Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledge 1.3 Introduction of Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) 2.0 Fire Protection System 2.1 Active Fire Protection System 2.1.1 Literature Review 2.2 Research Finding for Active Fire Protection System 2.2.1 Smoke Detector System 2.2.2 Heat Detector System 2.2.3 Fire Alarm System 2.2.4 Water Sprinkler System 2.2.5 Fire Hydrant System 2.2.6 Non-water Based System 2.2.7 Fire Intercom System 2.2.8 Smoke Extraction System 2.3 Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Literature Review 2.4 Research Finding for Passive Fire Protection System 2.4.1 Fire Command Centre 2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage 2.4.3 Emergency Light 2.4.4 Fire Staircase 2.4.5 Emergency Speaker 2.4.5 Fire Roller Shutter 2.4.6 Fire Rated Door 2.4.7 Smoke Curtain 2.4.8 Smoke and Heat Ventilation 2.5 Conclusion 3.0 Mechanical Ventilation 3.1 Literature Review 3.1.1 Supply System 3.1.2 Extract System 3.2 Research Finding for Mechanical Ventilation System 3.2.1 Return Air Grille 3.2.2 Air Curtain 3.2.3 Supply Air Diffusers 3.2.4 Centrifugal Fan 3.3 Conclusion
5 6 7-8 9 9-27
14-16 17-18 19-20 21-24 25 26-27 28 29 30 31 31 32 32 33 33 34 35
38 39 40 41-42 43 44 45
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4.0 Air-Conditioning System 4.1 Literature Review 4.1.1 Air Cooling Principle 4.1.2 Air Cycle 4.1.3 Refrigerant Cycle 4.1.4 Room Air-Conditioning System 4.1.5 Split Unit AIr-Conditioning System 4.1.6 Centralized Air-Conditioning System 4.1.7 Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System 4.1.8 Indoor Packaged Units 4.1.9 Rooftop Packaged Units 4.1.10 Split Packaged Units 4.2 Research Findings for Air-Conditioning System 4.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) 4.2.2 Air Conditioning Split Unit System (ACSU) 4.2.3 Ducted Split Unit Air Conditioning System 4.3 Conclusion 5.0 Mechanical Transportation System 5.1 Literature Review 5.1.1 Elevator 5.1.2 Escalator 5.2 Research Findings for Mechanical Transportation System 5.2.1 Elevator 5.2.2 Escalator 5.3 Conclusion 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 References
46-47 48-55 48 48 49 50 50-52 52-54 54 54 55 55 56-58 59-62 63-64 65 66-67 67-69 69 70-75 76-78 79 80 81-83
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INTRODUCTION
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1.1 Abstract In this project, we were assigned to select a multi-storey building and carry out a thorough case study on how application of building service systems make a building technically functional. Upon completion of this assignment, we were able to identify and understand relevant information related to mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning system, mechanical transportation system as well as fire protection systems. Our task was to produce an A4 bounded report with detail analysis on how the services components function in the building. Services system was to be summarized in diagrammatic forms and images. Moreover, each of the system were compared to UBBL Law requirement and other legal requirements to get a better understanding of the statutory requirements and regulations involved in building designs and its importance towards practicality and public safety.
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1.2 Acknowledgement First and foremost, we would like to express our greatest gratitude to Mr. Azim, our beloved tutor for guiding us to have a better understanding on each building services system, and giving us suggestion on system proposal. In spite of that, he has been giving us motivation and pushing us to explore deeper into our research area which led us to the correct direction to learn more on Building Services. We would also like to deliver our sincere gratitude to the head of Facility Management, Mr Param for giving us permission to have a tour to required service room in Mitsui Outlet Park. In a nutshell, this project helped us to get a better understanding about how different services are importance to a building and how they contributed to the users’ safety and comfort while taking into considerations on design implication, which will be certainly helpful for our career.
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1.3 Introduction of Mitsui OutLet Park (MOP) The Mitsui Outlet Park KLIA Sepang opens on May 30 and is sited very near the KLIA and directly accessible from the highway. The Mitsui Outlet Park KLIA Sepang is the result of a joint venture (JV) between Mitsui Fudosan Co. Ltd and Malaysia Airports Holdings Bhd (MAHB). The outlet will be managed by the JV Company, MFMA Development Sdn Bhd (MFMA). The building consists of two storeys, housing array of shop offer a scrumptious choice of product and gastronomic delights. Mitsui Outlet Park spans 24,000 square metres of space under the first phase of its development. This building equipped with complete services of fire protection, mechanical transportation, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning systems. Passenger elevator and freight elevator can be found in the building to fulfil the user’s need. Mitsui Outlet Park utilized natural lighting in most of the interior spaces to reduce energy usage on artificial lighting.
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FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
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2.0 Fire Protection System Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) consists of fire protection system and smoke extraction system that cover the whole building and external area. Fire protection system that installed in MOP can be divided into hydrant system, sprinkler system, hose reel system, fixed extinguisher system (CO2 and FM 200), fire alarm system, fire intercom system and smoke extraction system. There are 10 nos hydrant point that installed at perimeter building where the water is supplied directly from 5’ incoming water pipe from external. Each hydrant point is c/w hydrant box where inside the box will provided 2 length of hose c/w nozzle. Sprinkler system at the building is under OH 3 standard, there are 3 pumps located at fire pump house and one GZ.I pressed tank install beside pump house, Fire main alarm ing valve is located nearby MDF room external where is this alarm gong consists of 5 main pipe systems. From main alarm gong valve, it is distributed to sprinkler pipe inside the building where had been divided to 16 zoning. Ground floor area is supported by 7 zoning and first floor is supported by 9 zoning. Each zoning is c/w main butterfly valve with addressable flow switch where the control signal wiring had been link to main fire alarm panel. There are 33 sos hose reel drum that install inside the building. 17 no located at ground floor area and 16 not located at first floor area. The hose reel drum is supported by 2 hose reel pump located at fire pump house. One number G.I hose reel tank also been installed to support the hose reel system for whole building where the tank with sprinkler tank but internally had been separated by compartment. All the main electrical room and genes room at the building had been installed with fixed CO2 extinguisher system. Besides that, there are two FM 200 system that installed at MOP, one located at MAHB MDF Room and another one is at Money Receive Room where its function had been divert to server room. MOP building’s fire alarm system is covered by break glass, alarm bell, smoke detector, beam detector, flow switch accessories where all this accessories will be link back to main fully addressable type fire alarm panel located at fire and security control room. Besides that, the co2, FM 200, sprinkler and hose heel panel status also been provided to monitor the wet chemical panel and LPG gas panel status where this panel will be installed by tenant contractor. During alarm trigger, CMS system will be activated and will link to nearest BOMBA station at KLIA. For fireman or BOMBA communication purpose during fire case or emergency case, every floor staircase, lift motor room, fire pump room are installed with fire intercom handset and this handset had been link to master fire intercom panel that located at Fire and Security Control Room. The smoke extraction system had been installed at MOP, to prevent smoke trapping when fire incident happened. Basically there are 5 zones at common area and one zone at food court area for smoke extraction system. Each zone had been installed with smoke curtain base on zoning at ground floor and first to separate out each zone and when fire case, smoke will activate either smoke detector or beam detector at that zone and will trigger the smoke spill fan at that zone where all the smoke spill fan located at roof top area at that zone. Official BOMBA inspection had been carry out by 6 January 2015 and second BOMBA inspection had been carry out by 17 January 2015. MOP building had get BOMBA approval by 11 February 2015.
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2.1 Active Fire Protection System 2.1.1 Literature Review Active fire protection system is a group of systems that require action or motion in order to work efficiently in the event of fire. Action may include the usage of both automatic or manual action. Active fire protection is one of the most important elements to consider and plan for when building any type of modern structure. With furnishings for buildings, factories and commercial areas becoming increasingly more and more sophisticated and high-tech, it is paramount that said surfaces be equipped with systems capable of immediately detecting any potential fire hazards, in order to protect both said furnishings and the people making use of them. There are several types of active fire protection system such as hydrant system, sprinkler system, hose reel system, fixed extinguisher system (CO2 and FM 200), fire alarm system, fire intercom system and smoke extraction system.
2.2 Research Finding for Active Fire Protection System 2.2.1 Smoke Detector System The smoke detectors are intended to protect people and property by generating an alarm earlier in the development of fire. When it comes to protecting people, it is critical to warn building occupant before snow accumulate. Smoke can be detected either optically or physically. In MOP, there are several types smoke detectors that can found which are photoelectric smoke detector, fireray beam detector and optical smoke detector.
According to UBBL- Section 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
(i) Photoelectric Smoke Detector:
Figure 2.2.1 (i)(a) Photoelectric smoke detector
Photoelectric smoke detector issue a signal to a fire alarm system when dense smoke enters the device and interrupts the line of sight between a small light sources and a photoelectricsensitive cell, both installed inside the detector. The detector is a essential device for detecting large free caused by smouldering materials.
Figure 2.2.1 (i)(b) Diagram of photoelectric smoke detector TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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(ii) Fireray Beam Detector:
Figure 2.2.1 (ii)(a) Fireray beam detector and diagram of firereay beam detector work.
Fireray beam detector combines an infrared transmitter and receiver in the same discrete unit and operates by projecting well-defined beam to a reflective prism, which return the beam to the receiver fro analysis. Smoke in the beam path causes a drop in power, which, if below a pre-determined level, result in an arm signal. A full range of installation accessories is available including the universal bracket, which allows a greater degree of flexibility during installation. Once the detector head is connected, an integral LASER can be activated. This allows the reflective prism to be slighted quickly and with confidence, Once the LASER has been used to coarsely align the beam, Auto-align takes over and automatically steers the beam into the optimum position. The system can be fully customised, according to local conditions; alarm thresholds (sensitivity) and time to alarm can be set from the low level system controller.
Figure 2.2.1 (ii)(b) Fireray beam detector in MOP.
(iii) Optical Smoke Detector
Figure 2.2.1 (iii)(a) Optical smoke detector.
Optical smoke detector is a point detector for detection of combustion gases mainly consisting of visible particles. The detector has a built in thermistor and is designed for use with Autronica’s interactive fire alarm system, which can provide temperature information from the detector point.
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2.2.2 Heat Detector System The heat detector are a sire alarm device designed to reposed when the converted thermal energy of a fire increase the temperature of a heat sensitive element. There are two types of heat detector which are “FIxed Temperature” detector and “ Rate of rise” detector. The fixed temperature detector will be operated when the ambient temperatures reach a fixed point, usually during the event of fire. This type of heat detector is highly cost-effective as it is cheaper than the other types and also efficient enough to detect the ambient temperatures in order to protect the occupants and property of the building. But in the case of rapid fire response, the “Rate of rise” detectors will be more ideal in this condition as it detects both the rapid and slow increase in temperature.
According to UBBL- Section 225. (1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
Figure 2.2.2 Heat detector and diagram of heat detector work.
In MOP, the the of the heat detector that had been used is “Rate of rise” heat detector. The heat detector will automatically monitors the change in temperature in an enclosed area and responds to a rapid rise in temperature by sending the signal to the fire indicator panel to sound a alarm to warm of a fire in progress. For fire prevention, MOP had installed the heat detector in the places where smoke detector is not appropriate, which in the are where smoke is a natural part of the surroundings or operations.
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2.2.3 Fire Alarm System The fire alarm system is capable of alerting the users and occupants of the building the event of fire emergency. (i) Fire Alarm Control Panel
Figure 2.2.3 (i)(a) Fire alarm control panel in MOP.
In MOP a fire alarm control panel that can be found in the fire protection control room. The fire alarm control panel (FACP), is the main controlling component in a fire alarm system. This panel is a complete fire alarm control panel with full operation capabilities. The panel serves as an operating panel for several defined operation zones. All alarm handling and system features can be controlled and monitored from the panel. Not only that, this panel will be receiving information to monitor the sensors such as the alarm devices and the detectors (heat and smoke detectors) that are designed to detect changes, which then transmit the necessary information to the panel in order to sound or switch off alarms in the case where false signal has been detect.
Figure 2.2.2 (i)(b) Diagram of fire alarm control panel work.
Figure 2.2.2 (i)(c) Schematic line diagram of fire alarm system for MOP.
In accordance to the type of system and hazards, can be programmed to: Activate a predischarge alarm.
Notify emergency response personnel.
Initiate agent release.
Shut down ventilation system.
Activate visual and audible fire alarm.
Shut down machinery equipment.
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(ii) Fire Alarm Bell
Figure 2.2.3 (ii) Fire alarm bell in MOP.
The fire alarm bells are responsible to alert the occupants to evacuate the building during the event of fire. The devices are triggered either manually (manual call point) or mechanically (detectors). The fire alarm bells will usually be placed about 1200mm above the manual call point and 2700mm from the ground level. According to UBBL- Section 155. (1) The fire model of operation shall be initiated by a signal from the fire alarm panel with may be activated automatically by one of the alarm devices in the building or manually. UBBL- Section 237 (1) Fire alarm shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these BY-Laws. (2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two-stage system with evacuation (continuos signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be given in adjoining section. (3) Provision shall be made fro the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.
(iii) Manual Call Point
Figure 2.2.3 (iii) Manual call point in MOP.
Due to some of the fire alarm might not be detected because of some reasons, MOP also provided the manual call point that can be used to trigger the fire alarm. The manual call points are located nearby the exits and doorways for the occupants of the building to break the glass where a warning signal will then be sent to the panel, which in turns trigger the fire alarms and cut off other services for example ventilation system. According to UBBL- Section 237 Alarm bell must provide a minimum sound level of 65db(A) or 5db(A) above nay background noises, which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds.
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2.2.4 Water Sprinkler System A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method, consisting of a water supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected. (i) Sprinkler Pump Room
Figure 2.2.4 (i)(a) Diagram of sprinkler pump room.
Sprinkler pump is essential as it draws water from the sprinkler water tank to supply the sprinkler network. In MOP, the 6” main distribution pipes serving the sprinkler system are run from the pump room (located at outside the building) to the alarm valve’s header and from the alarm gong to the building. In there event of a fire, when the glass bulb in the sprinkler will burst due to the high temperature. This will cause the pressure on the system drop. When the pressure to abut 75% of the standing pressure, the jockey pump would start automatically. This will build up the pressure to the standing pressure and the jockey pump will stop automatically. Further drops in the pressure, the Duty Pump will start automatically, about 50% of the standing pressure. This is to boost up the pressure loss in the system. The standby pump would automatically start about 35% of the standing pressure if the Duty Pump fails to start. Normally, the duty pump and standby pump only can be stopped manually. Jockey Pump Cut in pressure: Cut off pressure:
70psi 90psi
Duty Pump Cut in pressure: Cut off pressure:
50psi Manual
Standby Pump Cut in pressure: Cut off pressure:
30psi Manual
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Figure 2.2.4 (i)(b) Schematic of water sprinkler system of MOP’s ground floor and first floor.
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(ii) Water Sprinkler
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(a) Water sprinkler in MOP.
A sprinkler can be deployed in seconds when fire is detected, possibly before the fire station has been informed of the fire. Therefore, it is very effective in putting out a fire during the early stages. water is prevented from emerging by a glass or quartzite bulb containing liquid. The different colours liquid in the bulb above debate different operating temperature because the size of the air bubble changes. In MOP, the type that been used which is pendent sprinkler with installed with the red color liquid.
Bulb Liquid Color
Rupturing Temperature
Orange
57
Red
68
Yellow
79
Green
93
Blue
141
Mauve
182
Black
204/260
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(b) Types of the bulb liquid color in water sprinkler.
Figure 2.2.4 (ii)(c) Components of water sprinkler.
According to UBBL- Section 225.(2) (1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily accessible to the Fire Authority. (2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to
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2.2.5 Hose Reel System The hose reel system intend for the occupant to use during the early stage of fire. They are located to provide a reasonably accessible and controllable supply of water to combat a potential fire risk. The system comprises of hose reel pump, fire water tank, hose reel, pipe work and valves.
Hose Reel Tank Hose Reels
Duty Pump Standby Pump
Figure 2.2.5 (a) Diagram of hose reel system work.
In MOP, they are total 33 of hose reel that can be find. each hose reel are located and places strategically at every floor, along the escape routes and exits doors.
According to UBBL- Section231 (1) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire-fighting access lobby. According to UBBL- Section 248 (1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be painted red. (2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.
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Location of the hose Figure 2.2.5 (b) Schematic of hose reel system of MOP.
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2.2.6 Fire Hydrant System Fire Fighting Hydrant Systems are the most commonly used systems, in many residential and industrial projects. If you have ever seen a “Red” colour pipe, circulating around a building or factory, you have seen a Fire Hydrant Pipe. In most news clippings about a fire, you can see a fireman shooting water up to 8stories high or more, that fire man is using the Fire Hydrant System. Such is the power of the Fire Hydrant System that water can be shot right up to 8 floor, directly into the fire. (i) Fire Hydrant Fire Hydrant Systems forms the basis, of Fire Protection Systems, without Fire Hydrant System a Fire Protection System cannot be called a Fire Protection System. It will be a superficial system. (With respect to large areas, in general). Fire Hydrant System installation is relatively easy. A special well is dug, called “Fire Well”, where water is stored throughout the year for 365days. This water well is connected to the pump room. From the pump room, there are two to three main pipes. These pipes form a network of pipe that cover the factory compound and the factory. The pump has the work, to continuously filling all the pipes connected with water under pressure. The pressure is nearly 7bar to 10bar. When a fire is seen by a person, he activates the hydrant system and points it in the direction of the fire. A very strong flow of water now, attacks the fire and the fire is eventually extinguished. The pump continuously pumps the water to maintain the system pressure.
Figure 2.2.6 (a) Manual call point in MOP.
In MOP, this system is directly tapped off from the Water department main pipe outside the building. The 6’’ MSCL pipe is run underground along building and total 10 los of pillar hydrant are installed. Operation of Fire Hydrant System Break glass to obtain key and open the hose cabinet.
Fix the male end of hose to the valve of pillar hydrant and unreel hose. Direct water to base fire.
Fix nozzle to the female end of hose.
Hold nozzle firmly and turn on the hydrant valve.
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Figure 2.2.6 (b) Schematic of fire hydrant for MOP.
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2.2.7 Non-water Based System (i) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Suppression System The CO2 suppression system is a type of system where carbon dioxide are stored in cylinders as a liquid under great pressure. The fire suppression system is used to protect special hazard pr sensitive area. In MOP, this system had been used for control room and money room. The CO2 system is designed to operate automatically and manually to extinguisher fire by means of detectors and manual pull handle. The detection and discharging of gas are monitored at the CO2 control panel.
Figure 2.2.7 (i)(a) Diagram of CO2 suppression system work.
Automatic Operation Upon operation of any of the detection circuit in the protected room where the system is provided as Alarm signal will be illuminated at the control panel. After receiving signal of operation of second detection circuit on the adjacent circuit, the group alarm lamp would be illuminated and the automatic timer will commence operation for the discharge of personnel’s during Gas Discharge. After the delay of approximately 30 seconds, an electrical supply would actuate the detonator assembly fitted at the discharge head of the cylinder. Once the actuator assembly detonate, the cutter mechanism will pierce the cylinder disc and the CO2 gas will discharge out through the distribution nozzle via piping network into the premises. Manual Operation In the case of the detection circuitry failing to detect fire due to malfunction, smash the manual pull handle glass and pull the handle. The gas will discharge from the cylinder to extinguisher fire in the protected area.
Figure 2.2.7 (i)(b) Typical arrangement of CO2 cylinder. TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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(ii) FM200 Fire Suppression System The FM200 system is designed to operate automatically and manually extinguisher fire by means of detectors and manual Key Switch. The detection and discharging of gas are monitored at the FM200 control panel.
Figure 2.2.7 (ii)(a) FM200 fire suppression system in MOP.
Automatic Operation Upon operation of any of the detection circuit in the protected room where the system is provided an alarm signal will be illuminated at the control panel. After receiving signal of operation of second detection circuit on the adjacent circuit, the alarm lamp would be illuminated and the automatic timer will commence operation for the discharge of the gas from the cylinder. The Twin Flashing light would oscillate indicating the Non admittance of personnel’s during the Gas Discharge. After the delay of approximately 30 seconds, an electrical supply would actuate the detonator assembly fitted at the discharge head of the cylinder. Once the actuator assembly detonate, the cutter mechanism will pierce the cylinder disc and the FM200 gas will discharge out through the distribution nozzle via piping network into the premises. Manual Operation In case of the detection circuitry failing to detect fire due to malfunction, smash the manual Key Switch glass and turn key to discharge position. The gas will discharge from the cylinder to extinguisher fire in the protected area.
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Figure 2.2.7 (ii)(b) Schematic of CO2 and FM200 suppression system for MOP.
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(iii) Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device intended to extinguish small fire. This is to prevent the fire from escalating into a full scale fire. The number and location of the fire extinguisher are determines by the hazard of the occupancy. Fire extinguisher can be divided into 5 major class, each function reposed to different type of the fire situation.
Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(a) Diagram of type of fire extinguisher.
Figure 2.2.7 (iii)(b) Fire extinguisher in MOP.
Operation of the Fire Extinguisher
Pull the pin.
Aim the nozzle at the base of the fire.
Squeeze the trigger.
Sweep from side to side.
According to UBBL- Section227 Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with the relevant codes of practice and shall be sired in prominent positions on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same method of operation.
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2.2.8 Fireman Intercom System Communication between firefighters is one of the most crucial aspects of containing and suppressing fires. This communication needs to be instant and effective. One of the best ways to accomplish this is to install a fireman intercom system for any building structure in Malaysia. When buildings are outfitted with fireman intercom systems, it allows our firefighters to instantly change their plans to fight a fire. This can be a life-saving component of a fire response, which means every business owner should consider installing an intercom system in their building as part of a fire safety plan.
Figure 2.2.8 (a) Fireman intercom system in MOP.
In MOP, or fireman or BOMBA communication purpose during fire case or emergency case, every floor staircase, lift motor room, fire pump room are installed with fire intercom handset and this handset had been link to master fire intercom panel that located at Fire and Security Control Room.
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2.2.9 Smoke Extraction System
Figure 2.2.9 (a) Fire smoke extraction in MOP
A mechanical smoke ventilation system (MSVS) is an alternative method to natural smoke venting. In the event of a fire, mechanical vent systems offer the ultimate in smoke control as they remove smoke from the building to aid the occupants’ means of escape and provide clear access for firefighting services. In MOP, the system comprises of a mechanical extract shaft that serves the common corridor and/ or lobby. When smoke it detected within a protected lobby, only the fire damper to the smoke shaft on the fire floor will open (all other dampers will remain locked shut). In turn, the vent at the head of the staircase will open allowing the smoke to be removed and make up air for the smoke ventilation system. The fan at the top of the mechanical smoke shaft extracts the smoke and prevents migration of smoke into the adjacent compartments. On detection of smoke within a lobby, only the fire damper to the shaft on the fire floor will open (all other dampers are locked shut) and the vent at the head of the staircase opens. The fan at the top of the shaft extracts the smoke and prevents migration of smoke into the adjacent compartments.
Figure 2.2.9 (b) Diagram of fire smoke extraction in work.
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Figure 2.2.9 (c) Schematic of smoke extraction system for MOP.
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2.3 Passive Fire Protection System 2.3.1 Literature Review Passive fire protection is the use of a series of fire barrier systems that are integrated into the structure of a building. The purposes of this particular system are to contain fires and slow down the rate at which they spread. This is achieved by creating fire-resistant walls, floors and doors. The passive fire protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park can be divided into 3 subcategories, which are fire escape, fire barrier as well as fire control.
Passive Fire Protection System
-
Fire Escape Fire command centre Emergency exit signage Emergency light Emergency speaker
-
Fire Escape Fire roller shutter Fire rated door Smoke curtain
-
Fire Control Smoke and heat ventilation
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2.4 Research Finding for Passive Fire Protection System 2.4.1 Fire Command Centre Fire command centre controls the functions for fire detection and alarm system, from precessing signals transmitted to the respective field devices to the recording of important events. The authorities of the control center operate the fire alarm system and all field devices at this panel. The fire command centre is located at the ground floor of Mitsui Outlet Park. It is integrated with security alarm, main fire control panel with mimic diagram, remote panel as well as the fireman intercom system.
Figure 2.4.1 Fire control panel and fireman intercom system.
The function of the fire command centre is to contact the nearest fire department if there is a fire, they will trigger alarm to warn the occupants of the evacuate to safety. They are also responsible for operation of roller shutter in car parks to prevent the flame to spread continuously. All of these emergency fixtures require electricity but fire devastates the electrical wires, thus, in case of blackout, the command centre are still supplied with backup electricity by the Gen-set room. This room is fire protected, it provides electricity for vital parts of the building such as lights for corridors and control units to work.
According to UBBL Section 238: Fire Command Centre Where it is specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws that a fire command centre shall be provided, the fire command centre shall be located on the designated floor with easy fire appliances access and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fireman intercom, sprinkler, water flow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a computerised monitoring system connected to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.
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2.4.2 Emergency Exit Signage The emergency exit signage can be found above the fire rated door, which denotes the location of the closest emergency exit in case of fire. The sign directs occupants to the fire staircase leading to the nearest exit of the building, where the firemen can access for search and rescue.
Figure 2.4.2 Emergency exit signage.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs (1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment. (2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent. (3) Every exit sign shall have the word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letters not less than 150 millimeters high with the principal strokes of letters not less than 18 millimeters wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background. (4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy. (5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.
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2.4.3 Emergency Light Emergency light in Mitsui Outlet Park functions automatically during power failure due to fire, it is equipped with fully charged battery to illuminate along exit access pathways leading to exits, fire staircase, aisles, corridors, ramps, and at the exit discharge pathways that lead to public way. The level of illumination and quality consistency of emergency illumination are the important keys to the safety of occupants during evacuation. Fire protection engineer is not always the primary consultant to design or specify an emergency lighting system, but they do cooperate with architects and electrical engineers seamlessly to ensure the system is sufficiently distributed in places that help occupant to evacuate safely during an emergency.
Figure 2.4.3 Emergency light.
According to UBBL Section 253A: Emergency Lights Emergency lighting shall be installed to provide sufficient illumination for escape purposes. Such lighting shall be of the self-contained type to MS 619 or supplied with emergency power from an emergency power system or central battery bank. In all cases, the duration of emergency illumination in the event of failure of normal supply shall not be less than one hour. 2.4.4 Fire Staircase Fire staircase are vertical escape component of evacuation route, easily accessible from the inside and outside of the building. The staircase is designed for emergency escapes while also allowing firemen access to the building in an event of fire. It is usually 1.5m wide which is enough for safe and quick evacuation. The fire staircase of Mitsui Outlet Park is also equipped with intermediate railings to ensure safety escapes. The cement rendered fire staircase in Mitsui Outlet Park is designed to be well-illuminated by natural lighting to save energy cost. The edges of the tread are covered with anti-slip ceramic tiles to prevent slipping during emergency evacuation.
Figure 2.4.4 Fire staircase and operable windows.
According to UBBL Section 165: Exits to be accessible at all times (1) Except as permitted By-Law 167 not less than TWO separate exits shall provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.
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2.4.5 Emergency Speaker The emergency speakers in Mitsui Outlet Park are integrated with fire alarm systems and they provide full control of building audible and visual notification appliances. These speakers will give out emergency warnings and instructions for the occupants to evacuate to safety.
Figure 2.4.5 Emergency speaker.
2.4.6 Fire Roller Shutter To prevent flame and smoke from spreading across the building, fire roller shutter is the key component which helps to delay the fire spreading duration, thus, leaving longer period for emergency evacuation. Fire roller shutter can be found at the ground floor of Mitsui Outlet Park, under the electric operation from commands in the office. It also can be found near services area and surrounding car park to prevent flames from spreading inwards. Water sprinkles often are found near the shutter.
Figure 2.4.6 Fire Roller Shutter.
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2.4.7 Fire Rated Door Fire rated doors are used to separate compartments in building to stop the fire from spreading across. It suppresses the fire by restricting the oxygen flow which is an essential element for a fire to burn continuously. The fire rated doors are positioned at the entrance of the fire staircase in Mitsui Outlet Park, which promotes fluent and safe emergency evacuation.
Figure 2.4.7 Fire rated door.
Mitsui Outlet Park uses double leaf doors with the dimensions of 1600mm*2100mm. These fire rated doors are rated to withstand up to an hour of fire, allowing sufficient duration for firemen to put out the fire before it spreads across the building. The doors are closed by default because an automatic door closer hinge is installed to inhibit flame and smoke. According to UBBL Section 164: Door Closers for Fire Doors (1) All fire doors shall be filled with automatic door closers of the hydraulic spring operated type in the proper sequence. (2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating device to ensure that leafs close in proper sequence. (3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircase. 2.4.8 Smoke Curtain Smoke curtains are installed at the entrance of services door which is prone to combustion, such as Gen-set room and TNB room. During the event of fire, if any of the service room sparks, the smoke detector inside will be triggered and the smoke curtains will be released on its own, to retain the smoke and fire within the room, prevent the flames from spreading continuously.
Figure 2.4.8 Smoke curtain.
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2.4.9 Smoke and Heat ventilation The fire door and staircase are the less fire-prone areas but the smoke from lower ground will escalate up and accumulate within these area if the smoke are not being able to be vented out through stack ventilation. The fire staircases in Mitsui Outlet Park are equipped with operable windows which allow the smoke to be expelled out in the event of fire. These windows are not only function as vents, but also a medium which allows natural light to illuminate the space without using artificial lighting fixtures.
Figure 2.4.9 Operable windows for ventilation.
According to UBBL Section 198: Ventilation of Staircase Enclosures (1) All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or openable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square meter per floor.
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2.5 Conclusion In conclusion, after site visit and comprehensive studies, we have concluded that the fire protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park is complete and fully in active operation. The architect abide by UBBL Law (Part IV - Fire Requirements) in terms of designing effective passive fire protection systems. The management team also done its part well by maintaining the active fire protection system in its best condition. Our analysis affirms that the fire protection system in Mitsui Outlet Park is up to par with requirements for the authorities. This is further proved by no reports or history of fire has been happened since its opening.
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MECHANICAL VENTIALTION SYSTEM
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3.0 Mechanical Ventilation System Ventilation is necessary in a building to promote fresh air into spaces and then remove any latent heat. The intentional introduction of outside air can be categorized as either mechanical ventilation, or natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation is differed from natural ventilation as it requires electricity to operating its system, but also the natural ventilation component can be affected by unpredictable environmental conditions, as it may not always provide an appropriate amount of ventilation. In this case, mechanical systems may be used to supplement or to regulate the naturally driven flow. Besides that, there are number of commercial building in Malaysia will use mechanical ventilation. By using mechanical ventilation, the indoor air quality can be improved, ventilation is controllable as well as the thermal comfort level of the environment can be improved significantly. In many instances, ventilation for indoor air quality is simultaneously beneficial for the control of thermal comfort. At these times, it can be useful to increase the rate of ventilation beyond the minimum required for indoor air quality. Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) has installed different type of ventilation systems in order to ensure the humidity for human in comfort level, thus provides shopper shopping in a comfortable environment. The unit of mechanical ventilation system in Mitsui Outlet Park is more than natural ventilation due to the reason of mechanical ventilation system provides a more efficient homogeneous effect by even distribution of air compared with natural ventilation. Mechanical ventilation of MOP can be achieved by use of air curtain, duct fan, propeller fan and so on.
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3.1 Literature Review Mechanical ventilation can be found in various systems according to the function of the space. There are two types of main ventilation system, which are supply ventilation system and exhaust ventilation system. All these systems are having similar components which include fans, filters, ductworks, fire dampers and diffusers. 3.1.1 Supply System
Figure 3.1.1 (a) Supply system.
A supply ventilation system is the reverse of an exhaust ventilation system. Fresh air is drawn in through an air “intake” vent and distributed to many rooms by a fan and duct system, figure 3.1.1(a). A fan and set of ducts dedicated solely to ventilation can be used, or an outside air intake can be connected to the main return air duct, allowing the heating and cooling system’s fan and ducts to distribute the fresh air. In other words, this system pressurises the interior by supplying from outside in order to maintain positive pressure, it allows better control of the air that moves into the building. This system can be used a polluted and noisy environment and it filters incoming air. The air supply should be located at high place and it should not be located near to the outlet location in order to prevent air from escaping that is being circulated inside the building. As with exhaust ventilation systems, supply ventilation systems are relatively simple and inexpensive to install. To minimise energy use, fans should be sized and controlled to move only the amount of ventilation air required. Most fresh air ventilation supply systems are designed to run continuously, with fresh air flow rates at around 3–20 litres per second.
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3.1.2 Extract System
Figure 3.1.2 (a) Extract system.
All exhaust ventilation systems must be connected to the facility exhaust system through a series of ductwork. Such ductwork must comply with the following:
Material
Materials for exhaust ducts shall comply with the Mechanical Code. All duct materials should be selected based on the operation to be controlled.
Reactives
Two or more operations shall not be connected to the same exhaust system when either one or the combination of the substances removed may constitute a fire, explosion or chemical reaction hazard within the duct system.
Penetration
Exhaust duct systems penetrating occupancy separations shall be contained in a shaft of equivalent fire-resistive construction. Ducts shall not penetrate area separation walls. Fire dampers shall not be installed in exhaust ducts.
Oversized fans waste electrical energy and space heat. If they are very powerful, they can cause enough depressurisation to make a gas water heater backdraft. Choose a right-sized fan. The lower the sone rating, the quieter the fan.
According to MS1525 code 8.4.5 Mechanical Ventilation Control Each mechanical ventilation system (supply/exhaust) should be equipped with a readily accessible switch or other means for shut down or volume reduction when ventilation is not required. Example of such devices would include timer switch control, thermostat control, duty cycle programming and CO/CO2 sensor control.
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3.2 Research Finding for Mechanical Ventilation System 3.2.1 Return Air Grille
Figure 3.2.1 (a) Return air grille in MOP.
An air return is a vent grille that is usually located either in a hallway or in the ceiling, and its purpose is to extract air from a room and recycle it through the system to further condition it by cooling or heating. According to MOP, the return air grille is placed at the offices area and restroom, figure 3.2.1(a) to ensure the building is well-ventilated and foul air expelling out from the building.
Figure 3.2.1(b) Location of return air grille in restroom of MOP.
Each of the restroom provides 3 return air grille (300x300) cover the whole area in the restroom, figure 3.2.1 (b). In order to avoid big objects from entering and damaging the duct, the grill work will be covered behind the duct. Filters are also installed to trap pollutants and allow better air flow.
According to MS 1525 8.3.1 Separate Air Distribution System Zones that are expected to operate non simultaneously for more than 750 hours per year should be served by separate air distribution system. As an alternative off-hour controls should be provided in accordance.
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3.2.2 Air Curtain
Figure 3.2.2(a) Air Curtain in MOP and the location of air curtain
Figure 3.2.2(b) Diagram of Air Curtain work.
MOP has installed air curtain at every single entrance, figure 3.2.2(a). An air curtain is a fan-powered device that creates an invisible air barrier over the doorway to separate efficiently two different environments, without limiting the access of the people or vehicles. Air curtain delivering a constant flow of air across the width of an opening, it keeps the atmosphere clean from pest and insects, dust, airborne, pollution, smells, odours and stops draughts and cold or hot air entrance, figure 3.2.2(b). The model of air curtain being used in MOP is:
Figure 3.2.2(c) Type of Air Curtain used in MOP.
Model: Type: Air Volume: Outlet Velocity: Power input: Width (ft): Throw (ft):
DAC 412B Air Curtain 970 CFM 16.3 m/s 240V / 0.32kW 4 ft 12 ft
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Figure 3.2.2(d) Situation without air curtain.
Figure 3.2.2(e) Situation with air curtain.
When an efficient air curtain is well installed, it save lots of energy and at the same time the entrance areas remain climate protected, comfortable and free of draughts, insects, odours, etc. The advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD diagrams above show clearly the efficiency of air curtains. Poorly designed air curtains, wrong selected units (less powerful) or inadequate installation will loose part or even all the advantages and became worse than unprotected door.
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3.2.3 Supply Air Diffusers
Figure 3.2.3(a) Supply air diffuser
Figure 3.2.3(b) Components of supply air diffuser
Round ceiling diffusers widely use in MOP shopping centre due to the place requires high flow capacities, figure 3.2.3(a). It consist of several concentric cones suspended below the ceiling line by an outer cone. Neck sizes are available from 6 to 36 in. [152 to 914 mm], allowing a wide range of air volume selections, figure 3.2.3(b). Diffusers are used on both all-air and air-water HVAC systems, as part of room air distribution subsystems, and serve several purposes: - To deliver both conditioning and ventilating air. - Evenly distribute the flow of air, in the desired directions. - To enhance mixing of room air into the primary air being discharged. - To create low-velocity air movement in the occupied portion of room. - Accomplish the above while producing the minimum amount of noise.
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3.2.4 Centrifugal Fan
Figure 3.2.4(a) Centrifugal fan
A centrifugal fan is a mechanical device for moving air or other gases, figure 3.2.4(a). These fans increase the speed and volume of an air stream with the rotating impellers. Other components used may include bearings, couplings, impeller locking device, fan discharge casing, shaft seal plates etc. Centrifugal fans use the kinetic energy of the impellers to increase the volume of the air stream, which in turn moves them against the resistance caused by ducts, dampers and other components. Centrifugal fans displace air radially, changing the direction (typically by 90°) of the airflow. They are sturdy, quiet, reliable, and capable of operating over a wide range of conditions. Main parts of a centrifugal fan are : 1. Fan housing 2. Impellers 3. Inlet and outlet ducts 4. Drive shaft 5. Drive mechanism
Figure 3.2.4(b) Components of centrifugal fan.
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3.3 Conclusion In summary, by using only natural ventilation to achieve thermal comfort in this such huge shopping mall is not enough due to the climate but also the amount of activities carrying out during the day. Mechanical ventilation definitely has merits over natural ventilation, but the issue comes to retrofitting a solution to a building, which could add quite a bit to the cost. This is why the mechanical ventilation system is designed into the building plans, so that the costs to implement kept to a minimum. After the interview with the facilities team, the biggest concern or challenge for their ventilation system is reducing the system maintenance costs. In order to keep these system well maintained in such huge shopping mall is challenging, but having a effective operated mechanical system will cost effective way to reduce the expenses on energy bills. Firstly, change or clean the filters for these systems regularly to reduce the energy bills. Dirty filters restrict airflow, which makes the ventilation system work harder. This ultimately reduces the overall efficiency of the ventilation system. Furthermore, while installing new air filters, ensure they are facing the correct direction. Improper filter installation will hinder your system’s operating efficiency. If a mechanical system cannot be properly installed or maintained due to shortage of funds, it performances will be compromised. Due of these problems, mechanical ventilation systems may result in the spread of infectious diseases through health-care facilities, instead of being an important tool for infection control.
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AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
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4.0 Air-Conditioning System Malaysia poses tropical rainforest climate which is generally sunny throughout the year and have high precipitation rate every month. The thermal comfort in a building is to have a filtered supplied air with temperature ranging between 22 to 27 degree Celsius and relative humidity of 55-70%. In this hot and humid climate, air-conditioning system is one of the crucial building service in most of the building in Malaysia to provide thermal comfort. Differ from mechanical ventilation, air-conditioning is considered as an active system that removing heat from the air inside the room and releasing the collected heat into the air outdoor with the aid of electric supply and water supply (for building in large scale). There are three types of air-conditioning system that commonly used to accommodate with users need. (i) Window Air-Conditioning System (ii) Split Unit Air-Conditioning System (iii) Centralized Air-Conditioning System (iv) Packaged Air-Conditioning System Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) at KLIA consists of air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation system which can separate into tenant and landlord area. 3 types of air-conditioning system used in MOP, namely, Rooftop package (PAC), Air-conditioner Split Unit (ACSU) and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) system. 3 units ACSU was located at MDF room (1 nos) and backyard server room (2 nos), respectively. 29 units Rooftop PAC used to provide cooling in common area such as Sunshine square (12 units), Beach walk (6 units), Pier walk (7 units) and Tropical plaza (4 units). While VRF system used to provide cooling in Tenant & Backyard area. 42 sets VRF outdoor served for 335 indoor units inside tenants, whole 5 sets VRF outdoor serve for landlord area. All indoor units for VRF are ceiling cassette type, except 11kV TX room which is 10 HP ceiling ducted (4 nos). Among all systems, Rooftop package (PAC) are able to be controlled and monitored through BMS system located at Fire and Security control room at ground floor backyard.
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4.1 Literature Review 4.1.1 Air cooling Principle Gas liquefy when it is compressed and a large amount of latent heat will be released. As the pressure of liquid is lowered, it vaporizes back to gas, and as it boils through the vaporizing process, it absorbs large amount of latent heat into liquid. All air-conditioning systems are made up of two major cycles, air cycle and refrigerant cycle.
4.1.2 Air Cycle Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned. Treated air means the air supply to the room is typically filtered through air cleaners to remove dust and pollen particles. This is done by first absorbing the latent heat inside the room and transferred it to the chilled water at the Air Handling Unit (AHU). The air is then mixed with fresh air from outside and blow through the cooling coil to provide a lower temperature and cooler air supply the indoor. Distribution of air can be either through ductwork or chilled water pipes.
Figure 4.1.2 (a) Air cycle between room and air handling unit (AHU) .
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4.1.3 Refrigerant Cycle Refrigerant cycle is a process to remove heat from one place to another. The fully enclosed system consisting 4 stages: expansion, evaporation, compression and condensation. Within this enclosed system there is a chemical compound named refrigerant which can be reused.
Figure 4.1.3 (a) Schematic diagram shows the process of refrigerant cycle and its components.
This will helps the air-conditioning system to operate economically. (i) The refrigerant liquefy and evaporate repeatedly during the process of it releases and absorbs heat in the cycle to help remove heat from the supply air and discharge it to the outside air. (ii) The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low pressure gas, it is compressed and then moves out of the compressor as a high pressure gas. (iii) The gas then flows to the condenser. The gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off its heat to the outside air. (iv) The liquid moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve. (v) The low pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from liquid to gas. (vi) As a hot and low pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire cycle is repeated.
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4.1.4 Room Air-conditioning System (Window unit) Being the simplest form of air-conditioning system and suitable only for a small room, this type of system usually installed at window opening or wall. This air-conditioning system can be divided into the room side and the outdoor side which are separated by an insulated partition. Refer to Figure 4.1.4(a) ,window unit air-conditioner is a single unit air-conditioner where all the components such as compressor, condenser, expansion valve/coil, evaporator and cooling coil are in a casing. The various parts of the AC can be divided into refrigeration components, air circulation & ventilation components and control system components.
Figure 4.1.4 (a) Window air-conditioner and components in window air-conditioner.
4.1.5 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System
Figure 4.1.5 (a) Indoor & Outdoor Unit with Control Component.
This type of air-conditioning system is the most common type of air-conditioning system nowadays. The advantage of silent operation, elegant looks and easy installation (no holes in the wall needed) make this kind of system popular. A split air conditioner consists of two main parts: the outdoor unit and one or several indoor units connected by copper tubing.
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According to UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning (1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms maybe be waived at the discretion of the local authority. (2) Any application of the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent of air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioner enclosure, such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not functioning. (3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically ventilated or air-conditioned.
There are three types of split unit air-conditioning system : i) Split unit without outside air (ductless) ii) Split unit with outside air (ducted) iii) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) / Variable refrigerant volume (VRV)
(i) Indoor and Outdoor Unit
Figure 4.1.5 (i)(a) Operation of Split Unit System and the Components.
The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or space that you wish to cool. The unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the expansion coil or capillary tubing. The sleek-looking indoor unit contains the cooling coil, a long blower and an air filter.
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(ii) Copper Tubing Copper tubing is used to connect the indoor and outdoor unit while covering in insulated protection layer. There are basically two pipes, one pipe to supply the refrigerant to the cooling coil and the return pipe from refrigerant to the compressor.
Figure 4.1.5 (ii)(a) Copper Tubing.
4.1.6 Centralized Air-conditioning System
Figure 4.1.6 (a) Component of Centralized AC System
Also called Central Hydronic air conditioning systems. It incorporates two different coils in order to cool the space. This type of cooling system is used to cool a large-area building with many zone, versus a window air-conditioner that is used to cool a specific area or room. The cooling compressor is set outside the home, separate from the fan unit used to blow the cool air throughout the area on the central air unit, unlike the window air-conditioner that utilizes everything within one concealed unit. A centralized air conditioning system of a building, is illustrated in Figure 4.1.6(b).
Figure 4.1.6 (b) Schematic diagram shows the centralized air-conditioning system in a building.
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A centralized air-conditioning system consists of an air system, a water system, a central heating/ cooling system and a control system. (i) Air system An air system also called as air-handling system. The function of this air system is to condition, to transport, to distribute the conditioned outdoor air at the same time control the indoor environment according to requirements. An air system consists of air-handling units, supply/return ductwork, fan-powered boxes, space diffusion devices, and exhaust systems.
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(a) Air Handling Unit (AHU).
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(b) Fan Power Terminal.
Figure 4.1.6 (i)(c) Ductwork.
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(ii) Water system A water system includes chilled and hot water systems, chilled and hot water pumps, condenser water system, and condenser water pumps. The purpose of water system is to transport chilled water and hot water from the central plant to the air handling units, fan-coil units, and fan powered terminal. Water system also transports the condenser water from cooling tower, well water, or other sources to the condenser inside the central plant. Figure 4.1.6 (ii)(a) showed the chilled water is cooled in chillers and then distributed to the cooling coils of various air-handling units.
Figure 4.1.6 (ii)(a) Water system.
4.1.7 Packaged Unit Air Conditioning System A packaged unit (PU) is a unitary, self contained air conditioner which enclosed all the important components in a single casing. This type of system has a similar size with the room airconditioner, however in a larger size with fixed capacities. Packaged units are listed according to the place of installation as indoor packaged units, rooftop packaged units, and split packaged units. Rooftop packaged units are the most used system can be seen in commercial building.
4.1.8 Indoor Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.8 Floor Plan Showing How Indoor Packaged Unit Works.
Indoor Packaged unit is usually installed inside a fan room or machinery room. A small or medium-sized indoor packaged unit may sometimes be floor-mounted directly inside the airconditioned space with or without connected ductwork.
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4.1.9 Rooftop Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.9 Components inside a Common Rooftop Packaged Units.
A rooftop packaged unit is installed on the roof of the conditioned space. It is usually enclosed in a weatherproof outer casing. The mixture of outdoor air and recirculating air is often conditioned in the rooftop packaged unit and supplied to the conditioned space on the floors below. 4.1.10 Split Packaged Units
Figure 4.1.10 Split Indoor and Outdoor Unit Connected by Refrigerant Pipes
This unit also known as split system, which divide packaged unit into an indoor air handler and an outdoor condensing unit. The outdoor unit is usually placed on the rooftop, on a podium, or some other adjacent place. Indoor and outdoor condensing unit is connected by refrigerant pipes.
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4.2 Research Findings for Air-Conditioning System 4.2.1 Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air Handling unit, or also called as AHU serves as a device to condition and circulate air as a part of HVAC system. An air handling unit is most commonly a large metal box which containing a blower, heating or cooling elements, filter racks or chambers, sound attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers usually connect to a ductwork ventilation system that distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHU. Sometimes the supply air is discharge and admit return air directly to and from the space served without ductwork.
Figure 4.2.1(a) Air Handling Roof Packaged Unit.
Figure 4.2.1(b) Air Handling Roof Packaged Units.
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(i) Components of AHU - Air Filter The presence of air filtration is to provide clean dust-free air to the building occupants. Filtration is placed first in the AHU in order to keep all the downstream components clean. The life of a filter may be assessed by monitoring the pressure drop through the filter medium at design air volume flow rate. This is done by using a pressure switch linked to an alarm point on the building control system. - Blower Air handlers utilises a large squirrel cage blower driven by an AC induction electric motor to move the air. The centrifugal fan is used to circulate air to the various parts of the sections in the building. Flow rate is also to be controlled by inlet vanes or outlet dampers on the fan. - Heating/ Cooling Elements Cooling coil is used to cool and dehumidify the air. These coils are arranged in rows with different fin spacing. Aluminium fins and copper tubes are used. - Humidifier Humidification takes place when continuous cooling will make the air drier, resulting in uncomfortable air quality and increased static electricity. - Sound attenuator The blowers in an air handler will create ample vibration and the large area of the duct system would transmit this noise and vibration to the occupants of the building. To avoid this, vibration isolators which is in the flexible sections are normally inserted into the duct immediately before and after the air handler. The rubberised canvas-like material of these sections allows the air handler components to vibrate without transmitting this motion to the attached ducts.
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(ii) Operation of AHU
Figure 4.2.1(ii)(a) Operation of Air Handling Roof Packaged Unit
Air handling units are large heat exchangers, in which a flow of air is heated or cooled using water-filled heating and cooling coils. The air handling units draw air from outside the building using large centrifugal fans, and pass this flow through various smaller heat exchangers, filters, and humidifiers to supply air at the temperature and relative humidity specified by the BMS. Additionally, carbon-dioxide levels are monitored throughout the building in order to ensure that airhandling units are providing a sufficient flow of fresh air to keep indoor spaces safely ventilated. First, the flow passes through a damper, which can be opened or closed to allow air to be taken into the unit. The air is subsequently filtered and passed through three radiator coils that heat, cool, and dehumidify the flow. It should be noted that these coils are filled with primary hot or chilled water from the boiler or chiller, respectively. The treated air, at the desired temperature and relative humidity, is subsequently passed through a centrifugal fan before it is directed to indoor spaces at the desired flow rate using supply dampers.
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4.2.2 Air Conditioning Split Unit System (ACSU) (i) Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) Variable refrigerant flow (VRF), also known as variable refrigerant volume (VRV). VRF systems have limited space requirements, particularly for the distribution system inside the building. It uses refrigerant as the cooling and heating medium. The compressor unit is located on the roof, cools and heats refrigerant which is connected through piping to condition the building. In this case the system that we found in our case study is ceiling cassette indoor unit. The variable refrigerant flow system consists of two parts, which are the outdoor unit and the indoor unit. The outdoor unit is fitted outside the room such as the compressor, condenser and expansion valve. Whereas the indoor unit consists of the evaporator or cooling coil and the cooling fan. A split air conditioner can be used to cool one or two rooms.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(a) 4-way ceiling cassette indoor unit.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(b) Outdoor condensing unit.
Figure 4.2.2(i)(c) Outdoor condensing unit. TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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(ii) Components of VRF system (a) Indoor Unit The indoor unit of the split AC is installed inside the room to condition and cool the indoor air, whereas the outdoor unit is installed outside the room in an open space where the unit can be installed and maintained easily. Apart from these two major parts there is copper tubing connecting the indoor and the outdoor units.
- Cooling coil The cooling coil is a copper coil which made of number of turns of the copper tubing. The cooling coil is covered with the aluminum fins so that the maximum amount of heat can be transferred from the coil to the air inside the room. - Air Filter The air filter removes all the dirt particles from the room air and helps supplying clean air to the room. The air filter is placed just before the cooling coil. When the blower sucks the hot room air, it is first passed through the air filter and then through the cooling coil. Thus the clean air at low temperature is supplied into the room by the blower. - Blower Inside the indoor unit there is also a long blower that sucks the atmospheric air. It is an induced type of blower. The room air passed over the cooling coil and the filter. The blower sucks the hot and unclean air from the room and supplies cool and clean air back. - Drain Pipe When the room air is passed over the cooling due the suction force of the blower, the temperature of the air becomes very low and reaches levels below its dew point temperature. Due to this, the water vapour presents in the air gets condensed and dew or water drops are formed on the surface of the cooling coil. These water drops fall off the cooling coil and are collected in a small space inside the indoor unit. To remove the water from this space the drain pipe is connected from this space extending to the some external place outside the room where water can be disposed off. Thus the drain pipe helps removing dew water collected inside the indoor unit.
- Louvers The cool air supplied by the blower is passed into the room through louvers. The louvers help changing the angle or direction in which the air needs to be supplied into the room. The direction is easily changed with louvers for the maximum amount of cooled air to be passed.
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(b) Outdoor Unit In outdoor unit, there are lots of heat generated inside the compressor and the condenser, hence there should be sufficient flow of the air around it. The outdoor unit is usually installed at the height above the height of the indoor unit inside the room.
- Compressor It compresses the refrigerant and increases its pressure before sending it to the condenser. External power has to be supplied to the compressor, which is utilized for compressing the refrigerant. During this process, lots of heat generated in the compressor, which has to be removed by some means.
- Condenser Cooling Fan The condenser cooling fan is an ordinary fan which is driven by a motor. The cooling fan is located in front of the compressor and the condenser coil. As the blades of the fan rotate it absorbs the surrounding air from the open space and blows it over the compressor and the condenser with the aluminium fins to cool them. The hot air is thrown back to the open space and the circulation of air continues. - Expansion Valve Valve operates electronically automatically. The high pressure and medium temperature refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure drops suddenly. It maintains the pressure differential and also distribute the precise amount of refrigerant to each indoor unit. It allows for the fine control of the refrigerant to the evaporators and can reduce or stop the flow of refrigerant to the individual evaporator unit while meeting the targeted superheat. - Condenser Coil The condenser coil used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing. The high temperature and high pressure refrigerant from the compressor comes in the condenser where it has to give up the heat. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat is high. The condenser is also covered with the aluminium fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at more faster rate.
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(iii) Operation of VRF system
Figure 4.2.2(iii)(a) Operation of VRF system
VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems which connect one outdoor section to several evaporators.VRF systems continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each indoor evaporator. The control is achieved by continually varying the flow of refrigerant. The indoor units are linked by a control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the demand from the indoor units by varying its compressor speed to match the total cooling and/or heating requirements. VRF systems are engineered systems and use complex refrigerant and oil control circuitry. The refrigerant pipe-work uses a number of separation tubes and/or headers. A separation tube has 2 branches whereas a header has more than 2 branches.Compared to multi-split systems, VRF systems minimize the refrigerant path and use less copper tubing.
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4.2.3 Ducted Split Unit Air Conditioning System (i) Fan Coil Unit A fan coil unit is a simple device consists of a heating and cooling heat exchanger. It circulates hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The type that we found in our case study building is concealed fan coil unit. This unit is installed within an accessible ceiling void or services zone. Fan coils are located in or near the space to be conditioned for free delivery of air into the zone or with minimal duct work. Units generally operate with a blow-through arrangement where the coil is downstream of the fan.
Figure 4.2.3(i)(a) A single fan coil unit.
(ii) Components of FCU - Fan Centrifugal fan is used because of their compact size and lower level. It is multi-bladed and the driven motor is enclosed so that air from an inlet is compressed to a higher discharge pressure. - Motor An electrical component of an air movement device that provides work to turn the blade assembly - Coils Coils are usually made from copper tubes and aluminium fans. There is only one coil which also called as heat exchanger in which liquid is circulated to provide heating or cooling to the air which passes through the heat sink fins. - Filter rack A tray in which the filter can be pulled out for maintenance or replacement. Low-efficiency lowpressure drop permanent filter is used due to easy cleaning. - Drain Pan The pan is located under the cooling coil to catch condensate formed during cooling.
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(iii) Operation of FCU
Figure 4.2.3(iii)(a) Operation of FCU.
Fan coil units circulate hot or cold water through a coil in order to condition a space. The coil receives hot or cold water from a central plant, and removes or adds heat to the air through heat transfer. The equipment used can consist of machines used to remove heat such as a chiller or a cooling tower and equipment for adding heat to the building's water such as a boiler or a commercial water heater. Depending upon the selected chilled water temperatures and the relative humidity of the space, it is likely that the cooling coil will dehumidify the entering air stream, and as a byproduct of this process, it will at times produce a condensate which will need to be carried to drain.
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4.3 Conclusion Through our observation and analysis in Mitsui Outlet Park, we found that this building are equipped with a various type and amount of air-conditioning system. However, the service system are not able to create a comfort environment throughout the whole building due to the excess use of skylight which heat up the interior spaces. Base on our getting from the interview with the Facility Management, this is because the split unit air-conditioning system are selectively switched off zone-by-zone when there are less visitor in the building to reduce energy usage. To overcome this problem. To overcome this problem, more Fan Coil Unit can be installed along the walkway so the management can have better control of temperature which can provide thermal comfort to the visitors.
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MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
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5.0 Mechanical Transportation System The research of mechanical transportation system is based on Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP). The case study will contain 2 type of mechanical transportation system which is the elevator and escalator. MOP is a 2 storey shopping mall, hence the elevator and escalator are there for convenient usage for passengers and goods to travel between levels to levels. The referencing will be conformance to UBBL- Mechanical Transportation system as requirements. Literature Review will be explaining some typical mechanical transportation and help out in the case study. The case study will concludes the analysis and recommend improvement for the mechanical transportation system in MOP. The people and equipment around will affect the efficiency of mechanical transportation system. Moreover, mechanical transportation system need to be integrated with other services as well, such as fire protection.
5.1 Literature Review Mechanical transportation can be divided into 2 types. It used to move people and goods vertically or horizontally. Elevators and escalators were considered as vertical transportation and travelators were considered as horizontal transportation.
5.1.1 Elevator Elevator a type of vertical transport equipment that move between floors in a building. Most of the elevator powered by electric motors with cables and counterweight. There’s another type which is hydraulic lift by using piston to pump hydraulic fluid and raise like a jack. According to UBBL 1984 Law 124, an elevator is needed to provide in a non residential building which exceeds 4 storeys. Elevator need to be provide as well if the building were less than 4 storeys and elderly or disabled is required.
Figure 5.1.1(a) Show the 4 main type of hoist mechanism.
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(i) Hydraulic Elevator Hydraulic elevator commonly use for low level buildings with two to eight floors because it have a low initial cost and lower maintenance cost comparing to the other elevator types. It usually travel at a maximum speed of 200 feet per minutes. It supported by a piston at the bottom that push it upwards by using hydraulic fluid in it or electric motor forces oil. The machine room were place at the lowest level and is suitable for goods lifting.
Figure 5.1.1(i)(a) Basic components of hydraulic elevators.
(ii) Traction Elevator Traction elevator are lifted by ropes, which pass over a wheel attached to an electric motor above the elector shaft. Normally are use for mid and high rise application because it has a higher travel speeds than hydraulic elevator. A counterweight makes the elevator more efficient by offsetting the weight of the car and occupants so that the motor doesn’t have to move as much weight.
- Machine Room (MR) Traction Elevator For this type of elevator there’s a machine room sited at the top lift shaft to minimize the length of rope and optimize the efficiency. It should be ventilated in the room. For geared traction elevators, the gearbox is attached to the motor and drives the wheel to move the ropes. Geared traction elevators travels up to 76m with the speed of 152m/min. While gearless traction elevators, the wheel attached directly to the motor instead of attaching the gearbox. Gearless traction elevators travels up to 610m with the speed of 610 m/min.
Figure 5.1.1(ii)(a) Section of geared traction elevator and schematic diagram. TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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- Machine Room-less (MRL) Traction Elevator Machine room-less elevators are traction elevators that without a dedicated machine room above the elevator shaft. The machine sit in the override space and control sit above the ceiling adjacent to the elevator shaft. It is able to create more usable space, lower maintenance cost and low energy consumption compared to machine room traction elevator. It can travel up to 76m with the speed of 152m/min. So that it become the most popular choice for mid rise building.
Figure 5.1.1(ii)(b) Difference of MR and MRL elevator.
5.1.2 Escalator An escalator is a moving staircase and is a type of vertical transportation. It is a conveyor transport device for carrying people between levels to levels in a building. Escalator are powered by constant speed alternating current motors and move 0.30m/s-0.61m/s. The direction of movement can be permanently the same or it can be controlled by personnel. Escalator provide an immediate means of transportation, it do not required waiting and continuously conveys to move large amount of people. Escalator can be reversible to suit the main flow of traffic during peak times because no waiting time required, unlike the elevators.
Single Person travel in one direction mainly. A flexible directional operation is possible.
Double (two-ways) Person travel in two opposite directions.
Parallel The escalator that connects subsequent levels in one traffic. Usually used in small department
Crisscross Mainly used in big department store stores and public transport objects where travel efficiency
Figure 5.1.2(i)(a) Escalator Arrangement TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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5.2 Research Findings for Mechanical Transportation System 5.2.1 Elevator All of the elevator in Mitsui Outlet Park (MOP) are supplied by the same company, MS Elevator (M) Sdn. Bhd. There are total 4 geared traction elevators installed in the MOP, and there is 3 passenger lift and 1 freight lift. Although is just a 2 storey building, MOP use geared traction elevators instead of using hydraulic elevators.
Figure 5.2.1(a) First floor plan with the position of elevator.
(i) Geared Traction Elevator In the geared traction lift, the electric motor drives a gear-type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting sheave. Geared traction elevators were slower than a typical gearless elevator, but the gear reduction require a lower power motor to turn the sheave. These elevators normally operate at speeds from 1.7 to 2.5 m/s. It able to carry loads of up to 13,600 kg. There is an electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit to stops the elevator or hold the car at desired floor level.
Figure 5.2.1(i)(a) Components of geared traction.
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(ii) Elevator Entrance
Figure 5.2.1(ii)(a) Passenger elevator entrance and freight elevator entrance
The type of doors using for passenger and freight lift in MOP were two speed centre opening telescopic. This four door panels close and open just same as normal 2 center opening doors. It normally found in large passenger and freight lift. In front of freight lift there is a speed bumper, it try to reduce the speed of trolley coming out from the elevator. Other than that, there is also some caution tape around the door for safety reason. (iii) Emergency staircase
Figure 5.2.1(iii)(a) Cut out plan with the Indication of staircase and position of emergency staircase.
All the elevators are situated near to the stairs for emergency purposes. The location of elevators has fulfilled a minimum standard of service which has maximum walking distance of 45m to the elevator lobby.
According to UBBL 1984 Section 152(1) Opening in Lift Shaft Every opening in an elevator shaft or elevator entrance shall open into protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special building as may be approved by D.G.F.S.
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(iv) Lift supervisory panel
Figure 5.2.1(iv)(a) Supervisory panel found in control room.
This lift supervisory panel was installed in the control room which located at the ground level of MOP. It indicate where the cars are in a shafts and can stop them if necessary. Moreover, is perform safety function when there is a fire or an emergency. When emergency happens the LED light bulb will light up and allow technician to take action immediately.
(v) Emergency Alarm & Intercom System
Figure 5.2.1(v)(a) Alarm and intercom button
An intercom button is provided inside the lift shaft, where is connected to the interphone on the supervisory panel.The intercom system allow the passenger to communicate with the rescuer about their situation. Besides, emergency alarm button is provided as well, which allow the passenger to alert the alarm and transfer emergency signal to the control centre.
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(vi) Smoke Detector
Figure 5.2.1(vi)(a) Alarm and intercom button
A smoke detector where place on the lobby’s ceiling. If fire happened, fire indicator will illuminate and start ringing. According to UBBL 1984 Section 153 (1) Smoke Detector for Lift Lobbies All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(vii) Call Button & Floor Selection Button
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(a) Call button.
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(c) Passenger lift load capacity.
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(b) Floor selection button.
Figure 5.2.1(vii)(d) Freight lift load capacity.
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Every passenger lifts in MOP have a floor level indicator are located besides the opening of every floor. Besides, the lift panel consist of basic floor selection buttons, operation and emergency buttons. It also show the load capacity of lift which passenger lift is able to carry 2045 kg (30 person) of load at once, while freight lift is able to carry 1500 kg at once. (viii) Function for OKU
Figure 5.2.1(viii)(a) Floor Selection Button for disabled and Hand railing in lift.
This buttons are installed at a lower position for easy and more convenient for the disabled. Hand railing in lift are for safety purpose especially elderly and child. (ix) Material of Lift
Figure 5.2.1(ix)(a) Vinyl tiles were used as the flooring and Lacquer finish steel panel were used as the ceiling and wall of the lift.
Figure 5.2.1(ix)(b) Plywood were used to cover in the freight elevator
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(x) Lift Motor Room
Figure 5.2.1(x)(a) Lift motor room.
In MOP every lift was having there own lift motor. All of the lift motor are located at the rooftop according to the lift placement. (xi) Geared Machine Components
Figure 5.2.1(xi)(b) Components geared machine.
Figure 5.2.1(xi)(a) Geared Machine in MOP.
Geared traction elevators are used in MOP. The design utilizes a mechanical speed reduction gear set to reduce the rpm of the drive motor (input speed) to suit the required speed of the drive sheave and elevator (output speed). Governor system is built around the sheave positioned at the top of elevator shaft. It is the main safety tools to make sure elevators are safe supported by braking system. In the lift motor room consist of one control system as well, which control the operation of elevator. It indicate the movement, speed and position of the car.
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5.2.2 Escalator
Figure 5.2.2(a) First floor plan with the location of escalator.
There is total 4 escalators can be found in MOP, which located at the ground level and connected to the first floor. The escalator are allocated each side of the mall for a better circulation. The capacity of each escalator are able to withstand of 4800 person per hour at the speed of 0.5 min/s. (i) Escalator Arrangement
Figure 5.2.2.(i)(a) Parallel escalator and single way escalator.
Parallel escalator were placed at the tropical plaza, beach walk and pier walk, while the single way escalator was placed at the main entrance and the sunshine square.
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(ii) Escalator Components
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(a) Direction Indicator beside the escalator.
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Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(b) Safety sign. .
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(c) Landing Plate & Comb .
The landing plate provides a place for the passengers to stand before taking a step onto the moving stairs. While the comb is a section or steel plate with teeth that mesh with the step cleats at the boarding and landing areas, to prevent fingers, feet or foreign objects from getting caught between the moving plate and floor plate. TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(d) Skirt guard.
These brushes are fixed at to escalators to avoid any debris or things like shoe laces or any similar content to enter into sides of it. It helps to reduce damage to the equipment to keep proper working of equipment. It also make person conscious that something is touching their shoes so that they can move it away thus avoiding any accident due to getting stuck in the gap between moving stairs and side walls.
Figure 5.2.2.(ii)(e) Moving handrails.
The moving handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are riding the escalator. The handrail moves along and synchronise with the steps by pulling along its track by a chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys.
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5.3 Conclusion In Mitsui Outlet Park, geared traction elevators and escalator are used at each side of the building. The amount of mechanical transportation system is sufficient to provide services to the crowd in mall. In overall, MOP complies the By-Law requirement for mechanical transportation system. All elevators in MOP have safety component needed. The management team have done a good job in maintaining the mechanical transportation system. Besides, there have no any reports and history of maintenance for mechanical transportation system in MOP, because of less usage.
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6.0 Conclusion From first tutorial to site visit and researching, the journey to the completion of this project has been long and onerous. We have faced problem such as looking for a building which allow us to carry out research on. But as a team, we have been striving and succeeding in achieving the best possible result to ensure that the project is a success. We have learnt to work together with one another to produce necessary outcome in spite of time commitments and other factors. Together, we not only produced a memorable experience from this project but we also obtained precious experiences which allowing us to improve our information and knowledge of the services systems that sun through a building. This also allowed usu to gain a newfound appreciation of building services systems and realise the building actually has many different service component as well as sets of rules and regulations that would only allow a building to be operate in the first place.
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7.0 References Fire Protection System Woodford, C. (2016, May 31). How smoke detectors work. Retrieved April 18, 2017, from http:// www.explainthatstuff.com/smokedetector.html Heat Detectors vs Smoke Detectors: What's the Difference? (2015, October 26). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.systemsensorblog.com/2015/08/heat-detector-vs-smoke-detector/ Fire Dynamics: A Typical Example of Smoke Curtain Use. (2014, September 25). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from http://www.fireengineering.com/articles/2014/09/typical-example-for-a-smokecurtain-use.html Guidelines: Top Five Things to Know about Heat Detectors. (2015, April 09). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from https://www.systemsensorblog.com/2009/11/guidelines-top-five-things-to-know-aboutheat-detectors/ Fireray Beam Detectors. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.ffeuk.com/fireray-beamdetectors Site designed and developed by bka interactive ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (www.bka.co.nz). (n.d.). Fire Alarm Systems . Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://www.argusfire.co.nz/types-ofsystems/fire-alarm-systems.aspx Artim, N. (n.d.). 3.2 An Introduction to Fire Detection, Alarm, and Automatic Fire Sprinklers. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.nedcc.org/free-resources/preservation-leaflets/3.emergency-management/3.2-an-introduction-to-fire-detection,-alarm,-and-automatic-fire-sprinklers Fisher, D. (2010, August 31). How Fire Sprinkler Systems Work. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/household-safety/fire/fire-sprinker-system.htm Smoke Extraction. (2013, September 16). Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http://www.ventilationsystem.com/cat/smoke-extraction/ EXTINCT FIRE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http://www.extinctfire.com/mobile/hydrantsystem.html Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems. (n.d.). Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http:// www.janusfiresystems.com/products/carbon-dioxide-co2/ Solutions, F. D. (n.d.). Mechanical Smoke Ventilation Systems. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from http://www.firedesignsolutions.com/fire-safety-systems/mechanical-smoke-ventilation/ What Is Active Fire Protection? (2016, October 06). Retrieved April 22, 2017, from http://www.thermotechsolutions.co.uk/thermotech-news/active-fire-protection/ See Foong,, I. (2016). PART VIII FIRE DETECTION, FIRE ALARM AND FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT (1st ed.). Retrieved from http://rehdainstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/12.-Slides-3-IrWong-See-Foong.pdf Difference Between Passive and Active Fire Protection. (2016, January 11). Retrieved April 19, 2017, from http://news.lifesafetyservices.com/blog/difference-between-passive-and-active-fireprotection TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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Mechanical Ventilation System Hofmann, %. (2011, October 24). Save Money by Maintaining Your Mechanical Ventilation System. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from https://www.whe.org/blog/save-money-by-properly-maintaining-yourmechanical-ventilation-system.html What is an air curtain? (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2017, from Hofmann, %. (2011, October 24). Save Money by Maintaining Your Mechanical Ventilation System. Retrieved April 21, 2017, from https://www.whe.org/blog/save-money-by-properly-maintaining-your-mechanical-ventilationsystem.html Mechanical Ventilation in Buildings – What You Need to Know. (2017, October 09). Retrieved April 22, 2017, from http://www.thegreenage.co.uk/mechanical-ventilation-in-buildings-what-you-needto-know/ E n g i n e e r i n g G u i d e A i r D i s t r i b u t i o n . ( 2 0 11 ) ( 1 s t e d . ) . R e t r i e v e d f r o m h t t p s : / / www.priceindustries.com/content/uploads/assets/literature/engineering-guides/air-distributionengineering-guide.pdf Whole-House Ventilation. (n.d.). Retrieved April 23, 2017, from https://energy.gov/energysaver/ whole-house-ventilation
Air-Conditioning System Team, N. A. (2015, December 21). Learn How Your Split Air Conditioner Works. Retrieved April 19, 2017, from http://www.newair.com/kb/learn-split-air-conditioner-works/ THIELE, T. (n.d.). An Overview of What a Central Air Conditioners Is and How it Works. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://www.thespruce.com/what-are-central-air-conditioners-1152645 Thomas, V. C., Ph.D. (n.d.). Energy-Models.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://energymodels.com/heating-and-cooling-system-upgrades Packaged Rooftop Air Conditioners. (2015, September 02). Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https:// ouc.bizenergyadvisor.com/BEA1/PA/PA_Cooling/PA-37 What's the Difference Between Split System and Packaged Air Conditioners? - - One Hour AC & Heating, Plumbing - Arizona. (n.d.). Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://www.pitzersonehour.com/ blog/article/split-vs-packaged-air-conditioners/ Khemani, H. (2009, August 08). Parts of Split Air Conditioners: Outdoor Unit. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/45044-parts-of-the-split-air-condionersoutdoor-unit/ Fan coil unit. (2017, April 26). Retrieved April 20, 2017, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fan_coil_unit A. (n.d.). Technical theory. Retrieved April 20, 2017, from http://technicaltheory.blogspot.my/ 2015/07/components-of-fan-coil-unit.html Window Air Conditioner Operation. (2017). Retrieved April 21, 2017, from https://www.lowes.com/ projects/utility-and-storage/air-conditioner-buying-guide/article TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY LAKESIDE CAMPUS | BUILDING SERVICES | BLD 60903 / ARC 2423 |
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