Building science 2 IND Report

BUILDING SCIENCE II (BLD 61303) PROJECT II: INTEGRATION PROJECT

NAME: CHEOK JIAN SHUANG STUDENT ID: 0320089 TUTOR: MR. EDWIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 1.1 Proposal Site 1.2 Climatic Studies

2.0 DRAWINGS 2.0 Floor Plans 2.1 Sectional Perspective

3.0 DAYLIGHT STARTEGIES 3.1 Required Formula 3.2 Space A: 3.2.1 Floor Plan 3.2.2 Sectional Perspectives 3.2.3 Daylighting Contour 3.2.4 Average Daylight Factor 3.2.5 Conclusion

3.3 Space B: 3.3.1 Floor Plan 3.3.2 Sectional Perspective 3.3.3 Daylight Contour 3.3.4 Average Daylight Factor 3.3.5 Conclusion

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES 4.1 Required Formula 4.2 Space A: Casual Reading Space 4.2.1 Light Fixture Properties 4.2.2 Room Index Calculation 4.2.3 Lumen Method Calculation 4.2.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan and Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis 4.2.5 PSALI Integration

4.3 Space B: Community Lounge Area 4.3.1 Light Fixture Properties 4.3.2 Room Index Calculation 4.3.3 Lumen Method Calculation 4.3.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan and Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis 4.3.5 PSALI Integration

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT

The site of the community library design proposal is located at Medan Pasar, Kuala Lumpur.

The rear faรงade of the building receives eastern light in the morning and western light in the evening. Coordinates are 3.14736 latitude and 101.69598 longitude.

Figure 1. Location of site

The site of the community library proposal is designed to be infilled in between 2 existing buildings which in this case, are 2 shophouses with the height of 12m.

Figure 1. 9am

Figure 1. 12pm

Figure 1. 3 pm

Figure 1. 6 pm

The diagrams show that the shadow casting effect in relation to the adjacent buildings from 9am, 12pm, 3pm and 6pm.

2.0 DRAWINGS

Figure 2. Ground Floor Plan

Figure 3. First Floor Plan

Figure 4. Second Floor Plan. Highlighted area shows the selected space for analysis.

Figure 5. Third Floor Plan

Figure 6. Fourth Floor Plan. Highlighted area shows the selected space for analysis.

Figure 7. Mezzanine Floor Plan

Figure 8. Roof Plan

Figure 9. Sectional perspective of whole building. Highlighted area shows the selected space for analysis.

3.0 DAYLIGHTING STRATEGIES

3.1 Required Formula

In the early stage of building design, the average daylight factor maybe used to assess the adequacy of daylight. The values of these quantities are determined from the given data and W, T, and R are corrected by using factors given in the BS Daylight Code and other publications.

đ?‘Š đ?‘‡âˆ… đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = đ?‘Ľ

đ??´ 1−đ?‘…

Where, W is the area of the windows (m2) A is the total area of internal surfaces T is the transmittance corrected for dirt θ is the visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R is the average reflectance of area A

3.2 Space A: Casual Reading Space 3.2.1 Floor Plans

Front façade / balcony Blocked by fire wall

Figure 10. Overall and enlarged third floor plan

Front faรงade / balcony

3.2.2 Sectional Perspective

Figure 11.. Area closer to the front faรงade/balcony receives the strongest sunlight at 0900.

Figure 12. Area closer to the front faรงade/balcony receives less light in the evening (1800)

The balcony is a semi-outdoor space extended out from the casual reading space dedicated for all sorts of social activities. Due to the huge windows designed at the front of the casual reading space, more sunlight is received in the mornings as compared to evenings.

3.2.3 Daylighting Contour

Front faรงade / balcony

Blocked by fire wall Figure 13. Daylighting contour done in Revit

The lighting contour shows that the space is brightly lit overall, but grows darker as approaching the areas under the front part of the space.

3.2.4 Average Daylight Factor

DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION Area of windows (W, m2) Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2)

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window (θ) Average reflectance of area A (R) Average Daylight Factor (DF)

3.2.5 Conclusion

Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

L= 4.8, H= 2.5m 4.8 x 2.5 = 12m Dimension of community lounge area L= 7.4m, W= 5m, H = 3.25m 2(7.4x3.25) + 2(3.25x5) + 2(7.4x5) =48.1 + 81.25 + 74 =203.35 0.6 (for double glazed window in clean environment) 85 (no obstruction) 0.4 (not all light is reflected back into the space)

đ?‘Š đ?‘‡âˆ… đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = đ?‘Ľ

đ??´ 1−đ?‘…

12 0.6(85) đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = đ?‘Ľ

203.35 1 − 0.4

612 đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š =

122.1

đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = 5.01%

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problem Good Average Poor

Figure 14. Daylight Factor according to MS1525

The casual reading space has a distribution of daylight factor of 5.01%, while having higher standard room illumination levels than recommended by MS1525. A bright space for social activities is suitable, but glare is controlled by incorporating louvres with the windows.

3.3 Space B: Community Lounge Area 3.3.1 Floor Plans

Blocked by fire wall

Terrace

Rear facade

Figure 15. Overall and enlarged fourth floor plan

3.2.2 Sectional Perspective

Rear facade

Terrace

Figure 16. Community lounge area receives morning light from rear faรงade (0900)

Rear facade

Terrace

Figure 17. Community lounge area receives lesser light in the evenings (1800), and shaded mostly by the western faรงade.

The community lounge area is an extended space higher than the adjacent buildings, hence it receives more natural light than the other spaces in the library. The walls are mostly glass panels and solid bricks. This space receives more sunlight in the mornings and lesser in the evenings.

3.2.3 Daylighting Contour

Terrace

Rear facade

Blocked by fire wall

Figure 18. Daylighting contour done in Revit

The daylighting contour shows the brightest part of the space as the rear faced, being warmer in colour. The space is well lit from all directions but some areas near to the fire wall are darker, indicated by cooler tones.

3.3.4 Average Daylight Factor

DAYLIGHT FACTOR CALCULATION Area of windows (W, m2) Total area of internal surfaces (A, m2)

Glass transmittance corrected for dirt (T) Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of window (θ) Average reflectance of area A (R) Average Daylight Factor (DF)

3.3.5 Conclusion Daylight Factor, % >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

L= 2.8. H=2.5 2.8 x 2.5 = 7 Dimension of community lounge area L= 10.4m, W= 5.2m, H = 3.5m 2(10.4x3.5) + 2(3.5x5.2) + 2(10.4 x 5.2) =72.8 + 36.4 + 108.16 =217.36 0.6 (for double glazed window in clean environment) 85 (no obstruction) 0.4 (not all light is reflected back into the space)

đ?‘Š đ?‘‡âˆ… đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = đ?‘Ľ

đ??´ 1−đ?‘…

7 0.6(85) đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = đ?‘Ľ

217.36 1 − 0.4

357 đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š =

130.4

đ??´đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘&#x;đ?‘Žđ?‘”đ?‘’ đ??ˇđ??š = 2.73%

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problem Good Average Poor

Figure 19. Daylight Factor according to MS1525

The community lounge area has a distribution of daylight factor of 2.73%, which falls under the average category according to MS1525. Artificial light is depended on for activities in this space, due to its shaded location.

4.0 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING STRATEGIES

4.1 Required Formula

Room Index (RI) is the ratio of room plan to half wall area between the working and luminaire planes,

đ??ż đ?‘Ľ đ?‘Š đ?‘…đ??ź =

đ??ż + đ?‘Š (đ??ťđ?‘š)

Where, RI is the room index L is the length of space (m) W is the width of space (m) Hm is the mounted height of fitting above the working plane (m)

The lumen method, (also called zonal cavity method), is a simplified method to calculate the light level in a room. According to this method, the light fittings (luminaires) are to be mounted overhead in a regular pattern. The luminous flux output (lumens) of each lamp needs to be known as well as details of the luminaires and the room surfaces.

đ??¸ đ?‘Ľ đ??´ đ?‘ =

đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š

Where, N is the number of lamps required or illuminance level E is the required lux (lx) A is the area at working plane height (m2) F is the initial luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF is the utilization factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces MF is the maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt

4.2 Space A: Casual Reading Space

4.2.1 Lighting Fixture Properties Type of lighting

Type of lightbulb Product brand Lighting distribution Material fixture Nominal life (hours) Wattage range Luminous flux (lm) Colour temperature (K) Colour designation

LED lightbulb IKEA RANARP Pendant Lamp Direct distribution Steel, powder coated casing 15,000 60 2000 2700 Warm white

4.2.2 Room Index Calculation

Dimensions of casual reading space (m2) Total floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Type of lighting fixture Luminous flux of lighting (F/m) Height of luminaires (m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting height (H/Hm) IES standard illuminance level for reading space (E) Room Index, RI (K)

L = 7.4m, W = 5m 37 3.25 LED pendant lamp 800 2.8 0.8 3.25 - 0.45 - 0.8 = 2 300 lux đ??ż đ?‘Ľ đ?‘Š đ?‘…đ??ź =

đ??ż + đ?‘Š (đ??ťđ?‘š) 7.4 đ?‘Ľ 5 =

7.4 + 5 2 37 =

24.8 = 1.49

4.2.3 Lumen Method Calculation

Lux required, IES standard illumination (E) Area at working plane height (A, m2) Luminous flux (F) Utilization factor (UF) Maintenance factor (MF) Lumen calculation (N, number of lights)

Fitting layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

300 7.4 x 5 = 37m 800 0.6 (based on UF table) 0.8 (standard) đ??¸ đ?‘Ľ đ??´ đ?‘ =

đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š

300 đ?‘Ľ 37 =

2000 đ?‘Ľ 0.6 đ?‘Ľ 0.8

11100 =

960

= 11.56 = 12 đ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘”â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘ Smax = 1.0 x Hm Smax = 1.0 x 2 Smax = 2

Distance between light fixtures is not greater than 2m.

4.2.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan and Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis

Figure 20. Reflected ceiling plan showing light fixture layout based on lumen method calculation.

Figure 21. Artificial lighting contour analysis done in Revit shows the level of illumination using the same light fixture layout.

Each light fixture is installed 1-2m apart from each other. 12 fittings (spaced in 4 rows of 3 lights) controlled by 3, 2-gang switches to illuminate 37m2 of reading space to achieve 300 lux of standard illumination according to MS1525 for reading space.

The reading space is generally well illuminated throughout. The front faรงade/balcony area remains the brightest while the rear and the side area is slightly darker.

Front faรงade / balcony

4.2.5 PSALI Integration

Figure 22. Light fittings closer to the front faรงade are turned off in the morning (0900-1500)

Front faรงade / balcony

Figure 23. Light fittings closer to the front faรงade are turned back on when sunlight is insufficient (1500-1900)

Based on lumen method calculation, light fixtures of Row 3 And Row 4 Are turned off in the morning (0900-1500) via Switch 3, when natural light is bright enough to illuminate the front area of the space. The other rows are kept switched on.

In the evenings (1500-1900), when sunlight is insufficient to illuminate the front area, only then is Row 3 And Row 4 Switched back on.

4.3 Space B: Community Lounge Area

4.3.1 Lighting Fixture Properties Type of lighting

Type of lightbulb Product brand Lighting distribution Material fixture Nominal life (hours) Wattage range ››Luminous flux (lm) Colour temperature (K) Colour designation

Non-replaceable LED module Philips CoreLine SlimDownlight Direct distribution Die-cast aluminium casing 15,000 28 2000 3000 Warm white

4.3.2 Room Index Calculation

Dimensions of community lounge area (m2) Total floor area (m2) Height of ceiling (m) Type of lighting fixture Luminous flux of lighting (F/m) Height of luminaires (m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting height (H/Hm) IES standard illuminance level for recreational space (E) Room Index, RI (K)

L = 10.4m, W = 5.2m 54.08 3.5 LED downlight 2000 3.5 0.8 3.5 – 0.8 = 2.7 200 lux đ??ż đ?‘Ľ đ?‘Š đ?‘…đ??ź =

đ??ż + đ?‘Š (đ??ťđ?‘š) 10.4 đ?‘Ľ 5.2 =

10.4 + 5.2 2.7 54.08 =

42.12 = 1.28

4.3.3 Lumen Method Calculation

Lux required, IES standard illumination (E) Area at working plane height (A, m2) Luminous flux (F) Utilization factor (UF) Maintenance factor (MF) Lumen calculation (N, number of lights)

Fitting layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

200 10.4 x 5.2 = 54.08 2000 0.56 (based on UF table) 0.8 (standard) đ??¸ đ?‘Ľ đ??´ đ?‘ =

đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ??š đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ??š

200 đ?‘Ľ 54.08 =

2000 đ?‘Ľ 0.56 đ?‘Ľ 0.8

10816 =

896

= 12.07 = 12 đ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘”â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘ Smax = 1.0 x Hm Smax = 1.0 x 2.7 Smax = 2.7

Distance between light fixtures is not greater than 2.7m.

4.3.4 Reflected Ceiling Plan and Artificial Lighting Contour Analysis

5 4 10.4

3 2 1

3 2 1

5.2

Figure 24. Reflected ceiling plan showing light fixture layout based on lumen method calculation.

Figure 25. Artificial lighting contour analysis done in Revit shows the level of illumination using the same light fixture layout.

Each light fixture is installed 1-2m apart from each other. 12 fittings (spaced in 5 rows of 2 lights) controlled by 3, 2-gang switches to illuminate 54.08m2 of community lounge area to achieve 200 lux of standard illumination according to MS1525 for recreational space.

The recreational space is generally well illuminated throughout with the implementation of LED downlights.

4.3.5 PSALI Integration

Figure 26. Light fittings closer to the rear faรงade are turned off in the morning (0900-1500)

Figure 27. Light fittings closer to the front faรงade are turned back on when sunlight is insufficient (1500-1900)

Based on lumen method calculation, light fixtures of Row 1 And Row 2 are turned off in the morning (0900-1500) via Switch 1, when natural light penetrates through the skylight is bright enough to illuminate the area. The other rows are switched on.

In the evenings (1500-1900), when sunlight is insufficient to illuminate the front area, only then is Row 1 And Row 2 switched back on.