Skeletal Structure by Chevally Lo

BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II (BLD60703)

PROJECT 1 : SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION A TEMPORARY BUS SHELTER

TUTOR: AR EDWIN

RYAN SAK KAR WAI 0326525 | LINDSAY LIM SIEW CHENG 0326844 | CHEVALLY LO ZHAO SHYEN 0326497 | PEH ELLYN 0326812 | AHMAD NABIL BIN JIMI 0327780

STESEN BAS RLNCE Jalan Klang Lama, Batu 8 1/2, 46000 Petaling Jaya, Selangor

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

DESIGN CONSIDERATION

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

DESIGN ANALYSIS

MATERIALITY

LOAD TEST

ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

01 INTRODUCTION The objective of this project is to understand and apply skeletal construction, joints and its components, besides understanding how skeletal construction works under the pressure of a load. In a group of 6, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re required to choose 2 forms to design a bus shelter using skeletal construction by applying knowledge on forces, construction methods and creative thinking to solve an oblique design problem.

Weather Resistance The bus stop is designed to withstand Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hot and humid tropical climate with the choice of materials. Natural ventilation is maximised to provide comfort to the users,

02 DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Materials and Construction Building materials are carefully chosen for their strength, durability, and attainability at the same time, with minimal impact to the environment.

Safety Openness of the space within the bus stop provides visibility in and out of the structure, allowing users to see oncoming vehicles from a distance. Human ergonomics and anthropometry are taken into consideration when designing the bus stop to provide convenience to the users.

Stability The skeletal structures are designed to resist external forces such as wind load, live load and dead load.

Maintenance Types of joints used are easily assembled and disassembled to allow ease of maintenance when structural components are needed to be repaired or replaced. This also provides convenience when a change in bus route occurred which requires reallocation.

03 DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

3.0

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Design of the bus stop have been improvised and changed in order to achieve better stability and buildability of the structure.

The thickness of the columns have been increased from 10mm to 20mm for better support.

The joist for the roof and timber decking have changed into a 20mm x 30mm rectangle instead of a 20mm x 20mm square to increase the tensile strength of the joist.

Roof rise using different height have been added to create a slope in order to accommodate the Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate.

The height of the concrete foundation footings have been increased to 80mm for better stability.

04 CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Planning & design

Foundation

Assembling materials

Detailed drawings with accurate scaled measurement is done using sketchup software:

Foundation footings are concrete casted around the steel foundations.

Ground beam is are screwed onto the footing with a steel plate in between.

Both RHS and SHS are cut to the specific sizes required for the superstructure of the bus stop.

2 5

Measuring Measuring tape and ruler are used to measure the length of the steel needed to cut or modify. .

3 6

Marking White marker and welderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s chalk are used to mark the points need to cut or drill.

4 7

Drilling Drills and driver bits of various sizes are used to bore holes for fastening RHS and SHS to form the superstructure. .

Connections Both cordless screwdriver and hand screwdriver are used to connect screws and L-brackets to the steel structures.

Connections

Timber preparation

Spanner is used for better grip to tighten nuts and bolts connections.

Timber are cut and assembled according to the required measurements.

The timbers are then sanded to smoothen surface and strengthening the edges by removing any rough edges.

10 13

11 14

Coating A layer of shellac is coated on the timber structures for extra protection. 12

Connections

Roofing

L-brackets are drilled into the timber structure and tightened with nuts and bolts.

Timber seating is screwed directly to the steel framing with a screwdriver.

Polycarbonate roof sheet is screwed onto the roof structure after being spray painted for the extra coating of protection.

Finishing and Beautification Steel structures are spray painted for aesthetic purpose as well as an extra coating to protect the steel.

POLYCARBONATE ROOF Screw

ROOF RISER L-Bracket

ROOF JOIST L-Bracket

COLUMNS L-Bracket, Nuts and bolts

TIMBER SEATING Nuts and bolts

CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

TIMBER DECKING L-Bracket and Screws

FLOOR STRUCTURE FRAME Welding and L-Brackets

PAD FOUNDATION Steel Bearing Plate, Nuts and bolts

5.1

BASE STRUCTURE

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: BASE STRUCTURE

A: JOIST LENGTH: 1800 mm WIDTH: 125 mm THICKNESS: 60 mm

MATERIALITY The base structure is made of RHS (rectangular hollow section) for the beams and SHS (square hollow section) for the joists. The joist is used to as horizontal structure member for extra support for the timber decking and structural columns

B, C: BEAM LENGTH: B:1800 mm, C: 4000mm WIDTH: 200 mm THICKNESS: 100 mm JOIST

BEAM

5.1

BASE STRUCTURE

CONNECTION The beams and joist are connected through L-brackets and screws. The structure is connected to the foundation through a steel plate and screw and is then connected to the columns through L-brackets and screws.

RHS STRUCTURE

ANGLE BRACKET

MATERIALITY

ANGLE BRACKET

HEX HEAD BOLT

LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH: 60mm THICKNESS: 6mm

A: 11mm B: 16mm

LENGTH: 20mm HEAD: 70mm

5.2

FOUNDATION AND FOOTING MATERIALITY STEEL RHS BEAM PAD FOOTING STEEL SHS FLOOR JOIST

WIDTH & LENGTH: 500mm HEIGHT: 600mm

H W

D = Nut

D = Washer

CONCRETE PAD FOOTING

D = Anchor Bolt

BEARING PLATE

ANCHOR BOLT WASHER LENGTH: 600mm WASHER DIAMETER: 30mm NUT DIAMETER: 28mm ANCHOR BOLT DIAMETER: 19mm

CONNECTIONS CONCRETE PAD FOOTING DETAIL

STEEL BEAM & FOUNDATION CONNECTION

Anchor Bolt 10mm Bearing Plate Bearing plates are required to distribute the load imposed by the beam above so that resultant unit bearing pressure does not exceed allowable unit stress for the supporting material.

BEARING PLATE L, W ANCHOR BOLT WASHER

BEARING PLATES LENGTH & WIDTH: 200mm DIAMETER: 28mm

THICKNESS

DECKINGSTRUCTURE 5TIMBER .3 SKELETAL

DIMENSION OF SKELETAL STRUCTURE

DECKING 5TIMBER .3.1 STEEL SKELETAL STRUCTURE

RHS STRUCTURE HEX HEAD SCREW ANGLE BRACKET HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

Skeletal structure of the bu stop is constructed by RHS (rectangular hollow section) and SHS (square hollow section steel). The columns are connected to the beam via hex head screw as well as hex head bolt and nuts. Hex head bolt and nuts are used as it is convenient for maintenance works.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: STEEL STRUCTURE

MATERIALITY

HEX HEAD BOLT & NUT

HEX HEAD BOLT SCREW

SQUARE HOLLOW STEEL (SHS)

ANGLE BRACKET

W D

H H

DIAMETER: 20mm HEAD : 40mm LENGTH: 200mm

DIAMETER: 11mm HEAD : 16mm LENGTH: 20mm W: 100 mm H: 100 mm

LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH: 100mm x 130mm x 55mm THICKNESS: 6mm

DECKING STRUCTURE 5TIMBER .3.1 K-BRACING ANGLE BRACKET GUSSET PLATE A SHS STRUCTURE

GUSSET PLATE B

T-PLATE

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: K-BRACING STRUCTURE

K bracing is used for stabilizing the roof structure and distributing the loads. The K-bracing utilizes three different joints to connect to the main columns which include angle bracket, gusset plate and T-plate.

MATERIALITY ANGLE BRACKET

GUSSET PLATE A W

T-PLATE

GUSSET PLATE B L

HEX HEAD BOLT SCREW L L D W

W L

H T

T LENGTH x HEIGHT x WIDTH: 130MM x 55mm x 55mm THICKNESS: 15mm

LENGTH: 185mm WIDTH : 100mm THICKNESS: 15mm

LENGTH: 150mm WIDTH : 100mm THICKNESS: 15mm

DIAMETER: 11mm HEAD : 16mm LENGTH: 20mm

DECKING 5TIMBER .3.1 TIMBER SKELETAL STRUCTURE

Metal plate with screw holes

A B A

Metal plate is screwed on the beam

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: TIMBER STRUCTURE

B A

Timber is screwed on the metal plate

MATERIALITY

HEX HEAD BOLT SCREW

METAL PLATE

L L

L x

LENGTH:750mm THICKNESS: 13mm

WIDTH : 90mm X:135mm

H W

W T

TIMBER

DIAMETER: 11mm HEAD : 16mm LENGTH: 20mm

(A) TIMBER A LENGTH: 90mm WIDTH: 90mm

(B) TIMBER B LENGTH: 50mm WIDTH: 90mm

DECKING 5TIMBER .2.3 TIMBER DECKING

TIMBER DECK 4000 mm

2000 mm

STEEL JOIST

SECTIONAL PERSPECTIVE: TIMBER DECKING STRUCTURE

350 mm

DECKING 5TIMBER .2.3 TIMBER DECKING MATERIALITY TIMBER PLANKS TYPE: Balau wood LENGTH: 4000 mm WIDTH: 2000 mm THICKNESS: 15 mm

CONNECTION

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: TIMBER DECKING STRUCTURE

The timber planks are placed above the steels joints as a supplementary support for users to step on. It is carefully measure by strips and placed horizontally to fit the base structure. Self tapping screws are used to attach the timber planks on to the steel joist of three points: left edge, middle, and right edge. This is to secure the timber planks tightly to avoid any detachment while in use.

SELF TAPPING SCREWS

TIMBER PLANKS

SELF TAPPING SCREW

STEEL BASE

A: 10 mm B: 5 mm

LENGTH: 50 mm HEAD: 10 mm

5.2.4

SEAT DECKING A

MATERIALITY TIMBER STRIPS TYPE: Balau LENGTH: 1600 (LFT), 1700 (RHT) mm WIDTH: 50 mm THICKNESS: 30 mm

CONNECTION

The timber strips are placed perpendicular to the H columns by the side, this timber strips serve to provide users comfortable backrest on the bench. The timber strips are attached to the steel columns by using an L bracket and self tapping screws to secure it tightly.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: TIMBER SEATING STRUCTURE TIMBER STRIPS

L BRACKET LENGTH: 3400 mm WIDTH: 390 mm THICKNESS: 30 mm

SELF TAPPING SCREW

STEEL COLUMN

5.2.4

SEAT DECKING B

MATERIALITY TIMBER STRIPS TYPE: Balau LENGTH: 3400 mm WIDTH: 390 mm THICKNESS: 30 mm

CONNECTION

B The timber strips are placed parallel to the steel joist for a comfortable finish to a bench. It is secured by using self tapping screw, attaching it to the 3 points: left edge, middle, and right edge. This helps to secure the timber strip strongly to the steel joist avoiding any detachment while in use.

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: TIMBER SEATING STRUCTURE

SELF TAPPING SCREWS SELF TAPPING SCREW A

B TIMBER STRIPS

A: 10 mm B: 5 mm

LENGTH: 50 mm HEAD: 10 mm

STEEL STRUCTURE

5.2.5

ROOF STRUCTURE

MATERIALITY

GLAZING BARS TYPE: Aluminium LENGTH: 2250 mm WIDTH: 58 mm THICKNESS: 15 mm

GREY POLYCARBONATE TYPE: Solid LENGTH: 4200 mm WIDTH: 2250 mm THICKNESS: 25 mm

TIMBER RISERS TYPE: Balau LENGTH: 4000 mm WIDTH: 60 mm THICKNESS: Varies

STEEL STRUCTURE

EXPLODED ISOMETRIC VIEW: ROOF STRUCTURE

TYPE: Steel LENGTH: 4000 mm WIDTH: 1900 mm THICKNESS: 200 mm

5.2.5

ROOF STRUCTURE ROOF PLAN 4200 mm

2250 mm

LENGTH OF GLAZING BAR: CONNECTION PERSPECTIVE VIEW: ROOF STRUCTURE

POLYCARBONATE

GLAZING BAR

Polycarbonate is placed above the steel structure to protect occupants from any climatic changes. It is tilted according to the height of the risers for drainage of water and easy maintenances. Above the polycarbonate lies 4 aluminium glazing bars that helps attach the polycarbonate securely to the risers, self tapping screws are again used to ensure the attachment process.

SELF TAPPING SCREWS

SELF TAPPING SCREWS A STEEL STRUCTURE A: 10 mm B: 5 mm

LENGTH: 50 mm HEAD: 10 mm

5.2.5

ROOF STRUCTURE

ROOF STRUCTURE CONNECTION The roof structure frame and ceiling joist are used to support the polycarbonate roof and stabilise the whole structure. The roof frame uses RHS (rectangular hollow section) and is connected through L-bracket with self tapping screws. The roof structure is then connected to the columns through L-brackets and screws.

L-BRACKET SELF TAPPING SCREWS L-BRACKET STEEL STRUCTURE

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: ROOF STRUCTURE

5.2.5

ROOF STRUCTURE CONNECTION Roof riser is placed above the roof structure to create a slope for the the polycarbonate roof. The roof is tilted in order to accommodate the Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tropical climate as well as to simplify maintenance works. The riser connects the polycarbonate roof to the steel structure with the help of self tapping screw.

ROOF RISER

A LENGTH WIDTH HEIGHT

PERSPECTIVE VIEW: ROOF STRUCTURE

B : 4000 mm : 30 mm : A: 25mm B: 41mm C: 58mm D: 74mm

06 DESIGN ANALYSIS

6.0

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL STRUCTURES

HORIZONTAL STRUCTURES

VERTICAL STRUCTURES

RHS Roof Beam RHS Roof Joist

RHS Bracing

Timber Columns

RHS Columns RHS Beam

RHS Floor Beam

RHS Floor Joist

Horizontal structures are designed to support loads that act vertically on them.

Vertical structures are mainly designed to support compression forces from the horizontal beams.

6.1

NON-STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

RAIN

VENTILATION

The bus stop is designed to suit Malaysia’s tropical climate by tilting to roof backwards at a 2° angle to ensure the efficiency of rainwater drainage and protect the users from rain.

The skeletal structure of the bus stop maximises natural ventilation and allows smooth air flow in and out of the bus stop, providing thermal comfort to the users.

2°

SUNLIGHT

CORROSION

Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic polymer that is resistant to extreme temperature. It also allows sunlight to penetrate through the structure but blocks out UV rays. This allows diffused sunlight to penetrate into the interior of the bus stop

Anti-corrosion painting treatments are applied on the steel to prevent corrosion. The coating acts as a barrier that prevent the contact between corrosive chemical compounds with the structure.

6.2

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

6.2.1 FLOOR SYSTEM : TWO WAY SYSTEM In the two way floor system, the timber decking is supported on all four sides of the slab. The main reinforcement of the slab is provided by both direction of the two way floor system. The ratio of the longer span to shorter span is equal/less than 2.

Formula:

lx ly

4000 2000

ly =

lx =

PLAN VIEW OF STEEL BASE FRAME

AXONOMETRIC: DIRECTION OF LOAD

6.2

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

6.2.2 STATIC LOAD (DEAD LOAD)

6.2.3 IMPOSED LOAD (LIVE LOAD)

Dead load is the weight of the permanent structures of the bus stop, such as the roof structure acting on the structure. The force acting on the structure is constant, and is transferred to the vertical columns and k-bracing, then to the floor and foundatIon of the bus stop.

Live loads are acted by non-permanent objects such as human and precipitation on the roof. The intensity of the force acting on the bus stop depends on the number and weight of an object.

LEFT ELEVATION

RIGHT ELEVATION

6.2

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS The skeletal structure of the bus stop allows wind to flow through it freely to prevent the occurence of shear load.

6.2.4 WIND LOAD The load bearing columns and k-bracing, together with the foundation firmly anchors the bus stop to the ground to prevent lateral load.

Shear Load

K-bracing Lateral Load The low pitch polycarbonate roof prevents uplift load. Timber Column

Uplift 2Â°

Steel Base Frame Concrete Pad Footing

Low Pitch Polycarbonate Roof

07 MATERIALITY

POLYCARBONATE ROOFING

TIMBER

STEEL STRUCTURE

The roof is made out of a solid polycarbonate sheet, it is a lightweight material that can withstand force and are unbreakable due to its high tensile strength. Polycarbonate sheets are resistant to heat and rain, which enables them to have a long life span. In Malaysia’s harsh climate, the material doesn’t cause any discolouration and can provide protection and comfort by blocking UV rays.

Timber decking is used for the floors as well as the seating areas and part of the column. Timber is used due to its strength, durability and biodegradable feature making it suitable for temporary structures. It has a long-life span that can withstand various climatic temperature which is appropriate in Malaysia’s tropical climate.

Steel is one of the main material component used for building structure. It is used as the main beams and columns because it can withstand extreme forces and harsh weather conditions. It is very strong and highly durable due to it’s resistant to rusting and are not affected by termites and insects like timber.

SUSTAINABILITY

Polycarbonate sheet has lower carbon emissions than other materials which is environmentally friendly.

Timber is an environmentally friendly material as it a naturally renewable material as well as it embodies low energy during processing and production.

Steel is a material that is recyclable without the loss it’s properties. It is a good investment because steel can be used multiple times with a consistent level of quality.

CONCRETE FOUNDATION

ALUMINIUM GLAZING BARS

JOINTS

6 concrete pad foundations are being used to carry and spread the loads to the ground from the superstructure. Concrete is used due to its high durability and strength to sustain heavy loads.

Aluminium glazing bars are used to secure the polycarbonate roofing in place. Aluminium is used dues to its lightweight material that can be easily transported and its resistant to corrosion.

The joints that are used for this model are all steel brackets and plates to connect different components together. Steel joints are used because it is known to withstand forces and is strong.

Concrete also allows the flexibility of size and design to be casted based on the force and load it carries.

SUSTAINABILITY Concrete’s sustainability to the environment appears from the start of production to the stages of demolition. It’s long lasting feature and its capability to be recycled and reused for other purposes allows the material to be used conventionally.

SUSTAINABILITY

Aluminium can be recycled without losing it’s inherent properties. Through the process of recycling, it uses only 5% of the original energy input whilst avoiding emitting greenhouse gases.

Steel is a material that is recyclable without the loss it’s properties. It is a good investment because steel can be used multiple times with a consistent level of quality.

08 LOAD TEST

8.0

LOAD TEST

Test 2 : 6 kg

Test 1 : 3 kg

Results : Successfully withstand the load

Test 3 : 9 kg

Test 4 : 15 kg

Results : Successfully withstand the load

Loads of different weight were added on the bus stop to test its ability to carry weight. Through observation, the structure remain upright and stable while forces are acted and applied on it.

09 ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS

FLOOR PLAN

ROOF PLAN

SCALE 1:20

FRONT ELEVATION

LEFT ELEVATION

SCALE 1:20

BACK ELEVATION

RIGHT ELEVATION

SCALE 1:20

10 CONCLUSION The bus stop is built to accommodate 4 to 8 users, with considerations of safety, weather, comfort level and sustainability aspects. The structure is mostly built with RHS (rectangular hollow structural section) and SHS (square hollow structural section). Timber is also used for seating, floor decking as well as structural support column. In order to meet the requirements to ensure the buildability of the bus stop, designs are improvised and finalized after researching and understanding the building constructions through tutorials and lectures. Loads of all types are also taken into consideration in order to ensure the structure is able to withstand forces. In a nutshell, all joints and structures plays important part to ensure the efficiency in terms of stability and strength.

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