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Sample Test CHAPTER 3: ASSESSING AND DIAGNOSING PSYCHOPATHOLOGY MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person with a possible mental disorder is known as clinical ________________. 2. assessment 3. interpretation 4. validation 5. standardization
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. The process of determining whether an individual’s symptoms meet the criteria for a specific psychological disorder is called _____________. 3. prognosis 4. diagnosis 5. classification 6. analysis ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 3. The process of clinical assessment is psychopathology has been equated to using a _________ to determine the source of the problem. 4. funnel 5. hose 6. bucket 7. plow
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 4. In order to be useful, assessment techniques should be based on _______________. 5. beliefs 6. attitudes 7. evidence 8. assumptions ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 5. Typically, the first part of the assessment process is to 6. conduct psychological testing to assess the problem. 7. determine a diagnosis and rule out other alternatives. 8. discuss with the client the various therapeutic interventions that are possible. 9. have the client describe the major difficulties he/she is having. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Applied 6. In the first interview with Frank, a patient described in the textbook, he stated that he had been having intrusive thoughts that he tried to prevent by performing certain movements. Based on this information, you might predict that Frank would be diagnosed with _____________. 7. major depressive disorder 8. obsessivecompulsive disorder 9. a personality disorder 10.
schizophrenia
ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 7. A measurement which is consistent is considered to be _____________. 8. valid 9. reliable 10.
standardized
11.
accurate
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Factual 8. If the short version of a test yields the same results as a longer version, then you could conclude that the brief version had _________ validity. 9. concurrent 10.
divergent
11.
predictive
12.
excessive
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 9. Clifton had been experiencing a number of psychological issues, so he decided to go to a psychiatrist to see what was wrong. Dr. A told him he had major depressive disorder. He decided to seek a second opinion. Dr. B diagnosed him with generalized anxiety disorder. Wanting yet another opinion, he went to Dr. C who told him he was obsessive compulsive. This demonstrate poor _______________.
10.
testretest reliability
11.
concurrent validity
12.
descriptive validity
13.
interrater reliability
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 10. to
The process of clinical assessment results in narrowing the focus
11.
concentrate on problem areas that seem most relevant.
12.
consider a broad range of problems.
13.
cover all possible problems.
14.
concentrate on all problem areas equally.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 11. In order to develop useful standards for a test, it is important to use a normative group that consists of a
12.
small group of people who are very similar to each other.
13.
large group of people who all share a key characteristic.
14.
large group of very diverse people.
15.
small group that differs from the population at large.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 12. Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic concepts that help determine the value of a psychological assessment procedure? 13.
Reliability
14.
Subjectivity
15.
Validity
16.
Standardization
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 13. Treminitia, who had recurrent headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite, received different diagnoses from several psychologists. In terms of assessment, this indicates a problem with _______.
14.
reliability
15.
subjectivity
16.
validity
17.
standardization
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 14. In terms of psychological assessment, which of the following describes the concept of validity? 15.
Two or more “raters” get the same answers
16.
An assessment technique is consistent across different measures
17.
Scores are used as a norm for comparison purposes
18. An assessment technique measures what it is designed to measure ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 15. Mr. J., a 40yearold recent immigrant to the United States comes from a workingclass background and is just learning to speak English. He applies for a job and is given a test. His score is compared to others who have taken the test, mostly young college graduates whose native language is English. Mr. J. thinks this is unfair. In fact, this is an issue of __________. 16.
reliability
17.
classification
18.
validity
19.
standardization
ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 1; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 16. A clinical interview should be based on information from the client’s ___________. 17.
past life
18.
family history
19.
current life
20.
all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy 72 OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 17. In trying to understand and help an individual with a psychological problem, the psychologist will obtain detailed information about the person’s life as part of a _____________. 18.
physical exam
19.
clinical interview
20.
mental status exam
21.
brain scan
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 18. As part of a psychological assessment, a mental status exam is used to find out how a person thinks, feels, and behaves; its primary purpose, however, is to determine 19.
if a psychological disorder might be present.
20.
what type of treatment should be used.
21.
which medication would be most effective.
22.
whether the individual also has a medical condition.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 19.
Observing appearance and behavior during a mental status exam
20. is simply done to give the appearance that the clinician is paying attention. 21.
rarely yields useful information.
22.
can yield clues regarding the presence of certain disorders.
23.
may just confuse the diagnostic process.
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 20. In a mental status exam, a psychologist evaluates an individual’s thought processes by 21.
asking the person to read aloud.
22.
listening to what the person says.
23.
reading what the person has written.
24.
evaluating the person’s dreams.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 21. When Abernathy went to a psychologist for the first time, the clinician asked him what the date was, what time it was, what year was it, and where they were. Which category of a mental status exam do these questions cover? 22.
Thought processes
23.
Appearance and behavior
24.
Sensorium
25.
Intellectual functioning
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 22. Determining mood and affect is an important part of the mental status exam. Although both of these terms refer to feeling states of the individual, it would be correct to say that mood is more _____________ than affect. 23.
pervasive
24.
severe
25.
changeable
26.
frequent
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 23. A mental status exam covers all of the following categories EXCEPT ___________. 24.
intellectual functioning
25.
appearance
26.
behavior
27.
physical symptoms
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 24. In regard to a mental status exam, which of the following questions is NOT related to the concept of sensorium? 25.
What is today’s date?
26.
Where are you?
27.
Who are you?
28.
How old are you?
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 25. In a mental status exam, it is important to determine if the individual’s sensorium is clear and if he/she is “oriented times three.” This refers to 26.
person, place, and time.
27.
day, month, and year of birth.
28.
ability to follow directions.
29.
spatial orientation.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 26. The initial assessment of the patient in your textbook named Frank, who was anxious about his job and his marriage, revealed that he 27.
had intrusive thoughts.
28.
was disoriented.
29.
showed inappropriate affect.
30.
had a low intelligence level.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 27. All of the following describe how a psychologist conducts a clinical interview EXCEPT 28.
attempts to facilitate communication.
29.
uses nonthreatening ways of seeking information.
30.
keeps patient information confidential in all circumstances.
31.
applies appropriate listening skills.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 28. In a clinical interview, the law regarding “privileged communication” does NOT apply if the patient 29.
threatens selfharm or harm to another person.
30.
relates a history of sexual abuse.
31.
has been mentally ill for more than five years.
32.
is hospitalized in a psychiatric facility.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 29. The Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSMIV is an example of a
30.
personality inventory.
31.
semistructured clinical interview.
32.
projective test.
33.
behavioral intervention.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 30. Which of the following medical conditions might also produce symptoms of behavioral disorders or symptoms that mimic psychological disorders? 31.
Hyperthyroidism
32.
Cocaine withdrawal
33.
Both a and b
34.
Neither a nor b
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied 31. Behavioral assessments are used to formally assess an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in ____________.
32.
general
33.
context
34.
the abstract
35.
theory
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 32. Fouryearold Roberto is very aggressive toward his peers, which results in poor peer relationships. A psychologist has been asked to assess Roberto’s aggressiveness and determine if he needs intervention. The psychologist would probably do what type of assessment? 33.
General
34.
Projective
35.
Cognitive
36.
Behavioral
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 33. As part of a behavioral assessment, psychologists sometimes use ___________ settings when it is not possible to do direct observation in a naturalistic setting. 34.
imaginary
35.
empirical
36.
analog
37.
virtual
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 34. Which of the following people would make a good candidate for a behavioral assessment? 35.
A very verbal adult
36.
A young child
37.
A person with a cognitive deficit
38.
Both b and c
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 35. The reactivity phenomenon of selfmonitoring procedures has been shown to 36.
increase desired behaviors.
37.
decrease undesired behaviors.
38. both increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. 39. neither increase desired behaviors nor decrease undesired behaviors.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 36.
The ABCs of observation refer to the ___________ sequence.
37.
affectbehaviorcognition
38.
antecedentbehaviorcognition
39.
antecedentbehaviorconsequence
40.
affectbehaviorconsequence
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 37. Which of the following is an example of the reactivity phenomenon? 38. A man begins to eat less after joining a clinic weight loss program in which each participant’s weight is recorded weekly by a staff member. 39. After joining a fitness club, a woman stops exercising in her home and instead walks 2 miles a day by herself. 40. A man changes his brand of cigarettes after his father dies of lung cancer.
41. On parents’ visiting day in a classroom, the previously well behaved children continue to show good behavior. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 38. An operational definition refers to identifying specific behaviors that are ________. 39.
abnormal
40.
harmful
41.
longstanding
42.
measurable
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 39. An observation that involves identifying specific behaviors that are observable and measurable is called a(n) _______________. 40.
informal observation
41.
formal observation
42.
unstructured observation
43.
selfobservation
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 40. Most of the “psychological tests” in popular magazines are _____________________. 41.
reliable
42.
valid
43.
for entertainment only
44.
informative and educational
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied 41. Hannibal is presented with a series of cards that are blots of ink. He is asked to state what he sees on these cards. Hannibal is probably taking a(n)
42.
personality inventory.
43.
response inventory.
44.
projective test.
45.
intelligence test.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 42.
Which of the following describes a personality inventory?
43. Determines the possible contribution of brain damage to the person’s condition 44.
Uses imaging to assess brain structure and/or function
45.
Assesses longstanding patterns of behavior
46.
Ascertains the structure and patterns of cognition
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 43. A clinician who wished to assess the effects of treatment over a period of time would be most likely to do so by repeatedly administering a(n) ____________.
44.
neuropsychological test battery
45.
projective test
46.
intelligence test
47.
behavior rating scale
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 44. The projective type of psychological tests is based on _____________ theory. 45.
behavioral
46.
cognitive
47.
humanistic
48.
psychoanalytic
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual 45. When an individual describes what he/she sees in the ambiguous stimuli of the Rorschach test, it is assumed that the person’s _____________ thoughts are revealed.
46.
unconscious
47.
conscious
48.
preconscious
49.
subconscious
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 46. A psychoanalytic therapist who wants to assess the unconscious thoughts and feelings of a patient would be most likely to use the __________ test. 47.
MMPI
48.
Bender VisualMotor Gestalt Test
49.
Rorschach inkblot test
50.
HalsteadReitan Neuropsychological Battery
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 47. The Rorschach test is considered controversial because of all of the following concerns EXCEPT that 48.
the test is based on psychoanalytic theory.
49.
there is little or no data regarding its reliability or validity.
50. the inkblots have been changed many times since the test was developed. 51. until recently there were no standardized procedures for administering the test.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 48. Dr. Jiminez is using Exner’s Comprehensive System to administer and score the Rorschach inkblot test. This specifies all of the following EXCEPT 49.
how the cards with the inkblots should be presented.
50.
exactly what the psychologist administering the test should say.
51.
the way in which the test taker’s responses should be recorded.
52.
the amount of time allowed for each inkblot card to be presented.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 49. The comprehensive system for administering and scoring the Rorschach inkblot test was developed because 50. a lack of standardized procedures affects the way the test taker responds to the questions. 51. it was discovered that interrater reliability had increased significantly.
52. Hermann Rorschach was dissatisfied with the way his test was being given. 53. the previous scoring system was found to be difficult and time consuming. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 50. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) differs from the Rorschach inkblot test in that the person taking the TAT is asked to use his or her imagination to 51.
tell a complete story about a picture.
52. draw a picture based on a story that is read aloud by the examiner. 53.
write down responses after reading a short story.
54.
tell a story and draw a picture about it.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 51. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
52. Most psychologists interpret responses to the TAT cards in the same way. 53. High interrater reliability exists among those administering the test. 54.
The TAT is used as a diagnostic test because validity is high.
55. Many clinicians use the TAT to encourage people to talk more openly about their lives. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 52. In regard to projective tests, research has found that most clinicians 53.
do not use projective tests.
54.
have their own ways of administering and scoring the tests.
55. use standardized procedures when administering and scoring the tests. 56.
rely on these tests to diagnose psychopathology.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual
53. “The questions make sense to the person reading them and the wording of the questions seems to fit the type of information desired.” In regard to personality inventories, which type of validity is defined by the preceding statement? 54.
Predictive
55.
Face
56.
Construct
57.
Analytic
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 54. All of the following statements are TRUE about the MMPI EXCEPT that 55.
there is little room for interpretation.
56.
the test is tedious and timeconsuming.
57.
there is a version for adolescents.
58. individual responses are examined to determine a diagnostic pattern. ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual
55. As an assessment measure, the MMPI is considered unique because it is 56.
data based.
57.
theory based.
58.
based on the biological model.
59.
based on the humanistic approach.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 56. If you were asked to compare and contrast the MMPI and the Rorschach inkblot test, you could say correctly that 57.
responses are interpreted individually in the MMPI.
58.
the pattern of responses is evaluated in the MMPI.
59. the Rorschach test is more tedious and timeconsuming for the patient to complete. 60.
the Rorschach test more accurately predicts psychopathology.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied
57. Since the MMPI is ____________, the assessment concept known as reliability is increased. 58.
often interpreted by computer
59.
made up of many scales
60.
nonsexist
61.
wellresearched
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 58.
The MMPI2 differs from earlier versions of the MMPI because it
59.
is shorter.
60.
was normed on a much more diverse sample.
61.
is less reliable.
62.
is normed on a much more selective sample.
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual
59. Heinrich falsifies answers his answers on the MMPI so that he will look good. He will probably have a high score on the __________ scale. 60.
Cannot Say
61.
Lie
62.
Paranoia
63.
Defensiveness
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 60.
The MMPI is a notable measurement instrument because it
61. has been shown to be valid with a range of psychological problems. 62.
relies on subjective interpretations of patterns.
63.
is short and easy to administer.
64.
is the oldest test measure developed.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
61. The MMPIA, a new version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, has been developed specifically for testing ____________. 62.
children with ADHD
63.
children with autism
64.
adults
65.
adolescents
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 62. While taking the MMPI, James S. made an attempt to give himself an unrealistic positive image by falsifying answers and trying to appear as though he had no psychological problems. On the four MMPI scales that determine the validity of each test administration, you could accurately state that James S. probably had high scores on the ___________. 63.
L and F scales only
64.
F scale only
65.
L and K scales only
66.
Cannot Say scale only
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c
KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied 63. The MMPI2, a more recent version of the personality inventory, has been updated to reflect all of the following EXCEPT _____________. 64.
cultural diversity
65.
gender equality
66.
contemporary issues
67.
sexual values
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 64.
Which of the following describes an intelligence test?
65. Determines the possible contribution of brain damage to the person’s condition 66.
Uses imaging to assess brain structure and/or function
67.
Assesses longstanding patterns of behavior
68.
Ascertains the structure and patterns of cognition
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 65. The calculation of an IQ, previously done by using a child’s mental age, is now done by using a deviation IQ. This means that the child’s score is compared to the scores of others _____________. 66.
of the same age
67.
in the same grade
68.
who took the test at the same time
69.
with the same level of intelligence
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 66.
An intelligence test is a measure to
67.
determine a person’s intelligence.
68.
predict academic success.
69.
determine a person’s creativity.
70.
all of the above
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
67.
IQ tests measure all of the following abilities EXCEPT
68.
attention.
69.
memory.
70.
reasoning.
71.
adaptability.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 68.
In regard to IQ tests, which of the following statements is FALSE?
69.
IQ and intelligence are the same thing.
70. An IQ test has predictive validity with respect to academic success. 71. IQ tests measure abilities such as attention, memory, reasoning, and perception. 72. Psychologists have different theories about which skills and abilities constitute intelligence. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
69. The calculation of an IQ, previously done by using a child’s mental age, is now done by using a deviation IQ. This means that the child’s score is compared to the scores of others 70.
of the same age.
71.
in the same grade.
72.
who took the test at the same time.
73.
with the same level of intelligence.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 70. The performance scales on the WISCIV (Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children) measure all of the following EXCEPT ____________. 71.
factual knowledge
72.
psychomotor abilities
73.
ability to learn new relationships
74.
nonverbal reasoning
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 3; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Factual 71.
Which of the following describes a neuropsychological test?
72. Determines the possible contribution of brain damage to the person’s condition 73.
Uses imaging to assess brain structure and/or function
74.
Assesses longstanding patterns of behavior
75.
Ascertains the structure and patterns of cognition
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 72. A neuropsychological test measures abilities in which of the following areas? 73.
Learning
74.
Abstract reasoning
75.
Motor skills
76.
Cognition
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
73. Neuropsychological tests are used to assess whether or not an individual might ____________. 74.
be mentally retarded
75.
have a brain dysfunction
76.
have had a psychotic episode
77.
be in a depressed state
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3) KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied 74. If it were important to determine the exact location of brain impairment, which of the following tests would most likely be used? 75.
Bender VisualMotor Gestalt Test
76.
HalsteadReitan Neuropsychological Battery
77.
Gall Phrenological Brain Scan
78.
StanfordBinet Intelligence Scale
ANS: B DIF: Difficult OBJ: 2; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied
75. Although abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the brain can be detected by neuroimaging techniques, current research is also looking at 76. a possible association of these abnormalities with psychological disorders. 77. using brainimaging techniques as a treatment for psychological disorders. 78.
preventing psychological disorders with neuroimaging techniques.
79.
changing brain functioning from abnormal to normal.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 76. Recent research involving PET scans has shown that patients with Alzheimer’s disease have 77.
increased dopamine reuptake in the occipital lobes.
78.
increased serotonin levels in the temporal lobes.
79.
reduced glucose metabolism in the parietal lobes.
80.
reduced amino acid production in the frontal lobes.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied
77. A procedure used to assess brain functioning much like a PET scan but is less accurate and uses a different tracer substance is ___________. 78.
SQUID
79.
SPECT
80.
TCM
81.
JCT
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 78. In addition to MRI, PET, and CT, other brainimaging techniques are currently in use or are now being developed. Which of the following is NOT one of these newer neuroimaging techniques? 79.
fMRI
80.
MEG
81.
SPECT
82.
EMG
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual
79. A primary diagnostic technique for identifying seizure disorders is the ________. 80.
EEG
81.
DOT
82.
GSR
83.
ERP
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 80. When brief periods of EEG patterns are recorded in response to a specific event, the response is called a(n) ____________. 81.
evoked potential
82.
alpha wave
83.
electrodermal response
84.
artifact
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual
81. A healthy adult at rest is most likely to show an EEG pattern characterized by a high level of _____________. 82.
alpha waves
83.
delta waves
84.
critical waves
85.
irregular
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 82. Sweat gland activity (electrodermal activity) is measured in order to assess ______________. 83.
stress and emotional arousal
84.
exhaustion
85.
brain damage
86.
sexual dysfunction and disorders
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
83. When an assessment strategy shows a problem when none exists, it is referred to as a ________. 84.
false negative
85.
false positive
86.
negative outcome
87.
forecast error
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 84. The problem with generating a false negative during an assessment strategy is that the patient 85.
will not receive treatment for an actual disorder.
86.
will receive treatment for a disorder they don’t have.
87.
will be tired of being tested.
88.
will be discredited.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
85. According to the textbook, assessment of psychophysiological response to emotional stimuli is important in treating all of the following EXCEPT _____________. 86.
sexual dysfunctions
87.
posttraumatic stress disorder
88.
hypertension
89.
cancer
ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 4; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 86.
The likely future course of a disorder is called its ____________.
87.
prognosis
88.
diagnosis
89.
etiology
90.
inference
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
87. Determining what is unique about an individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances can be termed a(n) ________ strategy. 88.
idiographic
89.
nomothetic
90.
classification
91.
categorical
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 88. Identifying which general class of problems to which a presenting problem belongs is known as a(n) ________ strategy. 89.
idiographic
90.
nomothetic
91.
classification
92.
categorical
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 89. When a taxonomic system is applied to a psychological problem, it becomes a ___________.
90.
diagnosis
91.
prognosis
92.
nosology
93.
nomenclature
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 90. One important advantage of using a classification and diagnostic system like DSMIV is that knowing a patient’s diagnosis 91.
helps the therapist to develop a treatment plan and prognosis.
92.
allows patients to fully participate in their own treatment.
93. permits the insurance company to have access to patients’ records. 94.
allows the therapist to see the patient as an individual.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 91. Believing that it would not helpful, Dr. Thomas refuses to use the DSMIV or any other diagnostic system. One problem that we may expect for this therapist is that it may be hard to
92. apply what has been learned from treating other patients with similar problems. 93.
think of patients as individuals.
94.
monitor the progress of patients in therapy.
95. convince patients that mental disorders do not define an individual’s personality. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 92. The dimensional approach to classification of mental disorders differs from the categorical approach because the dimensional system provides 93. lists of symptoms that are associated with all of the forms of psychopathology that are currently believed to exist. 94.
diagnostic labels based on the presence of specific symptoms.
95. information that is used to determine the cause and treatment of the disorder. 96. scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors. ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
93.
The terms taxonomy and nosology refer to
94.
scientific classification.
95.
the accuracy of a diagnostic system.
96.
the reliability of a grouping of clinical symptoms.
97.
heoretical ideas that cannot be tested objectively.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 94. People who are correctly diagnosed with a DSMIV disorder like Major Depressive Episode will 95. usually have at least some of the same symptoms as others with the disorder. 96. always have at least five of the same symptoms as others with the disorder. 97. typically have very few of the same symptoms as others with the disorder. 98. usually experience all of the same symptoms as others with the disorder. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 95. Several clinicians interview a patient and use a new diagnostic system to independently provide the same diagnosis. We can say that it appears the new diagnostic system is _______________. 96.
reliable
97.
valid
98.
both reliable and valid
99.
neither reliable nor valid
ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 96. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is a publication of the 97.
American Psychological Association.
98.
International Association of Psychologists.
99.
American Psychiatric Association.
100.
National Institutes of Mental Health.
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual
97. The term that describes the names or labels of the disorders is ___________. 98.
taxonomy
99.
nomenclature
100.
nosology
101.
none of the above
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 98. The classical categorical approach to diagnosis assumes that each person with a particular disorder will 99.
be helped by recognizing the cause of the disorder.
100.
experience very few of the same symptoms.
101.
respond to the same treatments equally.
102.
experience the same symptoms with little or no variation.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
99. Quantifying a person’s moods, behaviors, and cognitions on a scale constitutes a(n) ______________ approach to understanding psychopathology. 100.
idiographic
101.
nomothetic
102.
dimensional
103.
prototypical
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 100. Identifying certain essential characteristics of an entity while allowing for nonessential variations that don’t change is considered a(n) ____________ approach to understanding psychopathology. 101.
idiographic
102.
nomothetic
103.
dimensional
104.
prototypical
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 101.
A classical categorical approach to diagnosis is
102.
more useful in psychology than in medicine.
103.
more useful in medicine than in psychology.
104.
not appropriate in either medicine or psychology.
105.
equally useful in medicine and psychology.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 102.
The dimensional approach to diagnosis is characterized by
103. quantification of patients’ experiences using scales measuring several areas such as anxiety or depression. 104. lists of symptoms that patients must experience for the diagnosis to be assigned. 105. essential elements that all patients must report for the diagnosis to be assigned but allowance for specific nonessential variations as well. 106. a theoretical explanation for the underlying cause of the disorder that is assumed to be shared by all patients experiencing similar symptoms. ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
103. The crucial test as to whether a diagnostic system has a high degree of validity is that it should result in 104.
an effective treatment plan.
105.
all clinicians reaching the same diagnosis for the patient.
106.
the accurate diagnostic label for the patient.
107. the same diagnostic label regardless of when the patient is evaluated. ANS: C DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 104. When a diagnosis tells the clinician what is likely to happen and possibly predict the course of the disorder and the likely effect of one treatment or another, the diagnosis has 105.
construct validity.
106.
predictive validity
107.
content validity.
108.
none of the above
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Factual 105. The extent to which a disorder would be found among the patient’s relatives is known as _________. 106.
familial sharing
107.
familial reliability
108.
familial validity
109.
familial aggregation
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 106. An important change in the DSM versions that followed DSMIII was 107.
the lack of a presumed theoretical cause for each disorder.
108.
a change from a dimensional to a categorical system.
109.
greater emphasis on validity and less concern for reliability.
110.
the inclusion of the humanistic view of pathology.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
107. One of the important changes from DSMIIIR to DSMIV reflects our greater understanding of the multiple causes and influences on various mental states and disorders. This change is 108. less distinction between organically (physically) caused and psychologically based disorders in DSMIV. 109. more distinction between organically (physically) caused and psychologically based disorders in DSMIV. 110.
more distinction between neurosis and psychosis in DSMIV.
111. less emphasis on the types of treatment that might be appropriate for each disorder in DSMIV. ANS: A DIF: Difficult OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 108. The best way to have a general idea about a patient’s overall level of functioning is to look at DSMIV axis ___. 109.
I
110.
II
111.
III
112.
V
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c
MSC: TYPE: Factual 109. In contrast to previous editions of DSM, the fourth edition integrates possible social and cultural influences on diagnosis. All of the following questions relate to these influences EXCEPT, 110. Does the clinician understand the cultural significance of the patient’s disorder? 111.
Does the patient accept Western models of disease or disorder?
112. Is it acceptable in the patient’s culture to be physically ill but not mentally ill? 113. Do the symptoms of the patient’s disorder meet the criteria for a DSMIV diagnosis? ANS: D DIF: Difficult 90 OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 110. Using the multiaxial system of DSMIV, disorders such as Major Depressive Episode, anxiety disorders, and learning disorders are coded on __________.
111.
axis I
112.
axis II
113.
axis III
114.
axis IV
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 111.
In the DSMIV, medical conditions are coded on ___________.
112.
axis I
113.
axis II
114.
axis III
115.
axis V
ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual 112. Keno’s depression began following his recent divorce and subsequent homelessness. The events of divorce and homelessness are coded on ____________ in DSMIV.
113.
axis II
114.
axis III
115.
axis IV
116.
axis V
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Applied 113. One of the most unreliable categories in current classification is in the area of _____________. 114.
schizophrenia
115.
anxiety disorders
116.
mood disorders
117.
personality disorders
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 5; APALO: 4.2.c MSC: TYPE: Factual ESSAY 1. Marisa goes to see a psychologist because she has been having some acute distress and seems overwhelmed. Describe the process that Marisa’s psychologist will use to reach a diagnosis and develop a treatment plan. ANS: Marisa will be asked to describe her problem and any symptoms she is experiencing. She will relate all concerns regarding her behavior and thinking to the clinician, who will assess Marisa’s behavior and communication during
the interview. The clinician will form an initial diagnosis and those areas that need to be ruled out. The clinician may do various types of psychological assessment to help determine the diagnosis. Where appropriate, certain neuropsychological testing or neuro imaging may be done, The clinician will evaluate all assessment data and reach a diagnosis that will be presented in a multiaxial format. Based on the diagnosis and possible theoretical orientation of the clinician, a treatment plan will be developed. The clinician will take into account the research data on the effectiveness of certain treatments for certain disorders. 2. Describe the major objectives and typical procedures of the mental status exam. Be sure to include the typical activities of the examiner and the intended outcomes of the process. ANS: Mental status exams cover the following five categories: Appearance and behavior. The clinician records the client’s dress, appearance, and motor actions. Thought processes. The clinician listens to the patient talk in order to assess the rate and content of his/her speech. Mood and affect. The clinician observes the patient’s emotion, and actions regarding his/her feelings.
Intellectual functioning. The clinician assesses the client’s vocabulary, memory, and overall intellectual functioning. Sensorium. The client’s general awareness of his/her surroundings is assessed. The mental status exam is done to allow the clinician to make a preliminary determination of the areas of the patient’s behavior and condition that should be assessed further. 3. Projective tests such as the Thematic Apperception Test and the original Rorschach inkblot test are often criticized with regard to their reliability. Explain why the reliability of these tests may not be as good as a personality measure such as the MMPI. ANS: Projective tests are based on the use of ambiguous stimuli onto which the client projects his/her own personality and unconscious fears and so reveal unconscious thoughts to the therapist. The TAT, which uses pictures as stimuli, and the Rorschach, which uses inkblots as stimuli, are both subject to variation in their administration and interpretation. Consequently, they are less reliable than more objective assessments such as the MMPI, which consists of multiplechoice questions and has clear norms and guidelines for its interpretation. 4. The DSMIV is based on a multiaxial system. Explain the content of each axis and its contribution to understanding the patient. ANS:
The five components of the DSMIV listed below allow individuals with possible psychological disorders to be rated on five different dimensions, in order to facilitate diagnosis and treatment decisions. Axis I is used to rate a client’s major condition or disorder. Axis II is used to record enduring conditions such as personality disorders or mental retardations. Axis III is used to record a client’s physical or health condition. Axis IV reflects psychosocial and environmental problems that might have an impact on a disorder. Axis V indicates the client’s current level of adaptive functioning. 5. Labeling a patient with a diagnosis is often referred to as a “double edged sword” as the diagnostic label can both help and hurt the patient. Explain the advantages and disadvantages (to the patient) of a diagnostic label. ANS: The use of labels in diagnosis allows clinicians to formulate and compare diagnoses and to select treatment approaches. However, many psychological disorders carry with them significant stigma. Therefore, the label may diminish the client’s selfesteem or result in him/her being treated poorly by others. Incorrect labels can also result in ineffective or harmful treatment choices. CHAPTER 5: ANXIETY AND ITS DISORDERS
MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following characterizes the moodstate known as anxiety? 2. Positive mood state 3. Reduced heart rate 4. Apprehension about the future 5. Muscle relaxation ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. Anxiety is closely related to which of the following psychological disorders? 3. Schizophrenia 4. Depression 5. Dementia 6. Psychosis ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual
3. People behave best when they are ___________. 4. very anxious 5. not anxious at all 6. a little anxious 7. fearful ANS: C DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. When people are anxious, they 5. know it is irrational, but can’t help it. 6. believe their feelings are rational. 7. have trouble recognizing reality. 8. don’t realize they are feeling anxious. ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 5. Anxiety is thought to be a____________ state, while fear is more_______. 6. futureoriented; immediate
7. shortterm; longterm 8. real; irrational 9. immediate; futureoriented ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 6. The “flight or fight” response that is triggered by anxiety primarily involves the ____________ nervous system. 7. autonomic 8. parasympathetic 9. peripheral 10.
somatic
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 7. “I’ve got to get out of here right now, or I may not make it!” This statement is most likely to be said by someone experiencing a(n) 8. episode of depression. 9. futureoriented mood state. 10.
fear reaction.
11.
parasympathetic “surge.”
ANS: C DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied 8. ____________ is characterized by apprehension because of future unpredictability, whereas ____________ is characterized by strong escapist tendencies. 9. Anxiety; fear 10.
Fear; anxiety
11.
Psychoses; neuroses
12.
neuroses; psychoses
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 9. Which of the following is NOT a basic type of panic attack? 10.
Situation bound
11.
Unexpected
12.
Situation predisposed
13.
Situation inevitable
ANS: D DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 10. Mrs. Pan has an anxiety disorder in which she has occasional panic attacks when shopping at the mall. This type of panic attack is referred to as _______________. 11.
uncued
12.
situationally predisposed
13.
cued
14.
situationally bound
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied
11.
Which type of panic attack is most closely related to phobias?
12.
Situationally predisposed
13.
Situationally bound
14.
Unexpected
15.
Uncued
ANS: B DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual 12. Lawanda was walking down the street on a bright sunny day when, all of a sudden, she had an abrupt attack of intense fear that totally surprised her. This is what type of panic attack? 13.
Situationally predisposed
14.
Situationally bound
15.
Cued
16.
Uncued
ANS: D DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied 13. Hideki was attending his fifth baseball game at Condor Stadium, where he had previously had a panic attack. He did not know if he would have a panic attack today, but shortly after entering the stadium, he did. This type of panic attack is ____________. 14.
situationally predisposed
15.
situationally bound
16.
cued
17.
uncued
ANS: A DIF: Moderate OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Applied 14. According to the DSMIVTR criteria, the symptoms of a panic attack develop abruptly and reach a peak within _____ minute(s). 15.
1
16.
10
17.
30
18.
60
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual
15.
Fear activates a
16.
surge of autonomic energy so we can flee.
17.
psychological but not physiological response.
18.
physiological but not psychological response.
19.
decrease in autonomic energy so we can flee.
ANS: A DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 16. Research suggests that we inherit a tendency to be tense, which is ____________. 17.
caused by a single gene
18.
caused by multiple genes
19.
related to depression
20.
related to schizophrenia
ANS: B DIF: Easy OBJ: 1; APALO: 1.2.a(3) MSC: TYPE: Factual