Engelsk grammatikk by Cappelen Damm AS

Kristin Aalto

engelsk

Språkheftene – øv og lær gir øvelse i grunnleggende ferdigheter i grammatikk, rettskriving og tekstbygging.

Engelsk Grammatikk ISBN 978-82-02-30679-3 (Engangshefte)

grammatikk

Engelsk Klar for eksamen ISBN 978-82-02-29589-9 (Flergangshefte)

Norsk Grammatikk ISBN 978-82-02-30680-9 (Engangshefte)

Norsk Rettskriving ISBN 978-82-02-30692-2 (Engangshefte) Fasit finner du på www.cappelendamm.no

r æ l g øv o 978-82-02-30679-3 I SISBN B N 978-82-02-30679-3

788202 306793 www.cappelendamm.no

Kristin Aalto

engelsk grammatikk

Innhold Substantiv 3 Adjektiv 14 Verb 23 Pronomen 46 Determinativer/bestemmerord 54 Adverb 62 Preposisjoner 73 Dette heftet gir deg enkel og grunnleggende innføring i utvalgte grammatiske emner. Oppgavene har ulike innfallsvinkler og progresjon. De skal motivere deg til å øve og lære grammatikk, slik at du kan styrke ditt kompetansenivå i engelsk.

37 verb

Uregelrette verb Mange verb på engelsk har uregelrett bøyning. Det betyr at man ikke legger til -ed, men at man bøyer verbet på en annen måte. Disse må man lære seg. Man finner riktig bøyning av alle verb i ordbøker. Her følger noen oppgaver med noen av de uregelrette verbene som ofte blir brukt.

Oppgave 60 Velg riktig norsk ord eller infinitiv og skriv det ved siden av det engelske verbet. Å gå, å spise, å drikke, å lage, å gjøre, å ha, å vite, å fortelle, å våkne, å være, å ta Norsk

å drikke

infinitiv

preteritum

presens perfektum

to drink

drank

drunk

to do

did

done

to be

was/were

been

made

to eat

ate

eaten

to have

had

to go

went

gone

told

woke

woken

å vite

knew

known

å ta

took

taken

å lage

å fortelle to wake

Vi har bøyd to be i presens. Det er mange som blander mellom preteritumsformene was og were. Les derfor nøye. Presens – preteritum Presens – preteritum

I am – I was You are – you were He is – he was She is – she was It is – it was

We are – we were You are – you were They are – they were

38 verb

Oppgave 61 Sett in was eller were. a I ____________ far away when he called. b Tom ____________ at home and wanted someone to talk to. I decided to visit my old friend. c We ____________ always happy when we ____________ together. d But when we started talking I noticed that John ____________ quite upset. e His parents ____________ coming to see him. f The problem ____________ that his house ____________ a complete mess. I managed to calm him down. g We ____________ going to tidy up the house together. h I heard someone in the background and wondered who it ____________. i Then I understood that it ____________ the film “Romeo and Juliet”. j The two characters ____________ proclaiming their love for each other. I asked Tom if he would like to watch the film with me. k When I ____________ a child I used to go to the theatre with my parents. l They ____________ interested in plays and I became interested as well. m Tom ____________ happy and said I ____________ welcome to watch a movie any time I wanted to. n He also said that anyone who ____________ interested could join us. The more, the merrier.

Oppgave 62 Lag en regel for når man bruker was og were.

a He tells me everything. b You go along with him! c I do not drink. d He is here. e She does absolutely nothing. f We eat a lot of sweets. g We make many mistakes.

Oppgave 64 De to kolonnene har synonymer. Kolonnen til venstre er regelrette verb, de til høyre er uregelrette. Bøyningen står i parantes. Finn riktige par. Start 

 Break (broke, broken)

Curse 

 Bind (bound, bound)

Exist 

 Be (was/were, been)

Talk 

 Choose (chose, chosen)

Tie 

 Speak (spoke, spoken)

Destroy 

 Swear (swore, sworn)

Select 

 Begin (began, begun)

verb

Oppgave 63 Forandre setningene fra presens til fortid. Verbene finner du også i oppgave 60.

40 verb

Oppgave 65 Les teksten og gjør om verbene til preteritum. Noen verb er uregelrette. Every morning I wake up at seven o’clock. I look out of my window and check the weather. Then I go downstairs. My parents are always waiting for me. I know I am lucky that way. They tell me to eat breakfast. Sometimes I have a sandwich for breakfast and sometimes I eat porridge. Then the bus takes me to school. I listen to the teachers and do what I am told. When I finish school I want to be a nurse. Helping other people makes me happy. Every morning I ____________ up at seven o’clock. I ____________ out of my window and ____________ the weather. Then I ____________ downstairs. My parents ____________ always waiting for me. I know I ____________ lucky that way. They ____________ me to eat breakfast. Sometimes I ____________ a sandwich for breakfast and sometimes I ____________ porridge. Then the bus ____________ me to school. I ____________ to the teachers and____________ what I ____________ told. When I ____________ school I ____________ to be a nurse. Helping other people ____________ me happy.

Oppgave 66 Klarer du disse? Bøyningen finner du også i oppgave 60. Norsk

å gå

Infinitiv

Preteritum

went

Presens Perfektum

gone

å være break began bound ate å velge did known tell å snakke swore

a Han valgte et annet hus. b Jeg visste ingenting om det. c Leken er ødelagt. d De har gått bort. e Hun bannet for mye. f Han fortalte en løgn. g Hunden har spist alt.

Nektende setninger For å uttrykke at noe ikke skjer eller ikke har skjedd, brukes blant annet do not eller sammentrukket don’t. Står setningen i nåtid brukes formen do/does og i fortid brukes did. Hovedverbet står i infinitiv. Eksempel:

I do not like you. / I don’t like you. I did not like you. / I didn’t like you. He does not listen. / He doesn’t listen. He did not listen. / He didn’t listen.

Oppgave 68 Gjør setningene negative. a I have a big house. b You write well. c She speaks Spanish. d We write a lot. e He thinks about cars. f She enjoys dancing. g They sing every day. h She loves skiing. i I like wearing jeans.

I do not have a big house.

(Jeg liker deg ikke.) (Jeg likte deg ikke.) (Han hører ikke etter.) (Han hørte ikke etter.)

verb

Oppgave 67 Oversett setningene til engelsk. Verbene finner du også i oppgave 66.

42 verb

Oppgave 69 Trekk sammen uttrykkene og skriv hele setningen. a I do not like you! b He does not eat meat. c They can not leave her. d We do not need more money. e You can not mean that!

Oppgave 70 Gjør setningene negative i fortid. a I hate washing up. b You answer quickly. c She knows you. d We hear you. e He talks about books. f She tells me everything.

I did not hate washing up.

43 verb

Ing-form i preteritum Denne ing-formen blir gjerne brukt for å uttrykke at noe pågikk mens noe annet inntraff: Eksempel: She was standing in her room when she heard a loud voice. I was watching TV when the telephone rang. Den ene handlingen som varer en stund står i ing-form, mens den andre, plutselige handlingen står i vanlig preteritum.

Oppgave 71 Sett inn riktig verbform. a He ______________________to music when somebody ______________________.

hørte

skrek.

b While I ______________________, a man ______________________ into my house.

trente

brøt (seg inn)

c They ______________________ a cake when a bird ______________________ in.

bakte

fløy

d We ______________________ our sodas when the alarm ______________________ off.

drakk

gikk

e I ______________________ to read when the door ______________________ down.

prøvde

falt

f Something ______________________while she ______________________.

skjedde

sov

g While the pupils ____________ their essays, somebody __________ through the window.

skrev

hoppet

h He ______________________ a bath when Norway ______________________ the game.

tok

vant

i They _____________ together on the beach when they ___________ a strange sound.

gikk

hørte

44 verb

Framtid For å uttrykke at noe skal skje i framtiden, bruker man will og going to. Når man bruker will på engelsk er det et nøytralt ord om at noe kommer til å skje. Bruker man going to så har man en bevisst hensikt om noe. Hvis du ønsker å si vil i betydningen har lyst til bør du bruke want to på engelsk. Eksempel: I will come to you tomorrow. (Jeg kommer til deg i morgen.) I want to come to you tomorrow. (Jeg har lyst til å komme til deg i morgen.) NB! I will fo rkor tes I’ll Will not for kor tes won ’t

Oppgave 72 Står setningene i presens eller framtid? Sorter setningene i riktig rute.

I am going to travel to London. I will go home soon. He stays at home. She won’t leave you. He repairs bicycles. I speak my mind. You will need some more time. I’ll send you a letter. They see you every day. I love you. He won’t hate you. Presens

Oppgave 73 Skriv om setningene i presens til framtidsform.

Framtid

45 verb

Test dine kunnskaper! 1

Hva er speak i preteritum? a Speak b Spoke c Spook d Spoken

Hvordan forkorter man does not? a Dosen’t b Don’t c Doesn’t d Does’nt

Hvordan forkortes I will not? a I wo’nt b I willn’t c I won’t d I don’t

Hvilken form brukes for å si at noe skjer i en begrenset tidsperiode? a Vanlig presens b Ing-form c Framtid d Perfektum

Er to wake et uregelrett verb? a Ja b Nei c Det er da ikke et verb!

Betyr tie det samme som bind? a Ja b Nei

Hva betyr regelrett bøyning i preteritum? a At verbet står i ing-form b At verbet slutter på -s c At det slutter på -ed i fortid

Får verb i 3. person en -s i fortid? a Ja b Nei

Mine poeng: ___ /9

Hva er presens perfektum av swear? a Swear b Sweared c Swore d Sworn

46 pronomen

Pronomen Personlige pronomen Personlige pronomen erstatter navn på mennesker og ting. De peker tilbake på et subjekt som allerede er nevnt. Eksempel: My name is Cathy. I come from England. Our neighbours sold their house. They did not like it.

1. person entall

(jeg, meg)

2. person entall

you

(du, deg)

3. person entall

he she it

him her it

(han, ham) (hun, henne) (den/det, den/det)

1. person flertall

(vi, oss)

2. person flertall

you

(dere, dere)

3. person flertall

they

them

(de, dem)

The sun is setting in the east. It is beautiful to watch. I am standing next to my brother admiring the view. He is gazing at the horizon in silence. The clouds are gathering. They are coloured by the setting sun. I love spending time with my brother like this. We should go for walks more often. I never want them to end because they are so wonderful. Oppgave 75 Hvor mange personlige pronomen i entall fant du i oppgave 74? Tell dem og skriv inn i tabellen. Antall

1. person entall 2. person entall 3. person entall

Oppgave 76 Erstatt det understrekede ordet med riktig pronomen. Skriv deretter hele setningen. a Pamela likes everything about hip hop.

b Our parents find the music irritating.

c Brian dances to music whenever possible.

d The dog finds bones in the forest.

e The neighbours are playing loud music.

f Tom and I are very close.

pronomen

Oppgave 74 Sett en ring rundt de personlige pronomenene du finner i teksten.

48 pronomen

Oppgave 77 Oversett setningene til engelsk. a Jeg ønsker å gi denne presangen til dem.

b De hjalp oss da vi trengte det.

c Hun sa ingenting til ham.

d Han er fortatt sint på henne.

e Kan du synge denne sangen for meg?

Refleksive pronomen Refleksive pronomen peker også tilbake til et subjekt. Her står alltid subjektet i samme setning. Eksempel: I can do it myself. (Jeg kan gjøre det selv.) They can look after themselves. (De kan passe på seg selv.)

Myself (meg) Yourself (deg) Himself (seg) Herself (seg) Itself (seg) Ourselves (oss) Yourselves (dere) Themselves (seg)

a Ouch! I hurt ______________________. b Don’t be angry with me, you got ______________________ into this mess. c He had better look after ______________________ . d Don’t worry, it will work ______________________ out. e We often stay by _____________________. f You two will be just fine if you take care of ______________________ . g The pupils thought of the great idea ______________________. h She made ______________________ a promise to succeed in science.

Oppgave 79 Oversett setningene til engelsk: a Hun skadet seg. b De gjorde det vanskelig for seg. c Han så seg i speilet. d Vi kan løse problemet selv. e Du burde passe på deg selv.

Spørrepronomen Who (hvem) What (hva) Which (hvilken) Whose (hvem sin(e)) Whom (hvem) Oppgave 80 Sett inn riktig spørreord. Hvem

Hvilken

Hva

Hvem sine

pronomen

Oppgave 78 Strek under subjektet. Sett deretter inn riktig refleksivt pronomen.

50 pronomen

Oppgave 81 Trekk en strek mellom riktige par.

Whose keys are these? 

Who are you? 

Which road should we take? 

What do you think? 

To whom did you give the book? 

 Hvem ga du boka til?  Hvilken vei burde vi ta?  Hvem sine nøkler er disse?  Hvem er du?  Hva mener du?

who/which Who og which peker tilbake til noe som er nevnt tidligere. Eksempel: This is the man who won the game. (Dette er mannen som vant kampen.) He tried one more time, which I think was smart. (Han prøvde en gang til, noe jeg syns var smart.) Who brukes alltid om mennesker og which brukes om alt annet. Oppgave 82 Sett in enten who eller which. a That is the kind of dog _____________ I would like to buy. b The girl, _____________ I was talking to yesterday, is my niece. c He gave me some information _____________ I intend to use later on. d There are many in this room _____________ want some more advice. e Every man____________works for this factory wants some time off. f I do not know anybody _____________ feels like me. g The magazine, ____________ you gave me yesterday, is really interesting. h Our neighbour’s apartment, ____________ we just passed, is for sale.

>>>

51 j Is there anyone ____________ could give me some advice? k ____________ of these do you like, the yellow or the green one? l We just saw a dog ____________ looked just like yours.

It/there Pronomenet it kan by på problemer. På engelsk har vi to uttrykk for «det er», nemlig it is (eller it’s) og there is/there are. Her følger noen regler for når uttrykkene skal brukes. Man sier it is i betydningen «det er»: • om tid – It is twelve o’clock. It is late. • om vær – It is raining. It is lovely weather. • om avstand – It is 500 km to Bergen. Man bruker there is (i entall) og there are (i flertall) når man snakker om noe konkret, om noe som kan telles. Eksempel: There is a dog under the table There are twenty pupils in this room. There is a spider on the wall.

Oppgave 83 Sett inn there is eller there are. a _________________________ a carpet on the floor. b _________________________ an orange in the bowl. c _________________________ many people here today. d _________________________ two birds on the fence. e Can you see if _________________________ a stain on the wall? f Bill says _________________________ five chocolate bars missing. g Drive carefully! _________________________ a hole in the road. h Wow! _________________________ so many expensive cars here.

pronomen

i This is the man ____________ helped me when I slipped and fell.