ARCH 161-Technology 1.2

Welcome

ARCH

The Module

Aim

to introduce the principles of structural design, and in particular the materials and forms used to provide the load bearing components and systems in buildings.

Learning Outcomes

Develop awareness of:

• The principles of structural design and the techniques and materials used to attain appropriate strength, stability, and stiffness.

• The relationship between structural behaviour and architectural design; how the two can complement each other.

Methodology

Lectures

10 min of refreshing of last lecture 40 minutes lecture

10 min conclusions, discussion and questions

Examination

•Ability to understand basic principles of structural design.

•Ability to recognize constructional techniques and materials that can be used to achieve strength, stability and stiffness in structures.

•Ability to identify material properties and material load bearing capacity.

•Awareness of the correlation between structural behavior and architectural qualities.

Part I

WEEKS 2- 5

Basic Structural Components Structural Requirements Loads on Structures States of Stress

Structural Failure

Part II

WEEKS 6- 8

Principal Structural Components Funicular structures Rigid Structures

Part III

WEEKS 9- 12

Principal Structural Materials (Concrete, Steel, Timber, Others)

Basic Structural Concepts

What is a Structure?

General types of Structures

Structures in Architecture

Structural Analysis vs Structural design

What is a Architectural Structure?

What is a Structure?

to channel loads

What is the purpose of a structure?

…in nature, structures are always built for a definite purpose… there is no structure for structure sake!..

What is the purpose of a structure?

…man made structures are often design to transfer loads from people and furniture as well as the self weight of the building to the ground…

Picture take from: www.studio2a.net/helix.htm

What is the purpose of a structure?

… at the same time they need to withstand the action of natural forces …

What is the purpose of a structure?

Clifton suspension bridge Picture take from: www.skyscrapercity.com

What is the purpose of a structure?

or to retain forces…

Hoover Dam Picture take from: www.photo.net. Copyright 1999 philg.mit.edu

What is the purpose of a structure?

Calder Sculpture photo taken

Kenneth Snelson Sculpture photo

Architectural Structures

… architectural structures are usually designed to enclose or define a space in order to make it useful for a particular function …

Oscar Niemeyer, National Cathedral, Brasilia picture from:http://www.geol.umd.edu Calatrava , Sundial Bridge,picture from: www.perfscreen.com

Architectural Structures

…function vs beauty…

…structures can be aesthetically beautiful by themselves…

Torre Calatrava picture from: www.cursos.org

Gare do Oriente, picture from: http://peterdekkers.com

BCE Place ,Toronto.picture from: wvs.topleftpixel.com

Architectural Structures

3 qualities of Architecture (According to Vitruvius)

Utilitas (utility) Venustas (attractiveness)

Firmitas (stability)

FUNCTIONSTRUCTURE AESTHETICS

…utility refers the planning for convenience and comfort of users. Attractiveness involves the aesthetics or artistic aspect. Stability refers to the structural soundness of the construction...

Architectural Structures

…in the past, architects were at the same time painters, sculptors, physicist, and master builders…

Leonardo Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man, pictures from: www.success.co.ilLeonardo da Vinci helicopter design, picture from:http://content.answers.com

Architectural Structures

With the advent of modernism, things changed, constructive elements were separated from functional and expressive elements…professionals specialize in specific subjects

Structural skeleton of Maison Domino, Le Corbusier. 1914. picture from: http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture

Architectural Structures

…this could result in a disjunction between aesthetics and structure…

Beijing's National Stadium, picture from: www.vancouver2010.com

Architectural Structures

AND CONSTRUCTION Carolina Stevenson

ARCH

… structure should be an essential and integral component of architecture …

St. Mary's Cathedral, San Francisco California by Pier Luigi Nervi 1971, pictures by C. Rodriguez Bernal

Structural Analysis Vs

Used to determine the distribution of the forces throughout the members of the structures and the required sizes of the structural elements that will ensure that the structure is strong enough to support specific loads.

Structural Design

Aims to find the best solution for a specific brief, in so doing serves to determine the type of structure and materials to use and the overall appearance of the building.

General Types of Structures

Golden gate bridge, picture from: http://www.earthinpictures.com

The Forth Bridge, picture from: http://www.timberbush tours.co.uk

Rigid

Flexible

General Types of Structures

different types of materials can be used to design similar structures

What is a Architectural Structure?

and load-bearing

which forms integral part of an

solution…

Spiral

Ottawa,

Conclusions

• Architectural structures are more than just elements that carry loads, they also serve to define spaces, and contribute to the spatial qualities of buildings.

• The structure should be considered and developed from the early stages of the design process.

• For every architectural problem there are various potential structural solutions and options of materials. Architects should be aware of the different alternatives available in order to make informed design decisions.