Brief Leader | Catherine Lassen
Haitian Jin | 490460878
Site | Cockatoo Island, Sydney, New South Wales
Dr Danièle Hromek says that: Country means much more than land, it is our place of origin in cultural, spiritual and literal terms. It includes not only land but also skies and waters.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost I would like to pay my respects to their Elders, past and present, and Aboriginal Elders of other communities who may be here today.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my Unit Coordinator Prof Dagmar Reinhardt and my Brief Leader Catherine Lassen for providing invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my study, in particular Catherine has been a guiding light for our aspirations.
In addition, I would also like to thank all the members in the studio 7. It is their kind help and support that have created a wonderful time.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents. They always show their tremendous understanding and encouragement in these semesters.
The relationship between architecture and human lives is an ongoing discussion. Over the past centuries, as human manipulation of wild areas has escalated, coupled with the economic prosperity and colonial expansion of the 19th century, the vision of technological and industrial progress has permanently altered the natural environment. Cockatoo Island's history of extensive quarrying activities and the remnants of heavy industrial buildings reveal the dynamics of exploitation, interdependence, and power between humans and nature.
Based on the precedent study and Marine Biological Research, the project will focus on exploring the idea of restoring the cockatoo island by moving the "useless" into "useful" in untraditional ways. This means it explores the reuse of potential removal buildings on Cockatoo Island to become a thriving cultural destination that reconnects humans, creatures, and nature. In the meantime, it celebrates its rich history with a long-term environmental sustainability future.
The resort process facilitates the missing ecological interaction of the post-industrial ruins. It develops a strategy to promote a material reuse cycle and habitat cycles, converting the demolition process( several degrees of demolition) of buildings to habitat recolonization of biodiversity and culture spiritual celebration of humans.
The proposal aims at creating better places that support not only people's health and well-being but also creatures in the sea and sky. Meanwhile, minimizing the impact on the planet by integrating scientific knowledge to create innovative solutions to the complex challenges we face, like Habitat destruction, Biodiversity loss, Disconnection from nature, and Climate change.
The boyd education center 1996-99
Glenn Murcutt, Wendy Lewin, and Reg Lark
The distinguished Australian artist Arthur Boyd and his partner Yvonne donated this land in the Shoalhaven River valley for use by their Education Foundation. The architects were commissioned to propose an arrangement of facilities in this spectacular landscape, a retreat for artists and students.
representational lenses by Arthur Boyd
In the paintings of Arthur Boyd, a renowned Australian painter, we see art as a form of cultural mapping. His works offer a compelling comparison between his imaginary landscapes and the actual ones where these pieces are received, inviting us to compare the physical landscape with a cultural one. They document climate change resulting from colonization, which sought to clear and transform indigenous land into pastoral land.
His pictorial accounts capture the tension between First Nations and settlers’ understandings of landscape— from Yuin Country to commodity; the environmental degradation from introducing exotic species into an endemic ecology; and the impact of fire and flood events in the site’s history, depicted through visions of floating cows and burning bushes. These observations testify to Boyd’s environmental activism, which led to the establishment of Bundanon Trust. The Trust's purpose is to foster an appreciation for and understanding of art and the environment, promoting advocacy and care through art and education.
In 1993, on behalf of the Australian people, the Australian Government accepted the gift of Bundanon, and a parcel of other properties (1000 hectares in all) on the Shoalhaven River, from the Australian artist Arthur Boyd and his wife Yvonne. Then the Boyd Education Center was built in 1999 for the retreat for artists and students.
Diagrams show mappings of forest and pastoral clearing occupancy rates from pre-1973 to post-1999.
Walk beside me was the Bushwalk activity I participated in at Bundnon, this addresses Seccombe's 'blindness' to First Nations' knowledge systems and their significance, encouraging us to pause, listen, and look.
The orientation of The Boyd Education Centre follows the contours of the terrain, as illustrated in the diagram, remaining largely parallel to the contour lines without imposing significant alterations to the topography.
The one-night stay in Boyd Education Center let us feel each space is just that fit, so we decided to do the dimension study of each space listing from public space to private.
To safeguard privacy within the limited space and ensure a sense of security in the confined areas, Mur- cutt implemented numerous design details to enhance the sense of boundaries in different spaces. Emphasizing boundaries visually without creating physical barriers allows for privacy while still facilitating communication between individuals within the space.
Our vision for Wareamah / Cockatoo Island is to connect future with past and merge divergent cultural histories; for the island to be a healed and rejuvenated landscape where people meet and come together, celebrate, share knowledge, learn from, and experience Country. We will work closely with Traditional Owners in creating this vision.
Since the first European occupation of the island, and the commencement of quarrying and cut and filling of the foreshore, the overall land area of the island has grown by 50,000 m2 (5 ha) to the present day 179,000 m2. As the island grew the upper sandstone plateau area continued to shrink as new lower apron areas were constructed to accommodate new buildings, wharves and slipways, and stone was quarried for building and sea walls.
The seawall of Cockatoo Island can be divided into 6 parts for analysis based on its shape and status. Although Seawalls 1 and 5 are artificial seawalls, they are the healthiest of the six seawalls because their shapes are similar to natural seawalls. They provide more habitat areas, allowing marine life to grow. As can be seen from the photo, the seawall is covered with oysters and seaweed. Seawalls 2 and 4 are vertical in shape, and the concrete surface is too smooth, making it impossible for seaweed and other marine plants to adhere to them. Through analysis, it can be seen that there is no marine life attached to Structure 6. The reasons are the vertical structure, smooth material surface, and the direction of the affected water flow.
The seawall of Cockatoo Island can be divided Due to the suitable growth environment for Ecklonia radiata, the shading will lead to the proliferation of red algae, resulting in eutrophication. In addition, the reduction in available hard rocks for perching had led to a significant loss of biodiversity, and the vertical seawall had limited the habitat area for growing Ecklonia radiata. Overall the selection of a site for Marine Habitat will be chosen in a place that both has sufficient sunlight and artificial vertical seawall.
Light Penetration in Water
Plants harness sunlight as their main energy source via photosynthesis. This process is also utilized by photosynthetic marine organisms like Ecklonia radiata and phytoplankton, which thrive in brightly illuminated surface waters known as the euphotic zone. In Addition, the water's depth not only influences the visible light's colors underwater but also impacts its intensity or quantity. In the initial 10 meters, water absorbs over 50 percent of the visible light energy.
Why do we care light penetration in water?
Shading leads to the proliferation of red algae, resulting in algal blooms
Artificial structures like docks and bridges provide more space for red algae to thrive by shading sunlight. The imbalance in the populations of Red algae and Ecklonia radiata leads to an imbalance in nitrogen and phosphorus ions under natural conditions. The increased quantity of nitrogen and phosphorus ions further enhances the likelihood of occurrences of algal blooms.
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To achieve this, we analyze and identify materials suitable for recycling, remanufacturing, and reuse on Cockatoo Island by integrating building heritage context mapping with potential building removal plans.
To provide more marine habitat, we decide to make artificial reefs with recycled materials on the island. Durability, availability, cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, and habitat enhancement capabilities are the properties the artificial reef should have. Through the Material in the seawater timeline assessment, we can find out the proper material for artificial reefs.
Undergoes leaching and microbial degradation.
Leading to surface erosion and release of mineral particles.
The release of chemicals from decaying timber, such as tannins and wood preservatives, can alter water chemistry and affect water quality in the vicinity.
Biofouling, and abrasion, leading to structural weakening and degradation.
Susceptibility to dissolution in seawater.
Corroding steel releases iron ions and rust particles, potentially causing water discoloration, sediment contamination, and adverse effects on marine organisms. Bricks may release small particles and minerals into the water, affecting sedimentation and potentially altering local habitat conditions. Concrete reefs can mimic natural rocky habitats, providing attachment surfaces ,thus enhancing biodiversity and promoting ecosystem functions. Sandstone erosion can contribute mineral particles and sediment to the water, affecting water clarity, sedimentation patterns, and benthic habitats.
We focuse on the Marine Biological Research, and we hope this cloud be a piont that reconnet the island with nature. Aims cockatoo island to become a thriving cultural destination that reconnect the human, creatures and nature. At the meantime that celebrates the rich history with long-term enviornmental sustainability future.
Cockatoo Island / Wareamah has traditionally been a meeting place and a women’s place. This Country has been a place between the boundaries of four different clans (Wangal, Wallumedegal Cammeraygal, and Gadigal), where land meets sea and sky.
More than 200 years of industry has exposed it to metals, organic waste, and microplastics, the Sydney Institute of Marine Science says. Drawing plans to pull down old buildings would have been easy. However, the fact that our generation meets is to find out the method of minimizing the impact on the planet by integrating scientific knowledge to create innovative solutions to the complex challenges we face. Cockatoo Island is a great sample of Sydney's Historical Progress which undergoes 3 phases, from nature to the industrial to the conservation. Now it is the time of restoration. We propose to transform the sites, by acknowledging their history while using them to ensure the harbour’s future health.
Prisoners moved to Darling hurst Gaol, and the island became an Industrial School for Girls and Reformatory.
Last ship built at Cockatoo, supply ship HMAS Success commissioned for Australian Navy.
All dockyard activities closed 31 December 1991, after 135 years of continuous operation.
Island is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List for Convict remains as part of a serial listing.
Community consultation to understand community values and aspirations for Cockatoo Island Cockatoo island/ Wareamah draft master plan
A meeting and fishing spot for First Nations people
Constructed from stone quarried from the island.
Boosting activities for WW1 as the Commonwealth Naval Dockyard.
During WW2 was the main repair base of the South Pacific.
Last ship built at Cockatoo
All dockyard activities closed
Sydney Harbour Federation Trust launched by an Act of Parliament.
Island is added to the UNESCO World Heritage List for Convict remains as part of a serial listing.
Seeking to return the stories and connections to Country, alongside the colonial, maritime and industrial history which has long been a focus.
Long-term environmental sustainability and a future as significant as its rich past
Cockatoo Island Species
Cockatoo Island Species
In the process of photosynthesis, Ecklonia radiata absorbs inorganic elements and produces organic compounds and oxygen, creating pristine conditions for the growth of plankton and ensuring the biodiversity of the marine understory environment.
From 1955 to 1978, land reclamation primarily involved landfills, incorporating industrial waste (Coward, 1988), in the flat regions bordering Middle Harbour, Parramatta River, and Lane Cove River (McLoughlin, 1985). The final significant phase of reclamation spanned from 1964 to 1981, during which substantial foreshore expanses were developed to accommodate the emerging 'roll-on, roll-off' container shipping method (Anglin & Associates, 1990; Budin, 1990; Fraser, 1989; Proudfoot, 1996). Importantly, The Great Southern Reef – Australia’s continental-wide temperate reef system – is dominated by E. radiata and supports high levels of biodiversity and endemism.
Ecklonia radiatas’ contribution towards understorey species
Clonal Reproduction
Ecklonia radiata's unique holdfast root allows it to latch onto rocks or harder sandy structures on the seabed as it drifts with ocean currents. These structures, once grown, can stabilize the seabed and slow down the local current speeds, thereby creating a more stable ecological area.
Photosynthesis
In the process of photosynthesis, Ecklonia radiata absorbs inorganic elements and produces organic compounds and oxygen, creating pristine conditions for the growth of plankton and ensuring the biodiversity of the marine understory environment.
Primary Consumer
The extensive reclamation of approximately 23 percent of Port Jackson's area has led to nearly half of its shoreline being comprised of artificial structures such as seawalls.
Ephemeroptera
Despite local variability, conditions beneath Ecklonia radiata canopies strongly predict community composition. Abiotic factors like irradiance and kelp scour also significantly affect understory species and communities.
Kelp habitats in Australia are under threat from coastal development, ocean warming and range-extending herbivores, and subsequently are becoming increasingly patchy and sparse in many regions.
The resort process facilitates the missing ecological interation of the post-industrial ruins. It develops a strategy to promote a material reuse cycle and habitat cycles, converting the demonlition process( several degrees of demolition) of buildings to habitate recolonization of biodiversity and culture spirtial celecbration of human.
After analysis and research, we found out the connection of biodiversity on the island was obstructed by a large number of wharf routes on the north. So we proposed a new wharf on the south to share the burden of the main line. In the meantime offer more opportunities for the surrounding community to come here.
Legend of “Cockatoo Island / Wareamah Draft Master Plan” by Sydney Habour Federation Trust
New replacement buildings possible in this area subject to design guidelines
Former shoreline
Main pedestrian route Areas/zones
Possible small boat berthing
Building Removal Plan Buildings/ Structures
This design proposal gives a space for both public and private access. In addition, the Workshop and Storage will be the most efficient space on this island, offering space for recycled materials and remanufacturing and then reuse. Materials cloud be made as Artificial Reefs, Furnitures, Gabin Walls... Amis promotes a material reuse cycle and habitat cycles on the Island.
Phase 1
After demolishing parts of the building, the dismantled material will be kept in the storage room, then reshape in the Recycled Materials Workshop.
Break down concrete blocks into small, uniform pieces.
Phase 2
Crane
By providing the essential lifting and placement capabilities for the artificial reef modules, they can be carefully positioned in the sea.
The modules help increase the area of marine habitats and improve marine biodiversity, addressing urgent environmental issues. They are also convenient to manufacture and easy to position in the required locations.
Drill holes in concrete blocks to achieve different kinds of modules.
Use Stone Braker to break the pieces left over during Phase 1. Make concrete into small gravel and prepare the concrete powder.
Based on the previous step, then drill large holes in concrete blocks.
Mix them into the three molds, and wait for demold at least 24 hours.
The finalized modules will be delivered through the transport routes to the selection site. Two ways of making modules are aimed at utilizing almost 100% without waste.
Fixing the module with rebar driven in, and the Assembly should be on-site at the ready-use point.
There are 17 buildings in the potential removal stage listed in the "2023 Cockatoo Island DraftMasterplan". This Building will be a transformed space that makes "Useless" into "Useful".
We propose the size of the Module is 30*20*15, which 30 is the thickness of the existing wall of B92&93. And the uniform size cloud be convenience when need to replace.
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Foster, Paterson Kinniburgh & Wann Country 2020
“This is not a site, it is a Songline. A connection to the memories of family that have been embedded in this Countryand its earth, water, stars and sky since time began.”