ARCH
The Module
Aim
to introduce the principles of structural design, and in particular the materials and forms used to provide the load bearing components and systems in buildings.
Learning Outcomes
Develop awareness of:
• The principles of structural design and the techniques and materials used to attain appropriate strength, stability, and stiffness.
• The relationship between structural behaviour and architectural design; how the two can complement each other.
Methodology
Lectures
10 min of refreshing of last lecture 40 minutes lecture
10 min conclusions, discussion and questions
Examination
•Ability to understand basic principles of structural design.
•Ability to recognize constructional techniques and materials that can be used to achieve strength, stability and stiffness in structures.
•Ability to identify material properties and material load bearing capacity.
•Awareness of the correlation between structural behavior and architectural qualities.
Part I
WEEKS 2- 5
Basic Structural Components Structural Requirements Loads on Structures States of Stress
Structural Failure
Part II
WEEKS 6- 8
Principal Structural Components Funicular structures Rigid Structures
Part III
WEEKS 9- 12
Principal Structural Materials (Concrete, Steel, Timber, Others)
Basic Structural Concepts
What is a Structure?
General types of Structures
Structures in Architecture
Structural Analysis vs Structural design
What is a Architectural Structure?
What is a Structure?
to channel loads
What is the purpose of a structure?
…in nature, structures are always built for a definite purpose… there is no structure for structure sake!..
What is the purpose of a structure?
…man made structures are often design to transfer loads from people and furniture as well as the self weight of the building to the ground…
Picture take from: www.studio2a.net/helix.htmWhat is the purpose of a structure?
… at the same time they need to withstand the action of natural forces …
What is the purpose of a structure?
What is the purpose of a structure?
or to retain forces…Hoover Dam Picture take from: www.photo.net. Copyright 1999 philg.mit.edu
What is the purpose of a structure?
Architectural Structures
… architectural structures are usually designed to enclose or define a space in order to make it useful for a particular function …Oscar Niemeyer, National Cathedral, Brasilia picture from:http://www.geol.umd.edu Calatrava , Sundial Bridge,picture from: www.perfscreen.com
Architectural Structures
…function vs beauty…
…structures can be aesthetically beautiful by themselves…
Architectural Structures
3 qualities of Architecture (According to Vitruvius)
Utilitas (utility) Venustas (attractiveness)
Firmitas (stability)
FUNCTIONSTRUCTURE AESTHETICS
…utility refers the planning for convenience and comfort of users. Attractiveness involves the aesthetics or artistic aspect. Stability refers to the structural soundness of the construction...
Architectural Structures
…in the past, architects were at the same time painters, sculptors, physicist, and master builders…Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, pictures from: www.success.co.ilLeonardo da Vinci helicopter design, picture from:http://content.answers.com
Architectural Structures
With the advent of modernism, things changed, constructive elements were separated from functional and expressive elements…professionals specialize in specific subjects
Architectural Structures
…this could result in a disjunction between aesthetics and structure…Beijing's National Stadium, picture from: www.vancouver2010.com
Architectural Structures
AND CONSTRUCTION Carolina Stevenson
ARCH… structure should be an essential and integral component of architecture …St. Mary's Cathedral, San Francisco California by Pier Luigi Nervi 1971, pictures by C. Rodriguez Bernal
Structural Analysis Vs
Used to determine the distribution of the forces throughout the members of the structures and the required sizes of the structural elements that will ensure that the structure is strong enough to support specific loads.
Structural Design
Aims to find the best solution for a specific brief, in so doing serves to determine the type of structure and materials to use and the overall appearance of the building.
General Types of Structures
Golden gate bridge, picture from: http://www.earthinpictures.com The Forth Bridge, picture from: http://www.timberbush tours.co.ukRigid
Flexible
General Types of Structures
different types of materials can be used to design similar structures
What is a Architectural Structure?
and load-bearing
which forms integral part of an
solution…
Ottawa,
Conclusions
• Architectural structures are more than just elements that carry loads, they also serve to define spaces, and contribute to the spatial qualities of buildings.
• The structure should be considered and developed from the early stages of the design process.
• For every architectural problem there are various potential structural solutions and options of materials. Architects should be aware of the different alternatives available in order to make informed design decisions.