Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
Prepared by LUC in association with Christopher Dingwall, Heritage Consulting and Donald Rodger Associates June 2014
Project Title: Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan Client: The Rural Development Trust and the Clyde and Avon Valley Landscape Partnership
Version
Date
Version Details
Prepared by
Checked by
Approved by Principal
V1
January 2014
First Draft
LUC
LUC
MT
V2
February 2014
Consultation Draft
LUC
LUC
MT
V3
March 2014
Final Draft
LUC
MT
MT
V4
June 2014
Final Report
LUC
MT
MT
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Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
Prepared by LUC in association with Christopher Dingwall, Heritage Consulting and Donald Rodger Associates June 2014
Planning & EIA Design Landscape Planning Landscape Management Ecology Mapping & Visualisation
LUC GLASGOW 37 Otago Street Glasgow G12 8JJ Tel: 0141 334 9595 Fax: 0141 334 7789 glasgow@landuse.co.uk
Offices also in: London Bristol Edinburgh FS 566056 EMS 566057
Land Use Consultants Ltd Registered in England Registered number: 2549296 Registered Office: 43 Chalton Street London NW1 1JD LUC uses 100% recycled paper
Contents 1
Introduction
5
2
Understanding the Asset
6
3
Statement of Significance
25
4
Risks and Opportunities
29
5
Conservation Aims and Objectives
31
1
Introduction
1.1
This Conservation Management Plan for the Chatelherault designed landscape has been prepared by LUC in association with Christopher Dingwall, Rob Robinson of Heritage Consulting and Donald Rodger of Donald Rodger Associates, on behalf of the Rural Development Trust in partnership with Clyde and Avon Valley Landscape Partnership (CAVLP), South Lanarkshire Council (SLC) and South Lanarkshire Leisure & Culture Ltd.
1.2
Chatelherault is part of the former extensive designed landscape pertaining to Hamilton Palace previously situated in the floor of the Clyde Valley to the north. Hamilton Palace was demolished in 1927 and subsequently much of the lower parkland was developed as Hamilton expanded. To the south, the hunting lodge at Chatelherault and its associated designed landscape, which overlaid an earlier, medieval landscape, has been retained and now encompasses the Chatelherault Country Park, part of the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve, Avon Braes, Cadzow Castle, Cadzow Oaks, a Golf Course and neighbouring farmland. It therefore represents a nationally important resource for heritage, recreation, education and wildlife. The study area for the CMP is shown on Figure 1, and includes the Chatelherault Garden and Designed Landscape, with the exception of Fairholm to the south-east. Fairholm is not included as it has been a separate estate for centuries.
1.3
The purpose of the Conservation Management Plan is to provide a strategic vision for the conservation of the designed landscape and a framework for future management activities. It will also inform the development of a Long Term Forest Management Plan and Recreation Management Plan for Chatelherault Country Park. These are to be developed on the basis of this Conservation Management Plan and the Forest Plan currently being developed by Eamonn Wall. Opportunities for volunteering and local community involvement in the development and implementation of management actions will be identified, and it is the intention that this potential will be harnessed to help conserve the designed landscape and sustain the woodland resource into the future.
1.4
The Conservation Management Plan has been prepared to support the implementation of the Heritage Lottery Fund (HLF) Landscape Partnership Programme for the Clyde and Avon Valleys. The main aim of the Partnership is to conserve and enhance the landscape of the Clyde and Avon Valleys, which has been recognised as an Area of Great Landscape Value within the planning policies of both North and South Lanarkshire Councils. The Partnership Scheme can bring additional funding to enhance and maintain designed landscapes such as Chatelherault that contribute to the scenic value and landscape character of the Landscape Partnership area.
1.5
The development of the Conservation Management Plan within the wider programme of the CAVLP has provided an important opportunity to streamline with the vision, aims and objectives of the Landscape Partnership. This Conservation Management Plan contributes to project proposals throughout the Landscape Partnership delivery programme, including identifying opportunities for community engagement and involvement in the management of the Landscape Partnership area.
1.6
The CMP has been developed in accordance with HLF guidelines and Historic Scotland guidance on preparation of conservation management plans1, to address the specific requirements for the client brief which include the following outputs:
Conservation Management Plan for the Country Park and Designed Landscape which will describe and assess its significance, outline aims for conservation and future management and prepare an action plan to deliver theses aims;
Audit of historical access routes and assessment of current demands to inform SLLT’s recreation Plan;
Identification of potential sources of funding to help deliver the CMP Action Plan;
Recommendations for activities by trainees and community volunteers that could assist in the delivery of CMP Action Plan proposals;
Public Information Programme comprising an interpretive event and temporary exhibition of study findings at Chatelherault Country Park.
1 Historic Scotland. 2000. Conservation Plans: a Guide to the Preparation of Conservation Plans
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2
2.8
Understanding the Asset
The names of the various landscape features, taken from archive records and historic maps, are set out on Figure 3.
History 2.9
An Overview 2.1
The Chatelherault designed landscape is a large and important part of the former Hamilton Palace estate, which in turn overlays a significant medieval landscape associated with Cadzow Castle. . Hamilton Palace was historically set within an extensive area of parkland (Hamilton Low Parks) in the floor of the Clyde Valley to the north west. The Palace was demolished due to instability from coal mining in the 1927 and much of the Low Parks were subsequently altered or lost to landfill then development. Chatelherault was built as a striking terminus to the view southwards from the Palace and this axis was lined by a Grand Avenue of lime trees, some remnants of which still remain on the slopes below Chatelherault (and to the north of the former palace). Chatelherault was designed as a hunting lodge for the 5 th Duke of Hamilton by William Adam in 1732 and is an appropriately grand counter point to the lost palace. It occupies the high ground between the Clyde and Avon Valleys, and is now a prominent feature in views from Hamilton, Strathclyde Country Park and from stretches of the M74.
2.2
The hunting lodge is Grade A listed and has been restored. It now functions as the focus of the country park and provides a range of visitor facilities. Its restored gardens are also an attraction making the hunting lodge area a ‘honeypot’ for the park’s many visitors.
2.3
The area’s earlier history is also of interest, with Cadzow Castle (historically referred to only as ‘the castle in the woods’) overlooking the gorge, with its associations with the kings of Scotland, and still earlier evidence of park pales around a deer park and an iron age fort. These nationally scheduled sites illustrate that this area has been of strategic importance and a valued landscape since the medieval times.
2.4
Chatelherault is notable for its nature conservation values recognised by the presence of the National Nature Reserve, SAC and SSSIs (Hamilton High Parks, Cadzow Oaks), as well as several listed buildings and structures and three Scheduled Ancient Monuments (see Figure 2). These designations reflect the significance of the gorge and policy woodlands, which are of plantation and semi natural origin. The ancient Cadzow Oaks are especially interesting and represent living historical features of the landscape, dating from the 15th century or possibly earlier.
2.6
The designed landscape is also an important resource for public recreation and education. It has an extensive access network which accommodates walkers, cyclists, equestrians and special interest visitors. This allows circular routes and affords dramatic or scenic views from numerous vantage points, several of which have historic significance. The access network and other facilities make the site a valuable resource for education supported by SLC and SNH within the Country Park and NNR. Interpretation within the visitor centre and in signage within the park is useful educational resource which helps audience understanding and appreciation of the landscape. The recent development of the National Cycle Route 74 link reinforces the sites importance and the high visitor numbers (670,000) are a testament to how highly valued the site is to its local communities.
2.7
Woodland Clearance and Medieval Settlement
The heritage significance of the designed landscape, together with its importance scenically and as a focus for public recreation / education determines that it is rightly subject to careful conservation and management.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
2.10
Prior to human settlement, the area around Hamilton would have been well wooded. There is existing evidence of prehistoric settlement and cultivation at the Cadzow earthworks. The lower part of the Clyde Valley, near a strategic north-south route between England and Scotland, became a focus of strategic settlement from earliest times. Cadzow Castle, built in the 12th century overlooked the gorge, in a strong strategic location (which later became a picturesque location).
2.11
Although those areas which possessed better soils would have been cleared for grazing and cultivation during medieval times, as remnant rig-and-furrow areas show, there is evidence that woodland was valued both as a resource and as hunting forest. Cadzow Castle was therefore set at the transition from wooded gorge to plateau parkland. The enclosure of the deer park around Cadzow is thought to date from the mid-15th century, and some of the Cadzow oaks are known to date back to the 15th century. The physical remains of the deer park include sections of medieval park pale that run from the Daurlin Burn to Cock Syke to the west of Cadzow Castle. The existence of extensive woodland is backed up by early map evidence, including Pont’s map dating from the 1590s, with a large area of woodland depicted in an otherwise mostly treeless landscape. Establishing the framework c.1700 to c.1730
The Chatelherault designed landscape is an Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes listed site assessed as ‘Outstanding’ as a Work of Art, for its Historical significance; its Architectural quality; its Scenic Values and Nature Conservation Values. Only for Horticulture does it warrant a lower rating. The designed landscape is extensive (c.710 ha), covering land on both sides of the Avon Gorge, as far as Meikle Glen in the west and the A72 in the east. It encompasses significant areas of woodland and parkland with ancient trees and contains exceptional built heritage in the form of the Hunting Lodge, Cadzow Castle, the Duke’s Bridge, the Duke’s Monument, farm and lodge buildings and many landscape structures together with sites of archaeological interest. The designed landscape also contains the Country Park with its car parks and recreation facilities, a golf course, agricultural land and commercial woodland.
2.5
An account of the history of Chatelherault landscape is set out in this section, with more detail derived from documentary and map evidence found in Appendix 1. Chatelherault has been mentioned in archives and in descriptive writings since the late 17th century, and some of these are cited in Appendix 2.
6
2.12
In the early 18th century, following James 4th Duke of Hamilton’s accession to the title in 1704, and with the influence of Duchess Anne (wife of the 3rd Duke), the landscape designer Alexander Edward (16511708), was commissioned to prepare proposals to bring the Low Parks and High Parks into a single unified design around Hamilton Palace. Edward’s design involved an extension of the grand double avenue south from the palace, across the Avon Water by Old Avon Bridge to and beyond the site of the hunting lodge of Chatelherault (which was built later). Another avenue ran from the palace across through woodland to the west of the Avon Water, leading to a large rond-point, with eleven radiating vistas. Although Edward’s ambitious scheme was not implemented in full beyond the Grand Avenue, it certainly influenced later developments, and provided the basis of the landscape of today.
2.13
Chatelherault is one of the earliest garden buildings in Scotland to juxtapose a formal landscape with the sublime. It was designed by William Adam for James 5th Duke of Hamilton and built between 1732 and 1744. Adam’s siting of Chatelherault on the crest of a ridge within the High Parks provided the Duke of Hamilton with a hunting lodge and banqueting house in the middle of his extensive hunting park; it provided a dramatic termination or eye-catcher at the end of the great South Avenue, when viewed from Hamilton Palace; it provided a viewpoint over the Duke of Hamilton’s land down to the River Clyde; and it provided a safe position from which to view the Avon Gorge.
2.14
William Roy’s Military Survey of Scotland (c.1750) shows various mid-18th century alterations to the landscape, including avenues, vistas and walls. Around this time, alterations were made to Cadzow Castle to ‘improve’ the ruin as a landscape feature and a focus for views across the gorge. Roy’s map shows the southern extension of the Grand Avenue, terminating on Chatelherault, with a bowling green to the north and walled gardens to the south. It also shows a rond-point to the south-east of Chatelherault which is now called Belvidere.
2.15
A carriage drive was formed along the rim of the Avon Gorge, leading southward from Chatelherault on the east bank of the Avon Water upriver as far as Fairholm, before crossing the river and returning down the west bank, past Cadzow Castle, to Avon Bridge. This addition to the landscape, clearly drawn on William Douglas’s plan of 1776, is commented on by several visitors (see Appendix 2). Douglas’s plan also records further enclosure and planting across the High Parks during the 18th century, with named fields/parks divided by fences or strips of woodland, some of which mark the lines of the tributary burns feeding the Avon Water. The sinuous edges to plantations, and clumps of trees in the parks reflect the
June 2014
2.16
changing fashion of the period, and the rise of informal and more naturalistic parkland scenery, though the great South Avenue remained.
Site Appraisal
By the end of the 18th century, it would seem that the Hamilton Estate, including the High and Low Parks was in good shape, deriving much of its income from its tenanted farms and productive woodland. It was a landscape both functional and ornamental, within which successive Dukes were able to display their good taste and stewardship, as well as to exercise their fondness for hunting.
Topographic and Geological context 2.26
A key characteristic of the Chatelherault landscape is its topography. It is located at the southern edge of the Glasgow Basin, overlooking the expanse of Glasgow on the Clyde, with views north to the Kilsyth Hills and Campsie Fells. At this point on the edge of the basin, the rivers cut deep into the surrounding rock, forming narrow, gorge-like V shaped valleys, of distinctly different character from broad, flat bottomed U shaped valleys formed by glacial erosion. The Avon Water cuts deep into the plateau that marks the southern edge of the basin, as does the Meikle Burn to the west, much like other tributaries of the Clyde. These deeply incised valleys are unstable and too steep for cultivation, so are wooded and left relatively undisturbed. Either side, however, are the rolling lowlands of the plateau, fertile and accessible, and desirable in historic times for strongholds and rich agriculture.
2.27
Within the boundary of the Chatelherault designed landscape the plateau areas reach a maximum height of c.130m AOD on the south western boundary and are generally between 80m and 120m AOD. For much of the gorge’s length the edge of the plateau is between 90m and 100m AOD, and the Avon Water flows some 60m lower within its incised channel. This topography determines that the gorge slopes are very steep or precipitous and the bedrock has minimal or no soil cover. The steepest slopes are in the section of the gorge to the immediate south and south-west of the Hunting Lodge, around Cadzow Castle. The Duke’s Bridge occupies such a location and allows visitors to experience the dramatic topography whilst taking advantage of the narrow channel to provide a high level crossing. The severity of the slopes has been a constraint to access along the valley sides and consequently the main routes run along the rim of the plateau. Routes within the gorge are generally cut into the slopes; some of these ramp down to low level bridge crossings, as at the White and Green Bridges. These steep slopes are inherently unstable and this is locally exacerbated by ground water seepage and drainage from the adjacent plateau fields which creates local waterlogging and small watercourses down the gorge slopes. Climate change has seen more extreme patterns of weather in recent years and ground stability continues to be a major concern along the gorge. The White Bridge is currently inaccessible due to a landslip and such occurrences are predicted elsewhere unless preventative measures can be implemented.
Changing aspirations, changing priorities – c.1800 -c.1900 2.17
It was Alexander 10th Duke of Hamilton, who is credited with the next major interventions in the Hamilton landscape. He revived William Adam’s unexecuted plans for the palace, commissioning the construction of Hamilton Mausoleum near the palace, and made further additions to the dilapidated ruin of Cadzow Castle to create a picturesque feature.
2.18
An estate plan dating from 1840, on which areas of woodland in the gorge are marked for felling, indicates that the views over the gorge from the carriage drive were important. The First Edition Ordnance Survey dated 1858, shows the High Parks landscape as it would have been at its height, shortly after the 10th Duke’s death. This map however, shows comparatively minor changes and additions made to the structure of the landscape as mapped in 1776.
2.19
William 11th Duke of Hamilton commissioned the Duke’s Bridge, giving direct access across the river to Cadzow Castle. The bridge is shown in pencil marks on Bauchop’s plan of 1835. Not long after his death in 1863, the Duke’s Monument, designed by the Scottish architect David Thomson (1831-1910), was built in a commanding position overlooking the gorge.
2.20
There is little about the High Parks that can be attributed to William 12 th Duke of Hamilton, who had a reputation for ‘idleness and dissipation’, combined with a love of hunting and horse-racing, and left the estate in debt. During this time, industry begin to encroach on the High Parks, in the form of coal and ironstone mining, gravel quarrying and railway development. In the final few decades of the 19th century, deep mining of the abundant coal seams spread below the Hamilton policies. However, the decline had begun by 1882. 20th Century
2.21
Although Alfred Douglas 13th Duke of Hamilton paid off the debt which he had inherited in 1895, the family moved away from Hamilton. During the First World War, Hamilton Palace served as a military hospital. In 1919, the decision was taken to demolish the building, supposedly rendered unstable by subsidence caused by the coal mines, and demolition was complete by 1922. The early 20th century saw further encroachment by industry on the parkland and policies, particularly with the gravel quarries that took up the parkland to the north of Chatelherault, and at the same time maintenance of the wider estate declined. Although both Chatelherault and the Hamilton Mausoleum came under threat of demolition, both buildings have survived and have been restored.
2.28
The plateau areas are generally covered in boulder clays and morainic drifts including pockets of glacial sands and gravels. The broader Clyde Valley to the north of the confluence with the Avon Water contains both glacial and alluvial deposits in the valley floor. These are supportive of agriculture, although the heavier clays create some localise waterlogging. Although much of the eastern parkland around Chatelherault has been altered by early 20th century mining (as described below), the western parks are less affected by mining and retain evidence of medieval landuse in the form of the earthworks around Cadzow Castle, the earthworks and fort site among the ancient Oaks, the park pales and rig and furrow field systems.
2.22
Hamilton Golf Club, founded in 1892, and formerly located on the Hamilton Low Parks, moved to the High Parks to a new golf course designed by James Braid in 1925. Although Braid’s course survives more or less unaltered, new planting has turned the original parkland into more of a woodland course.
2.29
2.23
Inter-war photographs show the courtyard garden and terraces garden at Chatelherault in good condition, with well-maintained flower-borders. However, when the Hamilton family moved away in 1946, the estate and gardens deteriorated. Photographs dating from 1969-1980 show a neglected garden with only a few shrubs surviving.
The geology has been well studied in the Chatelherault area because of the presence of coal in the Upper Carboniferous age (Westphalian) sedimentary rocks. It has also been extensively mined, causing significant problems for the buildings above ground. Hamilton Palace was undermined, and became unstable, and had to be demolished. The Lodge at Chatelherault has also been victim to subsidence, which can be seen in the lodge buildings that do not stand vertical. Restoration works to Chatelherault consolidated the buildings and the ground below, so that they are now stable, but not sitting horizontal or vertical. Many a visitor is confused by the leaning of the west pavilion, but to roll a penny across the floor is to believe.
2.24
Following the death of the 14th Duke in 1973, his trustees the historic core of the estate, including the High Parks, was sold to the Secretary of State for Scotland with the help of the National Land Fund, and Chatelherault Country Park was formed. Other parts of the estate are now owned by private landowners. Chatelherault underwent a huge renovation project in the 1980s, with consolidation and renovation of the buildings, and reinstatement of paths and access, as well as the introduction of visitor facilities and exhibition. The gardens around the lodge were also renovated, albeit with more formal parterre gardens rather than flower or rose beds. Planting plans were extensively researched, and designed to be authentic to the 19th century origins of the Hunting Lodge.
2.30
Mining and quarrying elsewhere on the estate has left its mark also, with surface workings changing the local topography and leaving disturbances, deep mining leaving shafts, and numerous traces of railways and tracks that were used to transport the coal out to both east and west. Within the immediate vicinity of the Hunting Lodge the ground to the north was excavated as a large sand pit in the first half of the 20th century. This significantly modified the slopes, removing the gently sloping parkland, avenue trees and bowling green enclosure to the north of the Hunting Lodge. This area was later restored as parkland but the quarrying has resulted in the ground dropping steeply below the Hunting Lodge, changing the historic relationship between the building and its lower parks which previously had a gentle transition
2.25
Since then Chatelherault has been in slight decline, due to reducing maintenance resourcing under South Lanarkshire Council.
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and a bowling green – a ‘smooth lawn the sides of which are sloped2’ immediately to the north of the building. 2.31
The ground was also quarried to the south-east of the Hunting Lodge creating a depression in which the visitor car park has been discreetly located. This quarry also severed the relationship between the building and the parkland to the south-east, a situation that is still present. The 19th Century Designed Landscape in Context
2.32
2.33
The landscape has its roots in it dramatic topography, which has been used in strategic ways since early settlement. The earthworks and Cadzow Castle used the gorge edges as strategic observation and defense locations, later to be used as picturesque foci to views. The medieval forests and deer parks were important to the standing and food resource for Cadzow Castle, and were a valued part of the medieval landscape.
The elements of that designed landscape that remain today are few, and though the structure and key formal features can still be seen, there are less obvious features that could be re-emphasised. The key elements include the hunting lodge and its immediate formal surroundings of walled gardens and enclosures, and the formal double avenue, the Grand Avenue that leads north to the site of the former Hamilton Palace. The estate wall that surrounding the Chatelherault area is the formal boundary to the estate, seen all along Carlisle Road, although in poor repair further south. The estate wall on the west side is visible from Carscallan Road, and has a lower impact at a distance.
2.35
Other elements are less easy to recognise in the current landscape. These include the sinuous path around the gorge, which was designed to create a ride to show off the picturesque views of the gorge. This route, the ‘Avon Ride’3 ran along the edge of the gorge where the topography was easier, and was bounded by a hedge for much of its length, with formal plantings of trees along the path in other sections. Certain locations would have formed viewpoints or peeps, and keeping the woodland from obscuring the views was an issue in 1840, as indicated by the plan of that date instructing that various areas of woodland to be felled for the views, and woodland obscuring views is certainly a problem today.
2.36
Along the gorge, the views would have focussed upon various features, not just the river, but Cadzow Castle, the bridges, and later the Duke’s Monument. These built elements are hard to see when walking round the gorge at present.
2.37
Other elements in the landscape, formed part of historical field patterns and shelterbelts. These include the wall through Hamilton High Parks, the shelterbelt woodlands to the south-east of the estate, designed in 1835, and the old sycamores to the east of the hunting lodge and on the golf course, that were field boundary trees. These sycamores and the High Parks wall marked a former, smaller estate boundary that preceded the estate wall that included the South, Mid and North Chases and Belvidere Plantation. There is archival reference to the removal of stone from the wall along the golf course boundary to be used to build the wall along the Carlisle Road4.
The Avon Gorge and the picturesque journey around it;
The functional agricultural landscape;
Mining;
Quarrying;
Restoration and the Country Park.
2.39
Notable historic features are shown on Figures 2 and 3 and listed in the Gazetteer; these include Scheduled Ancient Monuments, Cadzow Castle, Chatelherault, the Old Avon, Duke’s, White and Green Bridges, and stone estate walls. Other structures include historic tree lines and industrial features relating to the mining or quarrying.
2.40
The main listed architectural features and structures are mostly in reasonable condition (with the exception of Cadzow Castle and the White Bridge) but some repairs as well as an on-going maintenance approach is necessary. Detailed condition surveys for structures are outwith the scope of this study. In addition, there may be other unknown archaeological features, particularly around the medieval landscape near Cadzow.
However, it is the 19th century designed landscape that is most evident today to most visitors. Hamilton Palace was the focus of the 19th century designed landscape, and the hunting lodge, Chatelherault, was built as a striking terminus to the view southwards from the Palace with an axis lined by the Grand Avenue. Chatelherault occupies the high ground between the Clyde and Avon Valleys, with views north over the Glasgow Basin, and, formerly, views over the Avon Gorge.
2.34
Hamilton High Parks, Earthwork 475m NE of High Parks Farm (index 10727) 2.41
These earthworks are large mounds located to the south of Cadzow Castle, were four ancient oaks grow. The earthworks lie just within the Country Park, and are largely grass covered, although the main path (part of the Avon Ride) passes around the earthworks. There is some wear of grass due to visitors to the oaks, and grass is poor below the tree canopies. The ancient oaks are rooted in the earthworks, but have been for the last 5-7 centuries. There is no proposal to remove the oaks, but no new trees should be allowed to grow in this area. Removal of self-seeded small trees would avoid further subsurface damage. Historic Scotland should be invited to visit the site and advise relating to the need for tree removal. Prior consent will be required for works in this area. Hamilton High Parks, Park Pale (index 10733)
2.42
The ancient park pales are represented by two short sections of earthworks on High Parks Farm ground. These represent the upstanding remnants of a medieval park boundary, that ran between the Daurlin Burn and Cock Syke watercourses, cutting off an area of parkland. The park pales would have been a ditch and a bank, topped with a fence to contain game stock. The remaining sections are at the ends of the traceable route, either covered with rough grass, or under coniferous plantations. Strong root growth of coniferous trees, and the threat of windblow mean that subsurface remains are at risk. Historic Scotland should be invited to visit the site and advise relating to the need for tree removal in these areas (without subsurface damage). Prior consent from Historic Scotland will be required where trees are on or close to Scheduled Monuments.
Historic Structures 2.38
Historic structures in the landscape relate to the different ages in the continued history of this area:
The earthworks/iron age fort;
Cadzow Castle with the defensive ditch, chapel and well;
The medieval park pales;
Chatelherault and the extension of the formal landscape out from Hamilton Palace (mid 18th century);
2 Garnett, 1800, Observations on a Tour through the Highlands… of Scotland (1811) 3 The Avon Ride, often referred to in historical accounts as a coach ride, is referred to using several names today, including the Huntsman’s
Ride, Riccarton Path, Claybank Braes Path, Greenbridge Trail and Daurlin’ Ride. 4 Burrel notebooks 1778.
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Cadzow Castle (index 90342)
Lodge comprises two pavilions and a curtain wall between them, with a number of smaller buildings behind (south), and walled gardens and white gates. The hunting lodge and associated buildings house the main visitor facilities for the Country Park, exhibition space, auditorium, shop, café and offices. 2.47
The views from the Hunting Lodge northwards look down the Grand Avenue towards the site of the former Hamilton Palace, now obscured by modern sports hall and retail buildings. The Hamilton Mausoleum is a notable landmark, to the east of where the Palace stood.
2.48
The terrace to the west of the Hunting Lodge originally had views over the Avon Gorge towards the Duke’s Bridge and Cadzow Castle. These are now fully obscured by trees, both immediately below the terrace and coniferous trees planted on the gorge slopes. Views would also have extended southwards over the agricultural land that is now golf course. Duke’s Monument
2.49
The Duke’s monument near Barncluith was designed by David Thomson to commemorate the 11th Duke after his death in 1863. The monument is sited strategically to command views along the Avon gorge and to provide a new architectural landmark in the form of a circular temple. This comprises ornate sandstone plinth, roof and cornice with polished pink granite columns. The ceiling is domed beneath a shallow conical roof structure which is covered in lead sheet. The monument used to house a bronze bust of the 11th Duke but this has been removed for safe storage leaving a vacant pedestal in the centre. The monument floor is elevated and is accessed by a single flight of steps on the uphill side of the structure. The monument floor is of sandstone and this is enclosed by a parapet wall with integrated seats between the columns. The monument appears to be in stable condition with no evidence of cracking or instability, but some minor vandalism has taken place. Ground instability on the valley side is however a potential risk in the longer term; this will require monitoring and the careful consideration of impacts from woodland management operations in the local area, especially on drainage.
2.50
Views to and from this fine monument are currently compromised by forestry trees and self-seeded vegetation. This deserves careful clearance and management to restore view-lines and to remove potential threats to the structural integrity of the monument. The two Lawson cypress trees which flank the approach to the monument were planted to frame the monument, but now pose a structural threat and obscure views of the inscriptions around the monument. These trees should be removed.
Cadzow Castle from the Duke’s Bridge
2.43
The ruins of the medieval Cadzow Castle were once a prominent feature of the picturesque landscape, overlooking the gorge and visible from the Hunting Lodge on the opposite side of the Avon. Since the addition of the Duke’s Bridge in 1868 it has been of greater prominence. The castle ruins represent the remains of a 16th century fort which has been modified over the centuries and latterly left as a romantic ruin.
2.44
The castle ruins are now largely enclosed by security fencing due to the unstable condition of the walls. This prevents public access to and around the castle site. The ruins are substantially overgrown and difficult to interpret due to the vegetation cover and due to the 19 th century alterations which sought to make the ruin a more picturesque feature at the expense of its authenticity. The visual context has also changed with the introduction of coniferous forestry in the surrounding areas. This now prevents views of the castle from the Hunting Lodge and severs the historic relationship between the Castle and the ancient oak woodland.
2.45
Trees growing on scheduled and unscheduled sections of the castle elements and outer ward pose a threat to below-ground archaeology, through damage by root growth, and upheaval when the trees fall. Historic Scotland advise that some of these trees should be felled, and others monitored. No new planting should be done near the castle, and regeneration should be prevented across the outer ward. Further investigations will be required to identify specific tree risks. In addition, an informal path across the earthworks in the outer ward is causing erosion to the remains, and Historic Scotland should be consulted regarding potential mitigation. All works require prior consent.
The plinth for the duke’s bust
2.51
Lawson cypress adjacent to the monument
There is a seating area a short distance to the south of the monument, with a key view down the Avon Water towards the viaduct and Old Avon Bridge as well as important glimpses of the Duke’s Monument. This viewpoint would benefit from woodland clearance to enhance the existing vistas.
Chatelherault Hunting Lodge 2.46
The Hunting Lodge was designed by William Adam, Scotland’s leading architect of the 18th Century, as a focus to the grand avenue from Hamilton Palace, and to house the a banqueting hall for hunting parties, as well as the kennels and hunting stables. It was completed in 1734. This building was fully restored and consolidated in the 1980s, and is in good condition, except for minor wear and tear. The Hunting
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The Old Avon Bridge with damage to the cope stones
Avon Rail Bridge
Views (or lack thereof) of the Duke’s Monument
2.54
Duke’s Bridge 2.52
The Duke’s Bridge is a significant masonry structure spanning the gorge at high level and providing an excellent vantage point for those tall enough to see over the parapet walls. This impressive structure was built in 1858 by the 11th Duke of Hamilton and comprises a four-arched crossing of the gorge c.40m above the river level. The structure is built of squared sandstone and the bridge deck is c.4m wide, covered in bitmac and with parapet walls surmounted by later horizontal safety rails. It is an important part of the access infrastructure at Chatelherault used for pedestrian and cyclist access across the gorge from the main facilities at the Hunting Lodge. It is also used for maintenance and emergency access by South Lanarkshire Council and is subject to routine inspections to determine its stability and safety for public access. The bridge has some minor damage to cope stones which would warrant indentation repairs and it would benefit from some painting to the metalwork to prevent further corrosion.
To the west of the Old Avon Bridge is the rail bridge built in the latter part of the 19 th century. This is a significant 4 arched masonry bridge carrying the railway line to Hamilton. The river is spanned by the two main (central) arches, while the two side arches span the valley side slopes. On the southern side of the Avon the former mineral line was bridged by the outer arch of the rail bridge and this route remains as a riverside footpath. The latter therefore passes under the rail bridge and this is another interesting feature of the designed landscape’s access network.
Stonework and railings of the Duke’s Bridge showing damage
The Old Avon Bridge 2.53
The Old Avon Bridge at the north end of the Chatelherault designed landscape provides an important public access link from Hamilton to the Country Park. This is a handsome three arched bridge in cream sandstone. It originally provided the main access route over the Avon Water in this vicinity, serving pedestrian, equestrian and vehicular traffic. It retains a pavement of granite setts which add to its character. Unfortunately the setting of this bridge has been severely compromised by 20 th century developments on the north side of the Avon Water, and this has been detrimental to the approach and to the visual impact of the old bridge. The bridge is nevertheless in sound condition overall but has minor damage to cope stones. There is evidence of recent replacement of cope and wall stones to the eastern side of the bridge.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
The Avon Rail Bridge from the Mineral Railway
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The White Bridge
The Green Bridge
Green Bridge 2.58
The Daurlin Bridge from the south
Daurlin Bridge 2.55
Estate Walls and Gates
The Daurlin Bridge is located on the west side of the valley and crosses the incised channel of the Daurlin Burn, a minor tributary of the Avon. This is a small bridge with a narrow round arch built of squared masonry (sandstone). The arch is approximately 2m wide x 5m high, and the bridge deck is c. 2m wide without parapets. This historic structure was part of the Daurlin Ride, a horse riding route around the designed landscape, anecdotally followed by ladies during hunts. This characterful little bridge is still used by pedestrians but is in poor condition. It has lost former parapet walls or rails, and is heavily overgrown with moss and ferns. Significant sections of the masonry facings have become unstable and have fallen into the valley of the burn. These leave exposed areas of the bridge’s rubble core vulnerable to weathering. The arch appears however to be stable despite the loss of some stones. The current declining condition of the structure together with its lack of parapet rails makes it unsafe for pedestrian access and its heritage value is at serious risk unless intervention takes place to save the structure.
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The White Bridge occupies the site of an earlier viaduct serving mines in the area. The current wooden footbridge is consequently a later addition placed on top of the substantial masonry structures built to support the viaduct. The current footbridge comprises a softwood timber deck and parapet rails supported on steel beams. The structure spans c. 30m and the deck is c. 1m wide. This is supported on old masonry abutments on each bank, and by two masonry pillars with pointed cut-waters within the bed of the Avon Water. The old masonry structures have previously been patched with brickwork and their condition is generally deteriorating. The north abutment has partially collapsed and the remaining section of this abutment shows signs of instability. The river pillars are shaped to deflect the water flow and are intact, although suffering from significant growth of self-seeded trees which will in time de-stabilise the top sections of the pillars. The timber footbridge is narrow and showing signs of deterioration with localised damage to the deck boards and deflections in the parapet rails.
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This footbridge, until recent landslips in the valley, provided a convenient crossing of the Avon Water approximately half-way down the valley. The bridge is now closed to public access and this forces the public to follow a substantially longer circuit using the Green Bridge crossing at the south end of the Country Park. Restoration of the White Bridge will require the resolution of the substantial ground instability problems on the north bank and restoration of the masonry structures. This work is likely to also require replacement of the current footbridge.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
The limits of the Chatelherault / Hamilton Palace designed landscape were formerly defined by extensive estate walls breached by gateways at a number of strategic locations. These walls and their gateways remain important characteristic features of the Hamilton policies and serve as some measure of protection in maintaining the integrity of the landscape. The walls vary somewhat in their form and condition depending on location and age, but generally they average 2.5m in height and are built of squared rubble masonry with flat/ flagstone copes. Gateways are defined by taller ashlar sandstone pillars with ornate caps. Other Structures
White Bridge 2.56
The Green Bridge is a timber (hardwood) footbridge which is still in operation providing an essential crossing point now that the White Bridge is out of commission. It is an attractive bespoke bridge supported on three concrete piers (one in the centre of the river and one on each bank). The central pier is also surmounted by a timber ‘A’ frame structure which provides supplementary (steel) cable support for the bridge deck. The bridge deck is elevated and access is obtained via concrete steps at each end. The bridge structure and deck is of dressed timber comprising heavy sections for robustness. The bridge span is c. 40m and the deck is c. 2m wide. The resilience of the hardwood structure determines that it remains in sound condition overall, but there will be a need for on-going monitoring and maintenance to address any vandalism or signs of deterioration in the structure. The timber bridge was installed in c.1994 as a replacement for an earlier, green painted girder bridge that crossed the river at the same point.
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In addition to the above, there are numerous landscape structures and smaller architectural features which are currently overlooked and often overgrown or hidden within the woodland. These include:
Small masonry bridges and culverts over minor tributaries and surface drains. One such bridge, over Laigh Quarter Burn, is listed;
Retaining walls in masonry and brickwork, particularly around the hunting lodge;
Remnants of the mining activities and their access/ haulage infrastructure including viaduct structures (White Bridge), winch house brick structures and former dwellings at Avonbank;
Relict parkland features;
Parkland enclosure walls and gates;
Parkland fences and gates including the remains of old farm gates with stone posts.
These smaller features contribute greatly to the heritage and character of the landscape. It is evident that some of these features are suffering from self-seeded vegetation growth, water erosion, animal burrowing, vandalism and a general lack of maintenance.
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A Forest Plan is being drawn up by Eammonn Wall, providing recommendations as to potential for timber extraction from the coniferous plantations at Chatelherault, and proposals for phasing felling works. This CMP does not therefore go into detail about coniferous plantations within the woodland areas, but highlights areas that should be opened up to reveal key views/vistas or to reinstate the open setting of the Hunting Lodge to its south and west. Gorge woodlands
A gate at the Hunting Lodge
Parkland & Fields 2.62
The Hamilton Parks were once some of the best parklands in Scotland, and the setting of one of the richest palaces. During medieval times, the deer parks would have been stocked with deer for hunting parties. When the estate was at its peak in the late 18th century, the parks would have been stocked with white cattle and deer, and studded with fine trees making up avenues or hunting woods. The parks associated with Chatelherault occupy the plateau areas to the east and west of the Avon Gorge. On the western side of the Avon Gorge today’s parklands and fields overlay a more ancient agricultural landscape with evidence of occupation since prehistoric times. Since the 18th century these parks have been largely pastoral and occupied by deer and cattle. Today the parkland is largely still open, and grazed, though parts of the Country Park are maintained as amenity grassland without livestock, such as the area to the north of the Hunting Lodge along and adjacent to part of the restored Grand Avenue.
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A part of the parkland, to the south-east of Chatelherault, is now Hamilton Golf Course. The historic character of this area has been consequently modified by the introduction of linear (mostly conifer) plantings along the fairways which have subdivided the previously simple open parkland. Roundels which used to form a belt across this parkland were lost at the start of the 20th century and their location is now broadly followed by a substantial conifer belt. A single line of veteran trees, clearly defined on Douglas’s 1776 plan, used to run south east from the Hunting Lodge through the eastern parks; most of these trees have been lost although part of the golf course’s south-western boundary follows their historic alignment.
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The agricultural land that now makes up the Hamilton High Parks to the east and west of the Avon Gorge, is of high quality, and well maintained. Fields are generally in good condition and largely without drainage problems, although some localised waterlogging has occurred following blocked drains along the south side of the gorge, on North Quarter land. Inevitably drainage discharges from the fields enter the gorge via small watercourses and by groundwater migration. Heavier rainfall over recent years has consequently increased discharges onto the valley slopes and this has contributed to waterlogging and ground instability. It is possible that attenuation measures within the higher catchment areas could help to mitigate these problems.
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The gorge woodlands from the Duke’s Bridge
Field boundaries are mostly defined by post and wire fences although there are also hedges, some walls, and some with lines of mature trees. These boundary features are generally in good condition, with the notable exception of the estate wall along the eastern edge of the Belvedere Plantation, to the south of where it leaves Carlisle Road.
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The woodlands of the Avon Gorge and Meikle Glen comprise a mix of plantation and native woodland (see Figure 4). Because of the steeply incised nature of the valleys, they are too steep to cultivate and difficult to manage. This determines that many areas of plantation woodland have received little or no management and some areas may never have been under active management.
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The slopes of the Avon Gorge are most varied and comprise many woodland compartments. These compartments contain both mixed and single species; they are of: mixed broadleaves; native broadleaves; pine dominated mixed woodland; larch; spruce; spruce dominated woodland and mixed conifers. The woodlands are generally long established and much valued as part of the Clyde Valley Woodlands NNR (see Figure 2). The current mixed woodland with its understorey, leaf litter and fallen trees, provide rich habitats. The woodlands serve to stabilise the soil, although periodic, inevitable landslides occur, creating exposed areas that gradually become recolonized by woodland. Overall the biodiversity value is very high due to the long established and mature woodland soils that exist in these areas. For more recently disturbed areas, such as the coniferous plantations, soils have been disturbed and their value reduced. However, there is potential for enhancement through removal of single species planted conifers, and management that promotes native species and the recovery of balanced native woodland soil systems.
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The density of the gorge woodlands generally restricts views of the rivers and across the valley from the main footpaths. Some of the older and infirm trees close to the paths are potentially problematic in that they may present safety risks to passers-by or may fall creating damage to adjacent structures or paths. The Hazardous Tree Survey carried out in 20115 has identified a number of trees beside paths that required arboricultural works, although it has not been possible to review each of these trees in this study. Some of the longest established conifers are very tall and becoming increasingly susceptible to wind damage. This may also impact on the surrounding landscape with wind throw potentially causing damage to neighbouring trees and /or features.
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The extensive gorge woodland at Chatelherault has been described as the northern gateway to the Clyde Valley Woodlands NNR. This is an important and dramatic landscape, but only a relatively small proportion benefits from the SSSI / SAC designation (limited to the broadleaved gorge woodland in the vicinity of Duke’s bridge). Most of the Avon Braes which make up the NNR lies outwith the SSSI/SAC and the wood pasture Cadzow Oaks SSSI area is mostly outside the NNR.
Woodlands 2.66
The woodlands at Chatelherault form one of the largest areas of woodland in the area, and can readily be picked out on aerial photography of the region. The woodlands at Chatelherault occupy the steep gorge sides along the Avon Water and the Meikle Burn. Woodlands are also present on the plateau lands on either side of the gorges, where they form shelterbelts, the Belvedere Plantation and subdivide the golf course. Specimen parkland trees, including those in the Grand Avenue, the deer park (the Cadzow Oaks) and around the Lodge are discussed below.
Windthrow in the plantations
Plateau plantations 2.72
There are a number of shelterbelt woodlands along field boundaries across the plateau landscape beyond the steep wooded banks. These are mostly coniferous and are usually enclosed by fences with hedges.
5 Chatelherault Hazardous Tree Survey, 2013.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
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Some plantations are edged by deciduous trees which stand out against the dark conifers. Most of the plateau plantations create strong visual horizons and enclosure for the parklands of the designed landscape. Several of the plantations are however of a single species and age, and this determines that they will probably be subject to clear felling at some point in the future leaving temporary open ground and removing the spatial containment of the parkland for a period. In recent years a significant section of the long established plantation shelterbelt has been removed along the southern boundary of the High Parks (adjacent to North Chase), and this area has been converted to grazing. The result is a loss in the integrity of the historic woodland framework around the High Parks , and in potential habitat connectivity between the woodlands of Meikle Glen and the other High Park woodlands. 2.73
ancient hawthorn trees also, but these have since been lost. Historical references to the oaks show that the trees have been valued for a long time, and were an integral part of the Dukes of Hamilton’s deer park (see Appendix 2). Research has shown that although they have a low, twisted growth habit known as ‘stagsheadedness’, they have never been pollarded78. Naismith records that the ancient oaks were historically valued as hunting areas, and as grazed woodland for the indigenous white cattle.
In the golf course, woodland belts have been designed to define fairways. These are a mixture of long thin belts/ tree lines and wedge shaped plantations, which reduce visibility across the course, and mean that the area no longer has the parkland character of the course designed by James Braid, which more sensitively responded to the historic landscape. The eastern boundary of the golf course is defined by the Belvedere Plantation and the western boundary is defined by the Avon Gorge woodlands. The course has subsumed a number of pre-existing trees and smaller plantations.
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The Oaks are covered by a SSSI designation, first notified in 1952 (see Figure 2).
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Oak seedlings, raised from acorns from the Cadzow oaks, were planted among the ancient trees in 1997. These, however, will need to be thinned in the future to allow selected trees to reach maturity without competition from neighbours, to avoid competition with the ancient trees, and to avoid a change in character of the area to woodland rather than the more open parkland that has existed for so many years. Some of the young oaks are contained within fences (of three aluminium gates in a triangle), but it is not clear on what criteria these trees are singled out. Grand Avenue
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Veteran Trees Cadzow Oaks
The Grand Avenue is a double line avenue out to 100m wide (90m between the inner rows). Most of the old Grand Avenue trees were lost to the quarrying on the parkland, but a small number of old trees remain at the north end, where quarrying was not carried out because of the railway tunnel below. These old oaks are overmature with dead wood, but remain valuable historic features that also provide valuable habitats for wildlife. Trees were replanted along the line of the Avenue in the 1980s, to restore the double rows after the quarried ground was restored.
The view from Chatelherault
Old avenue trees at the north end
Field boundary trees and other notable trees 2.78
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Notable other trees include:
One large veteran tree, a sycamore, stands on the hill to the east of the Lodge. Five further trees, also sycamores grow at the northern edge of the golf course. These trees mark old field boundaries, and are all that remain of lines of trees shown on historic maps.
Six redwood trees to the south of the hunting lodge would have formed ornamental specimens before the coniferous plantation was planted around them. Irish Yews within the formal gardens were planted in around 1880.
Cadzow Oaks with young trees beyond
A ring of lime trees to the west of Cadzow Castle lined a now disused path around the ditch.
The Cadzow Oaks are a group of ancient trees, growing in the High Parks fields, across the former deer parks to the west of the Avon Valley. Research on the oaks has suggested that the oaks may have originated from more extensive primeval woodland, and some stumps of trees have been dated to the 15th century, with living specimens possibly older6. Historic plans illustrate that the area occupied by the oaks was considerably larger than it is today, and that there have been incremental losses in tree cover over the last two centuries and probably longer. In recent decades ancient trees have been cleared for grazing and to create areas of more ‘formal’ parkland. There are currently over 300 living trees, although some have been lost since 1999, when the number stood at 328 trees. There were formerly a number
A number of old beech trees line the historic ride around the Avon gorge, now seen as scattered specimens along the west side.
Yews, cypress and redwoods planted around the Duke’s Monument are now mature and overgrown, with young trees obscuring the frame that they created.
7 Research showed no signs of anomalous tree ring widths that would indicate periodic stress to the tree, with a drop in ring width followed by
slow recovery. These effects would be likely to be identified across numerous trees pollarded at the same time. 6 Dougall, M. and Dickson, J.H. 1999. The Ancient Oaks of Cadzow. Glasgow Naturalist, Vol 23 part 4, pp 29-35
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
8 Ibid.
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Remnant hedges are found along sections of the Avon Ride, and hedges exist along some field boundaries.
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Further information about the veteran trees is found in Appendix 3: Tree Report.
the Deer Park Trail;
Memorial trees
the Mineral Railway;
There is a large number of memorial trees planted for or by members of the public. These tend to be planted along the fringes of woodland areas, near the Hunting Lodge, and as such are suffering from overshading. Many are struggling, and many have been lost or damaged. The memorial plaques, often on low posts near the feet of the trees are also in need of repairs and maintenance. It is a very unfortunate outcome for many memorials.
the Huntsman’s Ride
the Hoolet Row;
the Riccarton Path
the Claybank Braes;
the Green Bridge Trail.
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Path to Wham Pond;
Path from Cadzow Castle to Barncluith;
Routes around the Hunting Lodge and Car Parks.
Deer Park Track: This route runs from the point to the north of the Hunting Lodge where visitors enter the parkland to the west of the carparks, to the Old Avon Bridge (c.740m). It runs north across the relict historic/medieval deer park to the north of the Hunting Lodge, weaving in and out of the Great Avenue trees. The route of the Deer Park Track has changed slightly over time and, although joining the same two locations, it currently takes a different line to the route mapped in the 19 th Century.
2.89 A proactive response to this problem is needed, to provide the trees with a greater survival potential, or to provide the relatives of the deceased with a suitable and sensitive alternative.
The National Cycle Route 74 (NCR74), identified by Sustrans, passes through part of the Country Park. The route makes its way through the estate via the main Country Park entrance, along the vehicle access road, and along the Deer Park Track to the Old Avon Bridge.
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This is a metalled track wide enough for a single vehicle. The track is maintained, through surface deposition of gravel from the path across the Grand Avenue further north obscures the surface.
Paths and Access Access to Chatelherault
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Access by vehicle to the Country Park is promoted as via the A72 Carlisle Road, which is a short distance from the M74 Junction 7, through Hamilton and Ferniegair. There is also easy access from Chatelherault railway station which is located just to the east of Carlisle Road opposite the main gateway, some 5-10 minutes walking distance to the visitor centre. Opened in December 2005, Chatelherault railway station provides two trains from Glasgow (via Hamilton) per hour.
Mineral Railway: This trail provides the route closest to the bank of the Avon Water, connecting the Old Avon Bridge, running upstream and passing below Duke’s Bridge with the Hunting Lodge on the banks above, and south to the Old Quarry where it meets the Hoolet Row (c.1650m). Along with the Hoolet Row pathway, this route provides the best views of the Avon Water.
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There is no connection from this route up to the Hunting Lodge near the Duke’s Bridge, as the topography is too steep in this area. Access to other routes is only possible at each end of the route, i.e from the Old Avon Bridge (to the Deer Park Track) or from the Old Quarry (along the Hoolet Row).
In addition to the formal vehicle entrance to the Country Park, there are a number of vehicular access points to other areas around the boundary of Chatelherault estate. These main access points include:
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This path is unmetalled, but a wide firm track from the Old Avon Bridge to the railway bridge. Beyond that (upstream) the path is narrower, and of gravel or stone surfacing, with sections held in by timber pole edging. Further upstream the surface is waterlogged in sections. The path includes metal steps below the Duke’s Bridge where the terrain is too steep.
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Huntsman’s Ride: The Huntsman’s Ride (a recent name) runs roughly parallel to the Mineral Railway but on higher ground, following a bank top route where the deer park meets the steep gorge woodlands (c.1200m). This path has historical significance and is evident on maps of the estate from 1897. This path once skirted the perimeter of the mining works that occupied the deer park. The path leaves the Deer Park Track south of the railway, running around the parkland and through the steep woodland above the Avon Water, returning to the Hunting Lodge at the Quarry Steps.
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From Chatelherault to approximately opposite the Duke’s Monument, this is a unmetalled track with a drainage ditch and culverts that mean that mud and waterlogging is not severe. Beyond this, the track is lost, and the path winds through coniferous planted trees, until it leaves the woodland. The section of path between the woodland and the Grand Avenue, is of red gravel and black base, fenced on either side. A deep water scouring channel runs along the path from approximately the middle of the Grand Avenue to the Deer Path Track, and path material has been washed away onto the Deer Park Track downhill.
Old Avon Road leading to Avon Bridge;
Barncluith Road;
Aitken Road (no through road to housing area);
Sunnyside Road; and
Carlisle Road towards Fairholm Bridge.
However, due to private land ownership, the nature of the topography and water courses, other access points shown on Figure 5 do not provide vehicle access to the Country Park (except for emergencies). Parking facilities are only available at the main entrance. The Path Network
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In addition to these main paths, there are a number of other paths that complete the path network. These are indicated on Figure 5 and include:
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Memorial trees at the edge of woodland
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The Country Park identifies and promotes a number of different trails (all core paths) around the grounds. These are indicated on Figure 5 and are named as:
In general, Chatelherault estate boasts an extensive network of access routes. These range from minor vehicular access roads to tracks and paths both metalled and unmetalled; a diverse range of paths with very varied levels of formality and maintenance conditions. Figure 5 illustrates the majority of this access network, indicating the locations of the large number of core paths within the site, the important Longer Distance Routes and National Cycle Network as well as paths identified as aspirational core paths and other pathways.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
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Hoolet Row: This path runs from the Hunting Lodge down to the Old Quarry, beyond which it acts as a continuation of the Mineral Railway path following the east bank of the Avon Water. The path runs close to the water’s edge, through the ancient woodland to the base of the Claybank Steps (c.1350m).
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This path would have formed a key access for mining and extraction from the Old Quarry and Hoolet Row, as well as access to the houses at Avonbank. It is shown on historic maps as far back as 1896.
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Between Chatelherault and Avonbank, it is a broad unmetalled track, held up in one location by gabions. Further south (upstream) it becomes narrower, and is waterlogged in places.
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The Claybank Steps connect this path with the Riccarton/ Claybank Braes Paths, above the White Bridge. They are timber box steps, in good condition.
2.104 Greenbridge Trail: This route originates at the Hunting Lodge and drops steeply down towards the Avon Water and crosses the river over the Dukes Bridge. Passing Cadzow Castle, the trail winds along the western edge of the gorge, past the ancient oaks and along the edge of the woodland high above the water level. The route finishes at the Green Bridge (c.4500m) where it can connect with the bottom of the Claybank Braes steps and the path along the northern riverbank to Fairholm Bridge. This has historical significance as part of the picturesque tour of the Avon Gorge, and the path is evident on maps from 1896. 2.105 This path is unmetalled and generally in good condition with few wet sections. The path crosses a number of watercourses with stone bridges, the bridge over the Laigh Quarter Burn is listed. Close to this bridge, on the south side, the ground below the path is falling away such that there is a steep drop adjacent to the path that in time will become an erosion/safety issue. Hedges that once existed along this path are seen in the form of the trees along the path.
2.100 Riccarton and Claybank Braes Path: This route follows the top of the river gorge slopes, along the east side of the gorge above the Hoolet Row route. The path generally follows the edge of the woodland, along the boundary between Country Park and the National Nature Reserve and the more open plateau landscape of the Golf Course and agricultural land further south. The Riccarton Path extends from the Hunting Lodge, from the Visitor Centre gateway to the top of the Claybank Steps (c.1850m), and the section between the Claybank Steps and the Mary Hosies Steps is called the Claybank Braes Path (c.1100m).
2.106 From Cadzow Castle to the Green Bridge, this route was part of the Daurlin Ride. This route, along with the mineral railway route, is identified by SNH as part of the Central Scotland Green Network Longer Distance Route. Together they form the Avon Walkway which meets the Clyde Walkway north of the Chatelherault estate within Strathclyde Country Park. The northern section of the Avon Walkway provides a cycle friendly route along the Avon Water into Chatelherault estate. 2.107 The Greenbridge trail is of unmetalled track, narrow in places, and steep with erosion beside the path meaning that certain sections, for example near the Laigh Quarter Burn, are now impassable with vehicles. 2.108 Combining the Greenbridge Trail with Claybank Braes and the Riccarton path provides a longer circular route originating from the Hunting Lodge. This route is approximately 7.5km long, and is currently the only circular walk due to the White Bridge being out of action. 2.109 It appears from map evidence that a footbridge in the location of the Green Bridge was added between 1897 and 1910, where previously there had been a ford, known as Mary Hosies ford9. The path previously continued to the Fairholm Bridge, a little further upstream, which provided the river crossing. Other Paths 2.110 In addition to those routes recommended by the Country Park there are other significant paths within the Country Park and wider estate. 2.111 Path to Wham pond: The Wham Pond / Palace reservoir and filter ponds have been evident on historic maps dating back to 1896. The path which connects them however is of more recent origin. The route branches off the Deer Park Track and passes the banks of the Wham pond before leading further north towards the lower ponds, crossing over a rill (c.340m). 2.112 This route is in need of maintenance and would benefit from being a connected to the nearby Deer Park Track so as to no longer be a dead end.
Riccarton Path
2.101 This route is the main path used by visitors on the east side of the Avon Valley, forming part of a circuit and the historic picturesque route around the Avon gorge. It is a long established route, being shown on maps from 1896. 2.102 This path is unmetalled and generally in good condition with few waterlogged sections. Hedges that once existed along this path are seen in the form of the trees along the path.
2.113 Other pathways are located to the west of the Avon Water and around the Meikle Glen, although these do not readily form circular paths in their current state. Several of these paths have historical significance and are evident on historic maps dating back to the 19th century.
2.103 Until the construction of Mary Hosies Steps, this route was connected down to the Avon Water via a path that continued along the field boundary at the top of the slope, before meandering down the slope to meet the Fairholm Bridge. This path section is no longer used, although stone gateposts at the top of the steps indicate where it went.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
9 A local legend suggests that Queen Mary was tipped out of her litter while crossing the ford on her way to Cadzow Castle after the Hamilton’s
had “sprung” her from Loch Leven Castle. The somewhat dismissive local, protestant description was that she got her hosies (stockings) wet. Since then, the ford was called Mary Hosies locally. However, no evidence has been found to support this origin of the place name. 15
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2.114 Path from Cadzow Castle to Barncluith: This is a core path (HM 2458) which extends from Dukes Bridge up around the remains of Cadzow Castle. It then continues around the edge of the woodland, allowing some views of the adjacent agricultural land and Cadzow Oaks. This meandering route meets the access road for High Parks Farm (c.1600m) which can be followed north towards the Duke’s Monument and Barncluith. Barncluith Road leads into Hamilton, leaving the Country Park where it crosses the railway. 2.115 Routes around the Hunting Lodge and Car Parks: There are a number of routes that run around and adjacent to the Hunting Lodge, and across the Deer Park in front. These include vehicle routes to and through the car parks, and tarmacadam or paved paths around the Hunting Lodge itself. 2.116 Other paths within the estate are mostly unmaintained. The remaining routes within the Country Park boundary are of varying quality with some gravel paths and others being grass, barely identifiable, muddy and overgrown.
2.122 Paths around the larger estate, outwith the Country Park, consist mostly of tracks to farmland and properties. The quality of these routes also varies from asphalt surfaced driveways to gravel tracks.
2.117 The Daurlin’ Ride: This historical route once used by ladies riding from Cadzow Castle to the Duke’s Monument, and forms an alternative, direct, but steep route along the Avon Braes on the western gorge slopes, where now the main path between Cadzow Castle and Barncluith (Core path HM 2458) runs around the woodland on gentler slopes (c.350m). The Daurlin’ Ride is currently hard to distinguish and is overgrown, but leads steeply down to a picturesque, small yet high vaulted, narrow bridge that crosses the tributary burn. The path then crosses the steep slopes on the other side, ascending to meet the main path further north. The bridge is in poor condition, with stonework falling away, and would need reconsolidation before this path could be used more formally. The gradients of the route, and the proximity of the route to the plunging gorge slopes would mean that engineering works would be required to reopen this route, for stabilisation and safety. 2.118 Meikle Glen Path: The path along the east of the Meikle burn is identified as an aspirational core path (c.2400m). This path is currently hard to distinguish; it is a grass path, overgrown and frequently blocked by fallen woodland debris. The path is also currently terminated by a fence at the quarry and so provides no through route. This route would need significant work to become a core path.
Parking Facilities 2.123 There is extensive parking close to the hunting lodge for visitors to the Country Park with provision for a number of coaches as well as cars. There are four car parking areas, including the visitors car park to the west of the hunting lodge, the disabled parking adjacent to the visitor centre, the quarry car park, and the overflow car park in the field to the east of Wham Pond.
2.119 White Bridge Path: This path ran from the base of the Claybank Braes steps to the White Bridge, and up to the Greenbride Trail (c.550m). It has been closed for many years due to landslides on the gorge slopes to the north-east of the White Bridge, making the route unsafe. Condition of Paths
2.124 The layout of the quarry parking area is inefficient with a large proportion of soft landscaping between areas of parking spaces. Although the main parking provisions are of tarmacadam surfacing the nature of its layout, surrounded by soft landscaping and mature trees, means the car park has a rural appearance and a woodland character. Subtle marking of spaces within the parking bays may improve efficiency and increase the number able to park without actually providing any more space for parking. The surfacing material appears worn and may benefit from fresh aggregate being applied.
2.120 Paths are of varying surfaces, and conditions and maintenance requirements vary with location (distance from the hunting lodge) and status of the path (core path to unused paths). The paths in best condition are those located around the hunting lodge, and further away path quality and condition tends to reduce.
2.121 Drainage is a noticeable issue across many of the paths, including ponding on metalled paths; issues with ground conditions and mud on unmetalled routes; and tributaries watercourses cutting across paths, causing damage to surfacing. Culverts across paths are operational in most places, though are blocked and needing clearance in others.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
2.125 There is also an additional overflow car park with a much less organic design. This area has a purely functional layout with crushed gravel road and grassed parking bays.
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From the earthworks looking through the ancient oaks.
2.126 There are currently only poor cycle parking facilities due to vandalised nature of the bike rack shelter close to the Hunting Lodge. No cycles were seen there during numerous site visits. The location of the cycle shelter, although fairly close to the visitor facilities, is contained within woodland and is not very visible, potentially posing a security risk to cycles. Views from the Terrace are completely overgrown
A view through the wood pasture at the Ancient Oaks
Signage 2.127 Perhaps as a consequence of differing land owners as well as a variety of environmental designations and funding providers over the years, the signage across the site lacks any consistency. Signage at some of the pedestrian entrances to the Country Park could certainly benefit from improvements including new signage or the removal of old to create a more attractive and welcoming entrance and encourage their use.
A glimpse of the Green Bridge from the Avon Ride
Views and Viewpoints
2.129 An analysis of the visual influence of the estate features from immediately around the boundary shows that:
2.128 There are a number of key viewpoints within the Chatelherault estate, which focus on important landscape features, and allow the viewer to gain a sense of the design intention of the landscape. The key viewpoints are shown on Figure 6 and include:
From the front façade of the Hunting Lodge looking north along the Grand Avenue;
From the terraces of the Hunting Lodge looking south-west to the Dukes Bridge and Cadzow Castle;
From various locations in the gorge looking at the Duke’s Monument;
From various locations in the gorge looking at the bridges or the river (including the ‘peeps’ identified in 1840);
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
17
the main external features that signify the presence of the designed landscape are the estate walls;
The Hunting Lodge is not visible from the area immediately around the estate, though it is visible from further afield (see below);
Estate woodlands are strong boundary and horizon features in the landscape, but may not always be recognised as belonging to a designed landscape.
June 2014
2.130 From further afield, the views of Chatelherault are much restricted by woodland. Figure 6b shows the theoretical visibility of the Hunting Lodge across the wider area10, but is modelled on a ‘bare earth’ terrain model, that does not take account of trees or buildings. in reality, the visibility of Chatelherault, as the Hunting Lodge seen against a backdrop of trees, is limited to few places. Locations where there are distant glimpses of the Hunting Lodge include:
Airbles Cemetery, Motherwell (NS 744 562);
Strathclyde County Park (NS 725 578);
Hamilton Race Course (NS 715 570);
There are no longer views from the M74 due to the growth of woodland along the roadside, although there is a brief glimpse on the M74 Junction 6 off-slip to Hamilton (NS 734 560). The Inventory citation for the Designed Landscape describes striking views from the motorway, but these are now largely obscured by trees.
2.140 Hamilton High Parks comprises pasture land (grazed by cattle and horses) with stands of old oaks present in pasture east of High Parks Farm and Cadzow House. Avon Water 2.141 The Avon Water runs along the western edge of the Country Park and is approximately 25-30m wide and fast flowing. The banks are very steep and rocky in places. Potential for Protected Species Badger 2.142 There are high levels of badger activity in the area. Badger paths were located throughout the survey area, and evidence was found in the form of large, fresh spoil heaps, bedding and badger hair. Historic spoil heaps and collapsed hole are also located within the area. Bats
Ecology and Habitats
2.143 Ash trees are present throughout the woodland areas. Decaying ash trees often provide suitable locations for roosting bats. A number of decaying beech trees are present west of Avon Water, again providing potential roosting opportunities for bats. A number of large, ancient oak trees were located within the survey area, all with cracks, holes and crevices within the tree which may provide suitable locations for roosting bats.
2.131 High level ecological surveys were carried out at Chatelherault Country Park in October 2013 and January 2014. The following features of ecological interest were noted: Woodland 2.132 Woodland within the National Nature Reserve to the east of Avon Water comprises a mosaic of coniferous plantation (dominated by spruces with scattered Scots pine) and semi-natural deciduous woodland, with species including ash, silver birch, cherry, hawthorn, wych elm and oaks.
2.144 A stone bridge crossed by the Avon Ride over the Quarter Burn at NS 74288 51940 may also have bat roost potential. 2.145 A small stone footbridge (the Daurlin’ Bridge) appeared to have gaps and holes within the stonework, which may potentially provide suitable locations for roosting bats. The ponds and Avon Water identified above will also provide excellent foraging potential for bats.
2.133 Woodland within the National Nature Reserve to the west of Avon Water has a lower proportion of coniferous plantation. The mix of deciduous species is similar to that on the eastern side; in addition, several stands of beech are present. Woodland to the west of the country park at Laverock Hill is made up of semi-natural mixed woodland with a predominantly bracken understory, species included silver birch, oak and spruces.
Otter 2.146 The Avon Water has an established and apparently stablepopulation of otters, with cubs seen most summers. The Avon Water offers foraging routes and bankside resting locations for otter. A number of tributary burns flow through the eastern and western areas of woodland. All of these offer potential foraging routes for otters. These burns are crossed by the Avon Ride at the following locations:
2.134 Woodland directly south of the hunting lodge, also within the NNR, is predominantly made up of coniferous plantation with six large redwood trees. 2.135 The Hamilton High Parks SSSI is designated as an area of upland mixed ash woodland (ash-elm gorge woodland), wood pasture and parkland (two areas of parkland oaks), and for its beetle assemblage. The parkland pasture supports a rich beetle assemblage, especially for saproxylic species living in dead wood and in fungi growing on dead wood. The ancient woodland is the most important habitat in terms of biodiversity. Soil biodiversity is the single most important component within ancient woodlands and represents an irreplaceable asset. Ponds 2.136 Three ponds were identified within the Chatelherault Country Park, two were located to the north of the hunting lodge (the Wham Pond and former filter beds), and were identified as being in good condition, with high ecological value. Both have submerged and emergent vegetation in the form of reeds and grass species, large areas of open water and Mallard ducks were present on both ponds at the time of the survey. The smaller of the two ponds was in an undisturbed area of woodland.
NS 73358 53501
NS 73712 53505
NS 74288 51940
NS 73899 52336
NS 73399 52909
NS 73626 52632
Great Crested Newt 2.147 Most of the sites ponds have populations of native common and palmate newts, as well as frogs and toads. No Great Crested Newts have been recorded at Chatelherault. However, the Wham Pond and former filter beds may provide suitable habitat for Great Crested Newt (shading by trees, submerged and emergent pond vegetation, water quality appears good, and surrounded by suitable foraging habitat). The smaller of the two ponds (the former filter beds) is likely to have higher potential to support great crested newts. However, the presence of waterfowl may limit the suitability of both ponds. It is recommended that further surveys continue to look for great crested newt.
2.137 A third pond was identified to the north-west of the hunting lodge, adjacent to the Huntsman’s Ride which was considered to be ecologically less valuable in its present condition. It was located within mixed woodland, was small and shallow, with very little bankside vegetation. The water quality appeared poor, and a large amount of dead wood and leaf litter could be seen submerged in the pond. Other Habitats
2.148 A small pond is present near the Avon Ride, west of Avon Water and south of the Divoty Burn at NS 73968 52290. This pond supports a thriving population of frogs, but does not provide high quality habitat for great crested newt (there are few submerged or emergent plants, water quality appears poor, there is little shading), however it is surrounded by suitable foraging habitat. It is recommended that further assessments be carried out to determine if there are populations of newts, common, palmate or great crested newts.
2.138 A large area of the Front Park is dominated by managed amenity grassland, with scattered trees. 2.139 Hamilton Golf Course is dominated by highly-managed amenity grassland, with scattered stands of woodland.
10 This has been modelled as a ‘zone of theoretical visibility’ using two points at either end of the façade, 2m from ground level. This was to
represent the potential visibility of the façade as a whole (not just the tops of the roofs). Coloured areas represent areas where the façade is theoretically visible, although in reality trees, woodlands and buildings tend to screen views. Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
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Birds
2.155 The Avon Water is the largest waterway within the site although the Meikle Burn also weaves through the far west of the estate and a number of other much smaller tributaries cross the site to join the two.
2.149 A number of birds were sited during visits, although no surveys were carried out. Birds included dipper, goldcrest, heron, mallard, great spotted woodpecker, and other common passerine species.
2.156 A core water route along the section of the Avon Water within the site is indicated by South Lanarkshire Council as used by canoeists or other non-motor vehicles along with an important water access point close to the Avon Bridge. The Meikle Burn is not currently understood to be used for any recreational purposes.
Invasive Species 2.150 A large stand of Japanese Knotweed was located at NS73187 5394, along on the banks of the Avon Water. It was approximately 10x15m in size and had been partly flattened by the recent high water levels.
2.157 The Meikle Burn is noted for having a number of waterfalls which unfortunately are not visible from the existing path network due to the dense surrounding woodland covering the gorge. The cave on the Meikle Burn is inaccessible to the path network, with only adventurous visitors.
Development in the Landscape
Land Ownership
2.151 Chatelherault Mill Development (Robertson Homes) has been consented and 79 residential buildings will be built in the former yards to the south of the Country Park entrance, off Carlisle Road. The Estate wall will be maintained through this development, but the main access to the Golf Club will be diverted via an existing track alignment to join Carlisle Road further south.
2.158 With around 500 acres of countryside and woodland, the estate is currently fragmented between a number of different land owners. The most substantial land owner is South Lanarkshire Council owning a large central part of the estate that makes up the Country Park. The Country Park land includes the wooded gorge to the Avon Water and the Meikle Burn as well as the open parkland surrounding, and to the North of, the Hunting Lodge. This area includes the entire National Nature Reserve and Special Area of Conservation within the estate as well as part of the SSSI.
2.152 From the information available, it appears that the estate wall will be retained for part of the boundary of the development (shown as a dark line on the proposal drawing below), but will be realigned away from Carlisle Road to the south, to provide the required visual splay at the estate entrance to Carlisle Road.
2.159 The rest of the estate is owned by a variety of private landowners including Hamilton Golf Club, a number of farm owners (High Merryton Farm, Belvidere Plantation, Fairholm, North Quarter, High Parks, Barncluith and Simpsonland) as well as residents within clusters of housing such as in Barncluith, Ferniegair and the areas around Aitken Road and Royal Drive. Current Management Regimes 2.160 There are currently no estate-wide management measures undertaken mainly due to the fragmented nature of the land ownership. 2.161 Since 1984 Hamilton High Parks has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to its: upland mixed Ash woodland; wood pasture and parkland; and beetle assemblage. An agreement is in place for the Hamilton High Parks SSSI but with no record of a maintenance regime11. However, the landowner, Scottish Natural Heritage and the Scottish Wildlife Trust meet regularly regarding the SSSI. The SAC area of Hamilton High Parks SSSI, the section closest to the Avon Water, is recognised as being of international importance for its mixed woodland on base-rich soils associated with rocky slopes. It is currently considered by SNH to be in a favourable condition through the maintenance requirements set out by the SSSI. 2.162 From 2007 the ancient woodland along the banks of the Avon Water and the Meikle Burn became part of the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve (NNR). This is an extensive NNR on the edge of Scotland’s Central Belt made up of six separate valuable woodlands around the Clyde Valley. These woodlands are all located on steep, dramatic river gorges in contrast to their surrounding agricultural setting. Woodland on the steepest valley slopes of the Avon gorge is currently unmanaged, and has never been managed, being too steep for safe access and working. These are also some of the areas of highest nature conservation value due to the lack of intervention, and should therefore remain unmanaged to preserve these ancient habitats and avoid unnecessary risks. 2.163 Private land management is varied and relates to the function of the area (golf course, gardens, curtilage and beyond). Agricultural management entails maintaining fences and field boundaries. 2.164 The current management of the access routes is generally most intensive in the vicinity of the Hunting Lodge, and less intensive/ largely reactive, further away. This includes the maintenance of paths as necessary, particularly around the Hunting lodge, but more distant paths are generally of lower specification, and are allowed to become boggy or rough, partly due to limited maintenance resources, and partly due to the lower specifications being in keeping with the character of more remote woodland walks, where there is less intense use, and by more able users. There are a number of paths, however, that have fallen out of use or been closed due to lack of use and lack of maintenance (which can be interrelated issues) and damage by land slips. In particular there are a number of paths that are impassable, which if reopened would enhance the path network and the visitor experience. These include the White Bridge link that would reopen a medium length circuit walk along the Avon Braes, the Daurlin’
Recreational Activities 2.153 Walking is the principal recreational activity at Chatelherault although there is also a notable amount of cycling, potentially encouraged by the NCR74. 2.154 The majority of activity naturally seems focussed around the Hunting Lodge and the paths closest to the Country Park’s facilities and car parking. Other site wide pedestrian routes are used by more adventurous walkers as well as locals who have a better knowledge of the landscape and path network through frequent use. Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
11 http://gateway.snh.gov.uk/sitelink/siteinfo.jsp?pa_code=760
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Ride which would reopen a historic link between Cadzow Castle and the Duke’s Monument, and paths through the woodland and along the Meikle Burn valley.
2.172 While much of the exhibition is surviving well in terms of condition and is generally well presented and displayed, it arguably falls short in terms of clearly delivering the simple messages about why and how Chatelherault is so special. It arguably aims to do too much and will, it is suspected, ‘lose’ more visitors than it satisfies.
2.165 The Belvidere plantation and plantations along the western fringe of the estate are being managed as commercial crops. The long term cycling of felling and replanting will continue, with coups of forest at different stages of growth being features that contain or reveal views. The golf course is highly managed as a recreational site, for the purpose of playing golf.
Concluding Remarks 2.173 The interpretation and signage at Chatelherault Country Park is suffering from an uncoordinated approach and a lack of interpretive focus concerning themes and messages and much of the current outdoor provision is of poor condition or quality.
2.166 Recent tree works in the area have been to remove fallen trees or branches (storm damage), with some replacement trees planted in the Grand Avenue and across the parkland to the west of the Grand Avenue.
2.174 The interpretation both in the exhibition and outdoors is due for replacement over the short to medium term – tying in with, or following, other improvements and additions to trails, habitats and historic features.
Interpretation
Zones and Summary
2.167 This section of the Conservation Management Plan provides a brief overview of the interpretive provision at Chatelherault Country Park. It is based on a site visit in January 2014 and is intended only as an initial overview of the current orientation and interpretation provision and is not a detailed assessment.
2.175 To facilitate the remainder of the Conservation Management Plan, the Chatelherault estate has been divided into zones, relating to landscape and land use character. These are shown on Figure 7 and include:
Avon Braes
Hunting Lodge
Front Parks
Entrance and Quarry Car park
Golf Course
Belvedere Plantation and Claybank
Cadzow
in a tired condition and some of the information is out of date
High Parks Chases
concerning trail routes while the tree carving artworks are now rotting and in parts illegible;
Laverock
Meikle Braes
Outdoor Interpretation 2.168 The outdoor provision includes a large welcome and orientation panel outside the visitor centre, Historic Scotland temporary and permanent interpretation at the castle, SNH interpretation at the NNR and Country Park interpretation at selected sites and viewpoints around the park. There are also directional signage, route waymarking and commemorative plaques and the walks leaflet. 2.169 Overall the outdoor interpretation is:
in a mix of styles strengthening partner identities rather than creating a sense of a Chatelherault site identity;
overly text heavy on the welcome and orientation panels;
hampered by poorly written text and simple graphics on the Country Park panels that are uninspiring by current standards;
limited in its offer in terms of quality, quantity and in terms of the stories and messages that are delivered (some of which give a negative sorrowful feel to the site).
2.176 Areas not considered further in this plan are the developed areas of Eddlewood (Aitken Road), and Fernigair outside the estate wall and to the north of the railway, and the site of Chatelherault Mill residential development. Avon Braes 2.177 This is the largest area, which includes the full length of the gorge woodlands from the Green Bridge to the Old Avon Bridge, and is defined by the historical circular route and woodland edge. This area includes the gorge, four bridges, and the Duke’s Monument. This area is characterised by steep slopes covered in woodland, which is either ancient mixed broadleaf or coniferous plantation. The Avon Ride runs around the area, at the top of the slope, and a small number of other paths pick their way along the gorge slopes, where the topography allows. This narrow gorge is deep, which in places limits sunlight, and under certain conditions, mists form within the valley.
2.170 In contrast, the Trails to the Past leaflet is well written and illustrated giving a good introduction and overview of the site and its key features, although the map could arguably be larger and the leaflet is difficult to find (either on site or in the visitor centre). A number of themed leaflets prepared following the rejuvenation of the site in the 1980s are no longer available. Indoor Exhibition 2.171 Inside the visitor centre is an extensive exhibition, comprising graphic panels, artefacts, simple interactive elements (including a tunnel for children), artefacts and tableaux set recreations. The exhibition covers many aspects of the site’s and wider area’s natural and cultural heritage but there is a sense that the special qualities of Chatelherault are lost within a bombardment of facts, messages and stories some of which appear only tangential or unrelated to the site. In addition, the Banqueting Hall, with its ornate plasterwork and sloping floor, is a hidden gem within the building but will be missed by most visitors.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
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Belvedere Plantation and Claybank 2.182 This area includes the coniferous plantation along Carlisle Road and the agricultural fields that run west and south to the edge of the Avon gorge woodlands and Country Park. The plantation is of varying age and species structure, with a mixed edge. The agricultural fields are bounded by hedges. The eastern estate wall is a characteristic feature of this area. Cadzow 2.183 This area includes Cadzow Castle and its immediate setting, the medieval deer parks and the remnant sections of the park pale that would have contained the parks. This area also includes the earthworks (iron age), and the ancient Cadzow Oaks. The area therefore encompasses the four scheduled monuments of national significance, and the SSSI that covers the oaks. It is of woodland, with upstanding structural remains around the castle, and grassland with scattered trees of various densities, from scattered individuals to open wood pasture, with small areas of dense coniferous plantation. High Parks Chases 2.184 This area includes the agricultural fields and shelterbelt plantations to the west of the Avon gorge. It is bounded in part by the historic estate wall, and includes parts of the ancient deer parks. Fields area bounded by walls and hedges, and coniferous and mixed species shelterbelts create containment to the pasture fields. Laverock 2.185 This area includes Laverock Hill and the plantation woodlands between Barncluith and the Daurlin Burn. These areas are wooded, with areas of ancient mixed woodland, and areas of coniferous plantation. Some areas have been allowed to regenerate naturally following removal of coniferous plantation trees. These are dominated by ash and birch. Meikle Braes 2.186 This area includes the wooded Meikle Burn gorge and Simpsonland Glen as well as the woodland encircling Eddlewood’s Aitken Road area. The gorges are steep and narrow, but of a smaller scale than the Avon Braes. Woodland is of mixed ancient woodland.
A mist forms on a sunny January day
Stakeholder input Hunting Lodge
2.187 Stakeholders were a key source of information for this management plan, and grateful acknowledgement is made of their valuable input.
2.178 This area includes the immediate surroundings and gardens of the Hunting Lodge and associated buildings now housing the visitor facilities. Outside, there are walls and hard landscape features, a formal parterre, herbaceous borders, shrub and decorative plantings and a small number of trees, including an ancient sycamore tree to the east of the Hunting Lodge.
2.188 Key observations that emerged from consultation with stakeholders include:
The variety of environmental designations across the estate means that a number of different organisations will have a concern with the management plan including South Lanarkshire Council, Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Historic Scotland, Forestry Commission Scotland, as well as special interest and advisory bodies such as the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historic Scotland, Woodlands Trust, Garden History Society in Scotland and others;
The aspirations and concerns of the different landowners expressed through consultation vary and must have a key bearing on the future management of the estate. Different landowners have different views on how the estate and their land should be managed. Land is currently managed for agriculture or commercial forestry, and will remain so in the future. In addition, security for properties is a concern for private landowners when considering the potential for increased public access;
There is general acknowledgement of the heritage value of the estate and woodlands, which should be preserved, and enhanced where possible;
There is also general acknowledgement of the low level of interpretation on the site, other than within the visitor centre, and the need for improvement.
Front Parks 2.179 This area extends from the entrance road to the estate wall along Fernigair to the edge of the woodlands along the Huntsman’s Drive. This area is crossed by the Grand Avenue, includes the Reservoir and former filter ponds, and is undercut by the railway tunnel. This area was extensively mined, and original landscape features are limited to the periphery. It is of open grassland with scattered trees (across the open parkland to the west of the Grand Avenue); formal lines of trees (the Grand Avenue); and trees associated with the ponds and watercourse, and a steep bank to the east of the ponds. Entrance and Quarry Car park 2.180 This area extends from Carlisle Road, includes the Chatelherault Mill development site and former garden centre fields, as well as the car parks located in the former quarry. This area includes two historic sycamore trees on the southern boundary. The area is of infrastructure (roads and car parks) and a play area, set in a woodland framework, with a more formal avenue along the entrance approach road. Golf Course 2.181 This area includes the Hamilton Golf Course. The course is of early 20th century layout, with eighteen fairways, interspersed with mixed tree planting and small coniferous plantations, which fragment views. There are eight historical oak and sycamore trees that mark an old field boundary, and five oaks that remain of three formal clumps of trees. The Golf course runs to Carlisle Road, although there are proposals to reroute the existing access through the Chatelherault Mill development.
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
Visitor Activities 2.189 This section of the Conservation Management Plan outlines the potential for public and community engagement in the delivery of the policies and actions recommended in the plan.
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2.190 It begins by summarising the volume and profile of existing visitors to the Country Park and what public engagement programmes or events currently exist before identifying the future opportunities and programming specific activity proposals.
Existing Visitors 2.192 Chatelherault Country Park benefits from its location on the outskirts of Hamilton (population of c.48,500) and well within the catchment of day visitors from Greater Glasgow (population c.1.2million). However, there is strong local attraction competition from Strathclyde Country Park (5,548,927 visitors), Drumpellier Country Park, Coatbridge (978,024 visitors) and Calderglen Country Park, East Kilbride (777,186 visitors). Nevertheless Chatelherault Country Park attracts in excess of 600,000 visits per year: 2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
492,797 E
642,507E
618,930 E
674,876 E
669,744 E
612,769 E
2012
2013
Self employed
5%
5%
2.198 Most people (70%) would consider themselves to be regular visitors, with most regular visitors visiting weekly and staying for between 1 and 3 hours (66%), although some 21% stay for over 3 hours.
2.191 It is intended sit alongside and not replace any similar sections in the Recreation Plan. The brief visitor overview here is simply to provide context for the recommended activity at the end of the section.
2006
Employment status
Frequency of visits
2012
2013
Daily
7%
16%
Weekly
39%
30%
Monthly
24%
19%
Less often
31%
35%
2.199 The vast majority of visitors arrived by car (78% in 2012 and 81% in 2013), many walked (14% in 2012 and 9% in 2013), while approximately 3% cycled or arrive by train or bus (both surveys). 2.200 The main uses of the park by visitors are (2012 / 2013):
Source: Visitscotland VAM (2006-2011)
2.193 The visitor numbers are measured using car count data and estimates of average occupancy. The figures therefore provide good trend data but are not fully accurate as total visitor figures. 2.194 Visitor surveys in 2012 (205 responses) and 2013 (150 responses) provide an indication of the profile of current visitors. The two surveys were carried out using different methods, the 2012 survey was based on displays in the visitor centre with questionnaires associated with them; the 2013 survey used face to face survey techniques, carried out both indoors and outdoors. The surveys show that visitors are predominantly local but not all ‘doorstep local’ with most postcodes being ML or G rather than specifically ML3. 2.195 The age profile of visitors varies considerably between the two surveys providing a confused picture of age structure that indicates the uptake of the different survey methods:
for walking (59% / 57%)
for exercise (42% / 20% improve fitness)
for play (35% / 18%)
for the café (29% / 43%)
for the Visitor Centre/shop (26% / 24%)
to get away from it all (27% / 22%)
for observing wildlife (22% / 8%)
for dog walking (19% / 30%)
for socialising (15% / 21%)
Age range
2012
2013
for picnics (13% / 7%)
0-15
29%
1%
during breaks from work/school (11% / -)
16-29
10%
13%
for other reasons (11% / -)
30-44
25%
20%
45-59
19%
32%
for cycling (8% / 9%)
60-74
12%
28%
for education/arts (7% / 3% events)
75+
5%
7%
to commute to work/school/shops (0.5% / -)
for horse riding (0.5% /-)
2.196 There is an indication of a female bias, as the results show 61% of visitors were female in 2012 and 57% in 2013. The majority of participants did not consider themselves to have a disability, although 3.5% were registered disabled in the 2012 survey and 13% considered themselves to have a disability in 2013.
2.201 Interestingly over a third (36%) of visitors in 2013 were unaware of the facilities and programme of events in the visitor centre at Chatelherault. Of those who were aware just over half (53%) had attended facilities or events in the last two years and around three quarters (77%) thought they might in the future.
2.197 Visitors are predominantly white (95-97%) and most are either employed full time or retired – the differences between the two survey years again relate to the age profiles of those who took part in the different survey methods: Employment status
2012
2013
Employed full time
26%
33%
Employed part time
12%
14%
Homemaker
2%
1%
Carer
2%
1%
Unemployed due to ill health
15%
1%
Unemployed
7%
3%
Retired
18%
40%
Student / school
27%
3%
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
2.202 Other key findings from the surveys included:
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Over the two surveys, visitors valued the paths and trails most (51% / 52%), followed by historic features (39% / 42%), the woodlands (59% / 26%) and wildlife (33% / 29%) above the river (37% / 15%), the scenic views (24% / 27% scenery), the visitor centre/café/ shop (29% / 29-35%) and the play area (32% / 20%).
Almost a fifth of visitors (18%) had never used the woodland trails, mostly (51%) because they didn’t know they were there or had concerns about where to go or getting lost (16%).
The most desired improvements to the Park were suggested as reopening existing closed paths (69%), enhancing the ancient woodland (57%) removing dangerous windblown trees (50%), creating new paths (48%) and restoring historic viewpoints (48%).
Over one fifth (22%) of visitors in the 2013 survey were interested in receiving information by email on the Country Park’s forthcoming events and activities.
June 2014
2.203 In addition to the 2012 / 2013 surveys further visitor surveys were undertaken by Sustrans in October 2011 and October 2012. Using the more recent and robust 2012 data (based on 142 interviews) the survey suggested that on the Sustrans route:
There are around 180,000 users per year made up of 30,000 cyclists, 140,000 pedestrians and 10,000 others;
93% of trips are for leisure and 3% are commuting;
Almost 60% make the same journey at least twice a week;
There is a slight male bias to users;
Most users (64%) are aged 16-64 years but 21% are children;
Most are employed full time (48%) or retired (21%).
2.211 It may be prudent to add in a ‘truth factor’ to account for survey respondents answering overly optimistically in terms of exaggerating their frequency of visit. This is suggested as a 20% factor which increases the potential number of individual visitors to around 12,000 per year.
Existing Engagement
Art and photographic displays
Children's craft workshops
Craft fairs
Seasonal and themed events
Treasure hunts
Average visits per annum
Number of visits pa
Number of visitors
Daily
12%
365
419,750
1,150
Weekly
34%
52
176,800
3,400
Monthly
22%
12
25,800
2,150
Less often
33%
2
6,600
3,300
Total
628,950
10,000
Adjustment
20% growth
12,000
2.212 The surveys also suggest that around 20% of visitors are interested in events and activities. This produces a core of only 2,400 existing visitors who may be interested in becoming more involved or attending events. The gap between 630,000 visits and only 2,400 people interested in events and activities is clearly substantial!
2.204 Chatelherault Country Park operates an events programme throughout the year which includes:
Average (2012/2013)
2.213 If the audience pool interested in events and activities is limited to around 2,400 people, the estimated 15,000 event and over 700 paid heritage tour attendances also suggest that it is often the same people that attend events. 2.214 Overall the visitor experience at Chatelherault is:
2.205 Most events are linked to seasonal celebrations and are a mix of free drop in sessions, paid drop in sessions and pre-booked paid events. It is estimated that around 15,000 people attend events each year. Specific event attendance varies considerably from small pond dipping or bat walks to large scale seasonal events and as would be expected event attendance is often weather dependent. 2.206 In addition to the above seasonal events are a series of guided talks and tours. Those offered by the Ranger Service are free (during last year six were proposed but were cancelled due to lack of interest) while the Hunting Lodge Tour, Heritage Walk and The Whole Five Miles Walk are pre-bookable tours on Tuesdays and Thursdays for up to 30 people (costing £30 per group) and are operated by SLLC. The paid heritage tours operated by SLLC attracted some 729 participants during 2013.
For the majority of visitors one of very little engagement and with the landscape simply forming the passive backdrop to an outdoor walk or visit to the café;
For a small minority of visitors one of an emotional attachment to the site and a greater connection to and understanding of the landscape and its heritage. Issues / barriers
2.215 Based upon the market appraisal, visitor surveys, site visit and consultation the key issues or barriers regarding visitors and community engagement are:
2.207 Chatelherault is also used for environmental education as part of the Forest Schools programme (regularly used by two nurseries) as well as by organised groups such as orienting and occasionally by visiting craft groups such as basket makers and for regular activities such as school cross-country races. Groups that regularly use the Country Park include:
The lack of visitors to the Park given the site’s proximity to major conurbations (potentially resulting from poor profile, marketing and product);
The lack of visitors from adjacent neighbourhoods (potentially resulting from poor access);
Low proportion of visitors arriving by sustainable transport (potentially resulting from poor promotion and access);
The lack of visitor interest in attending events and activities and becoming more involved in managing and enhancing the Park (potentially resulting from a lack of understanding of visitor interests and ambitions);
The lack of staff expertise in delivering community engagement and volunteering activities (potentially resulting from the need to prioritise resources and expertise on site management and conservation);
The lack of staff capacity and resources for community and public activities (potentially resulting from alternative priorities for reduced council budgets);
Unclear roles relating to public engagement (potentially resulting from overlap of roles between SLC and SLLC and a lack of resources);
2.209 Chatelherault therefore attracts a high number visits each year but the visitor surveys suggest that these are made by a relatively small number of people making frequent repeat visits.
Lack of clearly defined public engagement policy and defined projects (potentially resulting from a lack of community focus and project prioritisation);
2.210 By taking the average data for the 2012 and 2013 visitor surveys for the frequency of visits it is possible to estimate the number of individual visitors per annum. By breaking the 630,000 figure down to the proportion of daily, weekly, monthly and less often (suggested as twice yearly) visits the data suggests that the total number of visits is made by around 10,000 individual visitors each year.
Poor interpretation and communication of the Park’s special qualities (potentially resulting from tired interpretation, mixed styles and piecemeal alterations over the years leading to confused stories and messages).
Clydesdale Colts (children’s cycling club every Saturday)
Nurseries (Big Bird Nursery, High Flyers Nursery, Happy Feet Nursery)
Phoenix Futures (work on conservation projects)
South Lanarkshire Older Walkers (regular walking group every Tuesday)
2.208 In terms of community engagement in conservation the only group to work at Chatelherault in the past has been Phoenix Futures who, with groups of 8-10 drug / alcohol rehabilitation volunteers, have assisted with path maintenance, habitat creation and the development of the poly-tunnels in the compound. Future Opportunities Current assessment
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Objectives
Woodland management – considerable woodland management and restructuring is required. Works contracts should include professional training elements. This project could also link with the Branching Out programme to deliver benefits for people with mental health problems;
Historic building skills training – work to estate walls, Cadzow Castle, the Duke’s Monument and even some of the bridges could include training programmes on repointing, masonry repair and historic building conservation. These on-site training apprenticeships could be in association with existing training providers and specified in works contracts;
Tree recording – to continue the Ancient Tree Hunt but to extend this to include the Country Park and other tree species, not exclusively oaks, and to tag trees as required;
Herbaceous borders – using volunteers either from the Friends group, a new gardening club and / or specific work groups to both restore and maintain the herbaceous borders. This could link with the Gardening for Health programme operated by the Clydesdale Community Initiative;
The bowling green – there may be the potential to restore the bowling green and its access to a useable state and create a Chatelherault Bowling Club, attracting new visitors and connecting with an intriguing and enduring element of the property;
The poly-tunnel / nursery – perhaps linked to the herbaceous border project this could use a mix of volunteers to resurrect and manage the nursery, again also potentially linking to the Gardening for Health programme.
2.216 Based on the above assessment the following core objectives are recommended directly relating to visitors and the public:
To raise awareness of Chatelherault and to increase the number of visitors to the site;
To enhance the visitor experience for all through enhancing the path network and improving interpretation;
To increase opportunities for visitors and local communities to become more involved in caring for Chatelherault.
Engagement and Activity Potential 2.217 There are numerous opportunities to enhance public engagement and to enable local communities or communities of interest to become more involved at Chatelherault. These may include: Strategic requirements
People engagement strategy – to produce a detailed plan for how to engage with existing and new audiences through marketing, product and project development, events, tours and activities. This will be an important element of any major Heritage Lottery Fund application and funded through the development phase of the grant application; Interpretation strategy – to produce a strategic plan for the entire site (indoor exhibition and external interpretation) identifying key themes and messages and the recommended interpretive media and associated costs. It will be important that it involves all stakeholders (including the Country Park, SNH and Historic Scotland to provide a combined approach) and results in a Chatelherault style guide for all interpretation and communication material. In practice this may also be part of the development phase of any major lottery grant application.
Audience specific opportunities
Friends group – there is a core audience at present who clearly feel a commitment and attachment to the Park. This will help formalise and grow this group and lead to specific tasks and benefits;
Involving schools – few schools are actively involved at present and resources limit the extent of formal school involvement. However, it may be possible to work with a partner primary and secondary school to help deliver key benefits to pupils and place.
Project specific assistance
Footpaths – volunteer work parties could assist with the creation and maintenance of both new and existing footpaths. Volunteers could include hard to reach groups, clubs and organised groups, corporate groups and general volunteer workdays and contribute towards certificates or qualifications such as NVQs or the John Muir Award. Involvement may be through a mix of specified works contracts, links with training providers and less formal work days operated by the rangers;
Viewpoint creation / landscaping – for landscaping contracts to specify community involvement and training, particularly for local people, hard to reach groups and those at greatest social disadvantage;
Art projects – an artist could be commissioned to work with the community (or communities of interest) to explore how people value the Park and to use this to inspire the design and installation of appropriate artworks at suitable locations (following the guidance in the interpretation strategy). The local communities should be involved from start to finish and the project could include an objective of using Chatelherault as the key stone in linking the communities of Larkhall and Hamilton;
Archive research – using a mix of professional and volunteer time, including archive research training for volunteers, to research the history of the site in the period preceding the designed landscape;
Interpretation – a small volunteer group may be able to assist with the generation of future interpretive material by both participating in research (with training, as above) and in linking with existing users and stakeholders to generate new material;
Habitat conservation – for nature conservation projects to include volunteer involvement, formal and informal training and engagement with the visiting public. Works contracts may specify community involvement and training, particularly for local people, hard to reach groups and those at greatest social disadvantage while a subgroup of the Friends may be encouraged / interested in becoming regularly involved in habitat management and conservation with ongoing training and support;
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3
3.1
historical significance and their ecological value. The landscape would have been one of Cadzow Castle as the focus, overlooking both the wooded gorge and well stocked deer parks.
Statement of Significance 3.9
The earliest formal landscape design for Chatelherault was developed by Alexander Edward in c.1708, a prominent and influential figure in early Scottish landscape design. This was in a grand formal style in which the central Hamilton Palace was to be connected to its extensive surrounding policies by interconnecting avenues, vistas and belvederes. The scale and complexity of this early landscape design was intended to reflect the power, wealth and influence of the Hamilton family. There are similarities to Edward’s work at Hopetoun for another powerful family, but at Hamilton the ambition was even greater. Hamilton Palace was the largest non-royal palace in the country and the grandeur of the landscape was complementary. It was structured by the Grand Avenue which extended to the north and south of the palace and was 100m wide. Edward’s ambitious plans also included complex wilderness gardens and formally structured woodlands to the north-west of the palace and to the west of the Avon Gorge, albeit not realised.
3.10
Chatelherault effectively represents the southern section of the Hamilton Palace designed landscape, in its own right significant despite the loss of the palace. The Hunting Lodge creates the architectural focus of the design, but the dramatic gorge of the Avon Water provides the spine of the designed landscape and enables a grand picturesque composition to complement the previously extensive formal landscapes to the north. This combination of the formal and the romantic in which the Hunting Lodge is the fulcrum was significantly ahead of its time. Picturesque ideas were generally adopted during the 19th century whilst Chatelherault was established in the early 18th century.
3.11
The Chatelherault designed landscape is one of contrasts and drama. The open ground of the high parklands affords panoramas and pastoral views, whilst the incised gorge has enclosure, perceived danger and wildness wherein the design is less obvious but allows these qualities to be experienced through carefully orchestrated views, punctuated by architectural features which contribute to the picturesque composition.
3.12
The designed landscape is dynamic, intended for exploration and therefore has an extensive access network including numerous potential circuits. These routes historically served for recreation, including hunting, but also enabled the landscape to be experienced from numerous vantage points. High level routes allowed people to experience both the high open parklands and the gorge landscape. Bridges over the Avon are important features, creating different circuit options and providing some of the most dramatic views of the gorge and along river. These experiences are highly valued by visitors today although the density of forestry and condition of certain access routes is a constraint.
This chapter seeks to define the heritage significance of the Chatelherault designed landscape. Its importance is described concisely for the landscape’s main attributes and summarised below. Overview
3.2
Chatelherault occupies a large area to the south of the confluence of the River Clyde and Avon Water. The Inventory listed designed landscape extends from the A72 in the east to Meikle Glen in the west. This encompasses high ground overlooking the Clyde Valley, and the gorge of the Avon Water which cuts through the area in a deeply incised channel and which now represents the spine of the Chatelherault landscape. The steeply sided Avon Gorge (Avon Braes) is heavily wooded and an important component of the Clyde Valley Woodlands National Nature Reserve, seen as the ‘northern gateway’ to the NNR. Woodland also extends along Meikle Glen, and plantation woodlands enclose open areas of parkland or farmland on the plateaux to either side of the Avon Gorge. The hunting lodge of Chatelherault is a dominant feature in the landscape, terminating the southern end of the Grand Avenue which once extended 2.5km from the south front of Hamilton Palace in the Clyde Valley floor. From the hunting lodge and adjacent high ground panoramic views can be enjoyed over the Low Parks, Clyde Valley, Hamilton and Strathclyde Country Park. Elsewhere in the designed landscape views are heavily determined by topography and the extensive woodland framework. Views are possible along the Avon Gorge from a small number of vantage points within the wooded valley, and across the open ground of the plateau from the access routes which follow the edge of the gorge or which cross the higher ground.
3.3
Chatelherault has a rich history as part of the Dukes of Hamilton’s estate and designed landscape but also its earlier role associated with Cadzow Castle and its role as the seat of ancient Kings of Scotland. The Hamilton family’s role in Scottish and British politics and as patrons of the arts, architecture and landscape design is also of major significance, underpinned by the scale and integrity of archival material which provides an invaluable source of historical information. Furthermore the site’s history involves many other eminent personalities from the 18th and 19th centuries in particular.
3.4
The combination of grand formality and picturesque landscape design over a large scale creates a site of contrasts and outstanding scenic value. This combination of the formal and romantic, importing ideas from Europe and England whilst recognising the Scottishness of rugged gorges, was established in the early 18th century placing it well ahead of its time in landscape design thinking. The landscape is complemented by architectural landmarks, the formal gardens of the Hunting Lodge and the many veteran and specimen trees in the parklands and woodland areas.
3.5
Chatelherault contains several features of built heritage and architectural merit. The most notable include the Hunting Lodge designed by William Adam in 1732 (A listed), Cadzow Castle (Scheduled Ancient Monument and B listed), The Duke’s Bridge (B listed) and Duke’s Monument (A listed). These are complemented by numerous other features of architectural interest.
3.6
The Chatelherault Designed Landscape, laid out in the early 19th century under the auspices of landscape designer Alexander Edward (1651-1708), also encompasses part of the Clyde Woodlands National Nature Reserve, SSSI and SAC. It is therefore of international significance for nature conservation due to the undisturbed hanging gorge woodlands and the fine collection of ancient trees, such as the Cadzow Oaks.
3.7
Chatelherault Country Park and NNR is readily accessible from the towns of Hamilton, Motherwell and the Central Belt. It receives over 600,000 visits per annum and accommodates a wide range of activities: educational and recreational. It is also an important resource for exercise and local access, and a wellused part of the National Cycle Route 74.
Architecture & Built Heritage 3.13
Landscape Design 3.8
The landscape of Chatelherault is one of layers of history, laid down in the earliest times in the form of iron age earthworks and Cadzow Castle in its setting of ancient deer parks, still in evidence today through the presence of very ancient oak trees and sections of park pale boundaries. These features are scheduled as monuments, and the oaks are protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest for their age,
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Chatelherault contains many features of architectural and archaeological significance, and numerous smaller elements of built heritage interest including the legacy of mining operations along the Avon Gorge. Many but not all architectural features have an association with the Avon Water, but of greatest prominence is the Hunting Lodge which dominates the hilltop to the south of Hamilton and which is a landmark for those living in Hamilton and potentially for those travelling south on the M74. Several of the architectural features are listed and therefore of national significance, the designed landscape also includes a number of nationally significant Scheduled Monuments, the most significant of these features include:
Hamilton High Parks, Earthworks 475m NE of High Parks Farm - Scheduled Ancient Monument (index 10727), There are three Scheduled Ancient Monuments within the High Parks area of the designed landscape. Approximately 300m south of the castle site is a D shaped earthwork thought to date back to pre-historic times but which has been re-used as a defensive and possibly domestic site in later centuries. This monument is of national importance as the upstanding remains of a small later prehistoric fortification that plays an important part in the existing landscape, and has the potential to provide important information about defensive and domestic architecture. The site holds potential for further investigation of its past uses over several centuries. This site adds to the time-depth within the nationally important designed landscape of Hamilton Palace.
Hamilton High Parks, Park Pale - Scheduled Ancient Monument (index 10733), This monument comprises the remains of a medieval park pale, surviving in two parts as substantial earthworks and as buried archaeology, together with an area which would have contained an associated ditch. The monument is of national importance as the partially preserved remains of a documented medieval park pale, possibly associated with both the royal castle at Cadzow motte, and the later medieval Cadzow Castle. The earthwork is an important upstanding monument in the June 2014
current landscape, and also has the potential to contain data on the development and practice of the infrastructure associated with lordly hunting. Furthermore the site has the potential to provide archaeological data related to farming and landuse in medieval and earlier times.
Cadzow Castle (and Chapel) – Listed B and Scheduled Ancient Monument (index 90342), is an ancient fortress with origins possibly dating to the 12th century. It occupies a prominent site on the west side of the gorge, and the existing structure, which possibly occupied an earlier fortified site, represents a rare example of a 16th century artillery fortification (although later altered). The castle was originally an important feature of the picturesque landscape design visible from the Hunting Lodge across the valley, and after 1858, from the Duke’s Bridge. The ruined structure was modified as an ornamental feature in the early 19th century. It is located on one of the principal access routes and is therefore experienced by many users of the Country Park. It is significant for its medieval historical importance, its national status, and its contribution to the designed landscape. Chatelherault Hunting Lodge – Listed A, designed by William Adam, Scotland’s leading architect of the 18th Century in 1732. This building is the focus of the designed landscape, a major landmark and the main facility provider for visitors to the Country Park. Chatelherault is one of William Adam’s most important designs, it was hugely admired and influential. A. A Tait’s The Landscape Garden in Scotland (pp. 40-42) has a good account of the building. The structure both commands and controls the designed landscape, orchestrating the landscape around it. The sheer scale of the design at Chatelherault, reflecting the huge power and wealth of the Dukes of Hamilton, and demonstrating their total control over the great swathes of the landscape is also a significant element of the designed landscape.
Duke’s Bridge – Listed B, was built in 1858 by the 11th Duke of Hamilton and links the two sides of the Avon Gorge at a high level providing an important part of the landscape’s access network. It is a significant structure comprising four arches to support a bridge deck c. 40m above the river. It provides an excellent vantage point for the public to view the gorge and Cadzow castle. The bridge is listed signifying its national significance
Duke’s (Hamilton) Monument – Listed A, was constructed to commemorate William Alexander, the 11th Duke of Hamilton who died in 1863. It was designed by David Thompson and sited strategically to gain views up and down the Avon Gorge. It consequently contributes to the picturesque qualities of the designed landscape and adds a landmark feature of high architectural quality to the site. Its public accessibility enables the monument to be experienced and views enjoyed by visitors. This helps to interpret the natural and designed landscape and provides an opportunity to convey local history information associated with the Hamilton family. The monument originally housed a bronze bust designed by T. Mossman; this was removed for safety and can now be appreciated in the Low Parks Museum.
The Old Avon Bridge – Listed A, was built in the 17th century and still functions as an essential pedestrian access route into the Country Park from Hamilton. It formerly linked the High and Low Parks of Hamilton Palace policies and is of both historical and architectural significance.
within the designed landscape. Nevertheless the formal walled gardens of the Hunting Lodge are important to the setting of this A listed building and the restoration approach applied to the parterre enables the public to understand the historical context of the architecture in the early 18 th century. In miniature the Hunting Lodge and its formal garden enclosures (formerly including the walled bowling green to the north front) mimic the typical curtilage of mansions of the period, but in this case they are outliers from Hamilton Palace and represent a secondary focus within the extensive policies. The parterre gardens also represent the extent of the formal landscape beyond which the Chatelherault landscape becomes informal and picturesque. They are consequently part of the fulcrum in the original Hamilton Palace design, notable for its early combination of formal and picturesque characteristics.
The Daurlin Bridge – Listed B, is in a ruinous condition but an important historic structure forming part of the designed landscape access infrastructure. It is still used and appreciated by pedestrians seeking alternative and more explorative routes, but its condition is becoming unsafe and the structure is at risk.
The Laigh Quarter Bridge – Listed C, is another small masonry bridge on the historic ‘Daurlin’ Ride circuit. It is at the boundary of the designed landscape but remains significant due to its association with the Daurlin Ride.
Within the gardens the ornamental planting is mostly recent and contains nothing of particular horticultural rarity, but provides seasonal interest and ornament around the buildings. The ornamental planting was fully laid out in the 1980s, with horticultural selections made following extensive historical research into what would have been grown in the 18th century. However, not much of this planting remains, such that the coherence and historical relevance of plant material has been lost. There would be scope to restore the ‘historic’ planting regime designed in the 1980s, subject to adequate maintenance resources, but potentially by means of a group of local volunteers.
3.16
Chatelherault has extensive woodland, including the designated SAC and SSSI areas. The ancient Cadzow Oaks are of historical, nature conservation and dendrological significance. They are also essential characteristic features of the Chatelherault landscape evoking times of medieval hunting and providing a rare opportunity to see native trees develop to a great age. Their ancient forms are distinctive and have been an attraction in their own right to artists, photographers and writers over the last two centuries.
3.17
The designed landscape also has some notable specimen trees which are remnants of formal plantings from the 18th century and are exotic specimens introduced in the 19th century in accordance with the fashions of the time. Most of the original Grand Avenue trees were lost due to gravel extraction, but some old specimens remain close to the northern limit of the designed landscape. Several of these are now in decline but retain significance from their size and as original components of this important avenue feature. Earlier still, are a number of trees remaining from early field boundaries. These include a small number of veteran sycamores of which a particularly fine and full crowned specimen is located on the north east side of the Hunting Lodge. This is readily accessible and viewed by the majority of visitors to Chatelherault. Other notable exotic specimens include the evergreens planted close to the Hunting Lodge in the latter part of the 19th century. These include Irish Yews and Holm Oak within the gardens and six giant redwoods on the embankment below the gardens to the south of the Lodge. The development of the Duke’s Monument was followed by the planting of specimen conifers that are now notable mature trees. These evergreens are prominent local features in the landscape, contrasting with the later forestry and with the native woodland. Scenic
Barncluith House, Gardens and Terraces – Listed A & B, while designated as a designed landscape in its own right, the Barncluith site contributes significantly to the character of the landscape and townscape in the northern part of the Chatelherault Designed Landscape. The site contains Barncluith House, gardens and terraces with buildings dating from the 16 th, 18th and 19th centuries. Access to the west side of Country Park from the north passes Barncluith and this creates a distinctive arrival experience. Furthermore the architectural and garden design quality coupled with the historical significance of Barncluith provide a rich source of potential heritage education.
3.15
3.18
The Chatelherault designed landscape boasts many fine views. The principal view is the view for which Chatelherault was designed, that along the Grand Avenue. The Hunting Lodge was built to be the focus on the horizon in the view south from Hamilton Palace, a view lined with trees in a wide avenue. Looking from Chatelherault northwards, the elevated position of the Hunting Lodge encompasses a view across much of Hamilton, Motherwell and the surrounding lowlands.
3.19
The scenic quality of the views around the Avon Gorge has been noted in historical accounts as far back as the 16th century, with particular reference to the views of the woodlands on the steep slopes, and also to the focal points that created the picturesque landscape (see Appendix 2). Cadzow Castle, dating back to the 12th century, forms an important focus to views in the gorge, overlooking dramatic cliffs. The castle was augmented in the 18th century to improve the image of the picturesque ruin from the terraces at Chatelherault. The Duke’s Monument also overlooks the gorge, forming a location from which to look up and downstream, and also a focal point in views from within the gorge. The views into the gorge from the paths around it were fundamental to the introduction of the Avon Ride path that runs around the top of the gorge, first shown on maps of 1776. In 1840 the views from this route, or ‘peeps’ were identified on a map with instructions to clear or thin woodland to reopen the views.
3.20
Other scenic values are the woodlands themselves, which provide variety of character and contrast in vegetation, as well as scenic settings to paths and bridges. In particular, the wood pasture of ancient gnarled oak trees is a unique and beautiful setting that inspires with awe at the age of the trees.
3.21
Chatelherault consequently makes a significant contribution to the local scenery and landscape character of the area. However as previously noted there are opportunities to improve views within and from
Arboriculture and Horticulture 3.14
The horticultural significance of Chatelherault is limited by the relatively small size of the gardens associated with the Hunting Lodge and to the localised use of exotic specimen and formal tree plantings
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Table 3.1: Significance criteria
outside the designed landscape, and a need to protect the integrity of key features and visual boundaries.
Value Criterion
Value
Notes
Work of Art
Outstanding
The designed landscape of Chatelherault has long been recorded as a place of beauty and the Hunting Lodge was built to form a focus of the view from Hamilton Palace. The involvement of William Adam and Alexander Edward and other notable figures in the development of the designed landscape for the Dukes of Hamilton gives Chatelherault outstanding value in this category
Historical
Outstanding
There is good documentary and physical evidence of the development of the designed landscape at Chatelherault and it is associated with the Dukes of Hamilton. The archive on Chatelherault is extensive and there are numerous historic maps that illustrate both proposed landscape designs and record the landscape in great detail.
Horticultural, Arboricultural, Silvicultural
Little
The site has a little horticultural value in its limited ornamental/herbaceous planting around the Hunting Lodge. Although the planting scheme was redesigned in the 1980s to reflect 18th century planting, this has since been reduced in value by modern hardy replacements.
Nature Conservation 3.22
3.23
3.24
Chatelherault Park encompasses two areas formally designated for their nature conservation value. The Clyde Valley Woods Special Area of Conservation (SAC) represents an internationally important assemblage of mixed woodlands on base rich soils associated with Rocky Slopes, while the Hamilton High Parks Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) represents a nationally valuable assemblage of upland mixed ash woodland, wood pasture and beetle populations. However, site visits found that much of the area under consideration supports dense and mature conifer plantation. Careful replacement of these plantations with sensitive woodland regeneration schemes could significantly contribute to the objectives of the SSSI and SAC. Existing records have identified a broad fauna associated with Chatelherault, including European Protected Species such as bats and otter. Nationally protected species including badger are also regularly recorded at the site. Records held by the Park’s ranger service suggests a large and varied avian fauna while the invertebrate fauna is also regarded as being of particular interest at the local level. Future management of the park presents an opportunity to further enhance the habitats of these species, aiding species-specific conservation efforts. Due to its location, Chatelherault is routinely used by a range of amateur and professional nature conservation interest group as a practical means of study. Further enhancement of the park will provide new opportunities for learning for both the amateur and professional nature conservation communities. Recreational/ Educational
3.25
3.26
Although the wood pasture containing oak trees that are thought to date back to the 15th century give Chatelherault great nature conservation value, and there are a number of ancient field boundary trees, there are few trees that are cultivated, giving Chatelherault little arboricultural value.
Chatelherault is an important recreational resource as a Country Park with a variety of walking and cycling routes, through nationally designated landscapes. Chatelherault is close to major transport routes, with easy visitor access from public transport, and ample car parking. It is within easy reach of the population of Hamilton, and is accessible to the wider population of the Glasgow conurbation for day trips. Although there is strong local attraction competition from Strathclyde Country Park, Drumpellier Country Park, Motherwell and Calderglen Country Park, East Kilbride, nevertheless Chatelherault Country Park attracts in excess of 600,000 visits per year.
The woodlands at Chatelherault are highly valued, and designated with a number of nature conservation designations. The cultivated forests, however are of little value.
Chatelherault is currently used by a number of schools and nurseries, but also has the potential to be used extensively for education purposes, from outdoor education or woodland skills, to providing facilities for indoor learning. Chatelherault is highly valued as a place for informal recreation in a natural woodland or parkland setting, and is also used for the purposes of contemplation with a large number of memorial trees or benches indicating that many people are remembered here.
Architectural
Outstanding
Chatelherault Hunting Lodge, designed by William Adam and completed in 1743, has been described as 'unique among British Garden buildings and greatest of the later walled gardens - of great originality and architectural quality'. Chatelherault also hosts the Duke’s Monument, a rotunda designed by David Thomson overlooking the Avon Gorge, to honour the 11th Duke of Hamilton in 1863.
Scenic
Outstanding
Chatelherault contains many outstanding scenic views, such as along the Grand Avenue, within the woodlands, and views of the Avon Gorge with the Avon River, Cadzow Castle and the Duke’s Monument forming picturesque focal points. The quality of the views has been noted in historical accounts as far back as the 16th century. Chatelherault and its woodlands also make an important contribution to the surrounding countryside.
Nature Conservation
Outstanding
The wood pasture of the Cadzow Oaks on Hamilton High Parks are listed as an SSSI, for both ancient trees and beetle assemblages. The Avon Gorge is also of outstanding Nature Conservation value, and forms part of the Clyde Valley National Nature Reserve. There is also a Special Area of Conservation that includes some of the gorge woodlands, and a Site of Important Natural Conservation that includes most of the gorge woodlands in both the Avon Gorge and the Meikle Glen gorge.
Archaeological
Outstanding
Chatelherault boasts three scheduled ancient monuments, Cadzow Castle, Earthworks and sections of Park Pale. Together these
Gaps in our knowledge 3.27
There are a number of gaps in our knowledge of Chatelherault, perhaps the most noticeable being:
The limited information about the landscape prior to the 17th century. There are archaeological remains recorded at Cadzow Castle and on the High Parks including the Earthworks, the Park Pale and areas of ridge and furrow cultivation, but additional survey is needed to reveal features that are currently unknown.
Another significant source of information that has not been explored to its full extent is the archival resource.
Visitor survey data is limited, with two recent surveys carried out using differing methodology, such that results are not comparable.
Significance Criteria 3.28
Chatelherault has been evaluated against the value criteria for Gardens and Designed Landscapes, set out in the Scottish Historic Environment Policy12. The evaluation is set out in Table 3.1.
12 Historic Scotland. 2011. Scottish Historic Environment Policy, Annex 5.
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Value Criterion
Value
Notes represent upstanding remains of an important landscape dating back to the 12th century.
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4
4.1
4.2
4.3
Risks and Opportunities
The Chatelherault Estate is currently owned and managed by several parties which makes it difficult to create and deliver a unified management strategy for the conservation of the landscape. The differences in land ownership are generally reflective of the land use – South Lanarkshire Council own the gorge, the hunting lodge, the car parks and the front park, part of which is used for grazing. Private land is generally agricultural or woodland plantation, with the exception of the golf course (recreation) and the Cadzow Oaks. Private landowners are currently managing the land for the purpose of agriculture and timber production, and there are few management actions to introduce. The Country Park, however, has a limited budget for maintenance, and is in need of a strategic management plan for the area as a whole. This results in a number of risks for the heritage of the site as outlined below.
4.6
However, the designed landscape is a significant resource which has unrealised potential for education, recreation, public and private enjoyment, and for the conservation of heritage assets, including natural heritage, built features and aesthetic views. The following paragraphs outline some of the main risks and opportunities associated with the Chatelherault Estate landscape. A key risk for the Country Park, for visitor access and safety, as well as structural stability of historic buildings and structures, is the continued subsidence of the land into the gorge. A number of notable landslides have happened in recent years, one such landslide has meant that the White Bridge path (and therefore the White Bridge path circuit) has been closed for many years. Landslips are a natural phenomenon, and while they cannot be prevented on such steep ground as seen in the Avon Gorge, there are measures that can be taken to move path routes away from areas most at risk, and to manage water flow in other areas to avoid landslips through waterlogging. 4.7
Detrimental impacts to the setting of existing listed buildings from insensitive extensions or developments within their curtilage (e.g. garden structures, garages etc.)
Potential loss of agricultural shelterbelts through clearance or intensification;
Potential restrictions to public access from route severance by development or by new restrictions from landowners;
Damage to or loss of designed landscape features from new land uses e.g. introduction of car parks, yard space; new recreational facilities; new agricultural land uses and associated structures;
Potential opportunities associated with new developments or land uses may include:
Removal and replacement of existing insensitive/ intrusive developments with more discreet or better designed developments;
Development set in the framework of the landscape, that do not interrupt the wooded structure and flow of access;
Developments which include a programme of conservation and bring areas of the landscape into positive management;
Developments which enable the restoration of lost / blocked access routes for both private and public use;
Development of appropriately sited and designed visitor/ interpretation points could increase the public understanding of the landscape and support educational/ recreational activities;
Risks associated with access in the landscape include:
Loss of the historic access network through physical damage and degradation e.g. by landslip, vegetation growth, water erosion or braiding of paths;
Risks associated with inaction include:
Degradation of remaining historic structures, loss of remaining walls, damage due to self-seeded tree roots, damage due to falling trees;
Restrictions to public access by landowners concerned about security and privacy potentially preventing the establishment and or use of walking circuits in the designed landscape;
Deterioration of woodlands where unmanaged on accessible ground (some areas on inaccessible slopes have never been managed);
Restrictions to access for the less mobile due to the condition of the path surfaces and obstructions on the public paths e.g. topography, fallen trees, steps, potholes, gates etc.
Incremental loss without replacement of veteran trees;
Loss of views and changes to scenic qualities through unmanaged growth or loss of trees;
Increased public access could result in accelerated wear & tear on paths and may lead to damage of heritage features (accidental and deliberate);
Danger to public from unsafe trees close to paths;
Potentially intrusive access developments where new paths, roads and car parks are required to serve the public, including excessive and insensitive signage.
Deterioration of paths to an unsafe condition preventing public access;
Loss of historic paths from unchecked vegetation growth, landslip or drainage damage;
Incremental decline in biodiversity from lack of management to woodlands and grasslands;
Continued sporadic vandalism damage to trees and structures within public areas of the landscape;
Continued decline of memorial trees and loss of plaques and benches through lack of maintenance;
Deterioration of woodlands affecting the ancient soil assemblages, and the designated status of parts of the site.
4.8
New Development and Land Uses 4.5
Visual intrusion of new developments in the landscape potentially affecting scenic qualities and designed intentions;
Access and Increased Visitor Numbers
Inaction 4.4
Potential opportunities associated with access developments include:
The restoration of abandoned historic routes and features could increase the enjoyment of the designed landscape, provide new recreational and educational experiences, and would provide a greater network of paths;
Well considered access developments and access management could potentially resolve conflicts between the landowners and the public, and reduce antisocial behaviour by increasing the numbers of people present;
Well-designed access developments could potentially improve the character and visual amenity of the landscape;
Improved or new path linkages could improve connectivity with the wider area and link core paths to create a better path network.
Risks associated with New Developments in the landscape include:
Local loss of built and natural heritage features through clearance related to potential new developments e.g. loss of estate walls;
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Ecology and Biodiversity 4.9
4.10
4.14
Risks associated with ecology, biodiversity and habitats in the landscape include:
Loss of the biodiversity potential and specific habitats through neglect of woodlands;
Loss of mature and trees that provide habitats for many species;
Disturbance to wildlife through increased access and intrusive new paths, roads or car parks;
Invasive species spread, and disease such as Chalara (ash die-back).
This Conservation Management Plan and the Landscape Partnership Scheme for the Clyde & Avon Valley present an opportunity to secure funding towards an integrated plan and hopefully this will provide an incentive for the various landowners to work together for the benefit of the Chatelherault Estate landscape heritage. In addition there are opportunities to secure greater community and volunteer involvement in the management and care of the landscape.
Potential opportunities associated with ecology, biodiversity and habitats include:
The restoration of natural habitats through reinstatement of native species trees in woodlands;
Creation of better quality habitats through woodland management, including leaving dead trees standing/lying where safety allows;
Whilst also potentially a risk, the improved condition and management of historical sites can become opportunities for improved ecological management;
Educational potential in the designations on the site, and potential for community involvement in wildlife surveys and monitoring.
Climate Change 4.11
4.12
Climate change is resulting in more extreme and uncertain weather patterns across the world. The extremes of weather together with spreading plant diseases present the most immediate risks to the designed landscape. These include:
Wind damage to the remaining veteran trees and mature woodland, windthrow of plantation trees;
Drought or waterlogging damage to established trees and woodlands;
Flooding risks with increased rainfall and river flow causing drainage problems, slope instability, landslides, loss of usable land, erosion and damage to paths and woodlands;
Damage to historic structures such as bridges and structures at the edge of the gorge due to water erosion and natural process of landslip below them, e.g. Cadzow Castle and the Duke’s Monument;
Accelerated spread of plant diseases which may affect established native species.
Climate change may present some opportunities particularly in proactive management measures. Opportunities may include:
Design and management of access routes to withstand more extreme weather conditions, e.g. integrated drainage / more robust construction;
Woodland management to improve age and species diversity and to tackle emerging disease threats;
Opportunities for education regarding Climate Change and sustainability.
Management 4.13
The current landownership divisions presents particular complications and risks for management which include:
The current ownership arrangements (including public and private owners) results in different management objectives for different parts of the site. This makes it difficult to achieve a unified strategy for the designed landscape as a whole. However, there are a number of simple unifying steps that can be taken to preserve a sense of integrity, such as maintenance of the estate wall, and consistency of character of the path network and signage;
The site owners also have different capabilities and resources to deploy on landscape management. This can potentially limit the ability of the collective to deliver an integrated management approach.
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5
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Conservation Aims and Objectives
5.1
The Aims identified in this CMP include:
To restore the existing historic elements;
To create a coherent and high quality landscape within the designed landscape area;
To recreate the experience of the Avon Ride;
To enhance the visitor experience;
To raise awareness of Chatelherault both offsite, and to increase the number of visitors.
5.4
Objectives include:
Including climate change resilience in all aspects of management;
Maintaining field boundaries in good condition, including: -
This section sets out the main objectives for the Chatelherault designed landscape identified during this study, but is not an exhaustive or exclusive list. Not all objectives will be feasible within the timeframe of the Management Plan, or with funding sought or obtained. Projects (set out in Section 6 below) are therefore prioritised in terms of greatest urgency in respect of conservation of historic features, and value and public benefit in terms of the Country Park experience. In addition, many of the projects identified will require more detailed studies to identify the scope of works, with specialist survey and advice.
-
-
Grazing of Chatelherault White Cattle;
Maintaining and improving the planting in the herbaceous borders around the hunting lodge:
-
The Cadzow Oaks; The Grand Avenue; The veteran sycamores;
Chatelherault Conservation Management Plan
Implementation of plans based on historic research carried out in the 1980’s;
Control of invasive species including: -
Preservation of ancient and veteran trees through care of trees and their surroundings, including:
Wham Ponds – former reservoir and filter beds; Small ponds elsewhere on site, such as near Huntsman’s Drive, Car Park, Golf Course, Divoty Wood could be enhanced to provide better pond habitats; Wetlands at former reservoir near the Claybank Steps.
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The outer estate wall (east) from Old Avon Bridge to Carlisle Road; along Carlisle Road; and from south to Beaton’s Lodge; The outer estate wall (west) around the High Parks from the quarry to Woodedge; and from Woodedge to the Avon; The inner estate wall (west) through the High Parks; Gateways and gateposts.
Planting native species; High quality woodland management to promote good species and age structure; Use of coppicing to enhance ground level habitats.
Maintaining ponds with good water quality and habitats for wildlife, including: -
Restoration and maintenance of the estate walls, including: -
The Duke’s Bridge; White Bridge; Green Bridge; Daurlin’ Bridge; Listed bridge over the Quarter Burn; Other tributary bridges, including over the Cock Syke, Crabeg Burn, Hagg Burn, Divoty Burn and Meikle Burn.
Ground stability; Drainage, diversion of water away from unstable areas; White Bridge Path; Near the small listed bridge over the Quarter Burn and other sections; Stability below the Duke’s Monument.
Enhancing native woodlands and native floras; -
Restoration and maintenance of the fabric and setting of the bridges including: -
Cadzow Castle; The Duke’s Monument; Chatelherault Hunting Lodge.
Maintain grassland for high quality grazing; Ensure field drains are operational.
Structural land works and large scale drainage to help prevent landslides (climate change resilience): -
Restoration and maintenance of the fabric and setting of the built structures in the landscape including:
Walls (see historic elements); Fences; Reinstatement and improvements to hedges; Planting of hedgerow trees.
Maintaining land drainage and grassland quality; -
Objectives include:
Tramway and winch houses near the White Bridge; Avonbank or Hoolet Row.
Creation of a coherent and high quality landscape
Conservation of existing historic elements 5.3
Earthworks at Cadzow Oaks; Park Pale sections.
Consolidation of industrial heritage features, including: -
Objectives 5.2
Archaeological survey and preservation of ancient earthworks, including: -
Aims
Redwoods at Chatelherault; Limes at Cadzow Castle; Avon Ride trees; Planting replacement trees.
Rhododendron (particularly along the western Avon Braes north of Cadzow Castle); Japanese Knotweed (patch at NS 7318 5394) Snowberry (patch by Green Bridge)
Improving the golf course treescape to include broadleaf trees, in more natural groupings, to restore parkland character.
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Objectives include: June 2014
Enhancing the path network with circuits and links:
Events for special interest groups:
-
Hosting training courses in physical works such as woodland management skills, walling.
Restoring, and maintaining existing paths, e.g. repairing surfaces and drainage; Reinstatement of historic paths; Creation of new path links within the network Path links to local communities outside Chatelherault;
Creation of a small remote car park for access from the south;
Priority conservation of the Avon Ride circuit including surface and drainage improvements/repairs for the whole of the Avon Ride, between the Grand Avenue and Barncluith;
Restoring missing access links: -
Climate Change Resilience 5.8
Descent to Fairholm without steps; Daurlin’ Ride section; Barncluith to Old Avon Bridge; Rutherford Croft.
Objectives include:
Woodland management and restocking to take account of changing climatic conditions (eg wetter & windier) and disease resistance in plant selection;
Examination of potential drainage attenuation mechanisms in the high ground adjacent to the gorge;
Examination of potential measures to control and limit erosive powers of watercourses down the valley sides;
Proactive investigations of slope stability to inform potential routing of paths and possible stabilisation actions near key features.
Stabilisation of all watercourse crossings (see also bridges above).
Enhancing the visitor experience 5.6
Objectives include:
Re-opening peeps or views to the river and focal features along the route, including: -
Interpretation strategy including, interpretation panels, leaflets for routes, carefully integrated waymarkers. A single, coherent and recognisable entity/sense of identity for the site is needed, as well as a consistent approach to promotion. The woodlands should be promoted to the same level as the formal parkland and visitor centre. Subjects for interpretation on site could include the following, but these should be carefully managed to avoid confusion: -
History – medieval landscape; Cadzow Castle; 17th-19th century; industrial; Natural history; Geology; Views; Routes and links; Designations, both on the site and the site as part of the larger Clyde Valley Woodlands NNR; Mobile app interpretation information.
Enhancing the memorial experience: -
Woodland management to reopen views; Bench provision.
through maintenance and repairs to existing memorials; or through dedication of a new memorial woodland area, where memorial trees could be adopted or planted, and the sanctuary and solace of the woodland maintained, in contrast to the scattered and fragmented memorials that currently form an eyesore.
Moving towards Green Flag status: -
Applying Green Flag criteria to the management and maintenance of Chatelherault ( note the Green Flag criteria also apply to other Aims) .
Raising awareness 5.7
Objectives include making Chatelherault more outward facing through:
Promoting Chatelherault to visitors both locally and further afield;
Improved engagement with visitors and increasing the level of interest for regular/repeat visitors;
Events, outdoor sculptures and exhibitions;
Community involvement in: -
Physical maintenance works; Surveys and monitoring;
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