Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI Michael O’Hanlon Adriana Lins de Albuquerque The Brookings Institution April 2004
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Table of Contents Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI............................................................. 3 Security Component Ranking ............................................................................................. 7 Security Component Results -- Breakdown........................................................................ 8 5-year averages: Financial contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002 .................................... 11 5-year averages: Defense budgets 1998-2002 .................................................................. 12 5-year averages: GDP ($) 1998-2002 ............................................................................... 13 5-year averages: Active Forces 1998-2002....................................................................... 14 Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002 ......................................................................................................................... 15 Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-UN missions 1998-2002 .......................................................................................................... 26
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Note on the Security Component of the 2004 CDI A Word on Methodology The essence of these rankings for security-related contributions to development is as follows. Naturally, money paid to the United Nations for regular peacekeeping assessments is included. So are estimated costs for deploying troops to UN-conducted peacekeeping missions that exceed the reimbursements provided by the UN for such costs. So are similar costs incurred in missions authorized by the UN and serving a specific peacekeeping purpose. These are the marginal (that is, the additional) costs of deploying troops that have already been trained, equipped, and paid through normal national military budgets to specific overseas deployments. Finally, we include an estimate of these normal national costs for training, equipping, and paying troops to the extent that those troops might be used in peacekeeping, stabilization, or other humanitarian missions. No country to our knowledge maintains specific forces simply to have them available for such missions, without any other purpose. Thus it is difficult to compute costs in this category. The best way to determine how many troops in a country's armed forces are potentially available for such peacekeeping or stabilization missions is to examine what has actually happened in the recent past. By examining a sufficiently long period of time, one can begin to get a sense of how many of its own troops a country might consider in some general sense to be potentially available for peacekeeping, stabilization, or humanitarian purposes. The maximum number of troops deployed abroad over a given time frame gives a sense of the number that can said to be trained, equipped, paid, and otherwise maintained in a country's force structure partly for the possible purpose of carrying out such missions. For example, Australia and New Zealand deployed large forces to East Timor in 1999/2000. A number of NATO countries have deployed significant numbers of troops to Balkans peace operations since the mid-late 1990s. The United States deployed considerable numbers of forces for that latter purpose itself, but even moreso devoted a large number of personnel to the NATO air war to protect the Kosovar Albanian people from Serb aggression in 1999. This latter case is somewhat controversial, perhaps, since we are counting forces devoted to a wartime operation as a humanitarian-related security expenditure in a developmentrelated cost index. But NATO's purpose in Kosovo, while partly strategic, was principally focused on restoring Kosovar Albanians to their homes. Few viewed Serbia as a general threat to the continent's stability, so the purpose of this mission was not to check a threat that if left unaddressed could grow with time, but to prevent Slobodan Milosevic and his minions from slaughtering another small oppressed minority population of the former Yugoslavia. Hence we count efforts towards winning that war in this index. We do not count the role of the United States or any other country in post-Saddam Iraq (or for that matter postwar Korea). That mission is blessed by the UN and serves a humanitarian purpose in trying to help the Iraqi people achieve a stable government and prosperous economy. But few can doubt that the peacekeeping mission was an inevitable 3
consequence of the US-led invasion, given how the post-Saddam period has unfolded in Iraq, and that the invasion was itself undertaken principally for strategic purposes. This is not to criticize the invasion; some who have worked on this index supported it while others opposed it. But we are generally unified in the view that US-led action in Iraq, while aiming to achieving substantial humanitarian benefits for the Iraqi people, was not principally motivated by that consideration. Hence it is not considered germane to this exercise focused on development indicators, and the contributions of various countries to the mission, however worthy, are not included in the security index. Methods Used The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the average annual cost of deploying personnel to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel contributed per year is measured as the average monthly personnel contribution that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The average number of personnel contributed yearly between 1998- 2002 is then multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $9,000/person/month. The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) is measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period 19982002. This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N. peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N. peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country’s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002. The average annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the average annual amount of financial contributions made to the United Nations for peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 2002. There is no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this cumulative table of financial estimates of contributions to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions. Annual average direct cost of personnel contributions to non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the average annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to international but non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian
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interventions over the period 1998–2002. Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions included are; • Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville) • Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt. • SFOR, Bosnia • KFOR, Kosovo • ISAF, Afghanistan • AFOR, Albania • Northern Watch, Iraq • INTERFET, East Timor • Kosovo air war • Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations • Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo • French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire • British intervention in Sierra Leone The average number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly between 1998 and 2002 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $10,000/person/month. The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of personnel contributions to United Nations peace keeping operations ($9,000/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses each personnel with $1,000/month. Questions and Answers about the Security Component Q: How did you decide what missions to include? A: We have included all un conducted missions motivated principally by humanitarian goals, as well as un-blessed missions of similar type run by organizations such as NATO, and in the case of the Kosovo air campaign, a humanitarian-motivated mission blessed only by NATO (not the un, but the world's largest security organization of democracies). Q: By looking at only humanitarian missions you have chosen intent as a selection criterion. Why do you believe that is the right selection criteria? A: The main reason we focus on military missions primarily motivated by humanitarianism is that otherwise the index would be dominated by the costs of the iraq war and aftermath which, however worthy they may have been and however many humanitarian benefits they have undoubtedly produced, were not motivated principally by development concerns and would not have been conducted--especially not on the scale observed—for that purpose. Q: Why did you use $10,000 as the cost of deployed troop/month? A: Past U.S. military operations in the last decade have cost at least $10,000 per deployed troop per month, in marginal or additional costs (not counting pay, normal training and 5
equipment costs, etc.). We thus take this figure as a good estimate for all western countries for all operations, in the interest of simplicity, since most countries do not provide data of the quality or detail provided by the pentagon for theus role in various operations. Q: What is the difference between direct and indirect cost of contributing personnel to missions, and how do you avoid double counting? A: We assume that whatever (maximum) fraction of a country's total military personnel were deployed at some point for a humanitarian mission, that same fraction of the country's defense budget should be viewed as being spent each year to prepare for possible humanitarian missions. One could argue that such an estimate is too high, since the same forces could perform other missions. Similarly, one could argue it is too low, since to surge and sustain a force of a given size requires that one have backup forces to provide a rotation base. We find this approach therefore reasonable and simple. The marginal costs of a mission, in other words the costs we estimate at$10,000 per deployed troop per month, are the equivalent of a supplemental appropriation cost. The fraction of the peacetime budget devoted to manning and training and equipping forces that may be used in humanitarian missions is distinct from these supplemental costs. Thus there is no double counting. Q: What aspects where not included in your study? A: We do not include, at present at least, certain matters such as how much of a country's defense budget is devoted to protecting sea lanes that thus aid in the cause of global trade and development because we have not yet found a good way to estimate this contribution. No navies are maintained primarily for this purpose, and even when they defend sealanes it is principally for more strategic purposes, so it is difficult to determine a fair share of the defense budget to allocate for this purpose.
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Security Component Ranking Rank 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.
Country Australia UK New Zealand Norway Finland Netherlands US Portugal Greece Ireland France Italy Sweden Denmark Germany Belgium Austria Canada Spain Switzerland Japan
Percentage of GDP 0.36% 0.29% 0.25% 0.23% 0.1992% 0.1989% 0.170% 0.167% 0.15% 0.147% 0.13% 0.126% 0.114% 0.113% 0.111% 0.1043% 0.1007% 0.09% 0.078% 0.075% 0.0113%
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Security Component Results -- Breakdown Country
Financial estimate of contributions to international peacekeeping and humanitarian intervention missions United Nations Peace Keeping Operations (PKO)
Non United Nations PKO and humanitarian interventions Annual average Annual indirect direct cost of cost of personnel personnel contributionsiv contributionsv $276,312,000 $751,692,470
Average annual GDP
% of GDP
$1,393,284,500
$385bn.
0.362%
Total
Annual indirect cost of personnel contributionsii
Annual average financial contributionsiii
Australia
Annual average direct cost of personnel contributionsi $101,304,000
$235,375,730
$28,600,344
Austria
$70,092,000
$31,768,443
17,282,538
$59,568,000
$24,106,135
$202,817,120
$201.4bn
0.1007%
Belgium
$1,620,000
$ 1,175,239
$20,450,311
$136,771,000
$100,761,240
$260,777,790
$250bn.
0.1043%
Canada
$36,396,000
$49,470,629
$20,450,311
$221,527,000
$300,410,390
$628,254,330
$686.2bn
0.092%
Denmark
$13,176,000
$16,933,162
$13,253,589
$115,290,000
$132,760,000
$191,412,750
$169.6bn
0.1129%
Finland
$59,508,000
$40,408,178
$9,739,240
$76,080,000
$66,395,980
$252,131,400
$126.6bn
0.1992%
France
$56,808,000
$58,966,740
$147,191,670
$740,177,000
$828,925,410
$1,832,068,800
$1.3744tr.
0.133%
Germany
$41,904,000
$39,182,761
$180,440,070
$762,237,000
$1,139,704,000
$2,163,467,800
$1.9456tr.
0.111%
Greece
$3,132,000
$774,446
$8,081,628
$125,605,000
$41,443,303
$179,036,380
$118.08bn
0.152%
Ireland
$68,148,000
$49,983,548
$4,799,777
$13,488,000
$13,828,386
$150,247,710
$102.18bn
0.147%
Italy
$22,464,000
$21,541,957
$95,874,174
$709,151,000
$594,477,730
$1,443,508,900
$1.1468tr.
0.126%
Japan
$15,012,000
$98,232,494
$359,796,160
0
0
$473,040,650
$4.191tr.
0.0113%
Netherlands
$22,248,000
$42,999,955
$30,939,170
$276,733,000
$387,598,480
$760,518,610
$382.4bn.
0.1989%
New Zealand
$41,688,000
$57,381,211
$4,256,058
$11,880,000
$14,783,805
$129,989,070
$52.7bn
0.247%
Norway
$20,736,000
$77,463,410
$11,524,285
$122,802,000
$136,979,390
$369,505,090
$159.4bn
0.232%
Portugal
$70,416,000
$33,953,442
$7,912,011
$49,699,000
$20,426,536
$182,406,990
$109.4bn
0.167%
Spain
$14,796,000
$7,618,543
$46,697,966
$269,125,000
$117,741,110
$455,978,620
$587.4bn
0.078%
Sweden
$17,172,000
$20,668,372
$19,311,289
$81,912,000
$124,994,440
$264,058,100
$231.92bn.
0.114%
Switzerland
$3,348,000
$32,911,300
0
$11,340,000
$142,319,140
$189,918,440
$253.6bn.
0.075%
UK
$59,940,000
$117,916,080
$120,983,080
$830,870,000
$3,007,621,400
$4,137,330,600
$1.405tr.
0.294%
US
$73,872,000
$178,510,470
$544,806,580
$1,953,160,000
$13,726,415,000
$16,476,764,000
$9.7016tr.
0.1698%
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i
The direct cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to United Nations peacekeeping operations is measured as the average annual cost of deploying personnel to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel contributed per year is measured as the average monthly personnel contribution that each DAC country deploys to U.N. peacekeeping missions. The average number of personnel contributed yearly between 1998 to 2002 is then multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $9,000/person/month. ii
The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) is measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to U.N. peacekeeping operations during the period 1998-2002. This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to U.N. peacekeeping operations is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to U.N. peacekeeping operations when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country’s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to U.N. peacekeeping operations constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002. iii
The average annual financial contribution to United Nations is measured as the average annual amount of financial contributions made to the United Nations for peacekeeping operations by each DAC country over the period 1998 and 2002. There is no equivalent manner of measuring financial contributions to non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian missions, and hence no column for this category in this cumulative table of financial estimates of contributions to peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions. iv
Annual average direct cost of personnel contributions to non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions is measured as the average annual cost of deploying personnel (total civilian police, observer and troops) to international but non-United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian interventions over the period 1998-2002. Peacekeeping missions and humanitarian interventions included are; • Peace Monitoring Group in Bougainville (Bougainville) • Multinational Force and Observers, (MFO), Egypt. • SFOR, Bosnia • KFOR, Kosovo • ISAF, Afghanistan • AFOR, Albania • Northern Watch, Iraq • INTERFET, East Timor • Kosovo air war • Deliberate Forge, NATO air operation in support of SFOR operations • Joint Guardian, NATO contingency operation in Kosovo • French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire • British intervention in Sierra Leone The average number of personnel contributed by each country to each mission yearly between 1998 and 2002 is multiplied by the estimated cost of deploying these personnel. For the purposes of this study all kinds of personnel is valued at $10,000/person/month. The reason this estimate differs from the direct cost of personnel contributions to United Nations peace keeping operations ($9,000/person/month) is because the U.N. reimburses each personnel with $1,000/month. Not all missions took place during all the 12 months of each year they are listed in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions. Personnel contributions to each mission are thus calculated separately depending on the duration of the mission. The duration of each
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mission that did not take place on a year-long basis can be found in the detailed year-by-year matrix for non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions. The total cost of deployments for all missions during each year is then added in order to assess the overall cost of deployments during the period 1998-2002. This total is then divided by the number of years in the period studied (5) in order to get the average annual cost of personnel contributions to nonUnited Nations peacekeeping operation and humanitarian interventions. v
The indirect cost of personnel contributions (total civilian police, observer and troops) to non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions is measured as the average annual cost of having personnel ready to be deployed to such missions during the time period 1998-2002. The number of personnel ready to be deployed per year is measured as the peak annual personnel contribution that each DAC country deployed to the specific non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions mentioned above (end note iv) during the period 1998-2002. This is since the peak annual amount of personnel each country contributed to these missions is assumed to be the number of personnel that the country has to train and provide for in peacetime in order to be able to deploy them to similar missions when needed. To estimate the cost of doing so, we measure how much of each DAC country’s active military forces the peak annual number of personnel contributions to of non-United Nations peacekeeping and humanitarian interventions constitute, and then multiply this fraction with the average defense budget of the country in question over the period 1998-2002.
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5-year averages: Financial contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002 Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France
1998 13,202,391 8,371,495 9,810,350 25,313,027 6,172,234 4,849,717 71,086,083
1999 12,089,003 7,675,597 8,996,640 22,492,079 5,638,432 4,423,446 64,795,683
2000 31,633,217 20,092,509 23,548,329 58,333,162 14,759,458 11,580,963 169,158,046
2001 48,882,408 28,625,678 34,111,033 77,797,045 22,521,205 15,839,960 246,713,852
2002 37,194,702 21,647,409 25,785,204 58,845,808 17,176,618 12,002,116 184,204,656
Annual average $28,600,344 $17,282,538 $20,450,311 $48,556,22 $13,253,589 $9,739,240 $147,191,670
Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland
86,392,040 2,526,783 1,996,757 48,360,962 163,027,921 14,520,133 1,986,206
79,986,582 2,709,002 1,827,129 44,309,588 162,629,069 13,303,646 1,803,798
210,152,428 7,444,908 4,778,413 115,971,030 437,434,417 34,811,714 4,714,421
295,736,663 15,870,948 8,743,224 154,080,800 592,864,602 52,334,027 7,235,805
223,527,196 11,856,499 6,653,360 116,648,490 443,024,790 39,726,332 5,540,062
$180,440,070 $8,081,628 $4,799,777 $95,874,174 $359,796,160 $30,939,170 $4,256,058
5,417,447 2,900,919 23,017,855 9,868,414 0
4,974,249 3,359,906 21,116,154 8,850,657 0
13,012,631 9,159,847 55,266,873 23,029,623 0
19,470,566 13,915,218 76,386,044 31,191,431 0
14,746,530 10,224,165 57,702,906 23,616,321 0
$11,524,285 $7,912,011 $46,697,966 $19,311,289 0
UK
55,630,973
50,448,584
131,610,386
209,815,840
157,409,630
$120,983,080
US
284,500,530
257,612,890
667,322,130
875,429,830
639,167,510
$544,806,580
Source: United Nations Department of Peacekeeping Operations, New York.
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5-year averages: Defense budgets 1998-2002 Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK US
1998 7bn 1.835bn 2.879bn 6.448bn. 2.760bn 1.929bn. 31.942bn 27.052bn 4.037bn 0.811bn 18.201bn 37.6bn 7.248bn 0.860bn
1999 7.2bn 1.664bn 2.457bn 6.996bn 2.552bn. 1.695bn. 29.497bn 25.423bn. 3.426bn 0.745bn 16.239bn 43.2bn 6.535bn 0.824bn
2000 7.1bn 1.497bn 2.402bn 7.456bn 2.283bn. 1.583bn. 26.538bn. 22.871bn. 3.195bn 0.711bn 15.704bn 45.6bn 6.047bn 0.804bn
2001 6.8bn 1.513bn 2.142bn 7.292bn 2.260bn 1.351bn 24.257bn 20.154bn 3.217bn 0.763bn 14.861bn 40.3bn 5.372bn 0.678bn
2002 7.6bn. 1.7bn. 2.7bn. 7.6bn. 2.4bn 1.7bn. 29.5bn. 24.9bn. 3.5bn. 0.724bn. 19.4bn. 42.6bn. 6.6bn. 0.697bn
Yearly average 7.14bn. 1.6418bn. 2.516bn. 7.1584bn. 2.451bn. 1.6516bn. 28.3468bn. 24.08bn. 3.475bn. 0.7508bn. 16.881bn. 41.86bn. 6.3604bn. 0.7726bn.
3.422bn. 1.617bn. 6.123bn. 4.885bn. 3.7bn. 38.090bn 276.618bn
3.303bn. 1.332bn. 7.358bn. 4.525bn. 3.169bn 35.945bn 278.398bn
2.820bn. 1.267bn. 6.857bn. 4.405bn. 2.893bn. 33.890bn. 281.601bn.
2.854bn 1.6bn 6.621bn 3.997bn. 2.602bn. 32.608bn. 284.448bn.
3.8bn. 1.3bn. 8.4bn. 4.5bn. 3.3bn. 38.4bn. 347.9bn.
3.2398bn. 1.4232bn. 7.0718bn. 4.4624bn. 3.1328bn. 35.7866bn 293.793bn
Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London
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5-year averages: GDP ($) 1998-2002 Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK US
1998 390bn. 212bn 250bn 604bn 174bn 124bn. 1.4tr 2.1tr 121bn. 78bn 1.2tr 3.8tr. 372bn 58bn.
1999 399bn. 198bn. 237bn 644bn 166bn. 123bn. 1.4tr 1.9tr. 107.4bn. 87bn. 1.1tr 4.3tr. 375bn. 51bn.
2000 380bn. 194bn. 238bn. 705bn. 162bn. 120bn. 1.3tr 1.8tr. 113bn. 97.9bn. 1.1tr. 4.7tr. 347bn. 53bn.
2001 358bn. 189bn. 227bn. 700bn. 161bn. 124bn. 1.3tr. 1.8tr. 114bn. 129bn 1.1tr. 4.1tr. 384bn. 47.5bn.
2002 398bn. 214bn. 298bn. 778bn. 185bn. 142bn. 1.472tr. 2.128tr.. 135bn. 119bn. 1.234tr. 4.055tr. $434* 54bn.
Annual average 385bn. 201.4bn 250bn. 686.2bn 169.6bn 126.6bn 1.3744tr. 1.9456tr. 118.08bn 102.18bn 1.1468tr. 4.191tr. 382.4bn. 52.7bn
146bn 105bn. 553bn. 227bn 265bn 1.3tr 8.5tr
150bn. 104bn. 569bn. 230bn. 246bn. 1.4tr. 9.2tr.
162bn. 104bn. 568bn. 238.6bn 245bn. 1.4tr. 9.9tr.
164bn. 111bn. 588bn. 209bn. 247bn. 1.4tr. 10.2tr.
175bn. 123bn. 659bn. 255bn. 265bn. 1.525tr. 10.708tr.
159.4bn 109.4bn 587.4bn 231.92bn. 253.6bn. 1.405tr. 9.7016tr.
Sources: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London, CIA World Fact Book << http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/>> .
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5-year averages: Active Forces 1998-2002 Country Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Japan Netherlands New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland UK US
1998 57.400 45.500 43.700 60.600 32.100 31.700 358.800 333.500 168.500 11.500 298.400 242.600 57.180 9.550
1999 55.200 40.500 41.750 60.600 24.300 31.700 317.300 332.800 165.670 11.500 265.500 236.300 56.380 9.530
2000 50.600 35.500 39.250 59.100 21.810 31.700 294.430 321.000 159.170 11.460 250.600 236.700 51.940 9.230
2001 50.700 34.600 39.420 56.800 21.400 32.250 273.740 308.400 159.170 10.460 230.350 239.800 50.430 9.230
2002 50.920 34.600 39.260 52.300 22.700 31.850 260.400 296.000 177.600 10.460 216.800 239.900 49.580 8.710
Yearly average 52,964 38,140 40,676 57,880 24,462 31,840 300,934 318,340 166,022 11,076 252,330 239,060 53,102 9,250
28.900 53.600 193.950 53.100 3.300 210.940 1.401.600
31.000 49.700 186.500 53.100 3.740 212.400 1.371.500
26.700 44.650 166.050 52.700 3.470 212.450 1.365.800
26.700 43.600 143.450 33.900 3.600 211.430 1.367.700
26.600 43.600 177.950 33.900 3.500 210.450 1.414.000
27,980 47,030 173,580 45,340 3,522 211,534 1,384,120
Source: The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London.
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Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to UN PKO 1998-2002 Country Australia
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 32
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 54
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 1746
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 1614
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 1246
Fin. contrib’s: $13,202,391
Fin. contrib’s: $12,089,003
Fin. contrib’s: $31,633,217
Fin. contrib’s: $48,882,408
Fin. Contrib’s: $37,194,702
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 938
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (938*$9,000*12)= $101,304,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 1746
Average annual indirect cost: 1746/52,964 ) ($7.14bn) =$235,375,730
Average annual active forces: 52,964
Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $28,600,344
Average annual defense budget: $7.14bn.
Austria
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 736
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 720
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 738
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 598
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 452
Fin. contrib’s: $8,371,495
Fin. contrib’s: $8,371,495
Fin. contrib’s: $20,092,509
Fin. contrib’s: $28,625,678
Fin. contrib’s: $21,647,409
Average annual personnel contribution /month: 649
Average annual direct cost: (649*$9,000*12)= $70,092,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 738
Average annual indirect cost: 738/38,140 ($1.6418bn.) = $31,768,443
Average annual active forces: 38,140 Average annual defense budget $1.6418bn.
Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $17,421,717
15
Country Belgium
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 11
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 11
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 16
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 19
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 17
Numbers used Average annual personnel contributions /month: 15
Calculations Average annual irect cost: (15*$9,000*12) =$1,620,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 19
Fin. contrib’s: $9,810,350
Fin. contrib’s: $8,996,640
Fin. contrib’s: $23,548,329
Fin. contrib’s: $34,111,033
Fin. Contrib’s: $25,785,204
Average annual active forces: 40,676
Average annual indirect cost: 19/ 40,676) ($2.516bn) =$ 1,175,239
Average annual defense budget $2.516bn. Canada
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 290
Fin. contrib’s: $25,313,027
Monthly average person. contrib’s 326
Fin. contrib’s: $22,492,079
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 400
Fin. contrib’s: $58,333,162
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 397
Fin. contrib’s: $77,797,045
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 274
Fin. Contrib’s: $58,845,808
Average annual personnel contributions/month: 337 Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 400 Average annual active forces: 57,880 Average annual defense budget: $7.1584bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $20,450,311
Average annual direct cost: (337*$9,000*12)= $36,396,000 Average annual indirect cost: 400/ 57,880 ($7.1584bn.) = $49,470,629 Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $48,556,224
16
Country Denmark
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 121
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s 92
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 133
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 169
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 93
Fin. contrib’s: $6,172,234
Fin. contrib’s: $5,638,432
Fin. contrib’s: $14,759,458
Fin. contrib’s: $22,521,205
Fin. Contrib’s: $17,176,618
Numbers used Average annual personnel contributions/month: 122
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (122*$9,000*12)= $13,176,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 169
Average annual indirect cost: 169/ 24,462) ($2.451bn) = $16,933,162@
Average annual active forces: 24,462 Average annual defense budget $2.451bn.
Finland
Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $13,253,589
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 779
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 579
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 660
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 660
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 76
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 551
Average annual direct cost: (551*$9,000*12)= $59,508,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 779
Fin. contrib’s: $4,849,717
Fin. contrib’s: $4,423,446
Fin. contrib’s: $11,580,963
Fin. contrib’s: $15,839,960
Fin. Contrib’s: $12,002,116
Average annual active forces: 31,840
Average annual indirect cost: 779/31,840) ($1.6516bn) =$40,408,178@
Average annual defense budget $1.6516bn.
Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $9,739,240
17
Country France
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 626
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 496
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 491
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 566
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 450
Fin. contrib’s: $71,086,083
Fin. contrib’s: $64,795,683
Fin. contrib’s: $169,158,050
Fin. contrib’s: $246,713,850
Fin. contrib’s: $184,204,660
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 526
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (526*$9,000*12)= $56,808,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 626
Average annual indirect cost: 626/300,934) ($28.3468bn) =$58,966,740@
Average annual active forces: 300,934
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $147,191,670
Average annual defense budget $28.3468bn.
Germany
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 190
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 253
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 470
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 507
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 518
Fin. contrib’s: $86,392,040
Fin. contrib’s: $86,392,040
Fin. contrib’s: $210,152,430
Fin. contrib’s: $295,736,660
Fin. contrib’s: $223,527,200
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 388
Average annual direct cost: (388*$9,000*12)= $41,904,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 518
Average annual indirect cost: 518/318,340) ($24.08bn) = $39,182,761@
Average annual active forces: 318,340 Average annual defense budget $24.08bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $180,440,070
18
Country Greece
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 23
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 25
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 29
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 29
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 37
Fin. contrib’s: $2,526,783
Fin. contrib’s: $2,709,002
Fin. contrib’s: $7,444,908
Fin. contrib’s: $15,870,948
Fin. Contrib’s: $11,856,499
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 29
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (29*$9,000*12) =$3,132,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 37
Average annual indirect cost: 37/166,022 ) ($3.475bn.) =$774,446@
Average annual active forces: 166,022
Average annual financial contribution to UN PKOs: $8,081,628
Average annual defense budget $3.475bn. Ireland
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 740
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 717
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 764
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 599
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 337
Fin. contrib’s: $1,996,757
Fin. contrib’s: $1,827,129
Fin. contrib’s: $4,778,413
Fin. contrib’s: $8,743,224
Fin. contrib’s: $6,653,360
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 631
Average annual direct cost: (631*$9,000*12)= $68,148,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 764
Average annual indirect cost: 764/ 11,476 ) ($0.7508bn.) =$49,983,548@
Average annual active forces: 11,476 Average annual defense budget $0.7508bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $4,799,777
19
Country Italy
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 94
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 114
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 194
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 322
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 318
Fin. contrib’s: $48,360,962
Fin. contrib’s: $44,309,588
Fin. contrib’s: $115,971,030
Fin. contrib’s: $154,080,800
Fin. contrib’s: $116,648,490
Numbers Used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 208
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (208*$9,000*12)= $22,464,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 322
Average annual indirect cost: 322/252,330 ) ($16.881bn) =$21,541,957@
Average annual active forces: 252,330 Average annual defense budget $16.881bn.
Japan
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 41
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 32
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 30
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 30
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 561
Fin. contrib’s: $163,027,920
Fin. contrib’s: $162,629,070
Fin. contrib’s: $437,434,420
Fin. contrib’s: $592,864,600
Fin. contrib’s: $443,024,790
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $95,874,174
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 139
Average annual direct cost: (139*$9,000*12)= $15,012,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 561
Average annual indirect cost: 561/239,060 ) ($41.86bn.) = $98,232,494@
Average annual active forces: 239,060 Average annual defense budget $41.86bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $359,796,160
20
Country Netherlands
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 128
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 168
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 313
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 359
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 64
Fin. contrib’s: $14,520,133
Fin. contrib’s: $13,303,646
Fin. contrib’s: $34,811,714
Fin. contrib’s: $52,334,027
Fin. Contrib’s: $39,726,332
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 206
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (206*$9,000*12)= $22,248,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 359
Average annual indirect cost: 359/53,102 ) ($6.3604bn) =$42,999,955@
Average annual active forces: 53,102
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $30,939,170
Average annual defense budget $6.3604bn. New Zealand
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 12 Fin. contrib’s: $1,986,206
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 18 Fin. contrib’s: $1,803,798
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 650 Fin. contrib’s: $4,714,421
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 687 Fin. contrib’s: $7,235,805
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 564 Fin. contrib’s: $5,540,062
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 386 Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 687
Average annual direct cost: (386*$9,000*12) = $41,688,000
Average annual active army 9,250
Average annual indirect cost 687/ 9,250) ($0.7726bn) = $57,381,211@
Average annual defense budget $0.7726bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $4,256,058
21
Country Norway
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 669
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 69
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 71
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 77
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 74
Fin. contrib’s: $5,417,447
Fin. contrib’s: $4,974,249
Fin. contrib’s: $13,012,631
Fin. contrib’s: $19,470,566
Fin. Contrib’s: $14,746,530
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 192
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (192*$9,000*12)= $20,736,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 669
Average annual indirect cost: 669/27,980) ($3.2398bn) =$77,463,410@
Average annual active forces: 27,980 Average annual defense budget $3.2398bn.
Portugal
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 239
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 66
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 967
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 1122
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 865
Fin. contrib’s: $2,900,919
Fin. contrib’s: $3,359,906
Fin. contrib’s: $9,159,847
Fin. contrib’s: $13,915,218
Fin. contrib’s: $10,224,165
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $11,524,285
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 652
Average annual direct cost: (652*$9,000*12)= $70,416,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 1122
Average annual indirect cost: 1122/47,030) ($1.4232bn.) = $33,953,442@
Average annual active forces: 47,030 Average annual defense budget: $1.4232bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $7,912,011
22
Country Spain
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 65
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 77
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 177
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 187
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 181
Fin. contrib’s: $23,017,855
Fin. contrib’s: $21,116,154
Fin. contrib’s: $55,266,873
Fin. contrib’s: $76,386,044
Fin. contrib’s: $57,702,906
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 137
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (137*$9,000*12)= $14,796,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 187
Average annual indirect cost: 187/173,580) ($7.0718bn) = $7,618,543@
Average annual active forces: 173,580 Average annual defense budget $7.0718bn.
Sweden
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 210
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 158
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 174
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 136
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 119
Fin. contrib’s: $9,868,414
Fin. contrib’s: $8,850,657
Fin. contrib’s: $23,029,623
Fin. contrib’s: $31,191,431
Fin. contrib’s: $23,616,321
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $46,697,966
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 159
Average annual direct cost: (159*$9,000*12)= $17,172,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 210
Average annual indirect cost: 210/45,340) ($4.4624bn.) = $20,668,372@
Average annual active forces: 45,340 Average annual defense budget: $4.4624bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $19,311,289
23
Country Switzerland
U.K
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 27
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 24
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 30
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 37
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 36
Fin. contrib’s: 0
Fin. contrib’s: 0
Fin. contrib’s: 0
Fin. contrib’s: 0
Fin. Contrib’s: 0
Numbers used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 31
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (31*$9,000*12) =$3,348,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 37 Average annual active forces: 3,522
Average annual indirect cost: 37/3,522) ($3.1328bn.) = $32,911,300@
Average annual defense budget $3.1328bn.
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: 0
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 428
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 434
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 552
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 666
Monthly average person. contrib’s: 697
Average annual personnel contribution/month: 555
Average annual direct cost: (555*$9,000*12)= $59,940,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 697
Fin. contrib’s: $55,630,973
Fin. contrib’s: $50,448,584
Fin. contrib’s: $131,610,390
Fin. contrib’s: $209,815,840
Fin. Contrib’s: $157,409,630
Average annual active forces: 211,534
Average annual indirect cost: 697/211,534) ($35.7866bn) =117,916,080@
Average annual defense budget $35.7866bn
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $120,983,080
24
Country USA
1998 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 610
1999 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 470
2000 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 841
2001 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 804
2002 Monthly average person. contrib’s: 697
Fin. contrib’s: $284,500,530
Fin. contrib’s: $257,612,890
Fin. contrib’s: $667,322,130
Fin. contrib’s: $875,429,830
Fin. contrib’s: $639,167,510
Countries used Average annual personnel contribution/month: 684
Calculations Average annual direct cost: (684*$9,000*12)= $73,872,000
Peak annual personnel contribution/month: 841
Average annual indirect cost: 841/1,384,120) ($293.793bn) = $178,510,470@
Average annual active forces: 1,384,120 Average annual defense budget: $293.793bn
Average annual financial contributions to UN PKOs: $544,806,580
25
Calculations: Personnel (Direct and Indirect) and Financial Contributions to non-UN missions 1998-2002 Country Australia
1998 Person. contrib’s: 100(Bougainville (MFO)
1999 Person. contrib’s: 150(Bougainville) 26 (MFO) 5400(Interfet)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 150(Bougainville) 26 (MFO) 5400(Interfet)
Total: 126 Direct cost: 126 (12*10,000) = 15,120,000
Total: 5576
Total: 5576
Direct cost: 5576 (12*10,000) = 669,120,000
Direct cost: 5576 (12*10,000) = 669,120,000
2001 Person. contrib’s: 149(Bougainville) 26 (MFO)
2002 Person. contrib’s: 35 (Bougainville) 25 (MFO)
Total: 175
Total: 60
Direct cost: 175 (12*10,000) = 21,000,000
Direct cost: 60 (12*10,000) = 7,200,000
Numbers used Peak: 5576 Average annual active forces: 52,964 Average annual defense budget: 7.14bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 15,120,000+ 669,120,000+ 669,120,000+ 21,000,000+ 7,200,000+ = 1,381,560,000/5 = 276,312,000 Annual average indirect cost: (5576/52,964) (7.14bn.) = 751,692,470
Austria
Person. contrib’s: 200 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 200 (SFOR) 216 (4z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s: 56 (SFOR) 480 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 56 (SFOR) 480 (KFOR)
Total: 416
Total: 536
Total: 536
Direct cost: 200 (12*10,000)+ 216 (2,5*10,000) = 24,000,000+ 5,400,000 = 78,000,000
Direct cost: 536 (12*10,000) = 64,320,000
Direct cost: 536 (12*10,000) = 64,320,000
Total: 200
Person. contrib’s: 2 (SFOR) 498 (KFOR) 60 (ISAF) Total: 560
Direct cost: 200 (12*10,000) = 24,000,000
Direct cost: 560 (12*10,000) = 67,200,000
Peak: 560 Average annual active forces: 38,140 Average annual defense budget 1.6418bn.
Annual average direct cost: 24,000,000+ 78,000,000+ 64,320,000+ 64,320,000+ 67,200,000 = 297,840,000/5 = 59,568,000 Annual average indirect cost: 560/38,140 (1.6418bn.) =24,106,135
26
Country Belgium
1998 Person. contrib’s: 550 (SFOR) Total=550
1999 Person. contrib’s: 550 (SFOR) 1,079 (20z Kosovo) Total =1,629
Direct cost: 550 (12*10,000) = 66,000,000
Canada
Person. contrib’s: 960 (SFOR) 28 (MFO)
Direct cost: 550 (12*10,000) 1,079 (2.5*10,000) = 66,000,000 26,975,000 = 92,975,000
2000 Person. contrib’s: 550 (SFOR) 900 (KFOR) 4 (Del.Forge)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 450 (SFOR) 1010 (KFOR)
2002 Person. contrib’s: 450 (SFOR) 1010 (KFOR)
Total =1,460
Total =1,460
Average annual active forces: 40,676
Direct cost: 1,460 12*10,000) = 175,200,000
Direct cost: 1,460 (12*10,000) = 175,200,000
Average annual defense budget 2.516bn.
Total =1,454 Direct cost: 1,454 (12*10,000) = 174,480,000
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 66,000,000+ 92,975,000+ 174,480,000+ 175,200,000+ 175,200,000 = 683,855,000/5 = 136,771,000 Annual average indirect cost: 1,629/40,676 (2.516bn.) = 100,761,240
Person. contrib’s: 1,380 (SFOR) 28 (MFOR), 971(18z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s: 1,350 (SFOR), 800 (KFOR), (MFO)
Person. contrib’s: 1,200 (SFOR), 800 (KFOR) (MFO)
Person. contrib’s: 1,600 (SFOR), 800 (KFOR), 29 (MFO)
Total =2,379
Total =2,176
Total =2,027
Total =2,429
Direct cost: 1,408 (12*10,000)+ 971 (2,5 *10,000) = 168,960,000+ 24,275,000 = 193,235,000
Direct cost: 2,176@ (12*10,000) = 261,120,000@
Direct cost: 2,027 (12*10,000) = 243,240,000
Direct cost: 2,429 (12*10,000) = 291,480,000
Total =988 Direct cost: 988 (12*10,000) = 118,560,000
Numbers used Peak: 1,629
Peak: 2,429 Average annual active forces: 57,880 Average annual defense budget: 7.1584bn.
Annual average direct cost: 118,560,000+ 193,235,000+ 261,120,000+ 243,240,000+ 291,480,000 = 1,107,635,000/5 = 221,527,000 Annual average indirect cost: 2,429/57,880 (7.1584bn.) = 300,410,390
27
Country Denmark
1998 Person. contrib’s: 600 (SFOR)
1999 Person. contrib’s: 630 (SFOR), 324 (6z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 425 (SFOR), 900 (KFOR)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 345 (SFOR), 900 (KFOR)
Total =954
Total =1,325
Total =1,245
Direct cost: 630 (12*10,000)+ 234 (2,5*10,000) = 75,600,000+ 5,850,000 = 81,450,000
Direct cost: 1,325 (12*10,000) = 159,000,000
Direct cost: 1,245 (12*10,000) = 149,400,000
Person. contrib’s: 0
Person. contrib’s: 480 (SFOR), 800 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 120 (SFOR), 800 (KFOR)
Total =1,280
Total =920
Total =600 Direct cost: 600 (12*10,000) = 72,000,000
Finland
Person. contrib’s: 0
2002 Person. contrib’s: 365 (SFOR), 540 (KFOR), 50(ISAF) Total =955 Direct cost: 955 (12*10,000) = 114,600,000
Direct cost: 0
Average annual active forces: 24,462 Average annual defense budget: $2.451bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 72,000,000+ 81,450,000+ 159,000,000+ 149,400,000+ 114,600,000 = 576,450,000/5 = 115,290,000
Annual average indirect cost: 1,325/24,462 ($2.451bn.) = $132,760,000 Person. contrib’s: 20 (SFOR). 800 (KFOR), 50 (ISAF) Total =870
Direct cost: 0
Numbers used Peak: 1,325
Direct cost: 1,280 (12*10,000) = 153,600,000
Direct cost: 920 (12*10,000) = 110.400,000
Direct cost: 870 (12*10,000) =104,400,000
Peak: 1280 Average annual active forces: 31,840 Average annual defense budget 1.6516bn.
Annual average direct cost: 153,600,000+ 110.400,000+ 104,400,000 =368,400,000/5 = 73,680,000 Annual average indirect cost: 1,280/31,840 (1.6516bn.) =66,395,980
28
Country France
1998 Person. contrib’s: 3,300 (SFOR), 17 (MFO) Total =3,317
1999 Person. Contrib’s: 3,000 (SFOR), 17 (MFO), 4045 (75z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 3,200 (SFOR), 5,080 (KFOR), 17 (MFO)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 2,200 (SFOR), 5,100 (KFOR), 17 (MFO)
Total =8,297
Total =7,317
Direct cost: 8,297 (12*10,000) = 995,640,000
Direct cost: 7,317 (12*10,000) = 878,040,000
2002 Person. contrib’s: 2,200 (SFOR), 5,200 (KFOR) 400 (ISAF) 1,000 (Cote d’Ivoire)
Numbers used Peak: 8,800 Average annual active army: 300,934
Total =7,062 Direct cost: 3,317 (12*10,000) = 398,040,000
Germany
Person. contrib’s: 2,600 (SFOR), 81 (MF0) Total =2,681
Direct cost: 3,017 (12*10,000)+ 4045 (2.5*10,000) = 362,040,000+ 101,125,000 = 463,165,000
Person. contrib’s: 2,738 (SFOR), 4,400 (J Guardian) 7,929 (147z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s: 2369 (SFOR), 5300 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 2100 (SFOR), 5100 (KFOR)
Total =7,669
Total =7,200
Total =15,067
Direct cost: 7,669 (12*10,000) = 920,280,000
Direct cost: 7,200 (12*10,000) = 864,000,000
Total =8,800 Direct cost: 7,800 (12*10,000)+ 1000 (3*10,000) = 936,000,000+ 30,000,000 = 966,000,000
Person. contrib’s: 1900 (SFOR), 4600 (KFOR), 1120 (ISAF) Total =7,620
Direct cost: 2,681 (12*10,000) = 321,720,000
Direct cost: 2,738 (12*10,000)+ 4,400 (6*10,000)+ 7,929 (2,5 *10,000)= 328,560,000+ 264,000,000+ 198,225,000 = 790,785,000
Direct cost: 7,620 (12*10,000) = 914,400,000
Average annual defense budget 28.3468bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 398,040,000+ 463,165,000+ 995,640,000+ 878,040,000+ 966,000,000+ = 3,700,885,000/5 = 740,177,000
Annual average indirect cost: 8,800/300,934 (28.3468bn.) = 828,925,410 Peak: 15,067 Average annual active forces: 31,8340 Average annual defense budget 24.08bn.
Annual average direct cost: 321,720,000+ 790,785,000+ 920,280,000+ 864,000,000+ 914,400,000+ = 3,811,185,000/5 = 762,237,000 Annual average indirect cost: 15,067/31,8340 (24.08bn.) = 1,139,704,000
29
Country Greece
1998 Person. contrib’s: 250 (SFOR)
1999 Person. contrib’s: 250 (SFOR) 593 (11z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 250 (SFOR), 430 (KFOR)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 250 (SFOR), 1,700 (KFOR)
Total =843
Total =680
Total =1,950
Direct cost: 250 (12 *10,000)+ 593 (2.5*10,000) = 30,000,000+ 14,825,000 = 44,825,000
Direct cost: 680 (12 *10,000) = 81,600,000
Person. Contrib.’s: 50 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 50 (SFOR), 104 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 50 (SFOR), 104 (KFOR)
Total =154
Total =154
Direct cost: 154 (12 *10,000) = 18,480,000
Direct cost: 154 (12 *10,000) = 18,480,000
Total: 250 Direct cost 250 (12*10,000) = 30,000,000
Ireland
Person. contrib’s: 0
2002 Person. contrib’s: 250 (SFOR), 1,700 (KFOR), (ISAF) Total =1,980
Direct cost: 1,950 (12 *10,000) = 234,000,000
Direct cost: 1,980 (12 *10,000) = 237,600,000
Numbers used Peak: 1,980 Average annual active forces: 166,022 Average annual defense budget 3.475bn.
Annual average indirect cost: 1,980/166,022 (3.475bn.) = 41,443,303 Person. contrib’s: 50 (SFOR), 104 (KFOR), 50 (ISAF)
Peak: 204 Average annual active forces: 11,076
Total =204 Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 50 (12 *10,000) = 6,000,000
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 30,000,000+ 44,825,000+ 81,600,000+ 234,000,000+ 237,600,000 = 628,025,000/5 = 125,605,000
Direct cost: 204 (12 *10,000) = 24,480,000
Average annual defense budget 0.7508bn.
Annual average direct cost: 6,000,000+ 18,480,000+ 18,480,000+ 24,480,000 = 67,440,000/5 = 13,488,000
Annual average indirect cost: 204/11,076 (0.7508bn.) = $13,828,386
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Country Italy
1998 Person. contrib’s: 2,500 (SFOR)
Direct cost: 2,500 (12 *10,000) = 300,000,000
Japan
Person. contrib’s: 0
1999 Person. contrib’s: 2,531 (AFOR) 2,313 (SFOR), 77 (MFO), 1,160 (JGuardian), 2,805 (52z Kosovo) Total =8,886 Direct cost: 2,531 (5 *10,000)+ 2,390 (12 *10,000)+ 1,160 (6 *10,000)+ 2,805 (2.5 *10,000) = 126,550,000+ 286,800,000+ 69,600,000+ 70,125,000 = 553,075,000 Person. contrib’s: 0
2000 Person. contrib’s: 1,640 (SFOR), 6,400 (KFOR), 77 (MFO)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 1,500 (SFOR), 5,360 (KFOR), 77 (MFO)
Total =8,117
Total =6,937
Direct cost: 8,117 (12 *10,000) = 974,040,000
Direct cost: 6,937 (12 *10,000) = 832,440,000
2002 Person. contrib’s: 1,600 (SFOR), 5,360 (KFOR) 350 (ISAF), 75 (MFO)
Numbers used Peak: 8,886 Average annual active forces: 252,330
Total =7,385 Direct cost: 7,385 (12 *10,000) = 886,200,000
Average annual defense budget 16.881bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 300,000,000+ 553,075,000+ 974,040,000+ 832,440,000+ 886,200,000 = 3,545,755,000/5 = 709,151,00
Annual average indirect cost: 8,886/252,330 (16.881bn.) = 594,477,730
Person. contrib’s: 0
Person. contrib’s: 0
Person. contrib’s: 0
Peak:
Direct cost: 0
Average annual active forces: 239,060 Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 0
Average annual defense budget 41.86bn.
Indirect cost: 0
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Country Netherlands
1998 Person. contrib’s: 1,375 (SFOR)
Direct cost: 1,375 (12 *10,000) = 165,000,000
New Zealand
1999 Person. contrib’s: 375 (SFOR) 1,220 (KFOR), 400 (JGuardian), 1,241 (23z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 1,267 (SFOR), 1,450 (KFOR), 155 (DelForge)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 1,100 (SFOR), 1,450 (KFOR), 80 (DelForge)
2002 Person. contrib’s: 1,000 (SFOR), 1,450 (KFOR), 150 (ISAF)
Total =2,872
Total =2,630
Total =2,600
Total =3,236
Direct cost: 2,872 (12 *10,000) = 344,640,000
Direct cost: 2,630 (12 *10,000) = 315,600,000
Direct cost: 2,600 (12 *10,000) = 312,000,000
Person. contrib’s: 22 (SFOR) 25 (MFO) 130(Bougainville
Direct cost: 1,595 (12 *10,000)+ 400 (6 *10,000)+ 1241 (2.5 *10,000) = 191,400,000+ 24,000,000+ 31,025,000 = 246,425,000 Person. contrib’s: 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 30(Bougainville)
Total =177
Total=83
Numbers used Peak: 3,236 Average annual active forces: 53,102 Average annual defense budget 6.3604bn.
Annual average indirect cost: 3,236/53,102 (6.3604bn.) = 387,598,480
Person. contrib’s: 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 31(Bougainville)
Person. contrib’s: 27(SFOR) 26 (MFO) 9 (Bougainville)
Total=84
Total=72
Person. contrib’s: 15(Bougainville) 12 (ISAF) 26 (SFOR) 26 (MFO)
Peak: 177 Average annual active army 9,250
Total=79 Direct cost 177 (12 *10,000) = 21,240,000
Direct cost: 83 (12 *10,000) = 9,960,000
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 165,000,000+ 246,425,000+ 344,640,000+ 315,600,000+ 312,000,000+ = 1,383,665,000/5 = 276,733,000
Direct cost: 84 (12 *10,000) = 10,080,000
Direct cost: 72 (12 *10,000) = 8,640,000
Direct cost: 79 (12 *10,000) = 9,480,000
Average annual defense budget 0.7726bn.
Annual average direct cost: 21,240,000+ 9,960,000+ 10,080,000+ 8,640,000+ 9,480,000 = 59,400,000/5 = 11,880,000 Annual average indirect cost: 177/9,250 (0.7726bn.) = 14,783,805
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Country Norway
1998 Person. contrib’s: 700 (SFOR), 4 (MFO) Total =704
1999 Person. contrib’s: 700 (SFOR), 5 (MFO), 100 (JGuardian), 378 (7z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 125 (SFOR), 1200 (KFOR), 5 (MFO)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 125 (SFOR), 980 (KFOR), 5 (MFO)
Total =1,330
Total =1,110
Direct cost: 1,330 (12 *10,000) = 159,600,000
Direct cost: 1,110 (12 *10,000) = 133,200,000
Total =1,183 Direct cost: 704 (12 *10,000) = 84,480,000
Portugal
Direct cost: 705 (12 *10,000) 100 (6 *10,000) 378 (2.5 *10,000) = 84,600,000+ 6,000,000+ 9,450,000 = 100,050,000
Person. contrib’s: 0
Person. contrib’s: 431 (8z Kosovo)
Direct cost: 0
Direct cost: 431 (2.5*10,000) = 10,775,000
2002 Person. contrib’s: 125 (SFOR), 980 (KFOR), (ISAF), 4 (MFO)
Numbers used Peak: 1,330 Average annual active forces: 27,980
Total =1,139 Direct cost: 1,139 (12 *10,000) = 136,680,000
Average annual defense budget 3.2398bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 84,480,000+ 100,050,000+ 159,600,000+ 133,200,000+ 136,680,000 = 614,010,000/5 = 122,802,000
Annual average indirect cost: 1,183/27,980 (3.2398bn.) = 136,979,390 Person. contrib’s: 335 (SFOR), 340 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 330 (SFOR), 313 (KFOR)
Total =675
Total =643
Direct cost: 675 (12 *10,000) = 81,000,000
Direct cost: 643 (12 *10,000) = 77,160,000
Person. contrib’s: 330 (SFOR) 313 (KFOR), 20 (ISAF) Total =663 Direct cost: 663 (12 *10,000) = 79,560,000
Peak: 675 Average annual active forces: 47,030 Average annual defense budget: 1.4232bn.
Annual average direct cost: 10,775,000+ 81,000,000+ 77,160,000+ 79,560,000 = 248,495,000/5 = 49,699,000 Annual average indirect cost: 675/47,030 (1.4232bn.) 20,426,536
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Country Spain
1998 Person. contrib’s: 1,600 (SFOR) Direct cost: 1,600 (12 *10,000) = 192,000,000
Sweden
Person. contrib’s: 1 Direct cost: 1 (12 *10,000) = 120,000
1999 Person. contrib’s: 1,600 (SFOR), 593(11z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 1600 (SFOR), 900 (KFOR)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 1200 (SFOR) 1300(KFOR)
Total =2,193
Total =2,500
Total =2,500
Direct cost: 1,600 (12 *10,000)+ 593 (2,5*10,000) = 192,000,000+ 14,825,000 = 206,825,000
Direct cost: 2,500 (12 *10,000) = 300,000,000
Direct cost: 2,500 (12 *10,000) = 300,000,000
Person. contrib’s: 511 (SFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 510 (SFOR), 760 (KFOR)
Person. contrib’s: 42 (SFOR), 751 (KFOR)
Total =1,270
Total =793
2002 Person. contrib’s: 1200 (SFOR) 1340 (KFOR) 350 (ISAF) Total =2,890
Direct cost: 511 (12 *10,000) = 61,320,000
Direct cost: 2,890 (12 *10,000) = 346,800,000
Numbers used Peak: 2,890 Average annual active forces: 173,580 Average annual defense budget 7.0718bn.
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 192,000,000+ 206,825,000+ 300,000,000+ 300,000,000+ 346,800,000 = 1,345,625,000/5 = 269,125,000 Annual average indirect cost: 2,890/173,580 (7.0718bn.) = 117,741,110
Person. contrib’s: 42 (SFOR), 751 (KFOR), 45 (ISAF) Total =838
Direct cost: 1,270 (12 *10,000) = 152,400,000
Direct cost: 793 (12 *10,000) = 95,160,000
Direct cost: 838 (12 *10,000) = 100,560,000
Peak: 1,270 Average annual active forces: 45,340 Average annual defense budget: 4.4624bn.
Annual average direct cost: 120,000+ 61,320,000+ 152,400,000+ 95,160,000+ 100,560,000 = 409,560,000/5 = 81,912,000 Annual average indirect cost: 1,270/45,340 (4.4624bn.) = 124,994,440
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Country Switzerland
1998 Person. contrib’s: 0
1999 Person. contrib’s: 108 (2z Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 130 (KFOR)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 160 (KFOR)
2002 Person. contrib’s: 160 (KFOR)
Numbers used Peak: 160 Average annual active forces: 3,522
Direct cost: 0
U.K
Person. contrib’s: 5,250 (SFOR), 160 (NWatch) Total =5,410 Direct cost: 5,410 (12 *10,000) = 649,200,000
Direct cost: 108 (2.5*10,000) =2,700,000
Direct cost: 130 (12 *10,000) = 15,600,000
Direct cost: 160 (12 *10,000) = 19,200,000
Person. contrib’s: 130 (AFOR), 4,500 (SFOR), 9,600 (JGuardian), 160 (N.Watch), 3,398 (63z Kosovo)
Person. contrib’s: 2,700 (SFOR), 3,500 (KFOR), 350 (DelForge), 160 (NWatch) 4,500 (Sierra Leone)
Person. contrib’s: 2,600 (SFOR), 3,900 (KFOR), 350 (DelForge), 185(NWatch)
Total =17,778@ Direct cost: 130@ (5*10,000)+ 4,500@ (12 *10,000)+ 9,600@ (6*10,000)+ 3398@ (2.5*10,000)= 6,500,000@+ 540,000,000@+ 576,000,000@+ 84,950,000@ = 1,207,450,000@
Total =11,210
Direct cost: 7,035 (12 *10,000) = 844,200,000
Direct cost: 6,710 (12 *10,000)+ +4,500 (1.5*10,000)+ = 805,200,000+ 67,500,000 = 872,700,000
Direct cost: 160 (12 *10,000) = 19,200,000
Average annual defense budget 3.1328bn.
Person. contrib’s: 1,700 (SFOR), 2,200 (KFOR), 400 (ISAF), 350 (DelForge), 190 (NWatch)
Peak: 17,778
Total =4,840
Average annual defense budget 35.7866bn
Average annual active forces: 211,534
Total =7,035
Direct cost: 4,840 (12 *10,000) = 580,800,000
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 2,700,000+ 15,600,000+ 19,200,000+ 19,200,000 = 56,700,000/5 = 11,340,000 Annual average indirect cost: 160/3,522 (3.1328bn.) = 142,319,140 Annual average direct cost: 649,200,000+ 1,207,450,000+ 872,700,000+ 844,200,000+ 580,800,000 = 4,154,350,000/5 = 830,870,000
Annual average indirect cost: 17,778/211,534 (35.7866bn) = 3,007,621,400
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Country USA
1998 Person. contrib’s: 12,810 (SFOR), 917 (MFO), 1,422 (NWatch)
1999 Person. contrib’s: 12,350 (SFOR) 918 (MFO) 1,400 (NWatch), 50,000(Kosovo)
2000 Person. contrib’s: 8,590 (SFOR), 5,950 (KFOR), 918 (MFO), 1,400 (NWatch)
2001 Person. contrib’s: 7,180 (SFOR), 5,740 (KFOR), 860 (MFO), 1,400 (NWatch)
Total =64,668
Total =16,858
Total =15,180
Direct cost: 14,668 (12 *10,000)+ 50,000 (2,5*10,000) = 1,760,160,000+ 1,250,000,000 = 3,010,160,000
Direct cost: 16,858 (12 *10,000) = 2,022,960,000
Direct cost: 15,180 (12 *10,000) = 1,821,600,000
Total =15,149 Direct cost: 15,149 (12 *10,000) = 1,817,880,000
2002 Person. contrib’s: 2,350 (SFOR), 5,360 (KFOR), 1,400 (NWatch) Total =9,110 Direct cost: 9,110 (12 *10,000) = 1,093,200,000
Numbers used Peak: 64,668 Average annual active forces: 1,384,120 Average annual defense budget: 293.793bn
Calculations Annual average direct cost: 1,817,880,000+ 3,010,160,000+ 2,022,960,000+ 1,821,600,000+ 1,093,200,000 = 9,765,800,000/5 = 1,953,160,000
Annual average indirect cost: 64,668/1,384,120 (293.793bn) = 13,726,415,000
Source: All personnel contribution numbers are from The Military Balance, 1998/1999, 1999/2000, 2000/2001, 2002/2003, Institute for Strategic Studies, London. Note 1: Duration for all missions during one year is assumed to be 12 months, with the exception of the following missions: Kosovo air war: 2.5 months AFOR: 5 months Joint Guardian: 6 months British intervention in Sierra Leone: 1.5 months French intervention in Cote d’Ivoire: 3 months Note 2: Assumed that the ratio of personnel to airplanes ready to be deployed during the Kosovo air war is 50,000/927. This ratio is based on how many personnel was represented by the 927 airplanes the United States had ready to be deployed, which is the most reliable ratio of personnel to airplanes among the states involved in this NATO operation. The constant z will be used in calculations to illustrate this ratio.
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