Inequality Towards Women; Architecture with Gender Perspective

INEQUALI TY

Pontifical Catholic University of Puerto Rico | Prof. P. Rosario Developmental Design Studio I | ARAD 410 ARIANA CAQUIAS ACOSTA

Inequality

"Design transforms reality, the way of thinking, behavior, people's lives, it can even contribute to equity... which means it can change the future. Social urbanism, enduring and inclusive."

- Belinda Tato (Founder of Urban Ecosystem)

Reserch: Problem

PHASE I Inequality Towards Women

Gender Inequality in Society

Gender Equality Focus

Access through Environment Economic; Poverty Has Gender

PHASE II Stakeholders

PHASE III

Conceptual Design Alternatives

Design Strategies

Proposal I: Baghere, Senegal

Proposal II: Totonicapán, Guatemala

Proposal III: Maricao, Puerto Rico

PHASE IV

Schematic Design Alternatives

Proposal I: Thesis

Proposal II: Antithesis

Research: Problem

Inequality Towards Women

Architecture with a gender perspective, confronting social and labor inequality towards women. Gender inequality affects all women, since they are socially read as women, they experience discrimination, violation of rights, and subordination with respect to the other half of humanity. The principle of gender equality is a factor of progress, of social justice that influences the rest of the social causes.1 Gender inequality is one of the main problems faced by women in different areas: social, economic, educational, cultural, and political. This inequality generates consequences in all aspects of women's lives: health, labor participation, relationships, social life, housing, economic situation, etc.

Over the years, women have been marginalized due to gaps in inequality, discrimination, and lack of opportunities. Within society, both women and men play a role and contribute to the development of society. "If women are le behind in the Sustainable Development Goals, half of the world's population is le behind and none of them can be achieved." (Cameron Sinclair, Co-Founder of Architects for Humanity).2

"When discrimination on the basis of gender is superimposed on other types of discrimination, by ethnic groups, by living in rural areas or by not having money, "niches" of much deeper deprivation are created. So not only are women worse off than men but there are certain groups of women from certain social groups who are much worse off. It is these groups that we must reach if we

Quiñones, "Women are below men in all indicators of sustainable development." h ps://news.un.org/es/story/2018/02/1427081.

La ouf, "Gender Equality: A Ma er of Social Justice". h ps://ufmsecretariat.org/gender-equality-ma er Quiñones, "Women are below men in all…”

want to fulfill the promise of leaving no one behind," - says Duarte.3

This means that gender equality should not be the only factor of a ention, since discrimination against women is directly affected by the stagnation of other factors, such as poverty, hunger, health, education, employment, urbanization, and climate change, among others.4 The reason why, architecture, design and through space, can provide opportunities and tools for women in these conditions is to balance this disadvantage of inequality.

"Design is not only aesthetic, but it is a contribution to solving problems, and we have a planet full of problems." - Cameron Sinclair, Co-founder of Architects for Humanity.5

Built space is a reaction to society's dilemmas. So, a design approach is projected, which responds to the specific needs of inequality towards disadvantaged women. Approach where design and architecture contribute to responding to these needs to equalize or balance inequality.

"Design transforms reality, the way of thinking, behavior, people's lives, it can even contribute to equity... which means it can change the future. Social urbanism, enduring and inclusive."Belinda Tato (Founder of Ecosistema Urbano).6

Do feminist cities exist? And inclusive? Cabify". h ps://cabify.com/ec/blog/existen

Do feminist cities exist?...

Do feminist cities exist?...

GENDER EQUALITY IS A OF PROGRESS

Women have been marginalized due to gaps in inequality, discrimination, and lack of opportunities

ADAPTATION

The architecture, design, and through spaces, we can provide opportunities and tools for women in these conditions to balance this disadvantage of inequality.

Through the project, I seek to generate an architecture that contributes to solving problems, with a focus through design, which response to the specific needs in inequality towards disadvantaged women.

Gender Inequality in Society

Gender inequality is a cultural and social justice phenomenon where there is a disadvantage and discrimination with respect to gender. Gender inequality affects development as a society; it is presented as a factor of progress, where the social justice of inequality influences and affects all areas and situations within society and its social causes.

Women in all parts of the world suffer inequality and discrimination. They are confronted with situations of abuse, violence, and unequal treatment, they live it every day and it is presented in different spaces, both in their home, in their work environment, in their communities, in their rights, and just because they are women. Women live at a constant disadvantage, denied opportunities to learn, earn an income, make their voices heard, lead, etc. The resources to which they have access are scarce in many countries, it is shown that most of the people living in poverty are women.7 Compared to men, they have less access to resources, power, and influence, and may experience greater inequality due to their class, ethnicity, or age, as well as due to religious and fundamentalist beliefs. Gender inequality is a key driver of poverty and seriously undermines women's rights.8

There are large gender inequalities in access, achievement of learning, and continuation of education, where girls are the most disadvantaged. Despite progress in increasing the enrolment of girls in primary school, there is a greater

Quiñones, "Women are below men in all indicators of sustainable development." h ps://news.un.org/es/story/2018/02/1427081.

“Mujeres y Niñas”, Derecho a la educación. (blog). h ps://www.right-to-education.org/es/issue-page/marginalised

number of girls out of school than boys as there is a large disparity in completion rates. According to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics 16 million girls will never go to school, women make up two-thirds of the world's 758 million illiterate adults.9 According to global figures provided by UNESCO today, more girls are accessing school. However, despite progress, women and girls continue to face multiple gender-based barriers, with age, ethnicity, poverty, and disability being factors in the enjoyment of the right to quality education. There are barriers and obstacles at all levels to accessing quality education. Obstacles prevent girls and women from exercising their right to study, obtain a diploma, and benefit from education. Barriers such as poverty, geographical isolation, minority membership, disability, early marriage and pregnancy, gender-based violence, lack of inclusive and quality learning environments, and inadequate and unsafe educational infrastructure.10

Planning and designing the environment are factors influencing the level of reach and disparity rates in girls and women and reflect the role and hierarchy that women have within society. Gender prejudices in schools and classrooms can also reinforce messages that affect girls about their role in society. When gender stereotypes are communicated through the design of learning environments in the school and classroom they continue to have a sustained impact on academic performance and field choice, especially negatively affecting young women, as is a school environ-

UNESCO. Gender Review, Creating Sustainable Futures for All. h ps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/

"Girls' Education". World Bank, Retrieved 20 August 2022.h ps://www.bancomundial.org/es/topic/girlseducation

ment inadequate in its structure.11

Indices are presented where in most countries of the world, women and girls have problems accessing basic services. The reasons may reflect a design in which gender issues were not taken into account, reflected in limited resources. According to the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), it is necessary to plan, implement and manage an infrastructure that takes into account the gender perspective and that can promote sustainable development without jeopardizing gender equality. Achieving equal access to infrastructure services is a key step to closing the gender gap.12

“It is necessary to identify the differences and inequalities that exist in the local context and to address the different needs, obligations, and expectations of women, men, girls, and boys. In doing so, infrastructure facilities can remove barriers and enhance opportunities for women and girls, such as access to livelihoods and to education, and health services. Different infrastructure facilities, such as energy, transport, water, and sanitation, as well as different types of construction such as hospitals, schools, houses, shopping malls, and government buildings, present a large number of challenges and opportunities to achieve gender equality and women's empowerment.”13

elements in educating future generations on gender equality so that any type of social inequality is corrected.14 It is essential to provide women and girls with access to quality education, where spaces are safe, where they can express themselves freely and can progress, and where conditions, design, and infrastructure allow eliminating these obstacles of inequality and disadvantage. There are associations such as UNESCO, the World Bank, UN Women, and ONOPS among other institutions that have as a priority the education of girls as a strategic development for society. They aim to achieve the goals of ending extreme poverty and empowering women to achieve balanced and equitable social development.

This inequality is reflected in different areas within society. Schools can be one of the main

Morgan, Bajpai, Al-Hinai, Christensen, Kumar, Crosskey, and Regan. Infrastructure at the service of equality...

UNESCO. Gender Review, Creating Sustainable Futures for All. h ps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/

UNESCO. Gender Review, Creating Sustainable Futures for All. h ps://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/

Cuaderno de valores. (blog). Educo. h ps://www.educo.org/blog/que-es-perspectiva-de-genero-y-su-importancia

GENDER INEQUALITY AFFECTS DEVELOPMENT AS A SOCIETY

Teenager pregnancy

Lack

Poverty

Obstacles that cause desertion and prevent girls and women from exercising their right to study, and benefit from education

Geographical isolation

Inadequate and u

Women in all parts of the world suffer inequality and discrimination. They are confronted with situations of abuse, violence, and unequal treatment. In gender inequalities in access, learning attainment, and continuation of education, girls turn out to be the most disadvantaged.

Gender Equality Focus

The gender perspective and approach are ways of analyzing reality by identifying the roles and tasks performed by men and women in society. The gender approach through critically observing the relationships that cultures and societies build between men and women, allows the formulation of approaches to modify relations in inequality, thus ensuring women's access to health and education resources and services, strengthening their political and citizen participation, among other aspects.15 Gender inequality is related to economic, political, social, and cultural factors whose evidence and magnitude can be captured through gender gaps. In turn, these inequalities can create inequities between men and women in access to resources.16 The term gender gap refers to any disparity between the status or position of men and women and society.17 Gender gaps arise in many areas, such as economic participation and opportunity, access to education, health and life expectancy, and political empowerment. Development from a gender perspective presupposes the analysis of social structures, as well as the processes and relationships that produce and increase the disadvantaged position of women in society.18

The United Nations and civil society entities met in September 2015 in New York, during the 70th UN General Assembly, adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, with the participation of UNESCO.19 UNESCO works in areas of competence to promote gender equality and the rights and

Asencios, "Glossary of terms related to the gender equality approach" Save the Children. h ps://www.refworld.org.es/pdfid/5af1c8114.pdf.

Glossary of gender (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres, 2007), PDF edition, h p://cedoc.inmujeres.gob.mx/documentos_download/100904.pdf.

Glossary of gender (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres, 2007)...

Glossary of gender (Mexico: Instituto Nacional de las Mujeres, 2007)...

empowerment of women within its mandate for peace and sustainable societies.20

The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.21 The Sustainable Development Goals are the blueprint for a sustainable future for all. They interrelate with each other and incorporate the global challenges we face every day, such as poverty, inequality, climate, environmental degradation, prosperity, peace, and justice.22 The United Nations Development Program created the 17 SDGs, which are integrated, and recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in other areas and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.

The (17) Sustainable Development Goals show specific problems that contribute to the inequality gap, problems such as poverty, education, hunger, health and well-being, sanitation, teaching work, economic growth, climate, and violence, among others, where there are multiple disparities of inequality against women and girls. However, gender equality has been one of the Organization's two global priorities since 2008.23 Goal 5 of the SDGs is to achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Women and girls account for half of the world's population, thus half of its potential. However, gender inequality persists today throughout the world and causes delays in social progress. Gender equality is fundamental to all the SDGs, if these are not achieved, the implementation of the 2030 Agenda

Sustainable Development Goals, "Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls" United Nations, accessed 24 August 2022...

Azoulay, "International Women's Day", UNESCO, 8 March 2021, accessed 24 August 2022. h ps://es.unesco.org/commemorations/womenday/2021.

Sustainable Development Goals, "Gender equality and women's empowerment…” Azoulay, "International Women's Day" h ps://es.unesco.org/commemora...

will be compromised.24 "If women are le behind in the Sustainable Development Goals, half of the world's population is le behind and none of them can be achieved."25 Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right but also an essential foundation for building a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world.

“Arquitectura Sin Fronteras” uses the Sustainable Development Goals through architecture (ArqODS), rethinking cities, housing, and other architectures from a gender perspective. The organization's mission is to promote human, equitable, and sustainable development, through the improvement of habitability and the defense of the right of people to have a dignified habitat. This organization focuses on creating environments that allow you to see and be seen, always favoring security. The objectives are to create flexible domestic spaces that unify, to promote the possession of social housing for women in families, and to find those points in cities where inequality gaps by origin, gender, age, etc. appear; to work on their integration.26

The World Bank produced a manual for urban planning and design with a gender perspective. The manual is composed of case studies to address the gender perspective from an urban approach, creating a design and project planning guide. The case studies in this handbook show how cities, regions, and countries around the world are approaching urban planning and design from a gender perspective. These cases provide

UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. (unwomen.org) Quiñones, "Women are below men in all indicators of sustainable development." h ps://news.un.org/es/story/2018/02/1427081.

examples of various types, in various areas and regions, providing information on local context, activities that have been carried out, and their results. The case studies are divided into focus areas, some of which are: urban integrated development, mobility and transport, neighborhood development and informal neighborhood improvement, climate action, disaster risk management, mobility, and security infrastructure, urban landscape, and public spaces, among others.27 They showcase studies carried out in different parts of the world, where the activities, planning, and result of these are analyzed, all with a focus on design with equality and gender perspective. They focus on participatory planning, including the community, to set cities around the sustainable development of inclusive cities.

The case studies and their respective planning with perspective and inclusion are transmitted through public spaces, public and pedestrian transport areas, housing, and public buildings. In Mendoza, Argentina, a case study funded by The World Bank was conducted, "participatory design to create gender-equal public spaces."28 Plaza Alair is a multifunctional place with interrelated individual "rooms" thanks to a cohesive design and flow. Plaza Alair starts directly from the environment, improving existing facilities and meeting the needs of leisure, social, health, economic, cultural, political, literacy and transport through various services and programs such as multipurpose spaces, central squares, hockey fields, playgrounds, libraries, and amphitheater. The World

Dempeus, "Gender Equality | arqods", Arqods, 2020, accessed 30 August 2022. h ps://arqods.wixsite.com/arqods/ods5.

World Bank, "Handbook for Urban Planning and Design with a Gender Perspective," 2020. Manualparalaplanificacinydiseourbanoconperspectivadegnero.pdf World Bank, "Handbook for Urban Planning…”

Bank organization has funded approximately 28 case studies like this, each individually responding to the needs and environment of the site, using urban planning as a tool for inclusion.

Creating proposals aimed at gender equality could cause a chain reaction in the perception and construction of cities and environments, thus provoking questions and modifications to respond to them. According to Gore i's thinking, urban practices focused on women promote the equitable use of the city and improve the perception of security for women. It explains that it can be achieved through urban zoning that allows the mixture of uses, which would cause the formation of compact urban sectors where, in each one, there would be equipment, services, and infrastructure within the reach of women. They could perform their domestic, care, and work tasks without traveling very long distances, traveling unsafe spaces, nor to face poor mobility, at least in one sector.29

29 Cazarez, "Gender Equity in Urbanism and Architecture", fundarqmx, March 3, 2022, accessed 30 August 2022 h ps://www.fundarqmx.com/post/equidad-de-género-en-el-urbanismo-y-arquitectura.

FOCUS ON GENDER EQUALITY

"Arquitectura Sin Fronteras" (ODG's)

The objectives are to promote flexible domestic spaces that unify, to favor the possession of social housing for women in families, and to find those points in cities where inequality gaps appear, always favoring security.

Sustainable Development Goals (S Are designed to end poverty, hun against women and girls

Gender Equality | SDG 5 | Achieve gender equality and empow

5Sustainable Cities and Communiti

SDG 11 7 | Gender equality is fundam

Universal access to safe, inclusiv

areas and public spaces, in par children, older persons and perso essential.

ger, and discrimination r all women and girls s | SDG 11 | ental and accessible green cular for women and ns with disabilities, is

The World Bank |

Manual for urban planning and design with a gender perspective.

They focus on participatory planning, including the community, to set cities around sustainable development of inclusive cities

Integrated urban development, mobility and transport, neighborhood development and informal neighborhood upgrading, housing, public transport, security, urban landscapes, and public spaces.

"If women are left behind in the Sustainable Development Goals, half of the world's population is left behind and none of them can be achieved."

Access through Environment

In human development, one of the most important aspects is the environment in which we live, this directly influences the way we perceive society and how we interact with it. In this way, the environment we develop affects our physical, emotional, and social health. Gender equality is essential for the formation of an inclusive and cohesive society that supports sustainable and sustainable urban development. The cities both in nuclei of economic growth and social change can become incubators of positive transformations and sustainable social development through the analysis of gender inequality and its perception in the environment. Architecture with a gender perspective aims to dissolve the classification and hierarchy of the spaces assigned to roles, creating equality in the spaces and the enjoyment of them. Both cities and rural environments must adapt to the needs of their inhabitants, without excluding groups, they must respond by creating flexible spaces that do not fall into gender stereotypes. Planning with a gender perspective must take into account the creation of safe spaces where public lighting, bus stops, the width of the street, and other variables will be taken into consideration. Within the planning, the objective must be to create comfortable and welcoming spaces for women and also to be able to appropriate the spaces they inhabit.30

Sustainable Development Goal 11, “Sustainable Cities and Communities”, seeks “inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory, integrated and sustainable plan

"Architecture with a gender perspective - Arquifach | Calpe Altea Benissa Teulada Moraira Architectural Studio".

Sustainable Development Goals, "Cities – Sustainable Development" United Nations, accessed 13 September 2022, h ps://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/

ning and management of human se lements in all countries” (SDG 11, Target 11.3 ). 31 Indicator 11.3.2 measures the participation of civil society in urban planning and governance, taking into account women's groups, and target 11.7 calls for universal access to safe, inclusive, and accessible green areas and public spaces, in particular for women and children, the elderly and people with disabilities.32 This goal is focused on making cities and human se lements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable. Within this objective, aspects that affect women are discussed, which also contribute to areas of inequality. She mentions that, for women and girls, urbanization can mean greater access to education, more jobs, lower fertility rates, and greater independence. However, she argues that women living in slums endure many hardships, and basic needs, such as access to clean water and improved sanitation facilities, o en go unmet.33 In 67% of the countries with available data, more than half of the female population between the ages of 15 and 49 lives in slums. That is, more than 50% of women live in conditions where they lack at least one of the following elements: access to clean water, improved sanitation facilities, durable housing, or sufficient living space.34 It is stated that in countries where low-income housing is present, the two most frequent unsatisfied domestic needs are the lack of durable housing materials and the lack of sanitation facilities, which impose certain risks and significant burdens on women, who spend more time at home and are therefore more exposed to hygiene and health risks. These are

Sustainable Development Goals, "Cities – Sustainable Development"... UN Women, "Infographic: Why gender equality ma ers to achieving all 17 SDGs". h ps://www.unwomen.org/ UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. (unwomen.org)

challenges faced by women in the localities of poor housing units and in.

The Sustainable Development Goal (SDG6) deals with clean water and sanitation, which states that women and girls are responsible for water harvesting. In 2015, 2.1 billion people lacked access to safely managed drinking water services. Worldwide, urban access to basic water is greater than rural access and high-income groups have significantly be er access than low-income groups.35 States that when drinking water is not available, the burden of water harvesting forces women and girls to walk long distances to meet household water needs, exposing them to security risks and violence and limiting their time for other activities, such as paid work and education. Poor sanitation facilities also expose women and girls to disease. Survey data from 61 countries show that in 80 percent of households without access to water in facilities, women and girls are responsible for water collection. This is reflected in the poorest households in rural areas.36 It’s mentioned that women have equal rights to the city, and their safety in public spaces, making it crucial for sustainable urbanization. While women and girls play a role in safeguarding water and sanitation in the home. Embroidering these women's needs benefits the health and well-being of entire communities.37

The external conditions and circumstances that occur within the environment are factors that contribute to its deterioration, increase risks and

UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report...

UN Women, "Infographic: Why gender equality ma ers to achieving all...

UN Women, "Infographic: Why gender equality ma ers to achieving all... Dávila, "How is climate change and gender inequality related? - Sustainable". How are climate change and gender inequality related?

deteriorate the living conditions of those that inhabit it. Recent studies and reports show that environmental problems worsen inequalities between men and women.38 At first glance, the effects of the environment and the gender approach may seem like two unrelated issues. Well, we know that climate change is an external factor that affects the entire population, however, it is the poorest and most vulnerable people in the world, especially women and girls, who are affected by the worst consequences of environmental stress. , economic and social.39 The effects of climate change, rural areas, and access to natural resources have a significant relationship with the inequality gap that affects women since these environmental problems directly affect the accessibility of these resources for habitat and the quality of life of the people. Globally, women face persistent barriers, relying more on natural resources but having less access to them.40 In times of drought and irregular rains, women, as agricultural workers and primary producers, work harder to obtain income and resources for their families. This increases the pressure on girls, who o en have to drop out of school to help their mothers cope with the additional burden.41 As a result, women who rely heavily on local natural resources for their livelihoods continue to be marginalized; The majority of poor women living in rural areas and indigenous women are disproportionately affected by climate change.42 One of the main problems faced by women in rural areas is their lack of access to education. In the rural area of the eastern region, the female illiteracy rate

"Explanatory article: How gender inequality and climate change are interrelated | UN Women". h ps://www.unwomen.org/es/noticias/articulo... "The impact of climate change increases gender inequality, women's... "Explanatory article: How gender inequality and climate change are... UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report...

rises to 73%.43

Inequalities and gender gaps are presented in different ways in different aspects of the environment within society. However, to inhabit a space with a gender perspective, spatial conditions are adapted to local needs, as these are present in both urban and rural environments. This is why urban design and planning are essential to meet safety and accessibility standards for local people. In both urban and rural se ings, a planning approach with a gender perspective should be promoted. According to the manual on gender inequalities in cities, some recommendations are presented to empower women and progress toward gender equality. This proposes to promote a mixed land use and planning approach, considering that women usually assume more domestic responsibilities in combination with other needs and occupations.44 In this way, accessibility, transportation, safety, daily efficiency, and access to services for women are improved. Similarly, it is recommended to plan and provide affordable housing solutions close to public services and be er job opportunities, given that many women need to combine paid employment with unpaid care work.45 One of the biggest challenges and gender problems in the environment is spatial segregation and inadequate housing infrastructure, as this creates a disproportionate time burden for those who are in charge of care, who are mostly women.46 Although it is mentioned, rural areas have high rates of inequality due to the lack of accessibility to resources,

Blog of Fundación CODESPA. h ps://www.codespa.org/blog...

Nora Libertun de Duren, et al. “Gender inequality in cities.”...

Nora Libertun de Duren, et al. “Gender inequality in cities.”...

Blanca Vivaldi, et al. "Living Environments, Human Security Audit...

INEQUALITY GAP: SECURITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT

The absence of safe and adequate urban spaces for women increases their risk and exposure to genderbased violence and, in particular, sexual harassment.

Gender challenges in urban environments:

LIVING ENVIRONMENTS

Residual spaces in cities

Bus stops

Pedestrian crossing

Street width

Dark areas

Gender inequality is not only found in rural settlements. Women in urban areas face enormous challenges related to security, mobility, and access to economic opportunities. Areas in the built environment that combine with gender inequality, creating limitations, discomfort, and even danger, for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities, of all ages and abilities.

SAFETY GENDER PERSPECTIVE

Isolated public parks

Spatial segregation; separation of public and private spaces

Poor street lighting

Empty and dimly lit streets

Economic; Poverty Has Gender

Women and girls are more likely to experience economic poverty around the world. Women and girls are more vulnerable to any form of violence, with economic poverty being a form of violence that significantly affects this group. Economic crises highlight the inequalities suffered by women and further intensify the situations of poverty in which they live. Economic poverty is presented as a very present gender gap which highlights the different oppressions suffered by women and girls; poverty that hinders their economic independence, access to resources or rights such as education and health. This lack of equal access to finances is a barrier to escape from poverty in which many women find themselves and prevents them from having full autonomy to make decisions about their own lives. The feminization of poverty is a problem that violates human rights and has a global impact since this problem slows down economic growth and in addition to their social development as individuals. It is a gender gap that prevents women from being economically independent and deprives them of competitive education, equal health care, and access to basic resources. The lack of access to education also generates poverty and this, at the same time, increases the probability of not having access to education. The poverty that increases the gender gap and gender inequality that in turn is causing even more poverty, is a circle that needs to be broken. For this reason, the empowerment of women and girls is so important, as this is key to having economic autonomy. Women and girls must have the necessary tools to know their rights

"Architecture with a gender perspective - Arquifach | Calpe Altea Benissa Teulada Moraira Architectural Studio".

Sustainable Development Goals, "Cities – Sustainable Development" United Nations, accessed 13 September 2022, h ps://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/cities/

and be able to express themselves. We remember that more than half of the world's population are women, so eliminating the economic poverty they suffer is fundamental because without equality there is no possible development.

Around the world, women and girls perform the majority of unpaid care and domestic work, leaving them with less time for education, income generation, political participation, rest, and leisure. It is important to recognize and value the unpaid care and domestic work performed by women. Despite being fundamental to all societies, unpaid care and domestic work are not recognized as work and are not valued. Unpaid work involves the care and upbringing of children; care of the sick, elderly, or people with disabilities. Globally, women under the age of 40 are more likely to be poor than men. According to the United Nations, 70% of the poor people in the world are women. Furthermore, one in five girls in the world lives in conditions of extreme poverty.50 In 89 countries, there are 4.4 million more women than men living on less than $1.90 a day.51 Inequality in access to and control over economic resources is the cause of women's poverty. Gender inequalities persist in the labor market due to occupational segregation and gender pay gaps. Well, women do 2.6 times more unpaid domestic and care work than men.52 Data from 83 countries and areas show that women do most of the domestic work, such as cooking and cleaning, and are the primary caregivers for children and adults in need of care. On average, women spend 18

Sustainable Development Goals, "Cities – Sustainable Development"... UN Women, "Infographic: Why gender equality ma ers to achieving all 17 SDGs". h ps://www.unwomen.org/ UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report Turning Promises into Action: Gender Equality in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. (unwomen.org)

percent of their day on unpaid care and domestic work, while men spend 7 percent of their day. (Figure1.1)53 The expectation that care work is a women's responsibility begins at an early age. A study of 33 countries shows that girls aged 7 to 14 do more housework than boys of the same age and perform other tasks, including looking a er younger siblings.54 Gender stereotypes influence the type of work women do outside the home, the conditions under which that work is offered, and the pay they receive.

Increasing women's economic equality would reduce the poverty rate for the entire population.

Sustainable Development Goals, "Gender equality and women's empowerment –Sustainable Development" United Nations, accessed 30 August 2022, h ps://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/gender-equality.

UN (United Nations). 2018c. “UN Women’s global monitoring report Turning Promises into Action…”

55

"Why are there more poor women than men in the world? | Equality is the future", (blog). Oxfam International, accessed 14 September 2022, h ps://www.oxfam.org/es/por-que-hay-mas-mujeres

Women take on between two and ten times more unpaid care work than men, such as housework and childcare. (Figure1.1) The contribution to the global economy from this work is estimated to be equivalent to $10.8 trillion a year, a figure that triples the size of the global technology industry.55 Gender equality is essential for economies and societies to prosper, and this contributes to the economic growth of regions and countries. 53 54

The activity of women has a great positive impact on the economy, business, agriculture, and industry, as domestic workers, market vendors, migrant workers, and unpaid work as caregivers.56 Pu ing women and girls at the center of economies will ultimately lead to be er and more sustainable development outcomes for all, support faster recovery, and help the world achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.57 To guarantee women's rights, reduce poverty and meet the rest of the development goals, it is essential to support wom

en's access to jobs with decent conditions and improved livelihoods. The economic empowerment of women is a fundamental element to achieve this. We need a human economy that benefits both men and women, and that is at the service of all people, not just the elites.

56 57

Lagarde, "Women and the Economy," UN Women – Beijing+20, accessed 15 September 2022, h ps://beijing20.unwomen.org/es/in-focus/economy#cuidadoras.

Sustainable Development Goals, "Gender equality and women's...

Pr eDesign

S T A K E

Photo by: Roger Walk

Edit by: Ariana Caquias

"If women are left behind, half of the world's population is left behind."

H O L D E R S

TRIBAL WOMEN | CHILD

LEADING STAKEHOLDERS

Women age: 19 - 55 years

Girl's age: 7 - 18 years

Rural women in poverty with lack of access to resources, quality of life and education

SECONDARY STAKEHOLD

Children's Care Community

"Design is not only aesthetic, but it is a contribution to solving problems, and we have a planet full of problems."

- Cameron Sinclair, Co-founder of Architects for Humanity.

Programs such as accelerated primary education Information programs on health, well-being, comprehensive sexuality education, nutrition and prevention of gender violence and economic autonomy Workshops in project development, marketing, basic finance and cooperative development, necessary

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C A S A D E L A M U J E R "

Objective - Eliminate any form of discrimination, promote gender equality and the emancipation of women in Africa.

"Symbolic architecture, ecological and inspired by the traditions of the place. A space in which associations and the different agents of society can meet and discuss issues of equality and human rights, guaranteeing the female community participation and emancipation in favor of the social, economic and political development of the territory.

Kaira Looro Architecture Competition 2021

M A L A L A C E N T E R

Objective - Ensure the full and effective participation of women and girls and establish equal opportunities for leadership at all decisionmaking levels in political, economic and public life.

"Malala Centers" project for the education of indigenous girls, adolescents and young women in Guatemala. The project facilitates the right to education of girls, adolescents and women, especially those who have been marginalized from the educational system due to their condition of gender, ethnicity, rurality and poverty.

Baghere Municipality | Tanaff Valley

- Poverty affects 90% of the population

- Sanitary conditions the worst nationwide

- 86% of people live without a source of drinking water

- 70% of the population lives without access to electricity

- El Valle: rural environment with a quality of life that is among the worst in the region

- The village is a spiritual and religious, promotes peace and prosperity of the territory

Africa | Senegal

Sédhiou, Tanaff

Baghere Municipality | Tanaff Valley

- Geomorphological view: clayey-sandy soils

- National road: N6, crosses the valley providing some development Acacia and mango trees with maximum heights of 15 meters

The village of Baghère - has 2,200 people: 53% women, and 58% minors.

SITE

Working conditions of the merchants in the area

Totonicapán | Santa María Chiquimula

- Women represent 51% of the population

- indigenous population exceeds 98% - the family poverty rate is between 73%

- lower rates of literate women 62.5%

- 11% of girls and adolescents between 11 and 19 years of age have not received any formal education, they represent the highest percentage of those who cannot read or write

Latin America | Guatemala Totonicapán

Santa María Chiquimula Town

| GUATEMALA

- The educational programs prop indigenous languages, will be b reinforce skills in favor of person

- The educational foundation Fe intervention municipalities

posed by the centers will be taught in ased on indigenous culture and will nal and socioeconomic development e y Alegría, in collaboration with the

schools

goverment & public buildings residential commercial buildings

School Fe & Alegria

site SITE

Latin America | Puerto Rico

Inner visual connection

External visual connection

Complex as a unified entity, community connection through the public space

Autonomy programs with independent functionality

EDUCATIONAL

PUBLICSPACE

Schematic Design Alternativ es

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