Hybrid

CHM 101

Sinex

Illustrating hybridization

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals

Shockwave animation of hybridization click here Chime site with atomic and hybrid orbitals click here

PGCC CHM 101 Sinex

Now let’s make some bonds!

hybrid orbitals – sp, sp2, or sp3

formation of σ bond

1

CHM 101

Sinex

σ bond

remaining p orbitals from sp or sp2

π bond hinders rotation about the carbon-tocarbon bond

Planar molecule (each carbon is trigonal planar) with π cloud above and below the plane

formation of π bond

Bond formation from hybridization • Single bond end-to-end - sigma bond side-to-side • Double bond – sigma bond + pi bond • Triple bond – sigma bond + pi bond + pi bond

How about the electron density around a carbon-carbon bond?

Polar or Non-polar C2H6

C2H4

C2H2 H+ attack?

How are the two pi bonds in the triple bond oriented? single bond

double bond

triple bond

Spartan 02

2

CHM 101

Sinex

What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?

4

2

5

What is the hybridization in each carbon atom?

4 6

3

3 7

1

2

1

sp3 – 2, 5 tetrahedral

sp2 – 1, 3, 4 trigonal planar

sp – 6, 7 linear

Draw the Lewis dot structure –

C3H4

Allene, H2C=C=CH2 What is the hybridization?

Remember to chain the carbon atoms and fill the octet of the center carbon atom in the chain first.

You should have come up with one of these structures: H ..

H:C:C:::C:H ..

H

H H .. ..

C::C::C .. ..

H H Build the molecular model.

The π clouds of the two double bonds are oriented perpendicular to each other. Hence the hydrogens are turned 90o. The is due to the original orientation of the p orbitals on the center carbon atom.

Spartan 02

3