Winter 2025 Conservancy Times by Catalina Island Conservancy

WINTER 2025

CATALINA ISLAND

CONSERVANCY TIMES

Wildfire

Resilience

TRACKING CALIFORNIA’S 30X30 STRATEGY WITH MEGHAN HERTEL

Page 5

RESTORING THE LAND: A KEY TO WILDFIRE RESILIENCE

Page 11

Our mission is to be an exemplary steward of island resources through a balance of conservation, education and recreation.

EXECUTIVE TEAM

Whitney Latorre

Jill Corral

Rob Ledebur

Adam Finck

Kirsten Peterson Johansen

Deborah Honadel

CONTACT US

P.O. Box 2739

Avalon, CA 90704

310-510-2595

320 Golden Shore, Suite 220 Long Beach, CA 90802

562-437-8555

CatalinaConservancy.org

Editor

Pepe Barton

Contributing Writer

Melissa Jun Rowley

Graphic Design

Rebecca Gonzalez

COP16: An Overlooked Turning Point for Biodiversity

By Whitney Latorre

In November, world leaders gathered for COP16 in Cali, Colombia—the Convention on Biological Diversity’s 16th Conference of the Parties—turning attention to an urgent global crisis: biodiversity loss. Dubbed ‘ the most important event you’ve never heard of,’ the summit tackled the critical need to protect the planet’s ecosystems.

Over the past 50 years, wildlife populations have plunged by nearly 70%, and 10% of

wilderness has been lost in the last 20 years. The result is catastrophic loss—not just for plants and animals, but for humans, too. Biodiversity underpins vital medical breakthroughs, climate resilience and economic stability—over half the world’s GDP depends on nature.

As the CEO of the Catalina Island Conservancy, I attended a prelude to COP16, the World Biodiversity Summit in New York City while being mindful of

the negotiations taking place in Colombia. Though islands like Catalina only comprise five percent of the Earth’s land area, they account for around 40% of endangered species and 80% of all extinctions over the last five centuries. To save Catalina, and all the world’s wilderness, it is clear to me that we must work faster, smarter, and most importantly, work together.

“ Our experts are pioneering innovative restoration methods across 42,000 acres, including cloning the mountainmahogany, the rarest tree in the United States.

-Whitney Latorre

Acting Faster

In 2022, the world came together to adopt the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework which aims to conserve 30 percent of global habitats by 2030 (30x30). While 190 countries have ratified the framework, progress has been slow. Only 17% of land and 8% of water are currently protected. COP16 represented a critical opportunity to accelerate these efforts, yet only 25 of 195 attending countries had submitted mandatory plans for safeguarding their natural resources before the conference.

Despite mixed results, COP16 delivered some critical progress. In arguably COP16’s biggest accomplishment, delegates created a biodiversity fund financed by corporations using digital sequencing data from the planet’s flora and fauna. Half of the fund’s revenue will go to Indigenous communities, the guardians of many habitats across the globe. However, the $1 billion annual target is far below the $200 billion needed each year to protect Earth’s wilderness. This underscores that global summits, while essential, cannot solve all the challenges to biodiversity.

Thinking Smarter

Scientists at COP16 shared that biodiversity is actually falling faster on protected lands. This calls for better conservation strategies, not just broader ones. On Catalina Island, we’re embracing this approach by working to become a

world-class research hub for island conservation. Our experts are pioneering innovative restoration methods across 42,000 acres, including cloning the mountain-mahogany, the rarest tree in the United States.

Working Together

At the turn of the century, some of the iconic American species, including alligators and bison, faced extinction. The federal government worked to protect wildlife and land, establishing refuges for the first time. State and local governments did their part, setting aside millions of acres for hundreds of state parks nationwide. Philanthropists also stepped up. The Rockefeller family helped expand multiple national parks, from Grand Teton to Acadia to the Great Smoky Mountains. Several protected areas were created from private land donations, including the Catalina Island Conservancy, which was founded by the Wrigley family

Today, as the world works to meet its 30x30 target, collaboration remains critical. In the United States alone, 41 million acres have been protected in the past three years, alongside $1 trillion in environmental funding. Foundations have pledged record-breaking contributions, banks are backing debt-for-nature swaps, and ballot initiatives like California’s Proposition 4, recently approved by voters, promise billions in climate action.

I know this strategy can succeed because it has already saved one of Catalina’s keystone species. In the mid-2000s, our island fox became critically endangered. My predecessors at the Conservancy enlisted the support of donors, the expertise of scientists, the help of community members, and together, they successfully reversed the Catalina Island fox’s decline. Now, we need to do the same for the other 4,000 species worldwide that remain critically endangered.

Working smarter, faster and together, we can save the world’s wilderness.

Whitney Latorre is the President and CEO of the Catalina Island Conservancy.

TRACKING California’s 30x30 Strategy

With Meghan Hertel

California is making significant strides with its 30x30 strategy, an ambitious environmental initiative to conserve 30% of the state’s lands and coastal waters by 2030. This effort is part of a global movement to preserve biodiversity, address climate change and enhance natural spaces. California Gov. Gavin Newsom launched the strategy in 2020 through an executive order to combat climate and biodiversity crises with conservation and sustainable land management.

A recent progress report from Newsom and the California Natural Resources Agency highlights that nearly 1.5 million acres—approximately 2,350 square miles—have been added to the state’s conserved lands since the initiative began. To date, California has protected 25.2% of its lands and 16.2% of its coastal waters, with just over five years remaining to meet the goal. The state monitors progress using the CA Nature tool, an interactive platform that maps biodiversity, access, climate and conservation data for lands and coastal waters.

The Catalina Island Conservancy is proud to support California’s 30x30 objectives. Last October, Conservancy President and CEO Whitney Latorre attended the 30x30 Partnership Summit, hosted by the California Natural Resources Agency. The annual event gathers partners across the state to inspire action, foster collaboration and integrate innovative approaches toward achieving the 30x30 goals.

Interview with Meghan Hertel

Deputy Secretary of Biodiversity and Habitat at the California Natural Resources Agency, Meghan Hertel, played a key role in organizing the summit. She also represented California at COP16, the UN Biodiversity Conference in Cali, Colombia. We spoke with Hertel about California’s progress, challenges and global role in biodiversity conservation.

Catalina Island Conservancy

California has made great progress toward the 30x30 goals, with 25.5% of land and 16.2% of coastal waters conserved. How is the state positioned to achieve 30% by 2030? What challenges remain?

Hertel

We are thrilled to be on track to reach our 30x30 targets, and this last year announced that an additional 861,000 acres of conserved areas were counted toward our 30x30 targets. But we know that reaching the end goal of 30% of lands and coastal waters conserved in California won’t be easy. We have an additional 4.8 million acres of land and 500,000 acres of coastal waters that must be durably conserved and managed for biodiversity to reach this ambitious target. We also know 30% by itself is not enough; we need to ensure that the breadth of California’s incredible biodiversity is conserved and that those conserved areas are connected with corridors allowing species movement. We are also proud that California has

created objectives to preserve 30% of land and coastal waters and is looking for opportunities to increase climate resilience, mitigation and equitable outdoor access to meet our 30x30 commitment. We are also committed to achieving 30x30 in a way that strengthens tribal partnerships, advances justice, equity, diversity and inclusion, and sustains our economic prosperity, clean energy resources and food supply.

As we look forward to the second half of 30x30, some challenges/opportunities include continuing to advance biodiversity conservation protections on federal lands. Roughly 50% of California is owned by the federal government. With the change in administration, increasing the level of conservation protection on federal lands is likely to be more challenging for the next several years, although we will continue to work closely with our federal partners to ensure that California’s biodiversity is protected.

With willing landowners, integrating multiple funding sources to advance acquisitions, easements, and restoration–California is coming off several years of historic levels of investment in land and water conservation. For example, through the Nature-Based Solution Package, Governor Newsom and the State Legislature allocated almost $1.3 billion in state funding over the last three years. Going forward with the decreasing state budget, all of us working to achieve 30x30 will need to think creatively about financing with opportunities through the recently passed Proposition 4, funding

from “advanced mitigation,” and private sector investments to achieve our targets. Ensuring 30x30 is more than the sum of its parts. For 30x30 to be successful, we know that it will need to be more than the sum of its individual acres, so we are working to ensure that conserved areas are connected to support species movement and that we have protected the breadth of biodiversity that makes California special.

Catalina Island Conservancy

What do you attribute to the state’s 30x30 success so far?

Hertel

California’s 30x30 success is due to many factors, but a few key ones include an extensive public process to create a strong and inclusive pathway to 30x30 with a strategy defined as what counts as “conserved”. It also outlines 10 key strategies for achieving 30x30, three core commitments and three objectives. This 18-month public process included regional workshops, over 70 tribal consultations,

expert panels, and thousands of public comments and resulted in a strong roadmap for how we will achieve 30x30. One significant piece from our public planning process was that the only way we would achieve 30x30 was through an inclusive, ground-up approach. This approach of supporting and including conservation happening across the state from the very local levels up has created a 30x30 movement and ensured that critical local conservation projects are included and advanced.

A clear, easy-to-understand common goal that helps inspire and align people to work together to achieve a common outcome.

Catalina Island Conservancy

You recently returned from COP16. What insights did you gain? What role does California play in global biodiversity goals?

Hertel

California Secretary for Natural Resources recently published an excellent blog that

summarized the biggest takeaways from this gathering. I think his takeaways are a perfect summary: 1) Green is infrastructure; 2) All conservation is local; 3) Important lands in native hands; 4) We need companies in conservation; and 5) New paradigm for progress: National leadership is necessary but not adequate to combat nature loss.

Catalina Island Conservancy

How will Proposition 4’s passage affect your work?

Hertel

Proposition 4 showed that the people of California are committed to investing in climate, water and wildfire efforts across California. This funding is critical as we’re seeing increasing extreme weather driven by climate change. There are significant opportunities to advance nature-based climate solutions, like land conservation and restoration, and Proposition 4 will help California make meaningful investments in these areas.

Final Remarks

Hertel

It’s clear that California’s 30x30 strategy comes with both challenges and opportunities. Securing enough land and funding for conservation, managing public access and balancing ecological needs with human use require careful planning and collaboration. Additionally, aligning private land management with conservation goals is key, as much of California’s land is privately owned. However, the strategy also presents a significant opportunity for California to lead in environmental stewardship, set an example for other states and nations, and contribute to global climate and biodiversity targets.

Catalina Island Conservancy

Thank you, Deputy Secretary Hertel, for your time with us and all you do on behalf of the State of California.

How Conservation Can Prevent the Sixth Mass Extinction

Species are disappearing from the planet at rates hundreds to thousands of times faster than the natural pace of extinction, far exceeding the baseline established by Earth’s history. If this continues, Earth’s biodiversity will plummet. Unlike previous extinction events caused by natural phenomena, the sixth mass extinction is driven by human activity, primarily the unsustainable use of land, water, energy and climate change.

However, there is hope. Scientific studies indicate that protecting a mere 1.2% of the planet’s land area could safeguard enough habitat to prevent extinction for most threatened species today. This achievable goal underscores the immense potential of conservation efforts to mitigate the biodiversity crisis. We can change our land-use approach, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and foster sustainable resource management by implementing effective policies and strategies. However,the window for meaningful change is closing. Understanding the chain of events that led to past mass extinctions allows us to break that chain and prevent similar outcomes today.

Understanding the Sixth Mass Extinction and Its Causes

The current biodiversity crisis is unprecedented in human history. While Earth’s life has faced five previous mass extinctions due to natural cataclysms, this

sixth mass extinction is unique in that it is directly linked to human activities. Key factors contributing to this crisis are:

Habitat Destruction

Deforestation, urbanization and agricultural expansion have caused largescale habitat loss in biodiverse regions like rainforests. When habitats are destroyed, species lose the spaces they rely on for shelter, food, and breeding, pushing them toward extinction.

Climate Change

Human-induced climate change disrupts ecosystems by altering temperatures, precipitation patterns, and weather extremes. As ecosystems shift, many species cannot adapt quickly enough to survive. For instance, coral reefs, which house vast amounts of marine biodiversity, rapidly bleach and die as ocean temperatures rise.

Pollution

Pollution from plastic, chemicals, pesticides, and waste poisons ecosystems and directly affects wildlife health. Marine life, in particular, suffers from pollution as ocean plastic and toxic runoffs contaminate habitats and harm organisms.

Overexploitation

Overfishing, hunting, and poaching have driven numerous species to critically low numbers. The overexploitation of species depletes populations and disrupts the food webs that sustain ecological balance.

Invasive Species

Human activity has introduced invasive species to ecosystems where they don’t naturally belong. These species often outcompete native species for resources, leading to declines or extinctions of local wildlife.

To effectively address the sixth mass extinction, we must understand the interconnected nature of these drivers and take actions individually and collectively.

Conservation as a Solution: Protecting Key Habitats

Protecting key habitats is one of the most effective conservation strategies available. Scientific research has shown that safeguarding just 1.2% of Earth’s land area could protect the habitats that a significant portion of endangered species need. This finding offers a viable target for conservation efforts, as it demonstrates that relatively small but strategically essential land areas can profoundly impact biodiversity.

The concept of protecting small, critical areas focuses on biodiversity hotspots. Biodiversity hotspots are regions with exceptionally high species richness, often including many species found nowhere else. These areas, such as the Amazon rainforest, the Congo Basin and coral reefs, represent the last strongholds for many endangered species.

By focusing conservation efforts on these biodiversity hotspots, we can preserve vital habitats and protect numerous species simultaneously.

Policy Changes and Global Conservation Initiatives

Achieving meaningful conservation goals will require robust local, national, and international policy changes. Effective policies include:

Expanding Protected Areas

Governments worldwide should expand protected areas, particularly in biodiversity hotspots. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity’s 30x30 initiative, which aims to protect 30% of Earth’s land and oceans by 2030, exemplifies this approach. Designating more protected areas can shield critical ecosystems from development, logging, mining, and other destructive activities.

Strengthening Wildlife Corridors

Many species require large territories

or migratory paths that span multiple ecosystems. Creating and protecting wildlife corridors—stretches of natural habitat that connect protected areas— allows animals to migrate, find food, and maintain genetic diversity. Wildlife corridors are essential for large mammals like elephants and carnivores and crucial for the movement of smaller animals, birds, and insects.

Regulating Resource Extraction

Effective conservation requires strict regulation of resource extraction industries, such as logging, mining, and oil drilling. Governments can reduce habitat destruction and protect ecosystems by enforcing sustainable practices and limiting extraction in sensitive areas.

Addressing Climate Change Through Policy

Conserving biodiversity cannot succeed without addressing climate change. Policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are essential to mitigate global warming and protect ecosystems vulnerable to climate-related changes.

“ Preventing the loss of this incredible biodiversity on Catalina not only ensures the resiliency of this system locally, but also preserves our understanding and discovery of the natural world.

- Kevin Alison Native Plant Manager

Investing in renewable energy, phasing out fossil fuels and adopting sustainable agricultural practices are critical steps toward curbing climate change.

Enforcing Anti-Poaching Laws

Poaching remains a significant threat to many species, such as giant mammals like rhinos, elephants, and tigers. Stronger anti-poaching laws and stricter penalties for wildlife trafficking can help protect endangered species. Additionally, supporting local communities with sustainable livelihoods can reduce the need for poaching as a source of income.

Community Involvement and Indigenous Knowledge

Community involvement is vital to successful conservation efforts. Indigenous and local communities often have deep-rooted knowledge of their ecosystems and sustainable practices that have protected biodiversity for generations. Conservation policies should

involve and empower these communities, ensuring they have a voice in managing the land they have stewarded for centuries. Incorporating Indigenous knowledge can provide insights into sustainable practices that modern conservation science may overlook. For example, Indigenous fire management techniques, used for centuries by Indigenous groups in Australia and North America, are being studied for their effectiveness in maintaining ecosystem health and reducing the severity of wildfires. When conservation efforts align with Indigenous rights and knowledge, they support biodiversity and promote social and environmental justice.

The Role of Technology in Conservation

Advancements in technology have enhanced our ability to monitor biodiversity and implement effective conservation strategies. Technologies such as satellite imagery, GPS tracking and drones allow scientists to monitor

ecosystems, track wildlife movements, and detect illegal activities like poaching and deforestation in real time. Artificial intelligence is also used to analyze ecological data, identify patterns in species decline, and even predict areas at risk of biodiversity loss.

Additionally, conservationists are employing genetic tools to monitor population health and genetic diversity, which are essential for species’ longterm survival. Using technology to gather data and manage ecosystems makes conservation efforts more targeted and efficient, making it easier to protect endangered species and restore habitats.

The Urgency of Action: A Closing Window

The window for action is closing rapidly. Scientists warn that the longer we delay, the more challenging it will become to prevent irreversible biodiversity loss. Species extinction is often a cascading

process—when one species disappears, it can trigger a domino effect that impacts entire ecosystems. For instance, the extinction of a predator can lead to an overpopulation of herbivores, which then overgraze vegetation, causing habitat degradation and further loss of species. Human well-being is intricately linked to biodiversity. Ecosystem services such as pollination, water purification and climate regulation depend on healthy ecosystems. Losing biodiversity threatens natural beauty and the intrinsic value of species and endangers food security, public health, and economic stability. Thus, the consequences of inaction are profound.

Learning from Past Extinction Events

Understanding the causes of past mass extinctions offers valuable lessons for preventing the sixth. In each previous mass extinction, drastic environmental changes—whether volcanic eruptions, asteroid impacts, or shifting climates—led to widespread loss of life. Today, human

activity is driving similar disruptions, underscoring the urgent need for intervention to prevent further destruction. By studying how ecosystems recovered after past extinctions, scientists have identified key factors for survival and resilience, such as genetic diversity and habitat connectivity. These insights inform modern conservation strategies, helping us understand which areas and species need protection and how best to preserve ecological networks.

Conclusion: A Path Forward to Preserve Biodiversity

The sixth mass extinction may be unprecedented in human-driven causes, but it is not inevitable. Conservation offers a clear path forward. By protecting critical habitats, implementing effective policies, involving local communities, and leveraging technology, we can prevent further species loss and safeguard biodiversity for future generations. The challenge is immense, but the solution is within reach.

Safeguarding just 1.2% of Earth’s land demonstrates that even a small, targeted conservation effort can yield significant results. The sixth mass extinction is a wakeup call—a reminder of our responsibility to preserve the web of life on which we depend. If we act decisively and urgently, we can halt the tide of extinction and ensure that Earth’s biodiversity continues to thrive. The time to act is now, for the planet’s sake and future generations.

Top left: Island rush rose, a federally threatened endemic species of the Channel Islands. Top right: Santa Catalina Island manzanita berries. Bottom right: Conservancy staff monitor the Catalina Island fox, a species once on the brink of extinction.

How Land Restoration Helps Prevent Fires

Land restoration enhances wildfire resilience by addressing the root causes of fire vulnerability. Key strategies include:

Removing Invasive Species

Non-native grasses, which often thrive after disturbances, act as fire accelerants. Replacing these with native plants slows the spread of fire and improves soil stability.

Restoring Natural Vegetation

Shrubs and trees native to an area not only resist burning but also retain moisture, further decreasing fire risks.

Reducing Human-Introduced Pressures

Removing populations of non-native animals, such as mule deer on Catalina Island, allows native ecosystems to regenerate.

Restoring the Land A Key to Wildfire Resilience

Carbon emissions from forest fires increased more than 60% globally over the past two decades, according to a recent study published in the journal Science. As governments, the private sector, and nonprofits prepare for the largest climate-focused convenings in the world and promote the 30x30 initiative to protect 30% of the Earth’s land and marine areas by 2030, strategies for cultivating wildfire resilience must be prioritized. This calls for more than just protection; it requires adaptation and land management.

Biodiversity conservation plays a key role in wildfire resilience. Healthy, diverse ecosystems are more resilient to wildfires, as balanced plant and animal communities prevent any single species from dominating the landscape. This reduces the risk of large-scale fires and highlights another compelling reason for companies to invest in climate adaptation and resilience.

Catalina Island offers a critical case study. The 2007 Island Fire burned 4,750 acres, and while the island escaped wildfires last summer, the threat persists. Lauren Dennhardt, Ph.D., senior director of conservation, emphasizes land restoration is critical to the island’s chances of continuing to beat the odds.

“It is well established in the scientific literature that invasive plant species tend to increase the frequency of fires in Southern California. If you can’t create a more biodiverse ecosystem, you create a positive feedback loop leading to more frequent fires,” said Dennhardt. “On Catalina Island, we can’t restore ecosystems while mule deer are present as they rarely eat invasive annual grasses and end up eating more fire-resilient shrubs. Eventually, this leads to frequent fires and a conversion of our ecosystems from shrublands to fire-prone grasslands.”

How Land Restoration Helps Prevent Fires

Land restoration enhances wildfire resilience by addressing the root causes of fire vulnerability. Key strategies include:

1. Removing Invasive Species: Nonnative grasses, which often thrive after disturbances, act as fire accelerants. Replacing these with native plants slows the spread of fire and improves soil stability.

2. Restoring Natural Vegetation: Shrubs and trees native to an area not only resist burning but also retain moisture, further decreasing fire risks.

3. Reducing Human-Introduced Pressures: Removing populations of non-native animals, such as mule deer on Catalina Island, allows native ecosystems to regenerate.

Land restoration is more than an ecological necessity, it is a vital component of wildfire resilience. With the impacts of climate change accelerating, investing in biodiversity and natural landscapes offers a practical solution to mitigate wildfire risks. Tackling invasive species and prioritizing native ecosystems must be at the forefront of wildfire management strategies. Through coordinated efforts, we can build landscapes that are not only resilient to wildfires but also rich in biodiversity and ecological health.

Guardians of the Land

Celebrating the Conservancy’s Rangers

Catalina Island’s natural beauty requires vigilant guardianship because of human impact, invasive species and the effects of climate change. This is where the island’s unsung heroes— the Catalina Island Conservancy rangers— step in. These rangers tirelessly patrol and protect Catalina Island’s 48,000 acres, enforcing Conservancy regulations while offering expertise in public safety and land management. Beyond their expertise in public safety, rangers contribute to fire prevention, staff and naturalist training, and land stewardship, showcasing their multifaceted role in preserving the island. Marcus Watts has been a ranger for Catalina Island for just under a year. He took on the job to help preserve the island’s beauty while contributing to public safety. He says his favorite part of the job

is having the privilege of helping others.

“When I come to work every day, I feel like I’m on the TV show Yellowstone,” said Watts. “I want the public to know that we [rangers] are your friends out here, and we want you to enjoy the island the way it’s been for thousands of years. We also want you to be safe and to respect the land so many more can enjoy it just like you have.”

Managing Human Impact on the Island

Catalina Island’s proximity to Los Angeles makes it a popular tourist destination, with more than a million visitors each year. While tourism is vital to the island’s economy, it also presents challenges to its natural environment. Foot traffic, offroad vehicles and waste all contribute to

the wear and tear on the island’s fragile ecosystems.

“What’s unique and special about this island is that it’s in Los Angeles County and has managed to stay undeveloped and preserved,” said Watts.

Rangers play a critical role in managing this impact. They enforce regulations that restrict where visitors can hike, camp and drive, protecting sensitive areas from damage. The rangers also conduct regular cleanups and educate visitors on responsible outdoor practices. These efforts ensure visitors can responsibly enjoy the island’s amazing views and wilderness.

Fire Prevention and Emergency Response

Catalina Island’s Mediterranean climate, combined with its dense vegetation, makes it prone to wildfires. Fires can be devastating to the island’s ecosystems, infrastructure and residents. In recent years, climate change has increased the frequency and severity of wildfires, posing an even greater risk.

Fire prevention and emergency response are at the core of the rangers’ duties. They construct and maintain firebreaks —cleared areas that slow the spread of wildfires, conduct controlled burns and are skilled in firefighting techniques. Collaborating with local agencies, they play a vital role in protecting the island during emergencies like wildfires or floods. Whether coordinating evacuations or administering first aid, their expertise and swift actions safeguard both residents and the natural landscape.

Watts says the Catalina Island Conservancy is placing greater emphasis on public safety, requiring rangers to become EMTs and strengthening its partnership with Los Angeles County Fire and the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department to use resources more efficiently.

A Beacon of Hope for Island Conservation

The efforts of Catalina Island’s rangers underscore the vital role of conservation in a world where natural spaces are increasingly threatened. Their work is not limited to maintaining trails or enforcing rules; it is about fostering a deep, abiding respect for nature and nurturing ecosystems that support a wide range of life.

We aim to have Catalina Island serve as a model for conservation on other islands and protected areas worldwide. The success of its programs highlights how dedicated

guardians, like the island’s rangers, can make a real difference in preserving unique ecosystems. By managing human impact and protecting the island from threats like wildfire, these rangers have proven to be the true custodians of Catalina.

Visitors are reminded of the vital work happening quietly behind the scenes as they hike its trails, gaze at its rugged coastlines or catch a glimpse of the elusive Catalina Island fox. The rangers’ dedication ensures that Catalina Island remains a sanctuary for generations—where nature is cherished, preserved, and celebrated. In a world where conservation is often an uphill battle, Catalina’s rangers are a beacon of hope, demonstrating how dedication and resilience can safeguard the treasures of our natural world.

“ What’s unique and special about this island is that it’s in Los Angeles County and has managed to stay undeveloped and preserved.

- Marcus Watts, Ranger

2024 Hunting Season Fails to Curb Invasive Deer Population

The 2024 deer hunting season on Catalina Island ended on Dec. 26 with hunters harvesting 379 nonnative mule deer from 754 issued tags. The estimated deer population for 2024 stood at 1,800. Scientists and conservationists have raised concerns about the limited success of hunting as the primary strategy to control the deer population and protect the island’s fragile ecosystem.

Mule deer, introduced to the island in the 1930s as a game species, have become an ecological problem, significantly altering native plant and animal habitats. Without natural predators, the deer have been able to outpace conservation efforts on the island where their migration is not possible. Research shows that the deer’s impact on the habitat has allowed invasive and nonnative grasses to spread, affecting native plants and animals and creating significant wildfire fuel.

Deer Impact on Catalina’s Ecosystem

For millions of years, native plants evolved without the need to protect themselves through physical defenses. The introduction of mule deer created a buffet for the herbivores, which preferred to browse on native plants and shrubs. A 2012 study on Catalina Island found that deer browsing on native plants and

This fenced area near Patrick Reservoir demonstrates the type of habitat that is possible without the impacts of mule deer. Trails left by deer are seen crisscrossing the landscape below the fence line. The area has never received any additional water or fertilizer yet has shown natural growth of new seedlings. Photo taken Feb. 13, 2024.

Deer Harvest Numbers

shrubs after wildfire showed an eightfold increase in plant death as compared to areas with protective fencing. In plots protected by fencing, only 11% of resprouts died. In deer-exposed plots, the die-off rose sharply to 88%. The mule deer’s preference for native shrubs and seedlings directly impacts the preferred habitat and food sources of key native species including the Santa Catalina Island ground squirrel, Santa Catalina Island shrew, Catalina California quail and the island’s ambassador—the Catalina Island fox.

Growing Wildfire Risks

Wildfire risks on Catalina Island have grown more severe due to a combination of climate change, habitat loss and invasive species like mule deer. By feeding on native shrubs, deer create space for highly flammable invasive grasses to grow—known as “one-hour fuels”—that dry out and burn quickly. These grasses now cover over 35% of the island, making it more vulnerable to catastrophic fires.

The severity of these challenges was highlighted by the 2007 Island Fire, which

burned nearly 5,000 acres (10% of the island) and remains a stark reminder of the dangers. Since then, tree cover in the affected area has declined from 51.8% in 1998 to 43.5% in 2022, further increasing fire vulnerability.

By restoring native vegetation and removing invasive species, the Catalina Island Conservancy aims to reestablish natural firebreaks and reduce wildfire risks, ensuring the island’s safety and ecological health.

Hunting Falls Short

The limitations of hunting as a component of deer population control are evident. This year, 379 deer were harvested during the hunting season, a relatively steady figure compared to past years. The largest deer harvest was last seen in 2007, with 402 taken by hunters.

Additionally, increased hunting pressure triggers a biological response called compensatory mortality, where deer populations produce more offspring and improve fawn survival rates in hunted

populations. This process replaces the deer harvested by hunters with a new, similarly sized generation.

“The hunting program has been a recreational opportunity for some, but it clearly isn’t enough,” said Lauren Dennhardt, senior director of conservation for the Catalina Island Conservancy. “With 42 years of data on recreational hunting, we need a different approach to restore balance to the Island’s ecosystem.”

The logistical challenges of hunting on the island are compounded by the steep terrain, management of the meat and transportation to and from the island, primarily by ferry and boat.

Each year, the California Department of Fish and Wildlife issues deer hunting tags through the Private Lands Management program. The Conservancy purchases these tags and then distributes them to hunters at cost. However, despite an increase in tag purchases, the deer harvest has not risen proportionally.

The Catalina Island Conservancy has launched an initiative to study deer movement and how factors like seasonal hunting pressure and drought affect their behavior. As part of the project, 16 deer were outfitted with GPS-enabled collars in September 2024 to track their movements. One deer was accidentally harvested during hunting season, and another died of natural causes. The collars are designed to fall off naturally after about a year, allowing researchers to collect and analyze the data.

This research aims to identify new fireprone locations where deer are spending more time browsing on native plants, allowing non-native, flammable grasses to take over. The collected data will be shared

with university partners to contribute to broader scientific understanding of general deer behavior and their contributions to the damage to habitats.

The Path Forward

The failure of the 2024 hunting season underscores the urgency of moving forward on the Catalina Island Restoration Project, which hinges on the removal of all invasive mule deer from the Island.

For more than 50 years, the Catalina Island Conservancy has worked to protect the Island’s unique biodiversity by managing 88% of the Island’s 48,000 acres. The Catalina Island Restoration Project focuses on habitat restoration, plant regeneration

and species management. These efforts are critical for preserving more than 60 plant and animal species found nowhere else on earth, including the Catalina Island fox and North America’s rarest tree, the Catalina Island mountain mahogany.

Island restoration on neighboring Channel Islands has achieved amazing success. For example, on San Clemente Island, conservation efforts led to the removal of goats by 1991 and pigs and deer in the 1990s. These efforts resulted in the recovery of five species—four plants and one bird—which were delisted from the endangered species list in 2023.

Only six wild specimens remain of the Catalina Island mountain mahogany, one of North America’s rarest trees. The few trees left are protected by fencing from deer, highlighting the critical need for continued conservation.

Targeted conservation efforts by the Catalina Island Conservancy helped the Catalina Island fox rebound from near extinction. These efforts underscore the importance of habitat restoration and invasive species control in preserving the island’s native biodiversity.

“ The removal of invasive species from nearby islands like Santa Cruz, and islands around the world, demonstrates how ecosystems can recover and thrive. It’s time to apply those lessons here.

-Whitney Latorre

“Catalina’s restoration requires bold action,” said Catalina Island Conservancy President and CEO Whitney Latorre. “The removal of invasive species from nearby islands like Santa Cruz, and islands around the world, demonstrates how ecosystems can recover and thrive. It’s time to apply those lessons here.”

To report an injured or deceased fox on Catalina Island, call or text the Catalina Island Conservancy at 310-606-9424 immediately. Please provide the following details:

• Your name and contact information

• The fox’s location

• Any details about the situation, including photos if possible

Fox vs. Island Surviving Against the Odds

Catalina Island is home to one of North America’s rarest mammals: the Catalina Island fox. This small, charismatic creature is a subspecies of the island fox, unique to Catalina, and plays an essential role in the island’s ecosystem.

From a biodiversity perspective, the foxes are vital to seed dispersal. “Some seeds need to pass through an animal’s digestive tract before they germinate, and island foxes play a critical role in this process,” says Katie Elder, wildlife biologist for the Catalina Island Conservancy.

The foxes also eat several insects and small mammals, and they’re an essential umbrella species, meaning they protect a wide range of other species within the same habitat. “They’re cute, and people love them, as they should, and care about conserving them, so by protecting them and enhancing their habitat, we are enhancing habitat for the entire ecosystem, including other wildlife.” shared Elder.

Like other island species, Catalina Island foxes have evolved in isolation, developing unique traits and adapting to the distinct environments of Catalina. However, this isolation also makes them vulnerable to various threats like disease, human activity and habitat loss.

Foxes are federally listed as threatened. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, their population nearly went extinct due to a canine distemper outbreak caused by a raccoon that stowed away on a boat. This is why the Catalina Island Conservancy’s annual fox monitoring program was created.

Each year, the Conservancy monitors the fox population, administers vaccines, deploys radio collars, conducts health assessments and collects data for researchers. Conservancy scientists also monitor ear mite infestations introduced by cats, which cause ear tumors in foxes, and administer medicine to their ears to prevent and treat the mite infections.

Throughout the year, Conservancy staff respond to and report all fox deaths and injuries to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Injured foxes are taken to a veterinarian on the island. Islandwide telemetry is conducted weekly to monitor radio-collared foxes and keep them looking for new or emerging dangers that could negatively impact the fox population. These efforts are part of a proactive approach to protecting the fox population.

Elder states that the fox population has remained relatively stable in recent years, despite challenges such as dog attacks, rodent poison and vehicle collisions. In

2024, two foxes were exposed to rodent poison and 17 were killed by speeding vehicles, primarily in the Avalon area. To address these threats, the Conservancy is launching an awareness campaign titled “Slow Down for Fox Sake,” aimed at encouraging drivers to watch for and protect the island’s small inhabitants.

Public outreach initiatives educate the community on ways to safeguard foxes, including the importance of reporting injured or deceased animals through the Conservancy’s fox hotline. Additionally, the Conservancy collaborates with a fox working group—a coalition coordinating conservation efforts across all the Channel Islands—to ensure the longterm survival of these iconic creatures

Katie Elder, a wildlife conservation manager, vaccinates a Catalina Island fox. Hundreds of foxes are vaccinated each year against rabies and canine distemper, and the population is monitored for declines.

Course Catalina

Inspiring Generations of Environmental Advocates

Key to Catalina Island Conservancy’s commitment to creating Los Angeles County’s largest outdoor classroom, Course Catalina immerses students in field-based exploration. Eight times a year, 200 Long Beach middle school students join the Conservancy for daylong field trips into the island’s interior, where they get close to the island’s unique biodiversity.

The course starts with a trip to the island’s airport, Airport in the Sky. Students learn about Catalina’s beloved endemic foxes and the importance of protecting the fox population through the Conservancy’s

monitoring projects. Students learn about the special mechanisms that bring plants to the island—whether by “wing, wind or wave”—and how animals can evolve in unique ways due to island isolation. For example, predators such as foxes may become smaller over time, while prey animals may grow larger—a phenomenon known as dwarfism and gigantism.

“Course Catalina has been deeply impactful over the years for many young minds and has helped encourage students to become nature champions,” shared Jolie Colby, director of education at Catalina Island Conservancy. “It has the

longevity we like to see in conservancy education programs. Deeply involved and invested donors like Nick Boone are a big part of why this program has been a meaningful success.”

Colby said Boone, who has supported Course Catalina for over 25 years, has been instrumental in shaping the program. As someone who attends every field trip with the students, he sees firsthand how powerful the course is in educating students and inspiring them to cultivate a lifelong respect for nature.

“It’s great to see how quickly the program fills up with interested students, and I love being able to talk with the students on our way to Catalina on the ferry,” shared Nick. “A number of them haven’t been on a boat or to the island, so it’s a new world for many. They seem to love seeing the whales in the ocean on their way to their destination. By the end of the trip, they’re all very excited. I receive thoughtful thank you letters from the kids. I think the exposure to nature these kids get through Course Catalina opens doors to more of them being interested in science.”

Course Catalina has inspired many students to commit to environmental advocacy. Some pursue further studies in environmental science, while others get involved in local conservation projects or sustainable initiatives in their communities. Boone’s dedication to nurturing this spirit of stewardship is evident in the enthusiasm and engagement he brings to each program, showing students they have the power to effect change.

Students explore Catalina Island.

Field trips conclude at Little Harbor, where students experience the island’s windward side and its ecology. The day ends with dinner at Topside restaurant in Avalon, where they share key takeaways and reflections.

Colby said that during November’s session, student participants expressed how much they enjoyed hiking and that being outdoors gave them a sense of peace.

“Course Catalina is an inspiration,” said Colby. “The Conservancy’s education team plans to nurture the reach and impact of Course Catalina, offering more Southern Californian students the chance to learn and explore in L.A.’s largest outdoor classroom–Catalina Island.”

“The exposure to nature these kids get through Course Catalina opens doors to more of them being interested in science.

- Nick Boone

Students at the Airport in the Sky study a geographical map of Catalina Island.

Catalina Island Program Connects Underserved Youth with Nature

Anew initiative by the Catalina Island Conservancy, supported by a generous donation from the Hathaway family, bridges the gap in nature access for underserved youth.

In partnership with the Boys & Girls Club of Metro Los Angeles, 12 students experienced a transformative threeday immersion into Catalina Island’s wilderness in August.

Nearly half of the students experienced camping for the first time, and 90% had never visited Catalina Island before. Activities included hiking, kayaking, marine science exploration, stargazing, and a falconry demonstration courtesy of the Santa Catalina Island Company. The program aimed to inspire a lifelong commitment to environmental stewardship and to help reduce barriers to outdoor experiences.

Feedback from students showed an increased interest in environmental science and a significant boost in their

enjoyment of nature-based activities. Students shared that the camping trip “made me feel happy and free” and “peaceful, positive, independent.”

Patricia Hathaway, the 96-year-old family matriarch, gifted a substantial sum to the Catalina Island Conservancy to initiate this hands-on educational program to inspire future generations.

Top left: Students explore the wonders of the night sky in an astronomy lesson. Bottom left: Lazaro Arvizu of the Tongva Nation shares cultural knowledge with students. Bottom right: A student gets up close with a bird of prey during a falconry lesson.

From Africa to Catalina

Meet the New Leader Transforming Conservancy Programs

The Catalina Island Conservancy is excited to introduce its first-ever Chief of Programs, Adam Finck. A seasoned international conservation expert, Finck now leads the Conservancy’s newly integrated mission across its three main pillars: conservation, education and recreation in addition to its volunteer programs.

In his role, Finck oversees mission-aligned departments, develops a strategic vision for the programs division, assesses and advocates for the Conservancy’s goals, and works to scale its impact. We spoke with him about his environmental background, his experiences across

Africa, and his vision for advancing the Conservancy’s mission.

Catalina Island Conservancy

What inspired you to become the Conservancy’s inaugural Chief of Programs?

Finck

I’ve spent the past 20 years building and scaling programs worldwide that impact our planet and its people. After growing up in Southern California, I spent nearly two decades living in areas affected by violent conflict and environmental degradation,

Left: Adam encountered a silverback gorilla along the border of Rwanda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, where he collaborated with partners such as Virunga National Park at the intersection of security and conservation.

working at the intersection of security and conservation in places like East and Central Africa. This work taught me the interconnectedness between the natural resources we steward and the well-being of the communities living in and around these biodiversity hotspots.

Before joining the Conservancy, I worked at a climate-tech startup, building teams that scaled ecosystem restoration projects from Colombia to Ghana to the Brazilian Amazon. When the opportunity arose to join the Conservancy as its inaugural chief of programs, I was eager to bring my experience in building and scaling highimpact programming to this incredibly special place—my backyard—where I’ve enjoyed camping, diving and hiking.

Catalina Island Conservancy

It’s great to see your mission align so seamlessly with your passions. Of all the Conservancy’s programs, which ones do you think need the most support to scale effectively?

Finck

We’re at a pivotal moment. Climate change is fueling rampant wildfires and pushing fragile ecosystems to their limits. Amid

Adam collaborated with native forest restoration partners in Kenya to explore opportunities to scale nursery operations.

“ This work taught me the interconnectedness between the natural resources we steward and the well-being of the communities living in and around these biodiversity hotspots.

- Adam Finck

this, we are working to create a climateresilient island and world-class programs that set a new standard for conservancies like ours.

On the conservation side, we have the opportunity to restore 48,000 acres, protect 60 endemic species and create a climate-resilient island for residents and guests to experience for decades. In education, we aim to become Los Angeles’ largest outdoor classroom, offering transformative experiences for young people to learn about environmental stewardship. For recreation, we’re working to improve access to adventures, deepen visitors’ connection to the land and share the island’s cultural heritage and ecological significance.

Achieving these goals requires time, talent and resources from supporters who share our vision and want to partner with us in this transformative effort.

Catalina Island Conservancy

What have you learned in your first few months about the importance of creating an integrated mission for the Conservancy?

Finck

Conservation, education and recreation are deeply interconnected—they strengthen one another. We see recreationists as future conservationists and learning as something integrated into all aspects of our work. To protect this wild space, a growing number of people must have a deep, personal connection with the land, an understanding of its heritage, and an investment in its future potential.

Catalina Island Conservancy

Are there any new programs you’d like to develop?

Finck

I’m excited to work with our team to expand our reach through new facilities, better access to the interior wildlands and curated experiences that support our mission of exemplary stewardship for the island.

Catalina Island Conservancy

Thanks so much, Adam. Welcome aboard.

Catalina Island Conservancy Announces Revitalized Leadership Circle

The Catalina Island Conservancy relaunched the Leadership Circle in July, enhancing member benefits and experiences while driving membership growth. Announced by Conservancy President and CEO Whitney Latorre during the Taking Flight Leadership Circle event, the changes have sparked significant interest and new giving from members across the region.

Leadership Circle members are a community of dedicated stewards, adventurers and advocates who invest annually to support the Conservancy’s mission of conservation, education and recreation. These members are critical partners in helping the Conservancy restore habitats, protect species and advance science-based conservation practices. Members also engage in lifelong learning and contribute to creating opportunities for nature-based recreation. Membership in the Leadership Circle provides exclusive benefits, including lectures from Conservancy leaders and experts as well as behind-the-scenes

tours that highlight the impact of environmental research and partnerships.

Members are instrumental in promoting conservation and providing the financial support necessary to undertake landscape restoration initiatives that build island resilience against climate change.

“We are deeply appreciative of the generous, devoted and passionate members, donors and partners who share our vision and support our bold efforts to restore the island,” said Latorre.

Please consider joining this special community to experience:

• Unique and inspiring lectures and behind the scenes tours

• Small-group discussions with scientists and educators

• Community science programs for learners of all ages

• Special events on the Island and the mainland

• Extraordinary stewardship of your relationship with the Conservancy

Catalina Island is a key piece of California’s storied history and culture and will play a crucial role in our planet’s future. By joining the Leadership Circle, you can help ensure this natural wonder is resilient for future generations by providing missionfueled support.

For more information on becoming a part of Catalina Island’s Leadership Circle, please contact Gina Nelson, Senior Manager of Annual Giving and Membership at gnelson@catalinaconservancy.org, or 562-437-8555, ext. 1224.

Levels and Benefits

Leadership Circle members help care for the Conservancy and support all the work it does on Catalina Island. In appreciation, members receive all the benefits of general membership, plus exclusive, insider access to experience the Island as few do.

Leadership Circle Silver Membership

($2,500)

All the benefits of General Membership plus:

• Recognition on the Trailhead Visitor’s Center donor wall and the Conservancy Times

• Subscription to the Conservancy Times bi-annual magazine

• Invitations to Leadership Circle events and lectures

• Subscription to the Conservancy Times bi-annual magazine

• An Explorer Membership (couples membership valued at $65) to give as a gift

Tax Deductible Amount: $2,375

Leadership Circle Gold Membership ($5,000)

All the benefits of $2,500 plus:

• Complimentary access to community science programs and naturalist trainings

• Three-hour naturalist-led Eco Tour for four people

• Personal access to Leadership Circle staff for conservancy and island inquiries

Tax Deductible Amount: $4,255

Leadership Circle Platinum Membership ($10,000)

All the benefits of $2,500-$5,000 plus:

• Special recognition in the Conservancy’s annual report

• Priority access for two to the Conservancy’s Catalina: The Wild Side Art Show and Sale.

• Personalized four-hour VIP Eco Tour for eight

Tax Deductible Amount: $7,825

President’s Circle Membership ($25,000)

All the benefits of $2,500-$10,000 plus:

• Invitation to the exclusive Annual President’s Dinner with Conservancy President and CEO, Whitney Latorre

• Two tickets to the annual Conservancy Ball

• Scientist-led Catalina Island fox monitoring excursion for two

Tax Deductible Amount: $22,375

Founder’s Circle Membership ($50,000)

All the benefits of $2,500- $25,000 plus:

• Private VIP Dinner for eight with Conservancy President and CEO, Whitney Latorre

• Conservancy Ball sponsorship including tickets for two

• Private, scientist-led five-hour Eco Tour for ten with catered lunch

• Complimentary helicopter tour for two of Catalina Island

Tax Deductible Amount: $45,625

Don’t miss our next Leadership Circle event:

An Evening at Sherman Library & Gardens

5:30 - 7 p.m.

Thursday, March 20, 2025 2647 East Coast Highway Corona del Mar, CA 92625

RSVP by March 13 catalinaconservancy.org/ shermangardens

A place for learning and experiencing horticulture, plant life, climate influences, nature and the incredible development of the Pacific Southwest during the past 150+ years.

NEW TEAM MEMBERS

Pepe Barton | Director of Communications

Pepe Barton joins the Catalina Island Conservancy with more than 25 years of experience in strategic communications, branding and public relations across the education and media sectors. Most recently, Barton served as interim director of communications at Fullerton College, where he led a transformation of its communications program, developing its first brand and style guide and enhancing engagement strategies. A two-time regional Emmy winner, Barton earned recognition for creating innovative marketing campaigns that resonated with diverse audiences. His expertise in storytelling and equity-focused communications will help amplify the Conservancy’s mission of balancing conservation, education and recreation. Barton earned a bachelor’s degree in mass communications from Montana State University Billings.

Tim Cullen | Director of Development

Tim Cullen brings more than 15 years of nonprofit fundraising and management experience to his role at the Catalina Island Conservancy. Driven by his passion for preserving Catalina Island and its wildlife, Cullen began his career at the Prostate Cancer Foundation, where he led the Athletes for a Cure program and an MLB partnership. He later contributed to fundraising efforts at Tulane University and Pepperdine University before taking on consulting roles for nonprofits. Most recently, he served as a senior leader at Immaculate Heart School, overseeing rebranding initiatives and fundraising growth. He earned a bachelor’s degree from Tulane University and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Louisiana. He serves on the board of directors for the Delta Tau Delta Educational Foundation.

Deborah Honadel | Chief of Human Resources

Deborah Honadel brings extensive experience in strategic HR leadership, focusing on creating inclusive workplaces and guiding organizations through complex challenges. She has held senior executive roles and consulted for organizations ranging from Fortune 50 companies to small nonprofits, with expertise in HR strategy, compensation and leadership development. Passionate about supporting meaningful missions, Deborah is dedicated to fostering a workplace culture that enhances the Conservancy’s ability to safeguard Catalina Island for future generations. She holds a master’s degree in health science and a bachelor’s degree in environmental and occupational health, along with professional certifications in human resources.

Carlos Rodarte | Director of capital planning

Carlos Rodarte is a seasoned leader with expertise in business administration, construction management and property management. Previously serving as director of business administration, he managed contract oversight, compliance, and strategic operational initiatives. In his recent promotion to director of capital planning, he now leads the Conservancy’s capital and master planning processes, overseeing large-scale projects, vendor management and asset management system improvements. Rodarte has held leadership positions in corporate and real estate sectors, excelling in regional market development, operational efficiency and asset management. He holds a bachelor’s degree in business administration from California State University, San Bernardino.