the tower.

In the following pages, I’ll show two variations given by the same structure.

The accessibility to each foor of the courtyard happens through a core of accessibility located on one of its long sides.

Structural segments are in this case placed symmetrically. This turned out to be the simplest and most effcient solution to ensure fexibility and stability at the same time with the lowest number of structural components.

Depending on the housing divisions and on the presence of structural segments, rooms and services are set.

Their partitions, when facing both the Liveable Double Skins Facade, inside the courtyard and on the external perimeter, correspond to the inner layer of the Double Skin.

The units are fnally wrapped by the external layer of the Liveable Double Skin: inside the courtyard it is a green wall, on the outside perimeter it is formed by glazed and translucent panels, corresponding to their different social characteristics.

The structure. The Courtyard. Scale 1:200

27 m

Structural diagram. The trend of beams and the placement of the segments. 18.1 m

Plumbing diagram. Pipes run along the structural walls, providing spatial fexibility.

First variation. The Courtyard

3 m To divide. The frst variation foresees four different housing units.

To distinguish. Units are quite different and can host different users. From small families, to young couples with the possibility to partially use the space of Liveable Double Skin for the eventual addition of a room, to students sharing an apartment, large or extended families.

To reverse. Each unit is accessible from the courtyard and present on the exterior perimeter a private space of Liveable Facade, proportionally to its area.

12 m 34 sqm

36 sqm

50 sqm

88 sqm

Second variation. The Courtyard

3 m To divide. The second variation foresees four housing units as well.

To distinguish. In this case, two large units, more suitable for large or extended families, are combined to two smaller ones that could be easily addressed to young couples or singles.

To reverse. Still, each unit is accessible from the courtyard and present on the exterior perimeter a private space of Liveable Facade, proportionally to its area.

12 m 36.4 sqm

65.7 sqm

73.8 sqm

The Student House in row The last typology regards the proposal of a student house in row. Even if this type of typology is not so common in Italy, were urban settlements are mostly based on compactness, due to geographical circumstances, in Nordic countries, instead, and especially in Denmark, that is a complete fat land, this typology is quite widespread. In this regard, White Arkitekter has recently won a competition for a housing settlement of 115 units exactly developing this architectural typology (5). As in the courtyard typology, also in this case the Liveable Double Skin Facade assumes two different functions. On one side, it provides the accessibility to each unit. On the other, it works as a common living room connecting the housing space and becomes the main node and junction of the house. As before, these spaces have been treated differently from an architectural point of view as well. Structurally speaking, this typology is characterised by the iteration of the structural segments, following the same rhythm of the beams. For this reason, the variation proposals are more similar between them than the ones previously displayed for the other typologies. The space of the Liveable Double Skin Facade becomes here even more important than the interior spaces, fostering the concept of Living in Community.

Two variations are following.

(5) P. Lynch (2016), White Arkitekter Blurs the Line Between Built and Natural in Housing Project Design, in archdaily. com, 6 of July, https://www.archdaily. com/790889/white-arkitekter-blurs-theline-between-built-and-natural-in-housingproject-design?ad_medium=gallery

The accessibility to each foor happens through a core of accessibility located on one of its short sides.

Structural segments are iterated along the row, depending on the rhythm of beams.

Depending on the housing divisions and on the presence of structural segments, rooms and services are set.

Their partitions, on both the long sides of the complex, when facing both the Liveable Double Skins Facade, correspond to the inner layer of the Double Skin.

The units are fnally wrapped by the external layer of the Liveable Double Skin: the passage of accessibility is characterised by openness, while on the side of the common living room translucent and glazed panels ensure privacy.

The structure. The Student House in row. Scale 1:200

31.8 m

9.7 m

Structural diagram. The trend of beams and the placement of the segments.

Plumbing diagram. Pipes run along the structural walls, providing spatial fexibility.

First variation. The Student House in row

3 m To divide. The frst variation foresees two housing units.

To distinguish. The two units differ in terms of number of rooms, and therefore of students, that they respectively host.

To reverse. Both of them are characterised by the junction space of Liveable Double Skin Facade, that directly connects each bedroom and services.

12 m 55.4 sqm

76.4 sqm

Second variation. The Student House in row

3 m To divide. The second variation foresees two housing units as well.

To distinguish. The two units are similar to the previous ones, as in terms of square meters they’re the same due to the rhythm of the structural segments, but the placement of services and rooms change.

To reverse. Both of them are characterised by the junction space of Liveable Double Skin Facade, that directly connects each bedroom and services.

12 m 55.4 sqm

76.4 sqm

178

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

The opposite of knowledge is not the ignorance, its opposite is the certainty. Il contrario della conoscenza non è l’ignoranza, il contrario della conoscenza è la certezza. Tahar Ben Jelloun

It’s time now to draw some conclusion in respect to what treated. This last part of the thesis does not have the aim to be the end the work, rather the bridge to a new beginning. This work displayed some feasible potentialities, that would need further development in view of their application in real life though. Nevertheless, in this inter-disciplinary feld that connects Circular Economy to Architecture where research is still on-going, every contribution could be an important stepping stone for further research and I hope I’ve opened new questions, rather than providing certain answers. . The contextual framework

This thesis enters an historical framework where the topic of Circular Economy is gaining particular momentum due to a series of events happened in the recent past both at a global and national level. Sustainability, as previously displayed, had surely a role in shaping policies since the ‘90s, but the outbreak of the pandemic, coinciding with the launch of the European Green Deal, gave the boost in enhancing Circularity, at least in the public debate in Italy. In the architectural feld the launch over last January of the so-called New European Bauhaus gave a strong print regarding the new directions the discipline shall take in shaping our future cities and called all architects and creative minds to foster through design exactly the concepts of sustainability, aesthetics and inclusiveness: Te New European Bauhaus is a project of hope to explore how we live better together after the pandemic. It is about matching sustainability with style, to bring the European Green Deal closer to people’s minds and homes. We need all creative minds: designers, artists, scientists, architects and citizens, to make the New European Bauhaus a success. (1). Even inside national boundaries, for the frst time we assist to the creation of a new ministry in charge of the Ecological Transition (2), while the new Italian Prime Minister Mario Draghi mentions the need for the country to develop a new approach to positively conciliate environmentalism and national progress (3). Something feasible, if we think to the fact that Italy is the best European country in terms of circularity, given a set of indicators defned by the Circular Economic Network (4)

Even at an urban scale, in the city of Milan, the topic of circularity became quite a thing over 2019 in view of the fact that the city will have a central role in hosting next Winter Olympic Games of 2026, (whose core is nothing less than Sustainability and Legacy), and of the publication of the new plan for Milan 2030, envisioning an inclusive, policentric and sustainable city, fostering new connections, new poles of attraction, new social housing projects, the creation of natural ecosystems inside the consolidated city and the prevention of the natural resource of Parco Agricolo Sud (5). In this regard, the plan is part of the vision of the C40 program, to which Milan belongs to together with other 80 cities in the world, aimed to fnd strategies to deal with climate change. Moreover, in this concern, since 2014 Milan has been involved into the project 100 Resilient Cities, fostered by Rockfeller Foundation, witnessing once again the interest of the Municipality in developing green policies.

Moreover, the theme of the building skin as a strategic element to rethink the future of new and existing buildings is progressively becoming quite crucial in the architectural debate. In this regard, the experience of Lacaton & Vassal who frstly conceived with this wider

(1) 2021, 18 of January, statement of the European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen at the launch of the design phase of the New European Bauhaus

(2) This ministry, in addition to the existing Environmental one, exists also in a few other European countries. In Denmark this fgure is called Minister for Climate, Energy and Utilities and it was frslty launched on 28th of June 2015. In France it is called Minister of Ecological Transition as well and it was launched on May 23rd 2019 (3) Protecting the future of the environment and reconciling it with progress and social well-being requires a new approach, where the different faces of a multifaceted challenge include digitization, agriculture, health, energy, aerospace, cloud computing, schools and education, territorial protection, biodiversity, global warming and the greenhouse effect, and are at the center of the ecosystem in which all human actions will develop. 17th of February 2021, Mario Draghi, programmatic speech in the Senate of the Republic (4) Circular Economy Network, ENEA (edited by) with the patronage of Minister of Ecological Transition (2021), 3° Rapporto sull’economia circolare in Italia. Sintesi del rapporto, Fondazione per lo Sviluppo Sostenibile, Roma, https:// circulareconomynetwork.it/wp-content/ uploads/2021/03/Sintesi_Terzo-Rapportoeconomia-circolare.pdf (5) Comune di Milano in collaboration with Centro Studi PIM and AMAT (2019), Piano di Governo del Territorio. Documento di Piano.Milano 2030. Visione, Costruzione, Strategie, Spazi. Relazione Generale

(6) https://www.pritzkerprize.com/ laureates/anne-lacaton-and-jean-philippevassal signifcance has been fnally prised just a few days ago with the prestigious Pritzker prize (6).

The thesis intercepted these signals to deliver a new proposal, that, as above mentioned, does not have the aim to be totally fnalised and exact. It marks instead a new path that could be further developed from different perspectives, through inter-disciplinary and multiscale approaches.

. What this project demonstrates

In this regard, this alternative housing system has the great potentiality to achieve principles of circularity both at an urban and architectural scale. In fact, its application into an urban context would largely contribute to the creation of a more sustainable and healthy city, as it would combine the need for compactness and afordable housing together with liveability, inclusiveness, policentricity and vicinity thorugh the construction of liveable and airy homes context-related in terms of both aesthetics and building materials.

A replicable modular system This building and fnancial housing system demonstrates the possibility to build diverse circular and demountable homes using existing technologies and just a few structural modular pieces. I decided to display very diferent housing typologies exactly to stress about the potential of this system of replying to diferent types of housing demands and needs. Te tower shows a typology that could cover the so-called gray area, meaning those people who fall into the so-called housing gap. Te courtyard typology instead enhance a type of Social Housing where sociality has a real meaning in terms of sharing. Te housing in row shows one of the possible applications of the system in view of the creation of a student house based on the iteration of the same module.

A new aesthetic for Design for Disassembly Thanks to the strategic use of the element of Double Skin Facade, this system envisions a new aesthetic for Design for Disassembly. Especially in developing countries, where the topic of building reuse is immediately associated to slums settlements and where therefore the individual status is associated to the ownership of brand new goods, this topic becomes extremely crucial. It’s a matter of fact that beauty and luxury are currently main market drivers, rather than environmentalism or ethic matters in general. Tus, in order to become the normality, Design for Disassembly needs a new aesthetic, that, starting from modular and standardised components, can be further customised depending on the building context and on the will of city governments. Looking for afordable and fexible homes doesn’t necessarely mean to build something unfnished. It shall mean, instead, building something polished but still potentially increasing. Tis has been one of the main drivers of the overall design process and one of the reasons why the Double Skin Facade assumed a fundamental and strategic role. In this regard, I decided to maintain the external facade quite neutral in all the building typologies, as the base of a series of other possible confgurations it could eventually assume, both in material and volumetric terms. Its independence from the rest of the building organism gives it freedom that translates into the possibility for it to shape diferently according to each urban context and thus to provide attractiveness to entire segments of the city, avoiding in doing so the generation of peripheries.

The new concept of Building in Leasing Design for Disassembly is usually associated in literature to temporality. A concept that crash with our common perception of home. In the meanwhile, the Business Model of Leasing is demonstrating its possible wide applications and is starting to enter also the housing sector, giving the possibility to lease some of the building components.

The application of this leasing on the housing sector thus offers the possibility to rethink Design for Disassembly in view of permanent living, avoiding its strained association to temporality. Inter-disciplinary researches on this topic are still ongoing, as this new kind of inhabiting, based on accessibility rather than ownership, would imply, for what concerns the private sector at least, the shift of existing consolidated economic dynamics, as the current security and stability of an investment in real estate. Nevertheless, the public sector could enable the application of this business model concerning the overall housing procurement process, as it wouldn’t imply a loss of proft from any of the involved stakeholders. Over the long period, actually, this type of system would enable more gainings and have positive economic efects from both the suppliers and users’ points of view. Anyway, it’s clear that this type of fnancial system needs, to work properly, a strong digitalised burocratic apparatus, able to constantly manage all the steps of leasing and the circularity of building resources, monitoring their availability over time. Moreover, it would require a process of education for people meant to work there, in order to be ready fot the tasks they would be asked to accomplish, as the use of digital tools as BIM or the management of leasing contracts.

. What’s next?

Further researches about this project could therefore regard either the architectural, technological or the urban scale.

The concept of Liveable Double Skin Facade, as a technological tool of sociality and of sustainability could be surely deepened. Research could especially focus on its exterior layer, in the way it could provide high-tech performances, without compromising with the recyclability or reuse of its components. What shall be thus the correct balance between high performances over time and fnal reuse? Currently literature about circular facades is quite vague and almost non-existing. Te topic though raises great interest and ask for more investigation, especially when thinking about all the advantages one could gain from the use of adaptive facade.

Materials could be another topic to research more. As above mentioned, materials used shall be context base. Nevertheless, further investiogations concerning a comparison between the use of diferent materials on the element of Double Skin Facade, could provide interesting datas about their performance over time, in terms of both indoor and outdoor environment. Once provided, even material choices, still contextrelated, would be easier to handle.

Another interesting focus of research could concern circular urban dynamics and time needed to convert linear processes to be circular. In view of the creation of a Material Bank, there would be the need to have a better understanding of the organisational improvements this new fnancial system would imply in diferent contexts. In this regard, from my Danish experience, I can frmly state how the passage

toward digitalisation of the overall public system would largely facilitate any kind of burocratic dynamic. Probably the creation of a Material Bank would frstly require the establishment of a strong digitalised burocratic apparatus too. Nevertheless, the lack of previous experiences makes the topic particularly challenging but still open to new proposals and ideas. On this, researches are still on going and the above mentioned city of Reburg, belonging to the European project BAMB, ofers a good starting point to look at.

To conclude, what is actually really interesting about circular economy in architecture is that it is still an entire feld of experimentation, as we have not assisted yet to the completion of an entire building cycle.

Nevertheless, it’s exactly that uncertanty that offers that necessary hope and naive freedom to imagine alternative solutions in view of contributing one day perhaps to shape a better future.

Odense, March 2021

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THANK YOU, TAK! This thesis surely wouldn’t be the same without all the valuable people I had the opportunity to meet over this past year. First of all, many thanks to Professor Alessandra Zanelli, who has always been available to listen to my doubts and worries, bringing every time not just reliable solutions and a great experience but also lightness and hope. Many thanks also to Prof. Nebojsa Jakica for his important benefcial contribution to this project, made of valuable suggestions and advices, and for giving me many opportunities and possibilities that are raising my academic awareness daily, helping me to fnd my way. Many thanks to Prof. Hugo Mulder, who gave me so many interesting inputs and helped me shaping the very frst draft of the project as well, actively involving me in his classes and increasing my knowledge on the topic of circularity. Finally, a very special thanks to the Create Group and to the students of the frst year of the faculty of Civil and Architectural Engineering at Southern Denmark University for showing me new perspectives and what innovation in architecture and in industry can signify today.