Housing is a Human Right
presented by Cheah Ee Von
ARB/RIBA Part II 4th year research at the Architectural Association School of Architecture London, United Kingdom
Central London
Yes to All
Source: https://www.facebook.com/londonermemes/
What is social housing? Owned and managed by the state or non profit organisations.
Alt-Erlaa Social Housing in Vienna, Austria (completed in 1967) Source: https://hfa-vi.com/vienna-model
Typical Malaysian Government Housing Schemes Source: https://sales.pr1ma.my & https://www.propertyguru.com.my
Council Estates, Council or Social Housing Examples in London, UK Left: Robin Hood Gardens (completed in 1972) Right: Dunboyne Road Estate (completed in 1967) Source: https://www.architecturalrecord.com & https://www.ribaj.com/culture
Pioneering Council Estates by Liverpool Council (1869) Source: https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/
UK Social Housing Timeline
1914
1880 Pre-war Period
1939
1918 WWI
Inter-war Period
1945 WWII
1979 Post-war Period
UK Social Housing Timeline
1914
1880 Pre-war Period
1939
1918 WWI
Inter-war Period
1945 WWII
1979 Post-war Period
MORE housing DIFFERENT visions build
MORE housing DIFFERENT visions build
social housing: for the all classes advocated for: high space standards & integrated amenities
MORE housing DIFFERENT visions build
social housing: for the all classes
social housing: for the worst off
advocated for: high space standards & integrated amenities
home ownership & free market: for the affluent working class promoted: low cost & low quality to achieve higher numbers of houses built
“Affordable” (Social + Intermediate) Housing
“Affordable� (Social + Intermediate) Housing
Social Rent 30% market rent
“Affordable� (Social + Intermediate) Housing
Intermediate Housing
Social Rent
“Affordable� (Social + Intermediate) Housing
Intermediate Housing
80% market rent
Number of “affordable� housing promised by Argent (developer) at Triangle Site
Number of “affordable” housing promised by Argent (developer) at Triangle Site
Year 2006: 300
Year 2019: 59
Financial Viability Report
1929
1936
Great Depression
1951
1960
1963
Golden Age of Capitalism
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
increase government expenditures
1936
Great Depression • • • •
1951
1960
1963
Golden Age of Capitalism
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
increase government expenditures
1936
Great Depression • • • •
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1951
1960
1963
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
Monetarism
A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
1936
Great Depression • • • •
•
increase government expenditures
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
central bank to control money supply
1951
1960
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
• •
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
Monetarism
A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
1936
Great Depression • • • •
•
increase government expenditures
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
central bank to control money supply
1951
1960
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
• •
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
Monetarism
A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
central bank to control money supply
1951
1936
Free Market
Great Depression • • • •
•
increase government expenditures
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1960
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
• •
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
The Road to Serfdom & The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich A. Hayek
• •
government planning crushes individualism liberty as prerequisites for wealth & growth
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
•
increase government expenditures
central bank to control money supply
1951
1936
Free Market
Great Depression • • • •
Margaret Thatcher
Monetarism
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1960
•
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
appointed leader of conservative party
• •
1975
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
The Road to Serfdom & The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich A. Hayek
• •
government planning crushes individualism liberty as prerequisites for wealth & growth
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
•
increase government expenditures
central bank to control money supply
1951
1936
Free Market
Great Depression • • • •
Margaret Thatcher
Monetarism
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1960
•
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
appointed leader of conservative party
• •
1975
•
appointed Prime Minister of UK
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
The Road to Serfdom & The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich A. Hayek
• •
government planning crushes individualism liberty as prerequisites for wealth & growth
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
Margaret Thatcher
Monetarism
• •
• • • A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
central bank to control money supply
1951 Free Market
Great Depression • • • •
•
increase government expenditures
1936
advocate individualism & competition minimised tax & regulations for big corporations & investors weaken trade unions privitise public services deregulate stock market
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1960
•
1963
1973 Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • • • •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
appointed leader of conservative party
• •
1975
•
appointed Prime Minister of UK
1979
1980
Neoliberal Era
high unemployment high inflation
The Road to Serfdom & The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich A. Hayek
• •
government planning crushes individualism liberty as prerequisites for wealth & growth
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Keynesian Economics
Margaret Thatcher
Monetarism
“Right to Buy” legislation • •
• • • A Monetary History of the United States by Milton Friedman & Anna J. Schwartz
The General Theory of Employment, Interest & Money by John Maynard Keynes
•
1929
central bank to control money supply
1951 Free Market
Great Depression • • • •
•
increase government expenditures
1936
advocate individualism & competition minimised tax & regulations for big corporations & investors weaken trade unions privitise public services deregulate stock market
low average global growth high unemployment sharp increase of inequality biggest financial crisis in history
1960
•
1963
1973
• •
high average global growth low unemployment reduction of inequality very low incidence of financial crises welfare state social housing development
•
• •
high unemployment high inflation
appointed Prime Minister of UK
1979
1975
Stagflation OPEC Oil Crisis
Golden Age of Capitalism • • • •
appointed leader of conservative party
1980
Neoliberal Era • • • •
high average global growth unemployment questionable? increasing inequality contributed to 2008 financial crisis
The Road to Serfdom & The Constitution of Liberty by Friedrich A. Hayek
• •
government planning crushes individualism liberty as prerequisites for wealth & growth
Economic Ideology Evolution Timeline
Margaret Thatcher after handing over the deeds of the house to the Pattersons of Harold Hill, Essex in 1980. Source: https://www.theguardian.com/
1980s Source: Home Economics published by The Spaces/Real Foundation (2016)
Neoliberal bureaucratic solution
Neoliberalism sees competition as the defining characteristic of human relations.
Neoliberalism sees competition as the defining characteristic of human relations.
It redefines citizens as consumers, whose democratic choices are best exercised by buying and selling, a process that rewards merit and punishes inefficiency.
Neoliberalism sees competition as the defining characteristic of human relations.
It redefines citizens as consumers, whose democratic choices are best exercised by buying and selling, a process that rewards merit and punishes inefficiency. It maintains that “the market� delivers benefits that could never be achieved by planning. Attempts to limit competition are treated as hostile to liberty.
The single landowner of King’s Cross is King’s Cross Central Limited Partnership which falls under Argent & Australian Super, an Australian private pension fund. Argent who is based in the UK, is the main asset manager of the masterplan.
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHbX-mA81G0
Source: Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing (2017)
Source: Why aren't millennials buying homes? on YouTube
300
Source: Rethinking the Economics of Land and Housing (2017)
contradiction
neoliberalism
contradiction
neoliberalism intervention
contradiction
neoliberalism intervention non - intervention
contradiction
neoliberalism intervention non - intervention free market
Source: Building the Homes We Need (2015)
private developer
land ownership
+ local authorities
Reducing social expenditure to reduce public debt is a
delusion.
Source: Building the Homes We Need (2015)
neoliberalism inequality = virtuous
neoliberalism inequality
equality
= virtuous
= counterproductive; morally corrosive
neoliberalism inequality
equality
= virtuous
= counterproductive; morally corrosive
free market ensures “everyone gets what they deserve�
education
education inheritance
education inheritance class
neoliberalism competition
neoliberalism competition
unemployed? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (education levels and connections)
neoliberalism competition
unemployed? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (education levels and connections) cannot buy a house? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (housing prices rise faster than income)
neoliberalism competition
unemployed? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (education levels and connections) cannot buy a house? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (housing prices rise faster than income) fat? = you are at fault truth: structural inequality (quality food and exercise are privileges)
Can we return to the Golden Age of Capitalism (1950s-1970s)?
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Capitalism
homelessness
rough sleepers
+
sofa-surfing
temporary accommodations
overcrowding
Camden
Islington
+
Source: https://england.shelter.org.uk/
+
Housing First (and forever)
Helsinki’s Housing First Programme by Y-Foundation (Y-Säätiö)
Karl-Marx-Hof social housing in Vienna, Austria
Source: https://ysaatio.fi/en/housing-first-finland
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/
mere consumption
Source: https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/2019-a-awards-project-year-heatherwick-studio-coal-drops-yard/
mere consumption
passive participants
Source: https://architizer.com/blog/inspiration/stories/2019-a-awards-project-year-heatherwick-studio-coal-drops-yard/
Source: https://www.kingscross.co.uk/coal-drops-yard
Source: https://www.timeout.com/london/news/heres-where-to-volunteer-in-london-this-christmas-120717
Calthorpe Community Garden
Source: http://calthorpecommunitygarden.org.uk/ & photos by Ee Von Cheah
258-274 Gray’s Inn Road London WC1X 8LH
Argent’s King’s Cross typical residential block commercial ground floor proposal. Source: https://www.kingscross.co.uk/
The only (upmarket) grocery store in King’s Cross. Source: Photo by Ee Von Cheah
overcrowding
built to
Parker Morris Standards
“Liberty was possible only with social justice and an equal distribution of wealth and power, which in turn require a degree of active government intervention.� - David Steel in 1978
Central London
Yes to All
Source: https://www.facebook.com/londonermemes/
Housing is a public good.
Housing is a human right.
Housing for social justice.
Discussion 1. Critique of my scheme, what ideas should be pushed further? 2. Are pseudo-public spaces really bad for us? 3. Do we really need a bigger space? 4. Do we need an even more radical reorganization of living? 5. Is co-living really a good “new way of living�? 6. How to address the dysfunctional housing development in terms of policy and economics? 7. Is there social housing or pseudo-public spaces in Asia? 8. Do the Malaysian housing crisis share the same issue with London?
9. Does Malaysia have minimum housing standards? How do we determine what is the right standards? 10.What are the housing financing options available for Malaysia/ Singapore? Are they reliable?