An Introduction to Psychology, International Edition 4Th Edition by Jeffrey Nevid

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Sample Test CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The process by which we receive, transform, and process stimuli is: 2. a) 3. b) 4. c) 5. d) 6. e) ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual KEY: Identify

2. In contrast to sensation, perception involves: 3. a) converting external stimulation intro signals the brain can use. 4. b) channeling sensory information to the appropriate part of the brain for processing. 5. c) converting sensory information into meaningful representations of the world. 6. d) transforming information from the sensory organs to the brain. 7. e) converting external stimulation into action potential. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 1Explain the difference between sensation and perception. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 3. In the process of perception, the brain: 4. a) senses the presence of objects in the world. 5. b) produces experiences of vision, hearing, and so on. 6. c) forms meaningful impressions by integrating sensory information. 7. d) transforms sensory signals into sensations. 8. e) converts external stimulation into neural signals. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 1Explain the difference between sensation and perception. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 4. In the process of sensation, the brain: 5. a) makes sense of external stimulation.

6. b) assembles information from various sensory organs into meaningful patterns. 7. c) forms meaningful representations of sensory information. 8. d) transforms sensory stimuli into sensations. 9. e) interprets the meaning of sensory data. ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 1Explain the difference between sensation and perception. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 5. The process of sensation enables us to _________, where the process of perception enables us _________. 6. a) sense the world around us; make sense of the world around us 7. b) make sense of the world around us; sense the world around us 8. c) form meaningful representations of sensory information; experience the rich tapestry of colors and sounds 9. d) transform sensory signals into sensations; convert external stimulation into neural signals 10. e) convert external stimulation into neural signals; transforms sensory signals into sensations ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 1Explain the difference between sensation and perception. KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 6. Psychophysics began with the work of which nineteenthcentury German scientist(s)?

7. a) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel 8. b) Hermann von Helmholtz and Ewald Hering 9. c) Wilhelm Wundt 10.

d) Ernst Weber

11.

e) Gustav Fechner

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual KEY: Identify 7. Graduate student Shalanda Huffman studies how physical sources of stimulation relate to the physical experience of these stimuli. Huffman’s field of study is called: 8. a) subliminal perception. 9. b) 10.

11.

12.

e) sensory adaptation.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 3Define psychophysics. KEY: Define/Describe, Apply 8. Psychophysics is defined as the study of: 9. a) the relationship between the characteristics of external stimuli and sensations. 10.

b) human perception.

11.

c) the relationship between physics and psychology.

12.

d) perceptual disorders.

13.

e) sensory disorders.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual OBJ: 3Define psychophysics. KEY: Define/Describe NOT: WWW 9. A psychologist, Dr. Rhonda Somblay, conducts studies of psychophysics. She is most likely studying: 10.

a) how the intensity of a stimulus affects sensations.

11. b) how the brain pieces together sensory data to form meaningful perceptions. 12. c) how stimuli are converted by sensory receptors into neural signals. 13.

d) the relationship between psychology and physics.

14.

e) the process of sensory adaptation.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 3Define psychophysics KEY: Define/Describe, Apply 10. Dr. Andrew Lee is conducting an experiment to determine how different intensities of light affect the sensations these stimuli produce. The field of study he is exploring is called: 11.

a) psychomotor processing.

12.

13.

14.

15.

e) psychological adaptation.

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied KEY: Identify, Apply 11.

An absolute threshold is:

12. a) the smallest amount of a stimulus that a person can reliably detect. 13.

b) the maximum amount of a stimulus a person can tolerate.

14. c) the amount a stimulus must change for a person to detect a difference. 15.

d) an amount of a stimulus so small, it is unable to be perceived.

16.

e) an amount of a stimulus beyond what a person can tolerate.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Define/Describe 12. Regarding the absolute and difference thresholds, which of the following statements is FALSE? 13. a) The amount a stimulus must change to detect a difference is given by a constant proportion of the original stimulus. 14. b) Justnoticeable difference is another term for difference threshold. 15.

c) People differ in their absolute thresholds.

16. d) People are more sensitive to changes in pitch than to changes in volume. 17.

e) The difference threshold is the same for each of the senses.

a) Detecting a gram of salt dissolved in five gallons of water

15. b) Detecting a difference in tastes between two spots on the tongue, oneeighth of an inch apart 16. c) Detecting one teaspoon of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water 17. d) Detecting a teaspoon of vinegar mixed in with two gallons of water 18.

e) Detecting the sweetness of a fruit while blindfolded

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Apply, Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 14.

Weber’s law suggests that difference thresholds:

15.

a) vary according to the individual.

16.

b) are a constant proportion of the original stimulus.

17.

c) are a constant quantity.

18.

d) decrease as stimuli increase.

19.

e) increase as stimuli decrease.

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Define/Describe 15. Difference thresholds are determined by a constant fraction of the magnitude of the original stimulus. This is the premise of: 16.

a) Weber’s law.

17.

b) selective attention theory.

18.

c) Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.

19.

d) signaldetection theory.

20.

e) the volley principle.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual KEY: Identify 16. Hans and Franz lift weights at their local gym. When their trainer adds a twopound weight to Hans’s normal fiftypound load, Hans immediately notices. However, when the same twopound weight is added to Franz’s normal twohundredpound load, he isn’t aware of the extra weight. The difference in Hans’s and Franz’s experience is consistent with: 17.

a) absolute threshold theory.

18.

b) difference threshold theory.

19.

c) Weber’s Law.

20.

d) signaldetection theory.

21.

e) Gestalt laws of perceptual organization.

The difference threshold is:

18. a) the difference between an amount of stimulus too small to detect and an amount of stimulus too great to tolerate 19. b) the minimal difference between two stimuli that people can reliably detect. 20.

c) the difference in how any two people tolerate a stimulus.

21. d) the difference in how any two people are able to detect a minimal amount of a stimulus. 22. e) the phenomenon that everyone has a different threshold for a given stimulus. ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Define/Describe 18. Weber’s constant for the volume of sound is 1/10. A car alarm is sounding off at 60 decibels. After five minutes, it is programmed to get louder. How loud does it have to be for people to perceive it as louder? 19.

a) At least 61 decibels

20.

b) At least 62 decibels

21.

c) At least 65 decibels

22.

d) At least 66 decibels

23.

e) At least 70 decibels

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Apply 19. “Make the TV louder,” said Paula. “I did,” said Jack, pointing at the remote. “Doesn’t sound louder to me,” said Paula. “Does to me,” said Jack. Jack is failing to consider the discrepancy between his ______ and Paula’s. 20.

a) Weber’s constant

21.

b) subliminal difference

22.

c) difference threshold

23.

d) absolute threshold

24.

e) absolute difference

a) Loudness of sounds

22.

b) Heaviness of weight

23.

c) Saltiness of food

24.

d) Brightness of lights

25.

e) Pitch of sounds

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 21. A recipe requires ten grams of salt. According to Weber’s constant for saltiness, which is 1/5, how much more salt must a chef add to make the recipe noticeably saltier? 22.

a) 2 gram

23.

b) 2 grams

24.

c) 5 grams

25.

d) 2 grams

26.

e) 5 grams

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Apply 22. The idea that the threshold for sensing a stimulus depends not only on the properties of the stimulus itself, but also on the level of background stimulation and characteristics of the perceiver, is explained by: 23.

a) Weber’s law.

24.

b) the volley principle.

25.

c) opponentprocess theory.

26.

d) signaldetection theory.

27.

e) sensory adaptation.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Identify, Define/Describe 23. Which of the following is a psychological factor that influences a person’s threshold for determining a signal? 24.

a) The sensitivity of her visual system

25.

b) Her level of fatigue

26.

c) Her physical health

27.

d) Her level of alertness

28.

e) Her level of motivation

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 24. If you are expecting a telephone call, you may be more likely to notice the telephone ringing while you are in the shower than if you were not expecting a call. This example is an illustration of: 25.

a) signaldetection theory.

26.

b) Weber’s law.

27.

c) sensory adaptation.

28.

d) opponentprocess theory.

29.

e) dualprocess theory.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Apply 25.

Sensory adaptation occurs when:

26.

a) sensory systems become more sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

27. b) sensory systems become more sensitive to a stimulus as it changes. 28.

c) sensory systems become less sensitive to unchanging stimuli.

29. d) sensory systems become less sensitive to a stimulus as it changes. 30.

e) sensory systems become less efficient in processing stimuli.

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: factual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Define/Describe 26. Other factors being equal, which sensory stimulus is LEAST likely to lead to sensory adaptation? 27.

a) The wail of a loud car alarm

28.

b) The sound of a grandfather clock ticking

29.

c) The intense odors of a cattle farm

30.

d) The pressure of wearing a new bracelet on one’s wrist

31.

e) The temperature of water when one enters a pool

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 27. Repeated exposure to the same stimulus ______ leads to _____ sensitivity in our sensory systems. 28.

a) always; reduced

29.

b) always; no change in

30.

c) sometimes; reduced

31.

d) sometimes; no change in

32.

e) sometimes; reduced or no change in

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: conceptual OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 28. When Harold first enters his swimming pool, the water feels uncomfortably cold. Five minutes later, it feels comfortable to him. This is an example of: 29.

30.

b) sensory adaptation.

31.

c) selective attention.

32.

33.

e) justnoticeable difference.

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.1 REF: Sensing Our World: Basic Concepts of Sensation MSC: applied OBJ: 2Define/describe/explain: absolute thresholds and difference thresholds, signal detection theory, sensory adaptation. KEY: Apply, Define/Describe 29. Regarding light and vision, which of the following statements is FALSE? 30. a) Light is physical energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. 31. b) The visible spectrum that humans perceive represents only a small portion of the full spectrum of “light.” 32. c) Human vision perceives wavelengths of light between approximately 300 and 750 nanometers. 33. d) Xrays, ultraviolet waves, and radio waves are portions of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that humans cannot “see.” 34.

e) Of the colors, red has the shortest wavelength.

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual KEY: Evaluate/Explain 30. A foreign object has entered Kiara’s eye, leaving a scratch on the transparent covering of her eye’s surface. The part of Kiara’s eye that is affected is her: 31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: applied OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify, Apply 31.

Accommodation is the visual process by which:

32.

a) light comes in contact with the photoreceptors.

33. b) the iris expands or contracts to determine the amount of light that enters the eye. 34.

c) light enters the cornea and passes through the pupil and lens.

35. d) the lens changes its shape to focus images more clearly on the retina. 36.

e) the rods and cones convert light into neural signals.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 32. Dr. Rhoden conducts animal experiments on visual perception. Rhoden wants to stop the animal’s pupil from changing size, so he paralyzes the: 33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: applied

OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify, Apply NOT: WWW 33.

Which part of the eye gives a person his/her eye color?

34.

a) Cornea

35.

b) Iris

36.

c) Pupil

37.

d) Fovea

38.

e) Retina

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify 34.

Which of the following describes the pupil?

35.

a) An opening through which light enters the eye

36. b) A part of the eye that adjusts its shape to view objects at varying distances 37.

c) A transparent covering at the front of the eye

38.

d) A part of the eye that contains the photoreceptors

39.

e) A structure responsible for peripheral vision

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Define/Describe 35. The part of the eye that changes shape to adjust for an object’s distance is the:

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify 36.

To see a dimly lit object at night, the image must fall on your:

37.

38.

b) blind spot.

39.

40.

41.

e) optic nerve.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Identify 37.

All of the following are true of cones EXCEPT that:

38.

a) they are responsible for peripheral vision.

39.

b) they provide color vision.

40.

c) they allow discernment of fine details in bright light.

41.

d) they are less sensitive to light than are rods.

42.

e) there are fewer cones than rods in the human eye.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Define/Describe NOT: WWW 38.

In vision, the photoreceptors are called:

39.

a) ganglion cells.

40.

b) haircell receptors.

41.

c) bipolar cells.

42.

d) optic nerves.

43.

e) rods and cones.

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Identify 39. In the human eye, rods enable us to _________ and cones enable us to _____________. 40.

a) detect colors; have peripheral vision

41.

b) detect colors; see in dim light

42.

c) see in dim light; detect colors

43.

d) see in dim light; have peripheral vision

44.

e) discern fine details of objects; have peripheral vision

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Define/Describe 40. Some birds must return to roost as darkness approaches. This is because their eyes contain: 41.

a) cones, but no rods.

42.

b) rods, but no cones.

43.

c) too many cones.

44.

d) too many rods.

45.

e) no rods or cones

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: applied OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Define/Describe, Apply 41. __________ cells are neurons in the back of the eye that transmit visual information to the brain in response to light stimulation. 42.

a) Bipolar

43.

b) Optic

44.

c) Foveal

45.

d) Retinal

46.

e) Ganglion

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual

OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Identify NOT: WWW 42. The optic nerve consists of the axons of the ________ cells and exits the eye in the ________. 43.

a) bipolar; fovea

44.

b) bipolar; blind spot

45.

c) ganglion; fovea

46.

d) ganglion; blind spot

47.

e) optic; blind spot

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify 43.

Which of the following is TRUE of the blind spot?

44.

a) It contains rods but not cones.

45.

b) It contains cones but not rods.

46.

c) It contains both rods and cones.

47.

d) It is the part of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

48. e) It is the part of the retina where light is converted into neural signals. ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Evaluate/Explain

44. For the sharpest vision, the image of an object should be focused on the: 45.

46.

47.

c) optic chiasm.

48.

d) optic nerve.

49.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Identify 45. Who won the Nobel Prize for discovering that the visual cortex contains nerve cells that respond only to lines with particular orientations? 46.

a) Ewald Hering

47.

b) Hermann von Helmholtz and Thomas Young

48.

c) Ernst Weber

49.

d) Gustav Theodor Fechner

50.

e) David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Identify 46. What are the neurons that respond to specific characteristics of the visual stimulus called? 47.

a) Photoreceptors

48.

b) Ganglion cells

49.

c) Bipolar cells

50.

d) Optic neurons

51.

e) Feature detectors

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Identify 47.

The role of feature detectors is to:

48.

a) respond to specific objects such as a house.

49.

b) detect color stimuli.

50.

c) detect black and white stimuli.

51.

d) respond to very simple stimuli such as a horizontal line.

52.

e) regulate the size of the pupil.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Evaluate/Explain NOT: WWW 48.

Trichromatic theory suggests that:

49. a) the retina has one type of color receptor that responds differently to each color. 50. b) the retina has two types of color receptors that respond in a different manner for each color. 51. c) the retina has three types of color receptors—red, green, and blueviolet.

52. d) color results from opposing processes involving three sets of color receptors, redgreen, blueyellow, and blackwhite. 53.

e) color vision is a function of brain activity.

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 49. The fact that red, green, and blueviolet light can be combined to create any color of the spectrum was the basis for the: 50.

a) trichromatic theory of color vision.

51.

b) opponentprocess theory of color vision.

52.

c) feature detection theory of color vision.

53.

d) color constancy theory of color vision.

54.

e) explanation of afterimages.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Identify 50. An object that reflects primarily longwavelength light would most stimulate which category of cone? 51.

a) Blueviolet

52.

b) Green

53.

c) Red

54.

d) Yellow

55.

e) Blackwhite

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: applied KEY: Apply 51. Regarding the theories of color vision, which of the following is TRUE? 52. a) Trichromatic theory is supported by the behavior of cells lying between the cones and the occipital lobe of the cerebral cortex. 53.

b) Opponentprocess theory is supported at the receptor level.

54. c) Most authorities today suggest that color vision includes elements of both trichromatic and opponentprocess theories. 55.

d) Trichromatic theory is based on Hering’s work with afterimages.

56. e) Opponentprocess theory suggests that the eyes have four types of color receptors. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work. KEY: Evaluate/Explain 52. Negative afterimages provide support for which theory of color vision? 53.

a) Trichromatic theory

54.

b) Feature detection theory

55.

c) Color constancy theory

56.

d) YoungHelmholtz theory

57.

e) Opponentprocess theory

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual KEY: Identify

53. Regarding color blindness, which of the following statements is FALSE? 54.

a) More men have redgreen color blindness than women.

55. b) Redgreen color blindness is more common than blueyellow color blindness. 56. c) People who are monochromats can only perceive the world only in shades of gray. 57.

d) About one in forty thousand people is completely color blind.

58. e) Redgreen color blindness appears to be carried on the Y chromosome. ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: conceptual KEY: Evaluate/Explain 54. Jack has the most common form of color blindness. What type of color blindness does he have? 55.

a) Bluegreen

56.

b) Redyellow

57.

c) Redgreen

58.

d) Blueyellow

59.

e) Bluered

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Identify 55.

People who see only in black and white are called:

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

e) partially colorblind.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.2 REF: Vision: Seeing the Light MSC: factual KEY: Identify 56.

Humans can hear frequencies between:

57.

a) 100,000 and 200,000 cycles per second.

58.

b) 50,000 and 100,000 cycles per second.

59.

c) 20,000 and 50,000 cycles per second.

60.

d) 20 and 20,000 cycles per second.

61.

e) 1 and 20 cycles per second.

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual KEY: Identify 57. Regarding the experience of sound, which of the following statements is FALSE? 58.

a) Sound waves travel slower than light waves.

59. b) The amplitude of sound waves determines their perceived loudness and is measured in decibels. 60. c) Humans hear by sensing sound waves that result from changes in molecular vibration. 61. d) Pitch is the perception of how high or low a sound seems, which corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave’s vibration.

62. e) Women’s voices are usually higher than men’s because their vocal cords are longer and tend to vibrate more slowly than men’s. ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Evaluate/Explain 58. In sound waves, the amplitude of the wave is to ________ as the frequency of the wave is to ________. 59.

a) loudness; pitch

60.

b) pitch; decibel

61.

c) pitch; loudness

62.

d) cycles; decibel

63.

e) cycles; pitch

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: conceptual KEY: Evaluate/Explain, Identify 59.

In what order do the ossicles vibrate during hearing?

60.

a) Anvil, hammer, stirrup

61.

b) Stirrup, hammer, anvil

62.

c) Stirrup, anvil, hammer

63.

d) Hammer, stirrup, anvil

64.

e) Hammer, anvil, stirrup

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual

OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify NOT: WWW 60. Which part of the ear is best described as a gelatinous structure in the cochlea that contains the auditory receptors? 61.

a) Eardrum

62.

b) Organ of Corti

63.

c) Basilar Membrane

64.

d) Oval window

65.

e) Ossicles

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify 61. the:

The fluidfilled snailshaped bony tube in the inner ear is called

62.

63.

64.

65.

d) oval window.

66.

e) organ of Corti.

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify

62. In human audition, the vibration of the ossicles is triggered by the vibration of the ________ and transmitted directly to the ________. 63.

a) eardrum; oval window

64.

b) tympanic membrane; oval window

65.

c) oval window; auditory nerve

66.

d) eardrum; tympanic membrane

67.

e) auditory nerve; tympanic membrane

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify 63. In human hearing, the auditory receptors are ________ and approximately ________ are in each ear. 64.

a) hair cells; 15,000

65.

b) hair cells; 5,000

66.

c) follicles; 5,000

67.

d) follicles; 15,000

68.

e) hair cells; 150,000

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Identify NOT: WWW 64. Which of the following best describes the function of the hair cells? 65.

a) They funnel sound into the ear.

66. b) They bend in response to vibrations of the basilar membrane, which triggers transmission of auditory messages to the auditory cortex via the auditory nerve. 67. c) They are tiny hairs that weave together to form the auditory nerve, which transmits auditory messages to the auditory cortex. 68. d) They are a collection of tiny hair follicles in the ear that vibrate in response to sound. 69. e) They are a collection of tiny bones in the middle of the ear that vibrate in response to vibrations from the eardrum, triggering the transmission of auditory messages to the auditory cortex via the auditory nerve. ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Define/Describe 65.

Regarding hair cells, which of the following is TRUE?

66.

a) They prevent wax from collecting in the ear.

67.

b) They can interfere with hearing.

68.

c) They are auditory receptors, not actual hairs.

69.

d) They are shorter in women than in men.

70.

e) They are follicles that each project 100 or so hairs.

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Define/Describe, Evaluate/Explain 66.

The ear’s auditory receptors resemble:

67.

a) a snail.

68.

b) a hammer.

69.

c) an anvil.

70.

d) a stirrup.

71.

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do. KEY: Identify 67. The _______________ states that the experience of pitch is related to the ________________________. 68. a) volley principle; alternate firing of groups of neurons along the basilar membrane 69. b) place theory; alternate firing of groups of neurons along the basilar membrane 70. c) volley principle; basilar membrane vibrating at the same frequency as the sound wave itself 71. d) place theory; basilar membrane vibrating at the same frequency as the sound wave itself 72. e) frequency theory; alternate firing of groups of neurons along the basilar membrane ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Evaluate/Explain 68. The basis of the place theory of pitch detection is that pitch is determined by the place that vibrates the most along the:

69.

70.

b) basilar membrane.

71.

c) oval window.

72.

d) auditory nerve.

73.

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify 69. Among pitch theories, place theory best explains ________ frequency sounds, frequency theory best explains ________ frequency sounds, and the volley principle explains ________ frequency sounds. 70.

a) midrange; high; low

71.

b) high; midrange; low

72.

c) high ; low; midrange

73.

d) low; high; midrange

74.

e) low; midrange; high

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Evaluate/Explain 70. Approximately ________ Americans have hearing problems, and approximately ________ are deaf. 71.

a) 2 million; 100,000

72.

b) 5 million; 200,000

73.

c) 10 million; 1 million

74.

d) 30 million; 2 million

75.

e) 50 million; 5 million

ANS: d TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual KEY: Identify 71. Approximately how many teens show evidence of hearing loss, likely due to the use of earbuds to listen to music? 72.

a) 1 in 5

73.

b) 1 in 10

74.

c) 1 in 50

75.

d) 1 in 100

76.

e) Half of all teens

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual KEY: Identify 72. Sound from which of the following should produce the most danger to hearing upon brief exposure? 73.

a) A ringing telephone

74.

b) A jet airplane

75.

c) A lawn mower

76.

d) A jack hammer

77.

e) Headphones

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: applied KEY: Apply

73. Marlee’s right eardrum was punctured in an accident when she was three years old. She is deaf in her right eardrum, but is helped with a hearing aid that amplifies sound waves. What type of deafness does Marlee have? 74.

a) Nerve

75.

b) Continuity

76.

c) Closure

77.

d) Subliminal

78.

e) Conduction

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: applied KEY: Apply 74. Conduction deafness is to the ________ as nerve deafness is to the ________. 75.

a) outer ear; inner ear

76.

b) inner ear; outer ear

77.

c) middle ear; inner ear

78.

d) inner ear; middle ear

79.

e) middle ear; outer ear

ANS: c TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: factual KEY: Identify 75.

Regarding hearing loss, which of the following is FALSE?

76. a) Cochlear implants can help correct damage to the auditory nerve. 77. b) Disease, aging, and exposure to loud sounds can cause nerve deafness.

78. c) People with conduction deafness can sometimes benefit from hearing aids that amplify sound waves. 79.

d) Hearing loss in later life is not inevitable.

80.

e) Loud noise can impair learning ability.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.3 REF: Hearing: The Music of Sound MSC: conceptual KEY: Evaluate/Explain 76.

Which of the following are the chemical senses?

77.

a) Touch and smell

78.

b) Touch and taste

79.

c) Touch, taste, and kinesthesis

80.

d) Taste, smell, and kinesthesis

81.

e) Taste and smell

ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: factual OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do KEY: Identify 77. Regarding the sense of smell, which of the following statements is FALSE? 78.

a) Humans have about 10 million odor receptors in their nostrils.

79. b) Human odor receptors are capable of sensing about 10,000 different substances. 80. c) Different substances have differentshaped molecules that fit into particular odor receptors.

81. d) Smell is the only sense in which sensory information does not go through the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex. 82.

e) The limbic system is involved in the processing of smells.

ANS: a TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: conceptual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Evaluate/Explain 78. All of the following senses go through the thalamus on the way to the cortex EXCEPT: 79.

80.

81.

82.

83.

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: factual OBJ: 4Identify the parts of the eye and ear; explain how our senses work KEY: Identify, Explain/Evaluate 79. Which sense has connections with several structures in the limbic system and is especially effective at stimulating emotional memories? 80.

a) Smell

81.

b) Taste

82.

c) Hearing

83.

d) Vision

84.

e) Touch

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: factual KEY: Identify 80. Evelyn walks past a café, which is emitting odors for freshbrewed coffee. Evelyn smells the odors, and her brain tells her she wants a cup of the delicious brew. Which of the following is(are) responsible for carrying impulses from the odor receptors in Evelyn’s nose to her brain? 81.

a) Olfactory bulb

82.

b) Olfactory nerve

83.

c) Taste buds

84.

d) Pheromones

85.

e) Vestibular organ

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: applied OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do KEY: Identify, Apply 81. Renee is smelling a rose. Its odor’s chemical molecules lock into the odor receptors in Renee’s nose. The resulting neural impulses then follow which path? 82. a) Olfactory bulb to olfactory nerve to olfactory cortex in the parietal lobe 83. b) Olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe 84. c) Olfactory nerve to thalamus to olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe

85. d) Olfactory nerve to olfactory bulb to olfactory cortex in the occipital lobe 86. e) Olfactory nerve to olfactory cortex to olfactory bulb in the occipital lobe ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: applied OBJ: 5Identify the sensory receptors and describe what they do KEY: Define/Describe, Apply 82. Various species emit chemical substances called ________ that play (an) important role(s) in ________. 83.

a) hormones; many behaviors

84.

b) pheromones; many behaviors

85.

c) hormones; sexual attraction

86.

d) olfactions; sexual attraction

87.

e) olfactions; many behaviors

ANS: b TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: factual KEY: Define/Describe 83.

Regarding pheromones, which of the following is TRUE?

84.

a) Pheromones are human sexual hormones.

85.

b) Humans lack the receptors needed to sense pheromones.

86. c) Pheromones are not associated with sexual behavior in animals. 87. d) Scientists have found that pheromones influence sexual attraction in humans.

88. e) The role of pheromones in human sexual behavior remains unclear. ANS: e TOP: MOD: 3.4 REF: Our Other Senses: Chemical, Skin and Body Senses MSC: factual KEY: Evaluate/Explain