Selected Work
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas M.S. Architecture and Urban Design
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas
Content
Selected Work
[Live][Work][Make][Play] | 21
Rainbow Network Hdqrs. | 63
Quito: A Contested City | 37 Leveraging Exchange | 1
Additive Enterprise | 13 Community Support Center | 51
The Common Void | 29
Pireaus Cultural Coast | 57
Managua, Nicaragua | 63
Rainbow Network Hdqrs.
Athens, Greece | 57
Pireaus Cultural Coast
Shanghai, China | 51
Community support Center
Quito, Ecuador |37
Quito: A Contested City
The Common Void
U.N. Buffer Zone,Cyrpus | 29
New York City,NY, USA | 21
[Live] [Work] [Make] [Play]
Newburgh, NY, USA | 13
Additive Enterprise
Suwon, South Korea | 1
Leveraging Exchange
1|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Urban design Studio III
Spring 2015
Suwon, South Korea
Leveraging Exchange SUWON: A HUB FOR INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION
In Collaboration with: Ross Brady, Anais Viteri, Filiberto Viteri
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 2
Leveraging Exchange aims to transform Suwon’s identity to become a platform for the international exchange of knowledgebased businesses and humanitarian services. A dynamic built environment, composed of a flexible framework of spaces, is proposed to host collaborative activities, leveraging Suwon’s local assets such as research institutions, IT companies, business incubators and medical services. Based upon the city’s high concentration of medical, research and educational institutions, a Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus is proposed in a site suited for social interaction; this center will be arranged around public spaces with flexibility for expansion, contraction and reconfiguration. The project will be situated within 2 kilometers of Suwon’s train hub, which offers connections to the Seoul metro as well as national and international railroads. Growth can be initiated by taking advantage of recently vacated buildings that can be re-purposed with little investment for a variety of uses. Possible sponsors for this development include corporations and national or local governments interested in the fields of medical research, treatment and technology to Suwon to take part in a collaborative exchange of their knowledge and specializations and for the enhancement of their skills.
The private investment that is expected to be procured will help develop the area through infill construction, fulfilling this project’s vision of Suwon having a new lively, pedestrian 24/7 neighborhood. The spatial concept includes an area divided into inter-linked, independent mixed-use, mixed-income blocks, each having an open public space preserved in the center (referred to as “madangs” in traditional Korean urban design), with each block functioning as a unit of the larger development. These blocks are in turn organized along a central corridor that acts as an axis connecting the units to each other.This organizing structure is employed so that each unit can function independently with a great deal of autonomy while still maintaining the integrity of the overall vision, or be combined at the discretion of property owners to form larger units. The development’s network of madangs, which connect the block units to each other, will eventually be expanded beyond its boundaries by reaching out into the surrounding neighborhood to create new madangs in opportune places for social interaction. Successful implementation of this concept has the potential to endow Suwon with a branded reputation as a place for international exchange within the broader Korean model of specialized cities and an increasingly globalized East Asia. By pairing Suwon’s specialties with international organizations, Suwon and its institutions can increase economic, technological and humanitarian initiatives with knowledge and services-based trade, creating a niche for Suwon in the global marketplace.
3|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas national, regional, and global reach of Suwon potential places for international collaboration
to trans-siberia railway Russia
Incheon transporation hub 7.25 million passengers in 2014. Connection to East Asia
2 1
1 h. Seoul capital and largest urban area Concentration of highly educated professionals
china
1 h.
Suwon city of international medical knowledge exchange Geographical link between specialized cities and the global market
to trans-china railway
N. Korea
2 h. Daejeon Office District and Gov. agencies Large infrastructure dedicated to research on science and technology
International Presence
20% Annual increase of foreigners
1
2
4
3
1 h.
4 5
25% International marriages 8
6 7
+11 Higher Education Institutions
On a global scale, the proposed development can become a platform for international exchange since Suwon is strategically located within South Korea to act as a global interface between the nation’s specialized cities and the rest of the world. Situated exactly halfway between the international air and sea ports of Seoul and cities in the southern part of Korea that specialize in medicine and research, the campus can act as a geographic link between these cities and the global market. On a national level, INDUSTRIAL SECTORS IN KOREA ARE DIVIDED SUCH THAT ITS CITIES FORM A NETWORK OF SPECIALIZATIONS, from the exchange of goods in Busan and Incheon
to the financial exchange and currency trading in Seoul. The Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus seeks to shape Suwon’s identity in Korea’s network as a place for international exchange of knowledge-based and humanitarian services. Suwon is already a center for international exchange due to seveal factors. First, THE CITY IS CONNECTED TO THE SEOUL METRO AS WELL AS LONG-DISTANCE RAILROADS (such as the Trans-Siberian) with direct links to China, Russia and Europe. Furthermore, in recent years there has been an increase in foreign nationals making
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 4 Suwon’s Competitive advantage for International Exchange Connection to Trans-China Railway
Connection to Trans-Siberian Railway
Main Railroad Vehicular Artery
Seoul
Medical Education seongnam typical resiential city Majority of people commute to Seoul for work
3
Medical Research Health Center Sites owned by RDA
train
Daegu-Gyeongbuk Free Economic Zone City For Services Center for Oriental and alternative medicine
5
Ulsan Specialized Industry Busan Largest Port Exchange of goods
6 1.5 h.
8 Changwon Heavy Industry Cluster Also known for preventive medicine
7
3 h. to Japan
energy research and advanced tech.
medicine exchange
knowledge exchange
specialized education
housing infill
it development
Proposed Projects for RDA Land
Suwon their home. THIS SIGNALS INCREASING TOLERANCE FOR AN INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE SUWON which, when paired with the city’s concentration of medical, research and educational institutions, becomes the basis for the proposal of the Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus. THE MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE CAMPUS SEEKS TO LEVERAGE OTHER ASSETS IN SUWON, such as its strong research and development sector, information technology businesses and
potential for the development of industrial technologies in relation to energy. Combined with education and housing, such a model could provide a road map for Suwon’s continued development in the decades to come. THE PROJECT IS ONE EXAMPLE OF THE FLEXIBLE FRAMEWORK envisioned here that can be deployed elsewhere in the city. Since there are five more concentrations of land in Suwon that the Rural Development Administration plans to turn over to the city, the model of specialized campuses is expected to replicate in Suwon and elsewere along the same lines.
5|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas existing conditions of site
development model Main Railroad
Taxes/ Businesses
Vehicular Artery Train Station
Management Organization
Former Agricultural Land
Suwon City
Site Owned by RDA Project Development
dr. woo jang-chun memorial
$$
initial phase
participant organizations seoho lake
$$$
middle phase
participant organizations
$$ $$
suwon station
The site is situated on approximately 23 hectares of land recently vacated by the RDA. It is set next to a park containing Seoho Lake, a popular recreational destination for area residents. Furthermore, the development site is about 1300m from Suwon station, which is connected to the Seoul metro as well as national and international railroads. The development is also intended to follow a flexible economic model. In operation, Suwon
City pairs with an organization to manage the development. Outside organizations, such as corporations or national or local governments, send their professionals in medical services, research and technology to Suwon for training and collaboration with other professionals from around the world. These organizations contribute resources to construct and maintain the development, essentially buying a stake in it, which also gives them a say in guiding
final phase
participant organizations
its future. The framework is initially seen as being composed of separate units, which will become further integrated and interdependent over time. The design of the campus is derived from an analysis of campuses found across the Korean peninsula, and the form of infill construction is taken from generalized examples of traditional Korean neighborhoods, qualities
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 6 analysis of traditional urban fabric
madang
Neighborhood Scale: The Campus Public-Private Transitions
Centralized Activity
Symbolic Space Precincts Public Space
7.5 meter grid
Alleys
0m 7.5
Building Cluster Scale: The Dong
7.50m
block units
private courtyard communal/ transition housing unit courtyard
private
alley
semi-private private-public
communal/ transition
street
semi-public
public
public scale: the madang house/bldg
central element working
recreational
open space transitional
of which neighborhoods surrounding this development tend to exemplify. At the finest level of detail, the separate blocks of the development are based around public open spaces, called Madang. THE MADANGS FUNCTION AS THE HEART OF THE BLOCKS. The importance of the Madang as an organizer for this project comes from their significance to the concept of exchange. In historic Korean usage, a Madang was a privately owned space
Existing Roads Removed Roads New Roads set aside for the use of the public. This form has been appropriated here to serve as a local interpretation of this concept, with each Madang having a different focus, or theme. Madang for cultivating agriculture (Working), sports field and park uses (Recreational), and to act as a formalized open space between program areas (Transitional) are all featured in this project. Proposed sequence of implementation:
1. NEW STREETS are designated to increase connectivity of the existing network. 2. BLOCK UNITS are defined within the new grid of streets. Each block is seen as a single unit of the flexible framework. 3. A 7½ METER GRID, derived from the dimensions of adjacent neighborhoods, is applied within each block to guide the future parceling of land and to define the Madangs.
7|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas PROPOSED PARCELIZATION
Small Parcels
Medium Parcels
Small Parcels Medium Parcels
Large Parcels The 7½ meter grid is implemented to ensure the design is contextual but it is also necessary for this area to STAND OUT AS A UNIQUE PLACE FOR INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE, so a range of flexibility is demonstrated to illustrate this capacity. The first possibility shows a fine-grained division of parcels, situated for neighborhood-scale development. A medium-sized division allows for mixed development of both neighborhood and
Large Parcels
institutional scales. A large-scaled parcelization accommodates primarily institutional buildings or a large landholder. The proposal for the Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus features a mix of these types, intended to create a PEDESTRIANSCALED NEIGHBORHOOD THAT CAN ALSO HOST INSTITUTIONAL USES. Parceling of land is completed around existing buildings that are set to remain and be re-purposed (shown in gray).
Parcel Combination 0 100
After the parcels are set, they can be bought and building design can begin. Any new buildings must follow a set of design guidelines to ensure that (even with a flexible division of land) A CERTAIN MINIMUM CRITERIA WIL BE ADHERED TO so the development is endowed with certain desirable spatial qualities.
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 8 PROPOSED DESIGN GUIDELINES Parcels can be combined or subdivided for greater flexibility, and cannot be smaller than 170m2
Buildings in the madang need to have frontage on public space with at least 30% porosity on the ground floor. Frontage to madang Porous ground floor Frontage to madang Frontage to madang Porous groundPorous floor ground floor
Buildings along the main corridor must have frontage onto it, with the first and second floor dedicated to commercial or service use.
PARCELS
MADANG
CORRIDOR
Buildings along the main corridor must not exceed 7 floors or 25m, or 5 floors or 18.5m for the rest of the development.
Edges of parcels not abutting a street must have a 1.5m easement on each side to form 3m alleys between buildings.
Connection between madang must be maintained with alleys throughout the development.
1.5 meter easement 1.5 meter easement 1.5 meter easement for alleys for alleys for alleys
Max height at the corridor Max height off the corridor Max height atMax the corridor height at the Max corridor height offMax theheight corridor off the corridor 5 floors 7 floors 5 floors 5 floors 7 floors 7 floors
Connection of madangs Connection ofConnection madangs of madangs through alleys through alleysthrough alleys
HEIGHT
ALLEYS
CONNECTIONS
Lot coverage must not exceed 70% to ensure space between buildings that allows for open space on the ground floor.
Development that is exclusively residential cannot happen along the main corridor or around the Madang. It can only occur along secondary streets.
Social spaces must be created at higher levels of institutional buildings
70% built area 70% built area70% built area Housing only Housing only Housing only
LOT COVERAGE
HOUSING
SOCIAL SPACES
9|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas proposed phasing
Circulation
Circulation
Built Fabric
Built Fabric
PHASE I The Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus will be established with primary public spaces on the North end, connecting to a existing pedestrian path around the lake.
Circulation Built Fabric
PHASE III Development will densify along the main corridor and will begin to define the network of Madangs on the interior of the blocks.
PHASE II Main corridor is defined. Flexibility will be allowed in the order of which parcels are developed as long as design guidelines are adhered to.
Circulation Built Fabric 100 0
PHASE IV At final build-out, the madangs will become fully defined. At various points throughout the site, infill construction will occur.
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 10 proposed complete development
10,578 Residents
2,500
visitors/day
2,650
470
People/Ha
Housing Units
Connection to Neighborhood Madang Network Extension
PHARMACEUTICAL CENTER Working Madang
RESEARCH CENTER Transitional Madang
Temporary Housing
MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE CENTER
Mixed Use Development Recreational Madang
IT CENTER Working Madag
Repurposed Buildings
Mixed Use Development Transitional Madang
Pedestrian Bridge North-South Connection
Neighborhood School Recreational Madang
Housing Development Recreational Madang
Neighborhood Services Transitional Madang
The north side of the development will be primarily occupied by INSTITUTIONAL USES, with the south side having a stronger focus on HOUSING AND NEIGHBORHOOD AMENITIES. There will be a shared pedestrian/cyclist path running along the middle of the main corridor, which will connect the two sections via a bridge over a highway that divides the site.
0
100
11|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Illustration of Moments along Madang
Recreational Madang [Cultural-Festival]
A primary function of the main corridor is to CREATE A CONNECTION BETWEEN SIDEWALKS AND STOREFRONTS, as well as to emphasize its CONNECTION TO THE NETWORK OF MADANGS using defined pathways and semi-public spaces in the buildings that separate them. The Madangs, serving as the heart of the block units,
have the potential to become imbued with varying themes, giving the blocks qualities to encourage recreational and event use or for official public gatherings. A bridge that connects the north and south sections of the development will engage buildings aorund it at upper levels to support the goal of creating SOCIAL SPACES AT MULTIPLE VERTICAL
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 12 Main corridor
Medical Knowledge Exchange Center [End of Corridor and transition to waterfront]
LEVELS, adding elements of spatial variety to the corridor. When the corridor reaches the Medical Center it will recede gently into the lake, linking the Medical Center with the park. The development’s network of Madangs connecting semi-autonomous block units can also be seen as a MICROCOSIM OF
Transitional Madang [IT Research Center]
KOREA’S TRADITIONAL STRUCTURE OF NETWORKED CITIES. In this way, the Medical Knowledge Exchange Campus will align with national goals while reflecting Korea’s overall urban organization. As such, this project’s plans for Suwon can further increase Korea’s interaction with its neighbors and the global economy.
13|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Urban design Studio II
Fall 2015
Newburgh, NY, USA
Additive Enterprise Engage Education. Activate Workforce. Expand Economy In Collaboration with: Arshia Chaudri, Crystal Eksi, Zhimin Zhang RESIDENTS BELOW PROVERTY LEVEL HIGH LOW
119
9W
I87
MT ST MARY COLLEGE Clean Energy Incubator
KINGSTON
$ 10 MILLION SUNY - ENGINEERING INNOVATION HUB
SUNY
NEW PALTZ
$ 3 MILLION
Engineering Incubator
NYS CENTER FOR CLOUD COMPUTING
POUGHKEEPSIE
SOUTH MIDDLE SCHOOL
Arts Incubator
CGAM MECHANIST TRAINING
209
$ 2.5 MILLION NEWBURGH
TOURO COLLEGE OF OSTEOPATHIC
$ 1 MILLION
BEACON
MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH NON FOR PROFIT
HEALTH ACCELERATOR
MIDDLETOWN 209 I 84
I87
9W
119
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 14 Hardware Incubator | William Street
Additive Enterprise is a framework to spur the transformation of urban corridors by promoting the growth and success of small businesses. By re-purposing existing vacant buildings and parcels the project strategically clusters and supports small enterprises, educational opportunities and new public spaces within the city. In Newburgh, this transformation takes place along the William and Dubois Street corridor that connects two of the city’s key anchor institutions, South Middle School and St Mary’s College. The corridor provides new spaces that can serve as incubators for art, media , technology and food entrepreneurs while promoting greater community interaction. This is achieved through three strategies: Engage, Activate and Expand. The project engages with the existing skills of the workforce while creating a place for art, media , technology and food while promoting and opportunity for hands-on learning as well as
support to establish startup businesses through Make [in] Newburgh, the network of Hardware, Art, and Kitchen Incubators. These would activate the buildings along the corridor by generating an incremental growth of small businesses, which would bring a critical mass of interaction to the street while transforming it into mixed used neighborhood. Make [in] Newburgh, is a non-for-profit with partnership to educational and community organization such as Boces, Suny, Safe Harbors of the Hudson, and Habitat for Humanity. These provide a programmatic link for people along the corridor to explore new possibilities, to build upon their experiences or learn new skills, and to inspire new ventures. The City of Newburgh would promote a more active public realm to better allow people and neighborhoods to safely connect and interact. Finally, the process expands through scaling up and promoting businesses through the Cultural Expo-center, overlooking the Hudson River that showcases the skills, products and services that various enterprises can offer within the Hudson River Valley region.
15|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Background Information and Strategy
US SALES
Loss Of Workforce & Investment
QFT. NS
8 MI L
30%
COMMERCIAL SPACE
50%
N LIO
54%
20-34 BILL IO
Small Businesses In Us
EDUCATION
POSITITVE IMPACT ON LOCAL ECONOMY
GROWTH IN JOBS
POSITITVE IMPACT ON LOCAL ECONOMY
63% SUPPORTS PEOPLE IN COMMUNITY
63%
COLLEGE
VOCATIONAL
55%
X
ECONOMY
MONEY STAYS IN LOCAL COMMUNITY
Competitive Advantage
70%
SUPPORTS PEOPLE IN COMMUNITY
SECTION 8 76% WELFARE ECONOMY
Big Impact On Community
70%
70%
ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL
Mechanism for growth
55%
WORKFORCE
MONEY STAYS IN LOCAL COMMUNITY
ENGAGE ADAPTIVE REUSE ALONG WILLIAMS AND DUBOIS | INCUBATORS AND NEIGHBORHOOD
NEW YORK STATE
NEW YORK STATE
21.3% CITY IN POVERTY
X
CDBG NY MAIN STREET REVITALIZE HISTORIC DOWNTOWNS
REDUCED NO INFLOW DEVLEOPMENT LESSER JOBS
LAND RESOURCES
MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH NON FOR PROFIT
URBAN INITIATIVE FINANCIAL AND TECH. RESOURCES
ENGAGE STREETSCAPING AND TRANSPORTATION DUBOIS AND WILLIAMS | CONNECTIONS
vacant
VACANT LAND
TO
T R A N S I T O R A N G E
TRANSPORTATION, COMMUNITY AND SYSTEM PRESERVATION TRANSIT, STREETSCAPING, T.O.D. PLAN
VACANT
WATER FRONT REAL ESTATE
PRODUCTION & TRAINING
ACTIVATE
REVITALIZATION OF NEIGHBOURHOOD INFRASTRUCTURE
HUMAN CAPITAL
SAFE ROUTES TO SCHOOL
LIVABILITY
INFRASTRUCTURE WITHIN 1/4 MILE FROM SCHOOLS
RENOVATION OF NEIGHBORING BUILDINGS ALONG STREETS
NEW YORK STATE
MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH NON FOR PROFIT
YOUTH
SKILLED
UNSKILLED
BROADWAY
COMMUNITY PROGRAMS
INFRASTRUCTURE
NEW BUSINESSES & INVESTMENT
FRIEGHT RAIL
NEIGHBORHOOD STABILIZATION PROGRAM
NY MAIN STREET
RENOVATED VACANT DELLAPIDATED PROPERTY
REVITALIZE HISTORIC DOWNTOWNS GRANTS
UNIVERSITIES MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH NON FOR PROFIT
VOCATIONAL PROGRAMS
EXPAND
MIXED USE NEIGHBORHOODS
CULTURAL EXPO CENTER
SCHOOLS
EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES
MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH NON FOR PROFIT
PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP
BUILDING OWNER
[Engage]
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 16
Site Intervention
strategic implementation
17|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas
GREEN HOUSE ROOF VEGETABLE GARDEN CLASSROOM AND CO-WORKING SPACES
Repurposed Buildings for incubators
PACKAGING AREA INCUBATOR RETAIL COFFE SHOP BAKERY SHARED KITCHEN
SHARED OFFICE SPACE CLASSROOM WOODSHOP INDIVIDUAL WORKBENCHES
T.
IS S
BO
DU
Kitchen incubator
STORAGE AND SHARED WOODSHOP
INDIVIDUAL OFFICES SPACES METALWORK SPACE DISPLAY ROOM
Hardware incubator PUBLIC SCULPTURE PARK BLACK ROOM PHOTOGRAPHY STUDIO MUSIC STUDIOS LOUNGE AND MEETING SPACE INDIVIDUAL STUDIO COURTYARD OPEN STUDIO
WORKING SPACES
GALLERY SPACE
CLASSROOMS CIRCULATION SHARED SPACES
Arts incubator
POCKET PARK
MAKE[IN] NEWBURGH AVERAGE WOODSHOP: 8,500 sq ft STREETSCAPE
30’
SECOND FLOOR ADDITION
49’ VACANT LOT 1,556 sq ft
65’ x 45’ VACANT WAREHOUSE 2,882 sq ft
POOR SIDEWALK CONDITIONS
14’ x 44’ VACANT BUILDING 647 sq ft
48’
42’
12’
14’
31’
53’ VACANT BUILDING 4,632 sq ft
WASHINGTON ST.
14’
14’
20’
VACANT GARAGE
96’ UNDERUTILIZED LOT 9,120 sq ft
20’ x 54’ VACANT BUILDING 3,063 sq ft
48’ x 94’ VACANT LOT 4,512 sq ft
VACANT FIRST FLOOR 1,330 sq ft
47’ VACANT WAREHOUSE 4,650 sq ft
96’
ANN ST.
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 18 Programmatic linkages
cafe
bodega
La Cocina newburgh
NEWBURGH
Kitchen incubator
Kitchen incubator
Hardware incubator
Arts incubator
Arts incubator
H
VAN NESS ST.
BROADWAY
19|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas
[Activate]
Residential Transformation into Mixed-Use
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas| 20 Programmatic linkages
E IN MAD RGH BU NEW
Curbside Library
Parklet
Downing Park Amphitheatre
Neighborhood Library
[Expand]
Newburgh Creative Interface
BROADWAY
ENTRY BRIDGE
ROOF PARKS PUBLIC PLAZA
CULTURAL GALLERY
FERRY CONNECTION COLDEN ST.
RETAIL
WATER ST. EXPO CENTER
ART DISPLAY
Cultural Expo Center
21|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Urban design Studio I
Summer 2014
Flushing - Queens, NY, USA
Live - Work - Make - play
A Community Framework through Innovation In Collaboration with: Arshia Chaudri, Amy Shell, Yuxian, Jiang
=
+ CRAFT
TECHNOLOGY
L IV E
WORK
INNOVATION
MA K E
+ HOMES FOR DIVERSE HOUSEHOLDS
PL A Y
= SHARED SPACE
COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 22 Flushing is a neighborhood in NewYork’s borough, Queens. The area has mostly developed as a residential neighborhood; however, centered along Main Street, the area has developed in a large commercial and retail center - the fourth largets business district in the city. Due to immigration, the population has increased by 2% since 2000 creating a new demand for housing that is not being met. The large investments in the incoming projects are mainly developing luxury condominiums that do not cater to the needs of its residents.
Flushing Vision and Existing Conditions
Van Wyck Expy
The vision is to create a progressive neighborhood that integrates Flushing’s existing local businesses and social framework through which people live and work within the culture of shared space and resources leading to an exchange of ideas and a district noted for its innovations. The area’s growth has been restrained due to the current zoning regulations as Manufacturing and as commercial zones leading to existence of underutilized land west of college point. Due to its current zoning, the area has been developed into a material supplier district; however, this has led to a program redundancy throughout the area.
Outlook Rest Area Innovation District Flushing Creek
Pedestrian Bridge
The area faces some physical obstacles that have turned it into a fragmented site. These barriers include Van Wyck Expressway, the LIRR, the 7 train infrastructure, and existing buildings such as Skyview Mall and Home Depot. The site’s is located in Flushing Creek’s flood plain which acts as a segregating due to its poor conditions. Finally, the neighborhood west of college point does not have easy access to public transportation. Even though downtown Flushing is bursting with bus routes, this is not the case just a couple blocks west. There is only one bus route that goes through the site, which covers the route from downtown to La Guardia.
Main Street
Through an infrastructural landscape that acts as the backbone of the area Our design intentions are to unify the fragmented layers of the site, into a cohesive entity that responds to its surroundings.
College Point
We have approached our intervention in a thematic process that establishes a connecting tissue creating a framework for our neighborhood development. Amongst these are a B.R.T corridor, Eco-boulevards, boardwalks along the creek and a transit plaza as the prime node integrating flushing.
REDUNDANCY
Corona Crossing
Corona Park
POLLUTION
BARRIERS
23|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas
The creek acts a major spine assembling the fragments within the site together bringing the people of flushing to the waterfront. The envisioned boardwalk is a continuous path along the creek which consists of outlook-rest areas, pocket parks and pedestrian bridges connecting to Willet Point and Corona Park. The boardwalk does not only function as a means of circulation but it also offers community-oriented spaces, such as community gardens.
Community Gardens along the Boardwalk
W O R K M A K E L I V E L I V E
PERMEABLE PAVED SIDEWALK
BIKE LANES
WATERFRONT TRAIL
BOARDWALK
Improvement of Creek Ecology
CREEK ECOLOGY ENHANCEMENT STORM WATER WETLANDS María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 24 Improvement of Creek Ecology
RAIN GARDENS + BIOSWALES COLLECT STORM WATER + RUNOFF ZONE OF SETTLEMENT SAND FILTER, SUPPORTS NUTRIENT PLANTS FOR AQUACULTURE
FILTRATED WATER FROM WETLAND FLOWS INTO CREEK
D UPLAN
ITION TRANS
ZONE
OND
TION P FILTRA
RIVER E
Y COLOG
Water Filtration
In order to do so, improvement of the creek ecology would be the first step responding to the creek’s current condition. The process will happen in three phases, each phase with a 10 year duration. Phase I, involves stepping down the landscape to prevent surface erosion through compost bio-logs. A constructed wetland will aid in the filtration of the creek water and storm water management from the paved surfaces leading it into the creek through an outlet pond. Filtration will
happen through a constructed wet-land with Bio-swales, rain gardens with flood preventive plant species that will enhance the quality of the landscape By the end of 10 years, with an improved quality of water, the landscape transforms into a riverfront park housing various activities for its residents. In the last phase, we envision generative activities such as aqua-culture and urban farming to develop along the creek, and thus provide for job- creation and economic development.
25| María Cristina Bustamante Callejas
5’-0”
10’-0”
10’-0”
13’-6”
Typical Eco-Boulevar
The Eco-Boulevards provide east-west connections from downtown Flushing to the waterfront as well as north-south by re-structuring College Point as one of flushing’s main artery. The connecting tissue of the Eco Boulevard unfolds as a natural buffer that collects gray water and marks the center of the pedestrian promenade. On both sides of the bio swale, there is a wide sidewalk to support commercial spaces and street life. Amongst others, the college point eco-boulevard will also include lanes for shuttle busses that run locally.
10’-0”
W O R KM A K E L I V E L I V E
PERMEABLE DRAIN PIPE
GRAY WATER FILTRATION
BIOSWALE
SHUTTLE LANE
DRIVE LANE
PERMEABLE PAVED SIDEWALK
W O R K M A K E L I V E L I V E L I V E
15’-0”
BIKE LANE
Eco-Boulevars
10’-0”
5’-0”
13’-6”
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 26 Transit Node
Plaza at Transition Node
A Bus Transit Transit will be added in Van Wyck as a way of extending the site’s connections. This move responds to Flushing’s need for decongestion in the downtown area while solving the site’s insufficient access to public transportation. The suggested routes will connect Flushing to Manhattan via La Guardia, to John F. Kennedy airport, to East Bronx and to Bayside. The B.R.T will not develop in isolation but will provide for transition spaces. As a prime node within in our proposal, the plaza acts as a catalyst for not only decongestion but also for connecting flushing city-wide and international outlets.The plaza connects the urban context both visually and physically brining the creek and wet-lands as a landscape elements within the space.
The plaza is programmed to include a bike rental, repair and store, care-share and open space for food market. The multi- level plaza integrates the rear of sky-view mall in our proposal by transforming it and connecting to the waterfront through a series of public spaces thereby, breaking the disconnection to it. The path connecting the two levels includes a series of pocket parks for different activities ranging for leisure spaces to outdoor movie spaces. At the top level where the plaza connects to the highway, a well activated public space that acts as waiting area.
27|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Residential Neighborhoods
Makers’ Point Section
The northern part of the site, Makers’ Point, is envisioned to be a system of co-working environments consolidating the existing building suppliers, providing for new maker-spaces, incubators for the incoming and local young professionals and live-work units. The neighborhood provides for parking, a training school, an outdoor exhibition area as shared resources amongst them and for the city. Makers’ Point includes three different spaces: retail, display areas and storage spaces. Incubators offer open-plan workspace and studio-type facilities, which allows for workshops and display areas. Residential includes family style and micro units. The southern part of the site, Corona Crossing is a neighborhood that caters the needs of the multi-generation family and the increasing elderly population of Flushing. It is developed by bleeding the adjacent Corona Park into the proposed housing underneath the highway to dissolve the existent barrier. Located
in a setting of a series of green spaces including corona park, Kissena Park, it connects the southern part of flushing to the waterfront through a pedestrian boulevard which creates a strong visual axis within the neighborhood. it is Envisioned as medium rise- high density housing, It is programmed to have public facilities along with various unit types catering to single family, elderly couples, extended families and individuals. The shared spaces created through muti- level roof gardens plazas and ground spaces provide opportunities for community interaction and resource sharing. As a framework for this process, we have defined a set of people with vested interest in the entire project. These would include current-residents, the incoming population, local government, and public institutions as users and facilitators for maker’s point and Corona Crossing.
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 28 Corona Crossing
LOCAL COMMUNITY MR bENJAMIN
LIVES IN MAKERS’S POINT HAS A LARGE SUPPLIERS STORE USES BRT TO GO TO NYC FOR BUSINESS MEETINGS DROPS OFF HIS CHILDREN TO THE CHILD CARE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
BUILDING SUPPLIERS PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS SENIOR CITIZEN COMMUNITY MR HENRY
LIVES IN CORONA CROSSING LOVES THE PEDESTRIAN FRIENDLY NIEGHBOURHOOD CONTRIBUTES TOWARDS SOCIAL PROGRAMS DEVELOPMENT FOR THE COMMUNITY
FRIENDS FROM NEIGHBOUHOOD
LIVES IN CORONA CROSSING ENJOYS THE WATERFRONT ON A DAILY BASIS AND TRAVEL WITH EASE HTROUGH THE TRANSIT PLAZA ALSO CONTRIBUTR TOWARDS CREEK IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
YOUNG PROFESSIONALS
FRIENDS FROM NEIGHBOUHOOD
LOCAL HOUSING AUTHORITY AS A FACILITATOR FOR THE INCLUSIONARY HOUSING PROGRAM IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
ASIAN AND AMERICAN ENTREPRENUERS
YOUNG PROFESSIONALS BUDDING ENTREPRENUERS SEEKING NEW SPACES FOR WORK AND LIVING WITH THE BEST AMENITIES AVAILAIBLE IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
MR RAKE
REPRESENTATIV OF PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS LIKE SCHOOLS AND RELEGIOUS BUILDINGS AS FUNDING AGENCIES TO SUPPORT COMMUNITY
29|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Seminar:Urban Prefigurations
Fall 2014
UN Buffer Zone,Cyprus
The Common Void
In Collaboration with:Filiberto Viteri, Jeronimo Aguilar
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 30
40,
OOO
Cyprus | A Divided Land
POP: 265,000
LEDRA PALACE AGIOS DHOMETIOS LEDRA STREET ASTROMERITIS PYLA
UK BASE POP: 2,771
ANTHINEOU
POP: 2,771
MAMMARI DENEIA
4 km
ABANDONED AIRPORT POP: 5,017
LIMNITIS
POP: 11,052
POP: 373
AGIOS NIKOLAUS
TROULLOI
POP: 789,300
PYLA
BUFFER ZONE | NICOSIA
UK BASE
10,000
LIVE/WORK IN BUFFER ZONE
GREEK CYPRIOTS MILITARY ZONE
RoC
7
2,000
CROSSING POINTS
BLUE HELMET ZONE
UN
TURKISH CYPRIOTS MILITARY ZONE
TRNC
WAR PRISIONERS
ABANDONED AIRPORT
ABANDONED AGRICULTURAL LAND
31|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Agriculture Land Production
FROM
TO
AGRICULTURAL CORRIDOR CULTIVATED FIELD (CEREAL, POTATOES, CITRUS)
DENSE FOREST: ORCHARDS (OLIVE AND CAROB)
IRRIGATED AREA
SPARSE FOREST AND BRUSH: GRAZING (GRAIN, TOBACCO)
OF CYPRUS 343 SQ KM 3% IN BUFFER ZONE
10% OF ALL AGRICULTURAL LAND
.4 SQ KM TURKISH CYPRIOT LAND GREEK CYPRIOT LAND
TOBACCO
FODDER
POTATO
CITRUS
OLIVES
GRAPES
CEREAL
LIVESTOCK
FRUITS
1 YEAR
...
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 32 Partners and Strategy
UNITED NATIONS: FROM STATIC PEACE KEEPER TO PROACTIVE PEACE GENERATOR UN INSTITUTE FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH
THE PEACE BUILDING COMMISSION (PBC)
Institute that delivers innovative training and conducts research through technology-based knowledge-related services
Intergovernmental advisory body that supports peace efforts. It plays a unique role in (1) bringing together key actors (2) combining resources (3) proposing integrated strategies for post-conflict peacebuilding.
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (UN)
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND WORLD BANK
Leads international efforts to defeat hunger. Helpd countries modernize and improve agriculture, forestry and fishery.
The World Bank and UNCTAD cooperate in the delivery of technical assistance and capacity-building programs.
STRATEGIES PHASE I
PHASE II
1. Platform for shared products and community training
4. Create transboundary cooperatives
PHASE III
7. Expand agricultural corridor: unify north and south agricultural land
2. Regulations to incentivize joined projects 5. Incorporate more land into program NICOSIA
3. Bring together international donors and financial insitutions
6. Increase accessibility and services
8. Establish central trading market for agricultural network at global scale
33|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Phase I
VETERINARY HELP FOR LIVESTOCK Create a Framework that allows utilising experiences from other countries to develop a new animal health system, built on a private-public partnership.
ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO SUSTAIN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION
Provide assistance to support developing farmers’ capacity and promotion of modern crop management and plant protection techniques
PRODUCING QUALITY SEEDS In most small family farms, farmers plant Fields that rarely produced the yields they could have, because the farmers had no access to a crucial input – quality seed, although on of the less expensive.
Identify goods that have decresed in productivity rates and improve their conditions
DECREASING CHILD LABOUR WHILE PROMOTING RURAL EMPLOYMENT Developed and endorsed a rich Framework for Action to prevent and reduce child labour in agriculture
RISE WARNING ABOUT MARKET CRISES FAO and other agencies could incorporate programs for early warning interventions of food market crises.
MODERN CROP MANAGEMENT AND PEST CONTROL
WOMEN DAIRY FARMERS Instead of the seasonal income provided by crops, a dairy enterprise, once established or improved, can supply milk that is sold weekly or even daily for cash. In the vast majority of cases, that cash goes to the women of the household
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 34 Phase II
ROADS TO CONNECT COMMUNITIES Link communities that produce complementary products with provision of social protection and capital assistance.
MICROLOANS UN and micofinal institutions assist dislaced persons ans entrepreneurs with small-scale business.
IMPROVE ACCESS TO WATER Encourage communities to work together to agree on common challenges and goals in order to share resources pacefully, such as cleaning canals and receive food in return
35|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Phase III | Nicosia Urban Market
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 36 Partners and Strategy
CURRENT STATE The Buffer Zone gets new regulation and UN Agencies start to generate and fund productive projects
PHASE III The area gets expanded and becomes active part of most of the activities in the country
10,000
LIVE/WORK IN BUFFER ZONE KM2
346 1000
100,000
LIVE/WORK IN BUFFER ZONE KM2
3000 7500
PHASES I AND II The area gets expanded by new networks and land utilized by productive projects
COMMON LAND The entire country becomes common ground for projects that eventually reshape the type of interaction.
50,000
LIVE/WORK IN BUFFER ZONE KM2
1745 4300
37|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas LOCAL, GLOBAL, POSTCOLONIAL
Spring 2015
Quito, Ecuador
The Contested City Struggle for Identity in Public Spaces: Colonial Architecture, Indigenous Heritage and Global Tourism
BULEVAR 24 DE MAYO
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 38 Abstract
View of Quito’s Colonial City1
The rehabilitation of historic city centers in developing countries emerges with the opportunity of benefiting from the increasing mobility of international tourists. In this competitive global market, a particular aspect of history and culture is commercialized: one that celebrates buildings and conceals a certain aspect of heritage. The city becomes a contested space where dacades of physical and socio-economic conflicts ingrained in the city become manifested in the search for heritage. An expression of this conflict is embodied in the rehabilitation of Bulevar 24 de Mayo, an urban intervention in Quito’s historic center, where its renovation for heritage consumption has neglected its former residents and uses.
The city has seen the need for transformation in order to meet the standards of international cities, causing a rupture between an indigenous identity and the preferred memory of heritage. Paolo Rossi, says that “history is a game of unveiling and concealment, of manifestation and obliteration (…) but it is its repression which incites memory to address the forgotten” 2. Identity formation is a dispute of the oblivion more that it is of memory and for it, more is forgotten that it is remembered. In the Bulevar 24 de Mayo, oblivion is strategic and it’s used as a tool for the construction of an identity that responds to Western standards.
1. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 108”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/9733569708/ (accessed March 13, 2015). 2. Paolo Rossi, El Pasado, La Memoria, Y El Olvido. Nueva Vision ed. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, (2003), 24.
39|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Introduction INTRODUCTION
As cities around the world compete for global tourism, their identity, history, and heritage are presented as unique commercialized assets; these are usually manifested in public, monumental spaces such as squares, churches, cathedrals, and museums as an expression of a grandiose past. However, history brings more than a simple physical expression to the global market, it also brings a neglected aspect of its people and culture. In Latin America, historic centers are demonstrations of colonial repression. According to Dias, a South American historian, “The magnificent architecture of their convents, churches and works of art were testimony to this concentration of power and wealth”3. Heritage tourism is the manifestation of a particular demonstration of history that is provided for the tourist. This reality is constructed for the visitor’s enjoyment by a specific local group while another group’s interests are neglected. In this way, tourism is simply an extension of politics in which “political implications of culturally selective identification, interpretation, conservation, and marketing of the inherited built environment are profound and potentially deadly”4. To give space for heritage tourism, the city becomes the ground for a power struggle where the dominant power redefines relations while altering the historical and cultural life of communities and transforming the city and its actors5. Cultural, social, and economic struggles carried down through history become more acute as a particular demonstration of heritage is portrayed as ‘real’. As a consequence, local activities of the neglected group, usually the ones that give vitality to the city, are seen as barriers for its development.
Colonial architecture, Quito.6
Plaza Grande, Quito.7
3. Patricia Dias, In: In: Carrion, F., Centros Históricos De América Latina Y El Caribe, Paris: UNESCO, 2001. 4. J.E.Tunbridge, “Whose Heritage? Global Problem.” In European Nightmare, Building a New Heritage: Tourism, Culture and Identity in the New Europe. London: Routledge, 1994, 123. 5. Alan Middleton, “Informal Traders and Planners in the Regeneration of Historic City Centres : The Case of Quito, Ecuador.” Progress in Planning, 2003, 73. 6. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 012”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/9733687226/in/set-72157635491857371 (accessed March 13, 2015). 7. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito Plaza Grande 02”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/9733415428/in/set-72157635491857371 (accessed March 13, 2015). 8. Romulo Peralta, “Capilla del Robo”, photograph, 2012, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/romulofotos/16196864071/ (accessed March 13, 2015).
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 40 Introduction In the narrative of modernity, heritage becomes an alibi for a disciplinary undertone that carries with it ideas of civilization, culture, and aesthetics. Heritage leads to the deconstruction and the interpretation of history under the umbrella of economic, social, and urban development while condemning its current state and the people who inhabit it. This fabrication of reality is enforced by the focklorization of those whose identity has been neglected. Folcklorization, as an attempt to build bridges, acts as an alienating force that creates a stereotype to be consumed by the tourist; it
is the manicured interpretation of where the local meets the global. Historic centers are considered to be spaces where everyday life determines the use of the space due to its long history of inhabitancy; however, cities like Quito that have uncover the economic benefits of exploring heritage tourism, do not follow the social use of space for its enhancement but instead follow the commercial uses of culture to determine rehabilitation projects.
Traditional dance performance in Historic Center.9
9. Eduardo Flores, “Quito en Busca de la fiesta Andina�, photograph 2013, Flick.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/agenciaandes_ec/8462936254/ ( accessed March 13, 2015).
41|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Historical Context In order to understand the state of Quito’s as a heritage site, it is fundamental to understand how the city developed over time. Quito was inhabited by various indigenous tribes, including the Incas, for over 800 years before it was conquered by the Spanish in 1534. The city bloomed during the colonial era. Various religious orders such as the Jesuits and Franciscans settled in the city and built churches and convents with indigenous labor. By 1563, the city had become the administration district of Spain and by the beginning of the nineteenth century, the city already had 10,000 habitants. Throughout the colonial years, the growth of the city was structured around a hierarchical order that prescribed locations based on race and this gave framework for the city’s development. In 1822, after 300 years of Spanish domination, Quito gained independence. However, this only signified a change for the elite class and did not cause a major change for the indigenous population due to its permanent hierarchical relationship with the elite, defined by interdependence and exploitation. During the Republican era, the number of elite families that settled in grand houses in the city center increased, pushing the rural indigenous population to the periphery; however, the growth of city lead to infrastructural improvements and construction, creating a demand for labor that came from the countryside. Through the 19th century, Quito developed as the center of informal trade and artisanal activities; street trading, particularly of agricultural produce, became an important activity for the indigenous population. By the end of the century, the strcture of the city was transformed as the ground floor of grand houses began to be occupied for trade coming from the countryside and artisanal activity. The spaces were rented on a month to month base. However, this did not reduce the informal commerce in the street, but it attracted more people from countryside to make a living in the city.
By the beginning of the 1900, the colonial city was considered the commercial, social and economic center of the city, characterized by its indigenous activity. For the elite, this was seen as the degradation for the city which lead to major reforms that removed street traders from doorways of various squares. Street traders
Plaza de San Francisco, 190310
Government Building and Main Plaza, 190711
9. Alan Middleton, “Informal Traders and Planners in the Regeneration of Historic City Centres : The Case of Quito, Ecuador.” Progress in Planning, 2003, 78. 10. “Plaza de San Francisco 1903” In: Miradas sobre Quito, photograph 1903, Abritinecuador.com, http://www.abritinecuador.com/miradas-sobre-quito-2/p1010070/(accessed March 15, 2015). 11. “Ecuador Governement Building” In: Fotos Quito Antiguo, photograph 1907, Quitoantiguofotos.blog,com, http://quitoantiguofotos.blogspot.com/p/billetes.html (accessed March 15, 2015)
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 42 were perceived as obstacles for progress since their “behavior lowered the cultural tome of the area”9. This align with the European Hygenist movement, which incentivized actions for the cleansing of the city as a way of stressing the contrast between development, rationality, sanitation, and the indigenous lifestyle. At this time, ‘indigenous’ was a term “loaded with ‘pejorative and humiliation’ undertones12. Attempts to clear the streets fed an already existing anti-indigenous feeling and a racist ideology, seen as attractive to the city elite’s. 1914
1947
1971
Quito’s Urban Growth
Historical Context This setiments did not stop the rapid growth of the city due to the improvement of inter-regional transport connections. Between 1906 and 1950, the population increase from 52,000 to 210,000 and to sustain this growth, the city expanded from 174 ha at the beginning of the century to 1300 ha by mid-1900. Due to the topographical constrains of the city, the city growth evolved from a concentric radial pattern to a longitudinal layout, allowing the elite to move out the historic colonial center into the recently developed are to the north; this resulted in a stratified spatial structure. Expansion in the periphery led to the abandonment of the city not only by the elites but also by municipal authorities. Facing the needs of the neglected city center, in 1942, the Plan Regulador was established by the city government for the conservation and rehabilitation of the colonial city. However, the project was conceived on monumentalist policies that followed strategies of the developed world;
the plan was ahistorical, ignored local political realities; its grand ideas were beyond economics of poor country plagued by agrarian crisis and the war with neighboring Peru; it took no account for social forces such as the migration which the war of 1941 and the economic crisis in the rural area produced; and it did not begin to involve the people of Quito in its design or implementation.13
The plan did not respond to the needs of the majority of the populationn, and major infrastructural challenges were left unattended. In 1978, Quito became the first city to be recognized by the UNESCO as a Cultural Heritage Site of Humanity. The UNESCO recognition placed the city in a global context and enforced the development of a framework for preservation. The notion of rehabilitation was only pertinent for major
12. Zeynep Celik, “Chapter 5: Housing the Algerians: Grands Ensembles.” In Urban Forms and Colonial Confrontations Algiers under French Rule. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, 156. 13. Alan Middleton, “Informal Traders and Planners in the Regeneration of Historic City Centres : The Case of Quito, Ecuador.” Progress in Planning, 2003, 79.
43|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Historical Context buildings and monument of architectural importance, neglecting the everyday spaces that its inhabitants occupied. International investment from Spain, Belgium, and France was concentrated in cosmetic measure to renovate the face of the city; it was considered a cleansing and beautifying plan more than one to improve the living conditions on those who inhabited the city. The 1991 Master Plan for the Integral Rehabilitation of the Historic Centre of Quito, established policies for the conservation and improvement of the living conditions of the city inhabitant’s with proposals for the repair of public spaces, buildings of less architectural significance, infrastructure and schemes for the economic regeneration of the city as the method for the increase of tourism. This was reinforced by the promotion of the
‘correct’ use and preservation of public and private buildings, making the city center more attractive for international visitors.
Calle La Ronda in 1978 with some informal commerce along the street14
Street in Quito’s historical center populated with indigenous stores.16 14. “El Cronista De La Ciudad Detalla La Historia De La 24 De Mayo.” In: Patrimonio Contemporaneo, photograph 1978, ElComercio.com, http://patrimonio.elcomercio.com/patrimonio-historico/ bulevar-de-la-veinticuatro-de-mayo/historia#.VR1E9_nF98E (accessed March 15, 2015) 15. Centro Historico De Quito: La Vivienda. Quito: TRAMA, 1991, 24. 16. Allen Morrison, “Postcard view of an unidentified street in the central area”, photograph 1970’s, Tramz.com , http://www.tramz.com/ec/q/qe00.html, (accessed March 15, 2015).
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 44 QUITO COMPETING FOR HERITAGE TOURISM
Quito Competing for Heritage Tourism
Today, Quito’s historic city is the largest, best preserved colonial center in South America. The city has 375 hectares of preserved space, with 130 monumental buildings of which 42% are religious and 58% are of civic character. In 2014, only 40,000 people lived in the city center, which signified a decrease of 2.5% compared to the previous year18. However, the city center is still considered a thriving area of the city as 320,000 people come into the city on a daily basis. Even though the government has done an extensive effort to eliminate all forms of informal commerce, the city houses over 800 informal workers; this is after a decade programs that relocated more than 6,500 informal traders into regularized markets19. Group of tourists walking in Quito’s historic center17
Today, Quito competes in a global market for international tourism. Tourism plays an extremely important role in Ecuador’s economy. Without considering oil, it is the fourth source of revenue, only after bananas, shrimp, and seafood export. In 2014, Quito received 26% more tourist than the previous year, placing the city only after Tokyo and Bogota with regards of its growth in tourism20. Over half of all national tourist visit the city center and its monuments, including squares, churches, and cathedrals. It is important to understand that through heritage tourism a process of selection takes place, that which gives value to certain aspects of history while suppressing others. The rehabilitation of the city for the development of heritage tourism in Quito has relied on the displacement of indigenous people of city’s streets, giving access to colonial and republican buildings while reducing indigenous culture to a folkloric depiction that features the ‘otherness’ of this sector of the population. Heritage tourism is forced to respond to local and global forces; however, global forces have more weight due to its economic significance in the national scheme. In this competition for tourism, a particular perspective of history and culture is sold, that which celebrates its architectural expressions and ignores its people and its contested relationships.
COLONIAL CITY
CABLE CAR
PANECILLO
NIGHT LIFE
SHOPPING
OTHER
Most visited places in Quito in 2014
LOCAL
GLOBAL $$$
$$$$$$$
Local and global forces in heritage tourism
17. Marcelo Jaramillo Cisneros “Calle del Centro Historico de Quito” photograph 2010 , Flick.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/marcelo_quinteros_quito/846293625354/ ( accessed March 14, 2015). 18. Patricia Dias, In: Carrion, F., Centros Históricos De América Latina Y El Caribe, Paris: UNESCO; 2001. 19. Segio Ferragut, and Georgina M. Gomez. “From the Street to the Store. The Formalization of Street Vendors in Quito, Ecuador.” RePub Publications from Erasmus University, Rotterdam, May 8, 2008 (accessed March 14, 2015) 20. Ibid.
45|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Bulevar 24 de Mayo
Bulevar 24 de Mayo after rehabilitation 20
BULEVAR 24 DE MAYO A statement of the struggle for identity and heritage is portrayed in 2003’s City Rehabilitation Plan through which the urban intervention Bulevar 24 de Mayo transformed a ‘blighted’ area into a destination for heritage tourism. Through its rehabilitation, former uses of the space are being replaced as a mean to transform the space in a source of revenue for tourism. The project caused a rupture between its former inhabitants of the space and its history by placing heritage as a value of the global
market. Today, due to heritage tourism, oblivion is strategic and part of an intentional construction of identity; the Bulevar 24 de Mayo is seen as an area where more of history has been forgotten than it has remembered. Over the past one hundred years, the plaza has been a vital component of thriving commercial heart of the city; today it’s clean and sleek plaza, is left to both for nostalgia and oblivion. This is what happens to cities in the process of the so called ‘modernization’, when they opt to profit from a constructed heritage while neglecting the life behind grand facades.
20. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 14”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/989733687226/in/set-72157635491857371 (accessed March 13, 2015).
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 46 THE HISTORY BEHIND THE BULEVAR 24 DE MAYO Until the end of the 19th century, the area of the Avenida 24 de Mayo, was the ravine known as Ullanguangahuayku, the ‘vulture ravine’. It was a place with unhealthy and filthy conditions due to its function as the natural drainage of the city; due to the city’s urban gowth, it became a center for infections. However, during the European hygienist move, emphasis was given to health and cleanliness and in 1899 the city municipality started a project to fill the ravine. The project took 23 years and it was completed in celebration of 100 years of independence. It was part of a city wide transformation that sought the beauty of European cities; in order to “modernize the city, it was necessary to bring order and civilization to the capital”22. “Beauty” was a tool used by the elites to separate themselves and to condemn the “other”. The city grew in basis of the difference and the distinction of the “other”, as the “dominated”, the “pollutant”, and the “barrier” for development.
History behind Bulevar 24 de Mayo
Bridge over ravine Ullanguangahuayku 23
The beginning of the twentieth century in Quito was marked with ‘modernist changes’ based in Eurocentric views used by the elites in order to emphasized the inability for a city like Quito to become modern due to its indigenous character. The anti-indigenous feeling was highlighted by a wave of rural migration to the capital caused by the agrarian crisis the beginning of the century. During the 1930 and 1940, the area was occupied by the growing indigenous population and their practices; Informal markets along the side of streets sprung as a manifestation of this growing population. As a consequence, of this ‘ disorderly’ growth, the 1942 Plan Regulador took place in the city and the transformation for the Avenida 24 de Mayo was a key component for this citywide plan. The avenue, took the shape of European avenues and it planned to become the “broadest and most beautiful avenue”23. European taste marked the difference between the diverse social groups. In this way, investment was directed towards ‘public spaces’ within the historic center. However, this ‘public spaces’were not seen as public for all; a café, the hotel, the theatre were open to the public but in a segregating manner. The theatre was located in the Avenida 24 de Mayo; however, it was meant one of these public spaces exclusively for the elite. The intent of the Plan Regulador was not fulfilled because the city grew at a pace beyond the one it was expected. This was especially true to the area surrounding the Avenue 24 de Mayo because, in the late sixties, the bus terminal was located just south of the avenue. In this way, the Avenida 24 de Mayo became the gateway for a transient community coming from the rural areas of Ecuador. The increase of the indigenous population in the sector
Informal activity along the streets of the historic center 26
Plaza in 1970 as a result of 1942 Rehabilitation Plan 27
21. Diego Coronel, “Impacto Social de las Politicas Patrimoniales en el Bulevar 24 de Mayo en Quito-Ecuador” Flacso Andes: Biblioteca Digital. March 25, 2013. Accessed March 31, 2015, 63. 22. Ibid, 73. 23. Centro Historico De Quito: Vision Historica. Quito: TRAMA, 1991, 30. 26. Ibid, 25. 28. Ibid, 27.
47|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas 2003 City Rehabilitation Plan gave the Avenida 24 de Mayo a particularly informal character. By 1976, the avenue became the place where a lively furniture market was established and where indigenous artisans’ skills became a driving factor for the interaction among different social classes. With time, the furniture market was neglected by the authorities and it was gradually transformed into a second hand goods market to serve the growing population that lived under poverty. The market was associated with stolen goods and even with prostitution. The housing, commerce, and safety of the area were neglected, leading to disrepair of the area; these conditions were related to poverty and indigenous practices and therefore seen as the main actors of its decay. The character of the Avenida 24 de Mayo took an abrupt change; from an avenue ambitioned to have the grandiose of European avenues, to being the most blighted part of the Colonial city. This change
was associated to its indigenous population presence and not necessarily to a governmental negligence. 2003 CITY REHABILITATION PLAN It was not until 2003 that the City Rehabilitation Plan took the Avenida 24 de Mayo as a major rehabilitation project along with two other zones that were considered ‘blighted’ but were considered major touristic assets. The project Bulevar 24 de Mayo was conceived as a vital part of the “new model for economic and social development”29. The rehabilitation plan sought to renovate the avenue’s urban form and to “rescue it from poverty and political and economic abandonment”30. In this way, poverty, wa seen as the generator of the area’s decay, and through this idea of ‘rescuing the public space’, lifestyles of
Furniture Market San Roque - Avenida 24 de Mayo, 1976 28 28. Cesar Moreno, “Antes y Despues en la 24 de Mayo”, photograph 1976, ElComercio.com, https://derechoalaciudadflacso.wordpress.com/2014/02/03/el-rol-de-los-sujetos-patrimoniales-en-el-derecho-a-los-centros-historicos-caso-quito/ (accessed March 13, 2015). 29. Diego Coronel, “Impacto Social de las Politicas Patrimoniales en el Bulevar 24 de Mayo en Quito-Ecuador” Flacso Andes: Biblioteca Digital. March 25, 2013. Accessed March 31, 2015, 92. 30. Ibid, 94.
a certain group of people, gets marginalized and seen as in need to be ‘rehabilitated’.
Photo: Google Earth, 2011
The City Rehabilitation Plan sought to give the area a global character that would allow the city to compete in a global market. One of the strategies was to change the name of the area from ‘Avenida 24 de Mayo’ to ‘Bulevard 24 de Mayo’. By using a French word, the space acquired an international character that conveyed superiority and grandiosity by associating it to a Western understanding of modernity. The plaza was divided into four sectors, each with a specific program. To the north, the ‘Religious Plaza’ hosts one of the oldest chapels in the
Photo: TVictor Manuel Jacome, Vendedora de ropa, 2010
María Cristina Bustamante Callejase | 48 2003 Rehabilitation Plan SECOND HAND CLOTHING INFOMAL MARKET
Second Hand Clothing Market in Avenida 24 de Mayo 31
INFORMALITIES THROUGH TIME
IMBAB
CULTURAL PLAZA
BOULEVAR 24 DE MAYO
RELIGIOUS PLAZA
URA
BENALCAZAR
SOCIAL PLAZA
RELIGIOUS PLAZA
CUENCA
CULTURAL PLAZA
SOCIAL PLAZA COMMERCIAL PLAZA
COMMERCIAL PLAZA
GARCIA MORENO
VENEZU
ELA
Implementation Plan Bulevar 24 de Mayo 31. “Vendedora de Ropa.” In: Patrimonio Contemporaneo, photograph 2010, ElComercio.com, http://patrimonio.elcomercio.com/patrimonio-historico/bulevar-de-la-veinticuatro-de-mayo/historia#.VR1E9_nF98E (accessed March 15, 2015)
2011 REHABILITATION OF BOULEVAR 24 DE MAYO
49|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas city; this plaza is considered as the space that has been preserved closest to the population’s lifestyle due to its religious character and its adjacency to Imbabura Street, a highly commercial and lively street used daily by the residents. To the south, sits the ‘Cultural Plaza’ which is connected to the city museum to the east; this has been the area mostly affected by the increase in real estate prices and from where most former residents have faced relocation. Next on the ground sits the ‘Social Plaza’, covered with benches five meters apart from each other in order prevent any kind of interaction; this was a design decision in order to avoid ‘undesired’ activities. This area was previously known for the congregation of sexual workers. Last, stands the ‘Commercial Plaza’ planned to accommodate a stage and commercial activities that would attract tourists. To do so, all business that where not ‘tourist-friendly’ were removed from the plaza to give space to dollar generating spaces; however, today the plaza remains with all its first floors closed in favor of a sleek, clean look. CONCLUSIONS Tourism generates development and therefore more than a simple intention, it is a politic for economic growth. When the relation between informal commerce and tourism gets analyzed in terms of economic development and profit, tourism gets heads up as the driver for development. However, this kind of development usually fails to acknowledge the people who make a living in this space. The intervention in the Bulevar 24 de Mayo saw its main driver heritage tourism; however, it has caused major displacement in the area as residents were forced to close their business and as real estate prices increased. Today, the plaza stands empty; all business’s doors remain closed and the space has become more of a transitory space than a social place. Its stunning and clean design has been abandoned by its citizens but manicured for the consumption of a tourism that celebrates a colonial heritage while condemning its indigenous background. Oblivion is strategic; it is memory’s alibi and guides us through a specific path of remembrance.
Photo: Esteban Mateus, Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 14, 2013
Conclusions “EQUITY, SOLIDARITY, ACCESSIBILITY, SUSTAINABILITY”
LIFELESS PLAZA
VACANT STOREFRONTS
Bulevar 24 de Mayo after Rehabilitation 34
BOULEVAR 24 DE MAYO AFTER REHABILITATION
Bulevar 24 de Mayo after Rehabilitation 35
34. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 25”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/98973368754226/in/set-721575289187458 (accessed March 13, 2015). 35. Esteban Mateus, “Amanecer Centro Historico de Quito 35”, photograph, 2013, Flickr.com, https://www.flickr.com/photos/estebanmateus/9897332574226/in/set-721265514825 (accessed March 13, 2015).
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 50 Works Cited Works Cited Acosta, Alberto. Identidad Nacional Y Gobalizacion. Quito: FLACSO, 1997. Boada, Ruben. Quito: Una Vision Historica De Su Arquitectura. 1st ed. Quito, Ecuador: Direccion De Planificacion, 1993. Capello, Ernesto. City at the Center of the World: Space, History, and Modernity in Quito. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. Capello, Ernesto. City at the Center of the World: Space, History, and Modernity in Quito. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011. Centro Historico De Quito: La Vivienda. Quito: TRAMA, 1991. “Centro Historico De Quito: Plan Espacial.” Municipio Del Distrito Metropolitano De Quito. April 15, 2003. Accessed March 15, 2015. Chaelon, Felicia. “El Centro Historico ?concepto O Criterio En Desarrollo?” Arquitectura Y Urbanismo. April 10, 2009. Accessed March 15, 2015. Coronel, Diego. “IMPACTO SOCIAL DE LAS POLÍTICAS PATRIMONIALES EN EL BULEVAR 24 DE MAYO EN QUITO-ECUADOR.” Flacso Andes: Biblioteca Digital. March 25, 2013. Accessed March 31, 2015. Del Pino, Ines. “El Centro Histórico De Quito Y El Turismo Cultural.” Revista America Patrimonio, November 3, 2012. Dias, Patricia. In: Carrion, F., Centros Históricos De América Latina Y El Caribe. Paris: UNESCO ;, 2001. Dunham, Donald. “Exploring Quito’s Twenty-first-century Plan: Utopic Metropolitan Governance in the Post-colonial City.” In Planning for the City Yet to Come. Vol. 232. Berkeley, CA: International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments, 2010. “El Cronista De La Ciudad Detalla La Historia De La 24 De Mayo.” El Comercio, December 28, 2011, Patrimonio Historico sec. Accessed March 12, 2015. http://patrimonio. elcomercio.com/patrimonio-historico/bulevar-de-la-veinticuatro-de-mayo/historia#.VR1E9_nF98E. Ferragut, Sergio, and Georgina M. Gomez. “From the Street to the Store. The Formalization of Street Vendors in Quito, Ecuador.” RePub Publications from Erasmus University, Rotterdam. May 8, 2008. Accessed March 14, 2015. Jones, Gareth, and Rosemary Bromley. “The Relationship between Urban Conservation Programmes and Property Renovation: Evidence from Quito, Ecuador.” Cities 13, no. 6 (1996): 373-75. Kingman, Eduardo. La Ciudad Y Los Otros : Quito 1860-1940 Higienismo, Ornato Y Policía. Quito: Flacso, 2006. “La Ronda, Calle De Dualidades Y Tradición.” El Comercio, April 30, 2009, Patrimonio Contemporaneo sec. Accessed March 15, 2015. http://patrimonio.elcomercio.com/patrimonio-contemporaneo/la-ronda/historia#.VRq6vvnF98G. Lozano, Alfredo. Quito, Ciudad Milenaria: Fora Y Smbolo. 1st ed. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Abya-Yala, 1991. Middleton, Alan. “Informal Traders and Planners in the Regeneration of Historic City Centres : The Case of Quito, Ecuador.” Progress in Planning, 2003, 72-123. Montufar, Marco. Quito: Imagen Urbana, Espacio Público, Memoria E Identidad. Quito: TRAMA, 2005. Moya, Rolando, and Evelia Peralta. Quito, Arquitectura De La Memoria. 1st ed. Quito, Ecuador: Ediciones Trama, 2000. Nunez, Jorge. NAcion, Estado Y Conciencia Nacional. Quito: Secretaria Nacional De Comunicacion Social, 1992. Oleas, Luis, and Diego Oleas. “La Avenida 24 De Mayo.” Proa Internacional, no. 416 (1996): 9-26. Paez, Santiago. Itinerarios: Temas De Cultura Ecuatoriana: Lo Heredado, Lo Adquirido, Lo Impuesto. 1st ed. Quito, Ecuador: Paradiso Editores, 2008. Peralta, Evelia, and Rolando Moya. Quito: Patrimonio Y Arquitectura Contemporánea. Quito: FONSAL, 2010. “Plan Metropolitano De Desarrollo 2012-2022.” Quito Turismo. January 6, 2012. Accessed March 31, 2015. Quito 30 Años De Arquitectura Moderna, 1950-1980. Quito, Ecuador: Pontifcia Universidad Católica Del Ecuador, Facultad De Arquitectura Y Diseño :, 2003. Chicago does not offer any guidelines for citing radio/TV programs. Rossi, Paolo. El Pasado, La Memoria, Y El Olvido. Nueva Vision ed. Buenos Aires: Siglo XXI Editores, 2001. Tunbridge, J.E. “Whose Heritage? Global Problem.” In European Nightmare, Building a New Heritage: Tourism, Culture and Identity in the New Europe. London: Routledge, 1994. “Turismo Es El Cuarto Rubro Que Aporta a La Economía.” El Telegrafo, August 16, 2012, Economia sec. Accessed March 15, 2015. http://www.telegrafo.com.ec/economia/item/ turismo-es-el-cuarto-rubro-que-aporta-a-la-economia-2.html. Walkowitz, Daniel J. Contested Histories in Public Space: Memory, Race, and Nation. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2009. Zaaijer, Mirjam. “Quito, Cities.” ElSevier, May 25, 1991, 87-92. Far, Marco. Quito: Imagen Urbana, Espacio Público, Memoria E Identidad. Quito: TRAMA, 2005.
51|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Architectural Design X
Spring 2013
Shanghai, China
Community Support Center
Re-humanizing Value
Third Place Librarium Prize for Thesis Project
View of Garden My intentions with this project was to use architecture as a tool to re-humanize the understanding of value through a community support center in the city center of Shanghai, China. Through an alternative socio-economic system that recognizes the individual as an asset and gives value to human’s skill, knowledge, and time, society’s perception of wealth can be challenged. By defining the individual as the unit and the social fabric as the totality, society can reconceive its understanding of value. This project recognized that human development is a catalyst for economic development. The program called for 3 different spaces: the time bank, the support area, and the development area. Through the time bank, people with skills that are not necessarily given a value in the monetary system can exchange it for other people’s skill, time, and knowledge. Consequently, the support area provided esential services for the community while the development area promoted education as a tool for growth. The spaces were organized around courtyards that prioratized social interaction.
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 52 Concepts and Context
Putuo District Population | 1,288.881 Area | 54.84 km2 Density| 23.507 ppl per km2
Concept
Shanghai’s Population Growth
Site Pictures
Shanghai - Putuo District
Shanghai’s Population 2013
53|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Concept and Program
Site Analisis
Well-field system
Program
Site Plan
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 54 Experiential View and Elevations
Interior of Clinic
Northeast Elevation
Southeast Elevation
55|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Floor Plans and Diagrams
Clinic Entrance Plaza
Service Areas
Office
City to Nature Garden Workshops Classroom Plaza Library Training Kitchen
Relationship of Buildings to Surroundings
First Floor Plan
Clinic
Service
Building Programs
Workshops Classrooms
Library Bakery
Second Floor Plan
Screen Detail
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 56 Experiential Views
Moon Gate and Sand Garden
View of Entrance
57|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Architectural Design IX
Fall 2012
Athens, Greece
Pireaus Cultural Coast
Building on History
International Competition
PIRAEUS CULTURAL COAST UNDERWATER ANTIQUITY MUSEUM 1500
ADMINISTRATION
1650
CONSERVATION
2440
MECHANICAL
CIRCULATION
15 7
3585
SILO AND MAIN MUSEUM
2
CONVEYOR BUILDING
3
BOARDWALK
4
6
EDUCATION FACILITY COMMERCIAL WAREHOUSE CONFERENCE CENTER MUSEUM SUPPORT AMPHITHEATRE
7
AQUARIUM AND SHOPPING
8
DIVING AND SHIPWRECKS
9
BOARDWALK SHOPPING
10
HANDICAPPED PARKING
11
UNDERGROUND PARKING
12
EXISTING PORT
13
AREA FOR SITE EXPANSION
14
PORT AREA/ INDUSTRIAL
15
EXISTING DROP-OFF
16
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE
5
16
650
1
ENTERTAINMENT
EXHIBITION
7335
13 11
1500
STORAGE
18710
PROGRAM
4
8 6
SQUARE METERS
PROGRAM CONCEPT:
6 10
3
14
1
EXPLORATION PROGRAM ELEVATION DIAGRAM
44.9 m
INTERACTIVE EXHIBITS
PRESERVATION
ROOF GARDEN LEVEL
39.6 m 31.84 m 25.92 m 20.64 m 16.64 m 13.78 m 11.16 m 8.28 m 5.6 m 0m
9
5
RESTAURANT/BAR LEVEL EXHIBITION LEVEL EXHIBITION LEVEL 2
EXHIBITION LEVEL EXHIBITION LEVEL
12
MECHANICAL LEVEL
SITE AXIS
PRIVATE SERVICE LEVEL PRIVATE SERVICE LEVEL EXHIBTIION ENTRY LEVEL ENTRY LEVEL
Site plan 01 This project called for the redesign of the existing cereals’ stock house building facilities and its surrounding open space into a MuSITE PLAN seum for Underwater Antiquities in the port of Pireaus, Greece. It also included the regeneration of the coastal zone into an open public space for outdoor activities. Our approach to the project emphasized in the existing structure, building upon its industrial quality. The building’s openness becomes the catalyst to activate the Cultural Coast. The museum was organized around a main stairway that gave unity to the different levels. The building is organized around 6 axis that corresponded to different exhibition areas: Sea, Man and Environment, Time Capsules, Underwater Archaeology, Migrating to Land or Staying in the Seabed, and Shipwrecks. The program focused on interactive spaces that emphasized knowledge and gave life to the Cultural Coast.
María Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 58 Elaboration on Thematic Axes
AXIS 1 SEA, ENVRIONMENT & MAN UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY TIME CAPSULES
Highlighting the rich history of underwater archaeology relative to Greece and beyond through archaeological evidence and preserved artifacts. The axis follows a timeline beginning in the mythological ages and spanning to the present. Interactive displays seek to inform and educate museum’s An explorative history of underwater archaeology and technologies. New technology is showcased with the processes used to excavate artifacts. Exhibits of ongoing excavations are highlighted through the axis. An explorative history and experiential look at the past and current relationship between man, the sea and the earth. It begins with the aspect of man’s past respect for the environment when the elements were seen as movements of the gods. The final portion of the exhibit articulates practical as well as future methods to mitigate climate change.underwater archaeology and technologies. New technology is showcased with the processes used to excavate artifacts. Exhibits of ongoing excavations are highlighted through the axis.
AXIS 2 TIME CAPSULES
Highlighting the rich history of underwater archaeology relative to Greece and beyond through archaeological evidence and preserved artifacts. The axis follows a timeline beginning in the mythological ages and spanning to the present. Interactive displays seek to inform and educate museum’s An explorative history of underwater archaeology and technologies. New technology is showcased with the processes used to excavate artifacts. Exhibits of ongoing excavations are highlighted through the axis.
AXIS 3 UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY
An explorative history and experiential look at the past and current relationship between man, the sea and the earth. It begins with the aspect of man’s past respect for the environment when the elements were seen as movements of the gods. The axes continues to explain how that mindset has changed. The final and major portion of the exhibit articulates practical as well as future methods to mitigate climate change.underwater archaeology and technologies. New technology is showcased with the processes used to excavate artifacts. Exhibits of ongoing excavations are highlighted through the axis.
59|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Elaboration on Thematic Axes
AXIS 4 MIGRATING ON LAND OR STAYING IN THE SEABED The axis follow the process artifacts go through to be preserved. It displays all the examination, cleaning and preservation methods. The axis culminates in an exhibit locating the origins of the artifacts.
AXIS 5 THE PIRAEUS SILO
The axis focuses on the importace the SILO has as an iconic feature to Piraeus as well as how grain was an important part of Greek history. The preservation of the tower, conveyor and technology contained allows patrons to understand the process grain went through in the SILO as well as the site’s purpose.
AXIS 6 SHIPWRECKS OVER TIME
An interactive, experiencial exhibit that features realistic and actual shipwrecks found in the seabeds. The exhibit will be located within the adjacent dry dock and willl have a visible site connection to the museum. This exhibit will remain permanent; however, there is opportunity for temporary exhibits.
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 60 Program and Experiential view
Boardwalk and conveyor The area around the conveyor building has been modified into a boardwalk. It includes vendors, planings and seating. Enclosed sections of the conveyor building will be used as permanent shops.
Boardwalk
61|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Phasing
Phase I
1| Museum SILO is renovated to meet the proposed design including addition of structure and circulation routes. Renovation of the annex building to meet the necesities of the labs and restoration and preservation processes. Exhibits placed into the conveyor and SILO. 2| Landscape Site adjacent to the SILO will be renovated. This includes vegetation, seating and interactive sculpture pieces. 3| Boardwalk Warehouses renovated to be educational and commercial buildings.
Phase II
4| Dry Docks Renovation of site further from the SILO. Repurposing of the dry docks to house the Ship Wreck axis. Connections between the dry docks and the SILO are created. 5| Aquarium Aquarium created in the large dry dock. 6| Parking Addition of the underground parking.
Grand Stair
08
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 62 Landscape and experiential views
Landscape
Entry Plaza
Dry Docks
To connect the SILO and the experience of the museum to more of the site, the two dry docks will be repurposed to serve the SILO. The smaller dry dock willhouse the Shipwrecks as Reflected in Arts and Literature axis. It also contains adive center where patrons can access the water. The larger dry dock is a commercial hub. It houses the aquarium, retail and underground parking.
Roof Garden
Aerial Overview 09 EXPERIENCE
Landscape Features
Landscape Features
63|María Cristina Bustamante Callejas Architectural Design VIII
Spring 2012
Managua, Nicaragua
Rainbow Network Hdqrs
Creating a Self-Reliant Lifestyle
Site Location
Master Plan
View of Main Plaza
This project was in collaboration with the Rainbow Network, an organization that develops long-term innovative solutions for impoverished communities in Nicaragua. Through innovative and sustainable solutions, the projects enable the poor to break the cycle of poverty by becoming self-sufficient. I was involved in the design and development of the headquarters in Managua, Nicaragua. My intent with the project was to create an educational experience through gathering space which act as resource for a self-reliant lifestyle. Due to Nicaragua’s location, the country is prone to earthquakes which made fundamental to generate a design that responded to these site conditions. Through the use of Bamboo Caña Guadua, a material readily available and with a high tensile strength, the design was given identity and character while being seismic-resistant.
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 64 Project Development and views
Educational Path
Main Campus
Campus Plan
Circulation
Organization
Main Plaza
Interior Clinic
65|MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas Experiential Views
Eastern Entrance to Campus
Educational Canopy
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas | 66 Views of Physical Model
Campus Model Campus Campus Model Model Campus Model
Close Close up upof ofCampus Campus Model ModelCanopy Close up to Educational
Interior Interior View View ofofModel Model Views of Interior of Clinic
Close up of Campus Model
Interior View of Model
13 13 13
MarĂa Cristina Bustamante Callejas
M.S. Architecture and Urban Design Telf: 0995618087 Email: cbustamante22@gmail.com