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Sample Test Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity, 18e (Kottak) Chapter 3 Applying Anthropology 1) Appliedanthropology is 1. A) the purely academic dimension of anthropology. 2. B) the term used for all anthropological research programs. 3. C) the use of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and methods to identify, assess, and solve contemporary problems. 4. D) rarely possible, as anthropological studies are not practical in the “real world.” 5. E) not guided by anthropological theory.
Answer: C Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 2) Which of the following does NOT illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do? 1. A) working for or with international development agencies, such as the World Bank and the U.S. Agency for International Development 2. B) helping the Environmental Protection Agency address environmental problems 3. C) borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology 4. D) using the tools of medical anthropology to work as cultural interpreters in public health programs 5. E) applying the tools of forensic anthropology to work with police, medical examiners, the courts, and international organizations to identify victims of crimes, accidents, wars, and terrorism Answer: C Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
3) Why is ethnography one of the most valuable and distinctive tools of the applied anthropologist? 1. A) It is valuable insider’s data that can be routinely sold to multinational corporations and state agencies without the consent of the people studied. 2. B) It provides a firsthand account of the daytoday issues and challenges that the members of a given community face, as well as a sense of how those people think about and react to these issues. 3. C) It produces a statistically unbiased summary of human responses to set stimuli. 4. D) It is among the most economical and timeefficient tools that exist in the social sciences. 5. E) It can be produced without leaving the comfort of the anthropologist’s office. Answer: B Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 4) Which of the following is a distinguishing characteristic of the work that applied anthropologists do? 1. A) They enter the affected communities and talk with people. 2. B) They gather government statistics. 3. C) They consult project managers.
4. D) They consult government officials and other experts. 5. E) They promote development. Answer: A Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 5) Which of the following illustrates some of the dangers of the old applied anthropology? 1. A) anthropologists promoting the study of their field among university undergraduates 2. B) anthropologists practicing participant observation and taking photographs of ritualistic behavior 3. C) anthropologists’ work on the contrasts between urban and rural communities 4. D) anthropologists collaborating with nongovernmental organizations in the 1980s 5. E) anthropologists aiding colonial expansion by providing ethnographic information to colonists Answer: E Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 6) Who was studied at a distance during the 1940s in an attempt to predict the behavior of the political enemies of the United States? 1. A) the Koreans and English 2. B) the Yanomami and Betsileo 3. C) the Malagasy 4. D) the Germans and Japanese 5. E) the Brazilians and Indonesians Answer: D Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 7) The U.S. baby boom of the late 1940s and 1950s 1. A) fueled the general expansion of the U.S. educational system, including academic anthropology. 2. B) promoted renewed interest in applied anthropology during the 1950s and 1960s. 3. C) brought anthropology into most high school curricula.
4. D) produced a new interest in ethnic diversity. 5. E) worked to shrink the world system. Answer: A Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 8) All of the following are proper roles for applied anthropologists EXCEPT 1. A) identifying the needs for change that local people perceive. 2. B) working with people to design culturally appropriate and socially sensitive change. 3. C) placing the cultural values of local people above all others’ cultural values. 4. D) protecting local people from harmful policies and projects that might threaten them. 5. E) working as participant observers, taking part in the events they study in order to understand local thought and behavior. Answer: C Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
9) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, which type of development? 1. A) ethical 2. B) theoretical 3. C) political 4. D) economic 5. E) scholastic Answer: D Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 10) What is the commonly stated goal for most development projects? 1. A) greater socioeconomic stratification 2. B) ethnocide 3. C) cultural assimilation 4. D) decreased local autonomy 5. E) increased equity
Answer: E Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 11) Which of the following was observed in the Bahia, Brazil, development project in which sailboat owners got loans to buy motors, as described in this chapter? 1. A) Ambitious young men increasingly sought wage labor. 2. B) The fishing community became more egalitarian. 3. C) There was an increase in commercial sailboat ownership. 4. D) The price of power fishing vessels decreased. 5. E) Individual initiative was rewarded, and the fishing industry grew. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 12) People are usually willing to change just enough to maintain, or slightly improve on, what they already have. For this reason, development projects are most likely to succeed when they avoid the fallacy of
1. A) cultural relativism. 2. B) ethnobias. 3. C) overinnovation. 4. D) underdifferentiation. 5. E) intervention philosophy. Answer: C Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 13) What term refers to the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they are? 1. A) cultural relativism 2. B) ethnobias 3. C) overinnovation 4. D) underdifferentiation 5. E) intervention philosophy Answer: D Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
14) Development projects should aim to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT 1. A) promoting change, but not overinnovation. 2. B) preserving local systems while working to make them better. 3. C) respecting local traditions. 4. D) drawing models of development from indigenous practices. 5. E) developing strategies with little input from the local communities. Answer: E Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 15) Which of the following is a reason that the Madagascar project to increase rice production was successful? 1. A) Malagasy leaders were of “the people” and were therefore prepared to follow the descentgroup ethic of pooling resources for the good of the group as a whole. 2. B) The elites and the lower class were of different origins and thus had no strong connections through kinship, descent, or marriage. 3. C) There is a clear fit between capitalist development schemes and corporate descentgroup social organization.
4. D) The project took into account the inevitability of native forms of social organization breaking down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. 5. E) The educated members of Malagasy society are those who have struggled to fend for themselves and therefore brought an innovative kind of independence to the project. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 16) The Malagasy development program described in this chapter illustrates the importance of 1. A) the local government’s ability to improve the lives of its citizens, when committed to doing so. 2. B) replacing subsistence farming with a viable cash crop. 3. C) replacing outdated traditional techniques of irrigation with more modern ones. 4. D) breaking down corporate descent groups, which are too independent and interfere with development. 5. E) the topdown strategies developed by the UN. Answer: A Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 17) In an example of applied anthropology’s contribution to improving education, this chapter describes a study of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school (HillBurnett, 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study? 1. A) Puerto Rican students came from a background that placed less value on education than did that of white students. 2. B) The parents of Puerto Rican students did not value achievement. 3. C) The Puerto Rican subjects benefited from the Englishasaforeign language program. 4. D) Puerto Ricans do not benefit from bilingual education. 5. E) The Puerto Rican students’ education was being affected by their teachers’ misconceptions. Answer: E Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 18) Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the following EXCEPT 1. A) indiscriminate assignment of nonnative English speakers to the same classrooms as children with “behavior problems.”
2. B) tolerance of ethnic diversity. 3. C) incorrect application of labels such as “learning impaired.” 4. D) sociolinguistic discrimination. 5. E) ethnic stereotyping. Answer: B Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 19) One of the stated goals of public anthropology is to 1. A) oppose policies that promote injustice. 2. B) refrain from discussion of social issues in the media. 3. C) promote anthropology as a career, especially to minorities. 4. D) encourage academic anthropologists to become applied anthropologists. 5. E) restrict the publication of research papers to professional journals. Answer: A Topic: The work of public and applied anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the work of public and applied anthropologists. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
20) Which of the following is NOT a feature of urban life? 1. A) dispersed settlements 2. B) high population density 3. C) social heterogeneity 4. D) economic differentiation 5. E) geographic mobility Answer: A Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 21) Which of the following best illustrates urban applied anthropologists’ ability to help social groups deal with urban institutions? 1. A) “culture at a distance” studies among Japanese and Germans in an attempt to predict the behavior of the enemies of the United States 2. B) Kottak’s comparative study of development projects from around the world 3. C) Vigil’s study of gang violence in the context of largescale immigrant adaptation to U.S. cities 4. D) anthropological analysis of the relation between Malagasy descent groups and the state
5. E) analysis of differences between personalistic and naturalistic disease theories among the rural poor of the U.S. Answer: C Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 22) Which of the following statements about medical anthropology is TRUE? 1. A) It is the field that proved that people from rural areas suffer only from illnesses and not diseases. 2. B) It applies nonWestern health knowledge to a troubled industrialized medical system. 3. C) Typically in cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, this field does market research on the use of health products around the world. 4. D) This field applies Western medicine to solving health problems around the world. 5. E) This growing field considers the biocultural context and implications of disease and illness. Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
23) What is a disease? 1. A) a health problem as it is experienced by the one affected 2. B) an artificial product of biomedicine 3. C) a consequence of a foraging lifestyle 4. D) an unnatural state of health 5. E) a scientifically identified health threat Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 24) What is an illness? 1. A) a nonexistent ailment (only diseases are real) 2. B) an artificial product of biomedicine 3. C) a scientifically described health threat 4. D) a purely linguistic problem 5. E) a condition of poor health perceived by an individual Answer: E Topic: Medical anthropology
Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 25) Shamans and other magicoreligious specialists are effective curers with regard to what kind of disease theory? 1. A) exotic 2. B) ritualistic 3. C) naturalistic 4. D) personalistic 5. E) scientific Answer: D Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 26) Which of the following best describes scientific medicine? 1. A) the availability of free or lowcost health care for all 2. B) a health care system that relies on advances in technology 3. C) the practice of medicine in particular Western nations 4. D) a tendency to overprescribe drugs and surgeries
5. E) the beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with curing illness Answer: B Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 27) What is microenculturation? 1. A) a condition that exists in large, industrialized states, wherein most of the population has only a small amount of real culture 2. B) the process whereby particular roles are learned within a limited social system (for example, a business) 3. C) the process whereby enculturation is accomplished through advanced media technology 4. D) the result of the meeting between foraging and tribal communities in less developed countries 5. E) enculturation based on a focused interest; for example, reruns of a TV show like StarTrek Answer: B Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
28) Ethnographic study of the workplace 1. A) provides evidence that economic factors are fundamental to understanding differential productivity. 2. B) is routinely performed by employees of the U.S. federal government. 3. C) is not very useful, because all workplaces are becoming increasingly homogeneous, compared to 20 years ago. 4. D) provides close observation of workers and managers in their natural setting. 5. E) is required of all organizations that want to become notforprofit, according to the American Anthropological Association. Answer: D Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 29) This chapter’s “Appreciating Diversity” account describes how McDonald’s was able to succeed in the Brazilian market once it adapted to preexisting Brazilian cultural patterns. This example illustrates 1. A) how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies only in Western cultures. 2. B) the danger of applied anthropology turning itself into a tool of capitalist interests, which always disregard the culture and wellbeing of the consumer.
3. C) how the axiom of applied anthropology that innovation succeeds best when it is culturally appropriate applies not just to development projects but also to businesses, such as fast food. 4. D) applied anthropology’s capacity to help foreign markets adapt to a marketing strategy that must, above all costs, maintain the integrity of its brand. 5. E) Brazilians’ intolerance of foreign goods, because the companies that produce them disregard Brazilian tastes. Answer: C Topic: The applied anthropology of business Learning Objective: Recall the key features of the applied anthropology of business, including the types of research in which anthropologists are likely to engage. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 30) Efforts to demonstrate the public policy relevance of anthropology are known as 1. A) ethnography. 2. B) underdifferentiation. 3. C) public anthropology. 4. D) development anthropology. 5. E) cultural resource management. Answer: C Topic: The work of public and applied anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the work of public and applied anthropologists.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 31) Anthropology has three dimensions: academic, applied, and a mix of the two. Answer: FALSE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 32) Ethnography is one of applied anthropology’s most valuable research tools, because it provides a firsthand account of the lives of ordinary people. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 33) During World War II, the U.S. government recruited anthropologists to study Japanese and German cultures. This chapter uses this example to illustrate the dangers of the old anthropology. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology
Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 34) During the 1950s and 1960s, most American anthropologists were college professors. Answer: TRUE Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 35) Academic and applied anthropology have a symbiotic relationship, as theory aids practice and application fuels theory. Answer: TRUE Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 36) Development anthropology is the branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, moral development. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology
Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 37) A commonly stated goal of recent development policy is to promote equity; that is, to reduce poverty and promote a more even distribution of wealth. Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 38) The Bahia, Brazil, development project in which loans were given to fishingboat owners is an example of how some development projects can actually widen wealth disparities instead of increasing equity. Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 39) The best strategy for change is to base the social design for innovation on traditional forms in each target area.
Answer: TRUE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 40) Fortunately for applied anthropologists eager to do effective international work, all governments are by their nature genuinely and realistically committed to improving the lives of their citizens. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 41) When nations become more tied to the world economy, indigenous forms of social organization inevitably break down into nuclear family organization, impersonality, and alienation. Answer: FALSE Topic: Development anthropology Learning Objective: Describe the field of development anthropology, and the factors that contribute to the success or failure of development projects. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
42) Sociolinguists and cultural anthropologists studying Puerto Rican communities in the Midwestern United States found that Puerto Rican parents valued education more than nonHispanics did. Answer: TRUE Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 43) Urban anthropologists research topics such as immigration, ethnicity, poverty, and class. Answer: TRUE Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 44) The Samoan community living in Los Angeles has successfully used the matai system to deal with modern urban problems. Answer: TRUE Topic: Urban anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the subject matter and scope of urban anthropology. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
45) Strictly speaking, medical anthropology is an applied field within anthropology. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 46) An illness is a scientifically identified health threat caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus, parasite, or other pathogen. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 47) Biomedicine, which aims to link an illness to scientifically demonstrated agents that bear no personal malice toward their victims, is an example of naturalistic medicine. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
48) Healthcaresystems refers only to the nationalized health care services that exist in core industrial nations. Answer: FALSE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 49) NonWestern medicine does not maintain a sharp distinction between biological and psychological illnesses. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 50) NonWestern medicine recognizes that poor health has intertwined physical, emotional, and social causes. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
51) Scientific medicine is not the same thing as Western medicine. Answer: TRUE Topic: Medical anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize medical anthropology’s subject matter and scope, including the three different kinds of disease theories. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 52) A bachelor’s degree in anthropology is of little value in the corporate world. Answer: FALSE Topic: Anthropology in careers and occupations Learning Objective: Specify how people utilize anthropology degrees in careers and occupations. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 53) Define applied anthropology. What distinguishes the old from the new applied anthropology? What are some current examples that raise the question of whether or not new applied anthropology has completely moved on from the dangers of the old? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
54) Discuss the relevance of the ethnographic method for modern society, contemporary problems, and applied anthropology. Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 55) What is the relationship between theory and practice in anthropology? Do you agree that applied anthropology should be recognized as a separate subsection of anthropology? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 56) Identify government, international, and private organizations that concern themselves with socioeconomic change abroad and hire anthropologists to help meet their goals. Review their mission statements. Do they make reference to the dangers of underdifferentiation or overinnovation? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Defining applied anthropology
Learning Objective: Distinguish between academic anthropology and applied anthropology, particularly as they relate to social problems. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 57) What, if anything, is the difference between an anthropologist currently consulting on a development project in Indonesia and another one conducting research in support of the British colonial government’s efforts to subdue African natives in the 1930s? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: The ethics of applied anthropology Learning Objective: Summarize the historical approaches to applying anthropological knowledge, including the ethical issues raised by those approaches. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 58) There is considerable debate today over whether or not governments should require schools to provide bilingual education for students, and if so, to what extent this should be carried out. Pretend that you are an anthropologist who has been asked to provide guidance on this issue to a school board in a bilingual community. What can you suggest about the nature of ethnicity, language, and enculturation that will help educators address their challenges? Answer: Answers will vary Topic: Anthropology and education Learning Objective: Identify how anthropological research has contributed to the field of education and to particular school environments. Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation