Self sufficient prototype by Chia Rita

STUDENTS Urban Planning Mayra López Food Sherine Zein Water Ilkim Er Energy Seda Tugutlu Matter Mohit Chaugule Housing Çaglar Gökbulut STUDIO PROFESSORS Vicente Guallart Rodrigo Rubio STUDIO ASSISTANTS Ruxandra Iancu Alessio Verdolino

Facilities Chiara Dall’Olio Public Space Chenghuai Zhou Transportation Rahul Pudale

The Self-Sufficient City: Neigborhood Prototype With the growth expectations of global urban population in the coming years and taking into account that cities contribute 70% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s CO2 emissions, rethinking the city for a better environmental performance is now a priority in the global agenda. World society has grown in cities, urban life is supposed to represent amplitude of opportunities for its inhabitants yet most have not evolved to respond to the demands of life in community. As cities continue to grow, new questions arise: how can the city of the XXI century become sustainable? what are the conditions that will enable the development of cities for the future?

ble. This allowed us to approach every layer without the constraints of culture, economy or regulations in order to obtain sustainability guidelines that could be applied to any city in the world. As a conclusion, the development and design of the self-sufficient neighborhood prototype made evident that in order to attain an efficient urban environment it is necessary to defy the existing rules of production and management of resources in the way they have worked until now. Although it would take time to invert processes, an effort from all different agents must be made to convert cities into liveable and sustainable habitats that respond to the environmental reality we live today.

Throughout history, cities have been put under the scope; its conditions and components have undergone an excessive study. However, nowadays the availability of information and methods of obtaining data have enabled all types of agents from the most diverse backgrounds to study cities. Architects and urbanists are not an exception because of the big role they play on the materialization of the city. In the occasion of the first Master of City and Technology in IAAC, the Studio tutored by Vicente Guallart and Rodrigo Rubio, posed an even bigger question: can a city be self-sufficient? To answer this, we examined the city as living organism. Starting from its anatomical systems, a deep research was developed around the main systems that keep the city functioning: water, energy, matter and mobility. This was backed up by studies centered on urban fabrics and the distributions of public spaces, facilities, housing and tertiary activities inside the city. The aim of this was to understand how the supply chain works for each cycle and how it affects the behavior and physical composition of the city. Thus, giving us insights about how by changing the metabolic processes of these cycles, we would be able to invert relations and make the city more autonomous but also more efficient in terms of resource management. The exercise was not developed in a specific place, and although some variables from Barcelona were used (mainly environmental: weather, rainfall, radiation, etc.) the aim was to be as abstract as possi5

If there is to be a ‘new urbanism’ it will not be based on the twin fantasies of order and omnipotence; it will be the staging of uncertainty; it will no longer be concerned with the arrangement of more or less permanent objects but with the irrigation of territories with potential; it will no longer aim for stable configurations but for the creation of enabling fields that accommodate processes that refuse to be crystallized into definitive form; it will no longer be about meticulous definition, the imposition of limits, but about expanding notions, denying boundaries, not about separating and identifying entities, but about discovering unnameable hybrids; it will no longer be obsessed with the city but with the manipulation of infrastructure for endless intensifications and diversifications, shortcuts and redistributions – the reinvention of psychological space. Since the urban is now pervasive, urbanism will never again be about the new only about the more and the modified. It will not be about the civilized, but about underdevelopment. Rem Koolhaas ‘What Ever Happened to Urbanism?’ (1994) S,M,L,XL / OMA”

“

Urban Planning

Evolution of the city

The evolution of the city has been studied throughout time because as economy and society have changed, city models have as well. When thinking about the self-sufficient city, the aim was to find the model that allowed the city to work most efficiently in terms of distribution of infrastructure and also population. Thus, the research was started by looking at the historical evolution of cities and how these models affect on behaviours and resource consumption.

where modernist architects and urbanists proposed the compostion of a city where all functions were limited and apart from each other. This didn’t solve the problem of mobility since people had to depend on cars to reach any destination either for work or leisure. Although not many cities adopted the modernist model to the extreme, it has been discovered that the decentralized and centralized models of cities cause much harm to the environment in terms of efficiency and distribution of resources. The mandatory mobility in the biggest cities also has terrible consequences in social interction levels.

As starting point of western civilization, the Greek polis was planned to function in what would later be referred to as the cartesian space (x and y planes). The various infrastructures that support the life in the city (supply, evacuation, transportation and communication) used to function on a single level until the Romans conceived the aqueduct system to supply their territories with potable water. With this, they opened the possibility for infrastructure to be conceived on another level (z plane), functioning independently but always in service of the built environment. The cities of antiquity and the middle ages were centralized, they had physical limits (outer protection walls) which made them finite, unitary and controlable (a boiled egg).

Therefore, the city for the contemporary society must be a networked system just like the internet. When internet became a world wide phenomena, information started to be available for “everyone” mainly “everywhere”. Until then all the transformations in the city had been occurring on different levels but always the physical realm, later they became invisible. Cities are no longer just confined to their material presences: they have become both digital and digitised. Still physical yet remote, these new technologies transform the vision we have of space and also of ourselves. Citizens are no longer only inhabitants but also users and have the ability of influencing on their built environment through the creation and use of data.

However, when the Industrial Revolution brought unprecedented growth of the population of cities, the previous conditions were rendered as incapable to support the new density of the urban areas. The precarious life conditions of urban dwellers caused the citizens who could afford it to move their homes away from the center but to still depend on it for work. Thus, the boundaries of the city were blurred and the era of the machine began as innovations in transportation caused the population to depend on them. “The industrial city, which first developed in Great Britain, grew because of food supply, increasing population, advances in transportation, and the expansion of industrial production. All these factors were obviously interlinked with one another. It was the industrial city that laid the foundations for the modern city.”1 The modern city was deeply affected by the the invention and mass production of automobiles. As transportation became faster, distances became smaller and the areas of cities grew giving birth the decentralized city model, most seen in United States and known as sprawl.

Following this idea, the distributed city model adopted by Barcelona, is one of the most successful models in terms of sustainability. The city composed by self-sufficient and networked cells reduces mandatory mobility for its inhabitants by enabling mixed use and providing housing, work and leisure within a walkable distance of 500 - 1000 meters. This produces a compact, dense and sustainable city. In the search of conditions for a self-sufficient city it was determined that the prototype would be developed in the scale of the neighborhood because it is the base cell in which many facilites operate, and can be easily replicable in a larger scale.

As cities were not designed for automobiles, the congestion that they caused on the ground level of cities led to a separatist movement in the cities, 8

PLANNED CITY

PREDICTABLE CITY

static unitary hierarchical

limited recognizable precise

centralized

Population

Urban Area

16.8

2511

million

km2

Transport Carbon Emissions

CONTEMPORARY

METROPOLIS

MODERN

CLASSIC

POLIS

METAPOLIS MUTATING CITY

complex variable interactive

decentralized

Population

Urban Area

8.8

2.5

4289

tons/person

million

km2

Transport Carbon Emissions

7.5 tons/person

1. City as an egg - Cedric Price / Metapolis history - Manuel Gausa 2. Network distribution - Paul Baran 3. Comparison of area, population and emissions of cities

distributed

Population

Urban Area

2.8

162

million

km2

Transport Carbon Emissions

0.7 tons/person

Urban Planning

Prototype city

With the distributed model in mind, the prototype for the self-sufficient neighborhood was designed to be part of a larger system. A city composed of 100 neighborhoods of 25,000 inhabitants with dimensions of 1 km by 1 km. Together, these cells make a 2.5 million inhabitant city of 10 x 10 km. Each of them is cell sufficient but not independent, since each has to provide one big scale facility that works at a large scale to serve the whole population of the city.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We hypothesize that the way cities and city neighborhoods are designed and maintained can have a significant impact on the happiness of city residents. The key reasons, we suggest, are that places can facilitate human social connections and relationships and because people are often connected to quality places that are cultural and distinctive. City neighborhoods are an important environment that can facilitate social connections and connection with place itself.â&#x20AC;?2

City layers

A city is built by different systems that overlapped create a liveable artificial habitat. Throughout history, infrastructures inside and outside of cities have been layed out to make life in cities possible. These infrastructures correspond to the main survival needs and have been present since the first settlements came to exist: nature, water, energy, matter, mobility and information. â&#x20AC;&#x153;But how exactly are we to understand infrastructure, this new, now largely invisible compositional reality? By infrastructure one refers to every aspect of the technology of rational administration that routinizes life, action and property within larger (ultimately global) organizations.â&#x20AC;?3

To produce the prototype, the research team was organized according to the cycles and layers that compose the city. Four out six of the main cycles were analyzed: matter, water, energy and mobility. Information and nature were conceived as inherent to all the layers. Yet, though food is part of the matter cycle, it was analysed by itself because it is a complex and important factor for self-sufficiency. In terms of the built environment, the themes of analysis were: housing, tertiary uses, facilities and public space.

information matter

water mobility energy buildings

nature

Urban Planning

Design premises

1. LOCAL FOOD / NO ANIMAL CRUELTY Urban dwellers depend on the supply of food from the rural areas, since these processes happen outside of the urban realm most of them are unknown or ignored. With the growth of population, the demand has increased and supply must double to meet it. Intensive farming of crops and animals consume a vast amount of water and energy. If food is produced locally, the cost of transportation and production would be lowered and more people would be able to have access to food.

Food

2. INTELLIGENT WATER MANAGEMENT Water contamination and supply are constant problems in urban areas due to poor management of resources and insufficent infrastructure. Globally, there is a 40% gap between supply and demand.4 If water is managed in an intellingent way by functioning in a closed cycle, all the waste water can be treated and the withdrawal rate lowered to meet all the populationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

Water

3. CLEAN ENERGY / ZERO EMISSIONS The production of energy occurs in plants outside the cities that often burn fossil fuels for power and in turn, increase CO2 emissions. Renewable energy systems used inside the city can produce less contamination and allow the system to be decentralized. Citizens could have the possibility of owning and managing their resources by producing and storing energy above and below their houses.

Energy

4. ZERO WASTE / CIRCULAR ECONOMY The trash produced in cities usually goes to landfills outside the country of provenance. â&#x20AC;&#x153;In a circular economy, products and resources are reused to extract their maximum value rather than entering the waste stream.â&#x20AC;?5 The cycle of production and disposal can be inverted by giving the citizens the possibility of self fabrication, and in turn, recycling and reusing the waste produced inside the city.

Matter

5. NO PRIVATE CARS / SHARED TRANSPORTATION Automobiles and other transportation methods that use fossil fuels for power are the main contributors to pollution and cogestion in cities. Since citizens would have the priviledge of working near their residences, private cars would be replaced by shared electric cars for specific uses. This would also allow the city to give more space to pedestrians and bicycle riders.

Mobility

6. DIVERSITY Diversity is one of the most important characteristics in terms of sustainability at all scales. The mix of uses enables the appearance of events and also gives the citizens the power of choosing. Diversity does not only refer to uses but also to scale of activities, models of housing, leisure options and production methods.

Planning

Urban Planning

Urban Fabrics

To build a city from scratch, it is necessary to analyse different urban fabrics to evaluate their physical composition. Parameters such as the floor area ratio, coverage, density of population and dwellings, average block area and open space percentage allow the comparison between radically different fabrics. Since â&#x20AC;&#x153;(...) city blocks and their density are the units that define the rhythm of the city...â&#x20AC;?3, the design of blocks becomes relevant to formulate a sustainable anatomy.

block or superblocks are units created by a supergrid that corresponds to a large scale but that at the same time is able to host a smaller grid inside itself that corresponds to smaller scale activities. As references, 6 examples from different parts of the world were chosen: Abu Dhabi, Barcelona, Islamabad, Melbourne and Taipei. Apart of being superblocks, each of them has specific characteristics that were found suitable to insert in the DNA of the self-sufficient prototype.

To intervene the cells of 1 km by 1 km, the analysis was centered on hyperblocks with similar dimensions to the conditions of the prototype. Hyper-

Melbourne

Taipei

Prototype

Islamabad

Barcelona

Abu Dhabi

4,087,000

2,702,315

2,500,000

272 km2

250 km2

1,829,180

1,620,943

906 km2

102 km2

Population

1, 500,000

972 km2 Area (km2)

Abu Dhabi U.A.E

Taipei Taiwan

24.29 N / 54.22 E Geometric Supergrid

25.02 N / 121.38 E Geometric Grid

Abu Dhabi and Taipei were chosen as example for their border condition. The hyperblocks are lined by tertiary high-rise buildings towards the edge where the scale of activities is larger and starts decreasing towards the center. However, the big difference between these resides on the mix of uses. In Abu Dhabi, the interior of the hyperblocks is composed by a low density single family housing whereas in Taipei there are â&#x20AC;&#x153;superblocks functioning as a solid structure with a big scale of activities, transportation and buildings in its peripheries, building up a typical orthogonal grid which becomes a flexible one inside of it: small alleys with smaller uses functioning as a residential neighbourhood just a few meters far from the metropolitan city.â&#x20AC;?6 Block areas are also very different because in Abu Dhabi the city is conceived for cars but in Taipei blocks are subdivided in smaller units that allow a higher walkability index.

F.A.R

Dwelling Density

Open Space

Coverage

Population Density

Average Block Area

Urban Planning

Vila de Gràcia, Barcelona Catalunya

L’Eixample, Barcelona Catalunya

41.24 N / 02.10 E Organic Grid

41.24 N / 02.10 E Geometric Supergrid

In the case of Barcelona, L’Eixample and Vila de Gràcia are two drastically different fabrics in the same city. On one side, the Cerdá grid with the chamfered corners, famous in urbanism for its rationality and density. Every three blocks the width of the streets increases, allowing larger scale traffic and conforming superblocks. As an opposite, Vila de Gràcia has an organic grid that grew through time as rural areas became urban. It is based on small and irregular blocks connected by pedestrian streets. The heavy traffic streets are located in the border and the vehicles that transit inside are mainly for logistics and public transportation. These two examples in the same city demonstrate how both types of fabrics can coexist, yet they only do because each makes up for the lacks of the other. Taking this into account, the idea of the prototype is to have a supergrid that also gives the possibility of diversity of activity scales, uses and walkability.

F.A.R

Dwelling Density

Open Space

Coverage

Population Density

Average Block Area

Islamabad Pakistan

CBD, Melbourne Australia

33.42 N / 73.02 E Geometric Grid

37.48 S / 144.57 E Geometric Grid

The examples of Islamabad and Melbourne were chosen for very different reasons. Islamabad, although very low in density and height, has an interesting relation with natural elements as it integrates green belts inside the general composition of the fabric.

F.A.R

The CBD in Melbourne also has low dwelling density but on the contrary, has an interesting mix of commerce and offices that at the same time produce drastic changes in height. Buildings start from 1 story up to 47 stories. The block dimensions (100 x 200) and their subdivision through small alleys generate small plazas in the inside of the blocks that provide changes of scale inside the same block. Last but not least, the distribution of the transportation network in this district, thorugh buses and trams allows a high connectivity from all points of the grid with the rest of the city.

Dwelling Density

Open Space

Coverage

Population Density

Average Block Area

Urban Planning

Anatomy, Metabolism and Physiology

After an analysis of the physical parameters of the chosen cities, the next step was to compare them to make a conclusion about which conditions are fit for a self sufficient neighborhood. Although, suitable values of the parameteres were settled, the prototype was developed as a parametric model where all the variables could be modified during the process of conception. The reason for this was that the neighborhood proposed has no equal amongst the cities of the world. Many come close to some conditions that are proposed, but since many new ideas of self-sufficency have to be tested, urbanism has to be open to change.

F.A.R

Dwelling Density

Open Space

Coverage

Population Density

Average Block Area

Prototype Composition

After the analysis of different urban fabrics, it was decided that the prototype would obey to an ortogonal supergrid. The area of 1 km by 1 km is defined by heavy traffic perimetral roads. Following the example of Melbourne, the internal grid generates rectangular blocks of 120 x 250 meters. The neighborhood is divided in quarters by two crossing roads that also define the center where the main neighborhood-scale facilites will be concentrated.

As seen in the urban examples that were analyzed, the height, density and scale of activities decreases towards the center of the hyperblock. The composition of the prototype obeys to the same rule yet these same factors also decrease towards the center of each block where public space appears. Another important element of the general layout is the appeareance of a green belt that in a bigger scale connects the whole city but in the neighborhood scale, is an opportunity of productive public space. All these rules were applied to the prototype by parametric modelling so that rules could evolve as the research did as well.

Urban Planning

noun the branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms.

noun the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

noun the scientific study of normal function in living systems.

Layer Metabolism

To discover what makes a cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s metabolism efficient, two cities from the anatomical analysis were chosen to be measured again under the matabolic scope. Merlbourne and Barcelona are compared to give insights about how contemporary cities operate and in which way can this behaviour be improved. These cities were not chosen randomly, instead they were the ones that provided more open data.

the possible performance of the self-sufficient city propossed in the exercise. In this sense, the higher values were given to autonomous yet networked behaviours. The hypothetical values of the prototype were overlapped to these to allow easier comparison. Although it would make sense to propose 100% self-sufficiency, many of the cycles work with inputs from nature that cannot be contained by cities (such as fresh water, sunlight, wind, some food, etc). Even so, the aim is to achieve the highest values, taking into account the systems that could be altered today to propose guidelines that can be easily adopted by other cities.

In this case, both cities are evaluated by the performance of the main cycles. The value given to each depends on 5 other parameters that determine how sustainable the cycle is. With the results from this comparison, it was possible to determine

INFORMATION

FOOD

TRANSPORTATION

MATTER

WATER

ENERGY

Melbourne Barcelona Prototype

Urban Planning

Layer Metabolism

FOOD With the traditional conception that food is to be produced in rural areas, food self-sufficiency today can only be measured for countries. Compared with Australia and Spain, the prototype would have total accessibility and capacity to feed all its inhabitants. The products that cannot be grown due to weather conditions can be imported in small quantities. This would lower the dependency on systems foreign to the city.

WATER The main objective of the self-sufficient prototype is to have a zero waste water cycle. Thus, the fresh water withdrawal rate is lowered and the treated water is increased. Also, water management is directly related to the consumption per capita. The main objective is to reuse all treated water and also to share water consuming electrodomestics in order to lower consumption.

ENERGY If energy is produced locally by renewable means the dependecy on import is lowered to the minimum. This also allows that all the population has electricity access and is able to store energy for lower production periods. Added to that, energy consumption per capita would be lowered with the efficient urban fabric composition for easier grid management and intelligent consumption.

MATTER To make a city sustainable in the matter cycle, the aim must be to recycle or reuse all the waste produced. This leads to the possibility of having small scale factories and production centers inside the prototype to allow citizens to fabricate their own furniture, textiles, processed food and other goods. This factories would use the materials thrown to waste and would be connected to other factories in the city to exchange. In turn, the waste produced is decreased and the processing of it is increased.

MOBILITY When private cars are removed from the system, walkability inside the prototype is increased. The trips taken by the population outside their neighborhood are done in public transportation. This means that the capacity and quality of the latter is increased, just like the connectivity index. In a larger scale, this reduces the traffic congestion of the city as well as the emissions produces by motorized vehicles.

INFORMATION Information exchange in the contemporary city is a crucial component for design. Data enables the improvement of the systems and the constant participation of the citizens in the making of the city. Landline connections are reserved for tertiary uses but broadband capacity is increased to allow all users to be connected to the city.

Urban Planning

City Physiology

Following a comparison with a living organism, the city with an anatomical system that functions through metabolic processes will have a series of properties that allow it to survive, adapt and live. In the case of cities, these properties such as: resilience, diversity, habitability and contingency, amongst others, mainly come as result of an efficient political and economical management of resources. The measurement of the physiological properties can be approached in many ways: performance-based, system-based or empirical. Yet one thing its true: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Social systems determine human behaviour, which is also influenced by physical systems in the urban environment.â&#x20AC;?7

With this in mind, although measurent depends on both tangible (measurable) and intangible (cultural) factors, and the self-sufficient prototype is linked to no place or culture, it will be true that by affecting the urban environment the social behaviour will also be affected. This means that a city designed to be self-sufficient will produce a social system that acts accordingly, with citizens that have the power to choose and manage their own resources.

Flows

NETWORKS

Food (tons)

Matter (tons)

Housing

Water (liters)

Energy (kW)

Tertiary

Facilities

Waste (tons)

Transport (trips)

Public Space

NODES

Information (bytes)

data source: BP Statistical review of World Energy

Map of global gas -LPG and pipeline gas- movement in 2013

Energy

Energy Strategies in the World Today the energy is a huge market that is the totality of all of the industries involved in the production and sale of energy, including fuel extraction, manufacturing, refining and distribution. Modern society consumes large amounts of fuel, and the energy industry is a crucial part of the infrastructure and maintenance of society in almost all countries. The energy is moved with ships, pipelines all over the world to supply energy requirements. Today primary energy sources take many forms, including nuclear energy, fossil energy - like oil, coal and natural gas - and renewable sources -like wind, solar and hydropower-. These primary sources are converted to electricity, a secondary energy source, which flows through power lines and other transmission infrastructure to your home and business.

city waste -organic and inorganic-

negentropy (information, goods, services)

Power stations were located strategically to be close to fossil fuel reserves (either the mines or wells themselves, or else close to rail, road or port supply lines). Siting of hydro-electric dams in mountain areas also strongly influenced the structure of the emerging grid. Nuclear power plants were sited for availability of cooling water. Finally, fossil fuel-fired power stations were initially very polluting and were sited as far as economically possible from population centres once electricity distribution networks permitted it. By the late 1960s, the electricity grid reached the overwhelming majority of the population of developed countries, with only outlying regional areas remaining ‘off-grid’.

information energy materials

linear city

Technological limitations on metering no longer force peak power prices to be averaged out and passed on to all consumers equally. In parallel, growing concerns over environmental damage from fossil-fired power stations has led to a desire to use large amounts of renewable energy. Dominant forms such as wind power and solar power are highly variable, and so the need for more sophisticated control systems became apparent, to facilitate the connection of sources to the otherwise highly controllable grid. Power from photovoltaic cells (and to a lesser extent wind turbines) has also, significantly, called into question the imperative for large, centralised power stations.

city

negentropy (information, goods, services)

It is important to understand which sectors consume the most energy to take appropriate remedial actions for emissions reduction. It is helpful to view cities as organic systems that have their own metabolism.The metabolism of a city involves physical inputs – energy, water and materials – that are consumed and transformed, by means of technological and biological systems, into wastes and goods, or the city’s outputs. Like any thermodynamic system, urban energy consumption can either be efficient or inefficient. An environmentally successful and energy efficient –or sustainable– neighborhood should ideally combine economic growth with social equity and minimum waste production.

information energy materials

circular city

transport

industry

Energy Consumption and Cities

building per capita

New cities, or city districts, still to be built can be engineered from the outset to a compact integrated ideal. For older cities where design is already hard-wired, existing infrastructure may make ideal development impractical and excessively costly. Well targeted and affordable retrofitting will help. A sprawling metropolis ,for example, may focus on decarbonising the car fleet, improvements to public transport, and micro-power generation that works well in areas of lower-density housing. This graph1 classifies the worldwide cities by the urban texture, public transportation and income. Then analyse the energy uses by the activities.

1- Shell New Lenses On Future Cities

Per capita energy use in these cities is comparatively high as a direct result of higher personal incomes, compounded by some urban sprawl and larger homes. In part because of large, spacious homes and extensive road networks that encourage car use, energy consumption in prosperous communities is concentrated in housing and transport.

energy consumption per capita

Sp r a w li n g M e tr o p o lie s

Hous t on, Tok yo, Rio de J anerio

Pr o sp e ro u s Co mm u n iti e s

Stoc k holm, Dubai, Hamburg

U rb a n P o w e rh o u se s

New York , Hong Kong, Singopore

D e ve lo p in g M e g a h u b s

Chon gqing, Hy derabad, Nairobi

U n d e r d e ve lo p e d C e n te r s

Manila, Kins hasa , Ba ngalore

Energy consumption is directly related with urban model and citizens behaviours. Housing amounts, transportation system, industry, energy sources, population in other words urban model shape cities’ energy consumption numbers and strategies. In this graph; Energy consumptions per capita amount of compact cities like New York, Hong Kong are less than sprawling cities like Houston. It is not surprised. Dense cities have compact urban model and advanced public transportation network, hence, motorization and house sizes are less than others.

Energy

Energy Production Technologies

Biogas

Vestas-VIS4

Vestal V50

NWT-250

Hydro Station

Compressed Air Energy Storage

URBAN

wa s te wa te r

th e r ma l e l e c tric a l e l e c tro -c he mic a l m e c h a n ic a l h y d ro ge n-re la te d

H EAT I N G PRODUCTION

Energy System in Self-Sufficient Neighbourbood E LE CT RICIT Y P RO DUC TIO N

P H O T O V O LTA I C S O L A R PA N E L

THERMAL S O L A R PA N E L [EFFICENCY%50]

BIOGAS

All energy units are selected according to urban scale/capacity researches. Energy production has two different subtitle; heating and electricity.

Use energy sources in the most efficient way

Local Production | Decentralised Model Energy production should be local. Over production shares between mix-used grids.

%100 Clean Energy Renewable energy sources are used.

Criteria of energy model of Self-Sufficient Neighbourhood

Different energy production and storage technologies are classified according to capacity and urban scale. Scale/capacity of energy units is the primary input to make a decision in our energy system model. Because, some of super efficient systems are not suitable for 1x1 km prototype. They need too much empty space or huge sources. Also, all technologies do not have same capacity and efficiency. Energy model decisions are based on this scale / capacity researches.

BIOGAS

[EFFICENCY%7]

[EFFICENCY%24]

URBAN

Alt-Aeros

Air-Borne

Flo-Design

Thermal Panel

win d

Photovoltaic Solar Panel

Lead Acid Battery

GRID

s un

T R A N S PA R E N T S O L A R PA N E L

Berget

Thermal Bank

Hydrogen & Fuel Cells Pumped Hydro Power Storage

GRID

Transparent Photovoltaic Panel

Well Wind Atelge

BUILDING

Flywheels High- Power Supercapacitors

BUILDING

Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage

Nickel Cadium Hydride Battery

Nickel Cadium Battery

Sodium- Sulphur Battery Advanced High-Energy Lead-Acid Battery Super Capacitors Li-ion Battery

Flow Batteries

Energy Storage Technologies

C A PA C I T Y C A PA C I T Y

S H O RT- TE R M E N E R G Y STO R AG E

LI-ION B AT T E RY

POWERWALL [EFFICENCY%80]

LON G-TERM EN ERGY STO RAGE

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL

[EFFICIENCY %45]

THERMAL BANK

FOR HEATING

Photovoltaic solar panels, transparent solar panels and biogas generate electricity. Heating energy is supplied by solar thermal panels and biogas. High efficient photovoltaic solar panels are located high radiation surfaces. Low efficient transparent solar panels are combined with green houses and faรงades. Waste of self-sufficient Neigbourhood generates energy by biogas.

Long & Short Term Storage Model

Energy production is not stabile in a day and in a year . Hence, we need to storage over production electricity and heating to supply energy need during year. After capacity and urban scale researches, li-ion batteries are proposed for short term electricity storage. Hydrogen fuel batteries are used for seasonal electricity storage. Thermal Banks are able to keep hot water warm for long term. It is proposed to long term heating energy storage.

Energy

Energy Consumption in Self-Sufficient Prototype a guide for understanding energy consumption amounts in human scale.

en e rg y c on su mp ti on re qu ire d n umb er of PV so la r p an el s

c omme rc i a l shoes shop 50 m2

of f i c es bi g d a t a o f f i c e 200 m2

agri c ul t ure rooftop agriculture 400 m2

t r ansport a t i on electric bus 26.280 km/y

r e si de nt i a l t w o p e o p l e h o u se 50 m2

fa br i ca t i on a w o o d f a b r i c a t i on center 1000 m2

10.1 36 kw h/y 8,29 m 2

19.480 k wh/y 15,96 m 2

7.720 kwh/y 6,31 m 2

23.652 kwh/y 19,35 m 2

1.862 kwh/y 1,52 m 2

22 4.000 kw h/y 24 7,36 m 2

Annually Electricity Energy Cycle

ember dec

Primary electricity production system is solar photovoltaics panels. Solar radiation based electricity production is not stabile all the year round.

r be m

Over production of electricity is transfered to hydrogen fuel batteries. In underproduction season electricity is supplied by hydrogen fuel batteries.

janua ry

fe br

h marc

ry ua

h marc

april

106.000.000 kwh/y

19.500.000 kwh/y

production over production

12.175 m3

hydrogen fuel battery

required value

storage method

au g

ry ua ay

june

july

au g

21.000.000 kwh/y

Overproducted heating energy is transfered to thermal bank to store energy in the most efficient way.

janua ry

production

11 . 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 k w h / y

july

ember dec

fe br

over production

thermal bank

june

Energy

Annually Heating Energy Cycle

r be m

storage method

102.500 m3

no ve t us

Heating production and consumption are not stabile in a year. Energy production are analyzed monht by month.

no ve

t us

required value

octob er r tembe sep

april

05 06

08 09

EX: 10 AM

14.100

16.910

night

day

51.200

223.200

34.000

179.000

night

2nd December

day

production consumption

day

-2.810

night

storage

Energy

Li-ion batteries are proposed for daily energy cycle. They are charged in daylights. At night they supply energy needs.

2nd June

day

night

Daily Energy Cycle

19 18

Solar energy generetes electricity in daylight. Energy from biogas is not enough to supply all consumption at night.

282.000

production

consumption

kwh/day

EX: 10 AM 21.690

day

34.000

kwh/day

production

16.070

night

45.600

209.450

+5.610

day

storage

night

kwh/day

consumption

production

consumption

kwh/day

19 18

2nd December n y io er duction l i -a t t p r ot n i g h t b a

n io pt ht ig

yli

gh t c

day

on ti p ht g

cons

y pr at od ni

consumptio

2nd June p rod u

ti o

e ro g ba en tte f ry u

Energy

Daily Energy Cycle

n io ct u ht g

hyd

i yl

ht ig yl

li b a- i o t t en r

hydrogen f ue l battery

t gh

on s at um n

light

on s at um ni

Energy

Solar Radiation in Self-Sufficient Prototype

Solar radiation is analyzed for strategy of solar panels distribution. Super blocks are shaped to maximise solar capacity.

Annually Solar Radiation

kWh/m2

1621.73

1769.62<= 1473.84 1178.06

1325.95 1030.17 734.39

882.15 586.49 438.05 <=290.85

Solar Radiation on 2nd December

kWh/m2

3.57

3.93<= 3.23 2.87 2.17

2.53

1.47

1.82 1.12 0.77 <=0.47

Solar Radiation on 2nd June

kWh/m2

5.23

5.49<= 4.98 4.73 4.21

4.47

3.72

3.96 3.45 3.19 <=2.95

Energy

Distribution in Self-Sufficient Prototype Most efficient solar panels - photovoltaicsare located on high radiation surfaces. Transparent solar panels are combined with greenhouses and faรงades. Biogas centers and energy storage units are distributed each quarters.

Photovoltaic Solar Panel

247.802 m2 74.230.000 kwh/y

Tr a s n p a r e n t Solar Panel

165.846 m2 17.400.000 kwh/y

Thermal Solar Panel

22.970 m2 15.110.000 kwh/y

Hydrogen Fuel Battery

12.175 m3 9.420.000 kwh/y

Li-ion Battery

6.600 units 46.200 kwh/d

Thermal Bank

102.500 m3 11.300.000 kwh/y

Energy

total consumption

Energy Metobolism

total production

kwh/year

Indus tr y

Res ide ntia l

Com m erc ia l

Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n

Agric ultur e

9.000.000 kwh/year

18.800.000 kwh/year

48.100.000 kwh/year

30.700.000 kwh/year

27.800.000 kwh/year

119.000.000

E lectrici ty 95.000.000 kwh/year

kwh/year

So la r Ph o to vo lt aic s Pan el

So lar Pa ne l Tr a n s p a r e n t

H eatin g

Batte ry 1 7 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 kwh/year

132.800.000

74.800.000 kwh/year

24.500.000 kwh/year 1 5 . 8 0 0 . 0 0 0 So lar Pa ne l k w h / y e a r T h e rm al 1 7 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 Bio mas s kwh/year

22.000.000 kwh/year

The rmal Ba nk 9 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 kwh/year

W WATER

WATER

First of all when did water (and in general natural resources) really start to be a main problem for our future and how did we realize this? While I was making the research about the subject of scarcity as part of architecture and planning, I found out that when the whole earth catalogue in Fall 1968 shared the first satelite photo of earth from the space, society was politically and economically in shock as the hubris of the swinging sixties collided with the realization of the earth’s resources were actually finite! It was a fact brought home by its lonely image floating in a universe of black ink on the cover of the first whole earth catalogue. From here on scarcity has always been existing as an input for architecture.

Therefore before starting to explain our system I can mention that our ultimate aim was to think about the possibilities of Zero Waste Water Circle as a system. By planning the reuse of treated water to the exact points and not sending any water outside of our system as ‘waste’ water. Second of all we should manage and plan every drop of the rainwater that falls on our land. To start with the project we needed to imagine first of all what is the water demand of our 25.000 populated neighborhood? Can we take any neighborhood around the world and use its numbers per capita as an input? This was the main challange in case of water, we were not able to take any city or any neighborhood as an example, because we were proposing a complete new system of agriculture, production, water reuse, therefore water demand of our system was unique and needed to be calculated from the scratch! However for our system, as opposed to other urban systems, agriculture was the major sector in terms of water demand. Then domestic and outdoor use of water in city were calculated independently through one person’s need of water. We also needed to organize how our sharing system works, we planned the washing mashine water demand based on a shared system for instance. And these small changes in social systems made huge changes in the amount of water consumed.

It has been 50 years or even more, but how we have been actually treating to our resources and what has changed ? We see the river and coastal water quality of Catalonia and there we also see the dark red lines which represents the bad or moderate quality water, are mostly around urban settlements because with this graph together, we see the pattern of inappropriate water treatment centers which cause pollution. According to Catalan Water Agency, reuse of treated water is standart practice in Catalonia, with the outflow from WWTPs bein diluted in rivers which are then used for urban agricultural or industrial supply further downstream. This reuse is technical terms referred to as indirect or unplanned use.

How did we do all the calculations? We needed to use a parametric system to connect all the inputs and outputs with details, therefore a model on Grasshopper is created to calculate the demand and waste water for all the sectors.

As opposed to such spontaneous reuse, direct (or planned) reuse is characterised by the presence of regeneration treatment in order to produce water of a quality for other uses, transported specifically to the point of use.

Following pages will represent the data and calculations and will try to explain the questions we have been discussing during the process and how far we could come.

Another big problem for urban areas is the disaster brought by rain ‘flood’! If we research the amount of bridges collapsed, sludge systems exploded and drainage that mixed with clean water all around the world after the heavy rain, we can see that this is a major problem.

WATER

*** CATALONIA COASTAL AND RIVER WATER QUALITY MAP (FROM BLACK TO GREY, BLACK RIVERS REPRESENT BAD QUALITY WATER, AND GREY ONES REPRESENT GOOD QUALITY) OVERLAYED WITH POINTS WHERE POLLUTION BECAUSE OF UNAPPROPRIATE URBAN WASTE WATER TREATMENT CENTERS (REPRESENTED AS BLUE SQUARES) OCCURS. INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM CATALAN WATER AGENCY.

What are the lessons that we learnt from today’s practices all around the world ?

WHAT DOES 0% WASTE MEAN?

We definitely know that we should not make any waste and should create circler systems in an urban area in order to have planned and direct use of treated waste water, today we are sending treated waste water to the frehwater resources back, and from there on, they join the flow of clean freshwater and create pollution on it. Therefore this indirect use is not the proper approach.

Understanding the current urban and rural water management systems was very important as a beginning for the project. I look at current and historical systems all around the world and tried to analyze different methods of water management and their relation with geography and climate. Since centuries, societies used different methods to store rainwater, to distribute water for agriculture and livestock, and domestic use. Water is even used as part of architectural design as a cooling system in the courtyards of Middle Eastern housing typologies. If we look at data by Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, it is obvious that there is enough water resource capacity of the world for everyone, however unfortunately water is not distributed fairly. While some of the countries like Brazil, has more than enough water for its population, some other countries such as Kuwait, are mostly dependent on crossboundary freshwater flows coming from other countries. It is impossible to manage the distribution of water flows of geographies, we can not control nature however we can control our waste. If we have such a precious source as subject, we should think of possibilities to manage it 100% effectively. I mentioned before that as we can see from the graph on the previous page that information of it is taken from Catalan Water Agency, bad or moderate quality water flows are concentrated around the urban settlements of Catalonia, which means that urban water management currently has some problems in Catalonia, then when we research more about the activities of Catalan Water Agency we see that they have a huge Waste Water Treatment Plants construction project still going on all around Catalonia.

In planned (direct) use of treated waste water, every mechanism of collecting waste, treating the waste, and reusing the waste should be designed detailly. Grey and Black Waters are two different terms used for waste water in domestic use. BlackWater represents the water that is mixed with sludge, and GreyWater represents the remaining part of waste water. BlackWater nowadays is seen as an important source of BioGas production as well, so BlackWater Treatment Plants include Biogas Production Tanks as well in our neighborhood. Important amount GreyWater is treated by Wetlands in the current eco-neighborhood projects going on around the world (especially in Northern Europe). However artificial wetlands of a 1km1km neighborhood are not enough for the demand of 25.000 people everyday, hence we also have some GreyWater Treatment Plants in WWTPs. The other important subject for urban water management is rainwater, because rainwater is actually an important resource, in the following pages, you will see a more detailed analysis about the rainwater collecting and reusing system of our neighborhood however here I would like to mention that, surface runoff is an important problem for current urban infrastructure. Since there is not a seperately planned surface runoff drainage, this dirty water connects to the urban drainage, it exceeds its own limit and the ‘flood’ as a disaster occurs in this way.

WATER

[DEMAND OF 25.000]

ANNUAL WATER WITHDRAWAL

AGRICULTURE

[14.540.000] m^3 MUNICIPAL [1.155.000] M^3 341.625 M^3 227.750 M^3 170.812 M^3 284.687 M^3

BE CONSCIOUS, MAKE SMART DECISIONS

After we withdraw water we need to know very well which daily life activity or which sector is taking more amount of water in order to have a intelligent management of water in our system. We need to know how much our simple daily activities such as taking shower, washing our clothes, cleaning our homes or our streets reuqire water and we should be aware of the fact that simple activities such as washing our clothes in washing mashines is in fact a huge consumption of water. Or we need to know agricultural products (crops) and their water consumption in order to make smarter food choices. Because some small decision changes might make huge differences in the consumption of such prescious natural resource.

HOW TO CALCULATE THE DEMAND OF THIS NEW SYSTEM ?

Water demand and its calculation by deciding washing mashine sharing system and water needs of each crops this was just the beginning of the process, because we used a parametric design tool to handle with all the inputs and outputs of such a sankey system. We will see with details on the following pages, but especially the food system was very complicated because it was interacting with a lot of different systems. Rain and our natural freshwater resources were the inputs of system, but food was effected by seasonility, depending on agriculture type and rain amount of months since it is not stable. Moreover water need of each crop is different than each other so we needed to find these numbers in order to calculate the demand. Therefore, we needed a Grasshopper model in order to cope with these changing inputs and outputs.

This was in case, the real struggle of this research subject, we are talking about a complete new system of urban life, we are changing the social and economical structure and making predictions about the future, but which kind of changes this new system would bring to our daily life, and how do these changes would effect our water consumption? First of all in case of water, the issue is not being independent but is trying not to waste this precious resource we withdraw everyday, and in case, we actually consume more water than Barcelona does today, since we produce our own food we do not send any amount of water out of our system, we have our treatment centers, rainwater storage tanks for both from roofs and from streets, artificial wetlands, to process our withdraw and waste of water.

Another important withdraw in city areas is currently industry, our new industry is depending on recycling and reusing and local fabrication as much as possible instead of importing things, but how this new system would effect the water is the biggest question. Or we use shared housing in our new housing plan, sharing housing requires new order of social system. Since the biggest domestic consumption is on â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;washing mashineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, we can take it as an example. If people share washing mashine per building instead of having one in each flat, the buildings will need a new order of use of washing mashine therefore people will not be able to overuse such a thirsty mashine and eventually will reduce their water consumption. We calculated our washing mashine demand by choosing our own rules such as, having one mashine per 50 people and everybody would have the chance to use washing mashine once per week so the water demand of washing mashine would be much less than current demand in cities.

After mentioning the system our 0% waste circle, I would like to talk about numbers, because it took a long process of calculation in order to reach these final data. There were data of all the countries to see water consumption per capita. However it was impossible for us to use this data for our research. Because first of all for all the economic system, all different climate and geography, for natural resources of cities the amount of water consumption per capita was changing, so in the end we did not use this ready data but tried to calculate our own demand.

WATER

WATER FOOD INTERRELATION Here on the following page, you can see the annual cycle of common crops. This cycle represent their seasonality and how thirsty they are. This graph simply can be your assistance while you are in supermarket. Because here you will see depending on the current month, which crop is the best choice and which are not appropriate in terms of water consumption.

Following pages, we will see detailly the relationship between food and water. As I mentioned before, this was the most struggling relationship between all other layers with somehow related to water. Because they were acting as if they are the same system. Any small change on food system was completely changing the water demand of our neighborhood. Food research was the thing that leaded us to create a parametric system in order to be able to cope with this complicated input changes. I will explain on the following pages step by step our methodology in order to understand water-food relationship comprehensively.

After this infographic there is another visualization on the following page and there we see with more details the crops that we chose for our diet, and their seasonality, this graphic simply explains our crops and their agriculture type (such as permaculture, led farm, vertical farm etc.) and depending on this agriculture type whether they are affected by seasonality or not. When they are effected by seasonality their water needs depending on months eventually is changing. So this is a representation of our parametric inputs for food issue. And after this graph we see a [water for food] graph which shows us with detail, the water need of agriculture on each month. But why doe we need such a system and how can we use is efficiently? Because we will have to control everything with a management center, this center will have this data so that it will control the spending of rainwater storage and other resources on agriculture on each month. That is what we talk about when we say â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;intelligent management of waterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

First of all, when I search about the biggest droughts of the world, I found out that in all the droughts what communities first intended to do was trying to understand which system was effecting their water consumption at most and then trying to find solutions for misuses of water. In all the communities it was clear that the biggest consumption was agriculture, the biggest consumption in agriculture was livestock agriculture, therefore people were trying to create awareness first, about how much water our one serving of beef consume before coming to our tables. The campaigns, videos, infographics were shocking, because water consumption of 1 kg of beef was hundreds of thousands of times of water consumption of 1 kg of vegetables. This research also leaded our system to choose an agriculture without livestock and a diet which is vegan. Second of all, after deciding that we do not grow animals on our land, we needed to find out a good and nutricious diet for vegan community. Here we chose some basic crops depending on their nutritionsi but it was only the beginning because later on we needed to examine their water need and how much thirsty they are. 8

[SEASONALITY]

Annual Cycle of Common Crops * depending on their water need best choice good alternative thirsty crops

MBER

DECE

LETTUCE

BROKOLI

JANU

ARY

POTA

TOES CEL

ERY KA

B EM

FE BA

V NO

BER

SEPT

SSE BRU

ES SWEET

POTATO

CARROTS

WBER

FIG

CHER

RIES

BLU

TER

PEACHES

LON

BELL

G AU

PLU

APPRICOTS

RRIE

STRING

BEANS

PEPP

ERS

EGGPLANT

LOUPE

CANTA

UMB

CUC

JULY

ATO

TOM

JUNE

EBE

APRIL

STRA

S PLE

PUMPKINS

PEA

PRO

UTS

OCTO

RRIE

S ASPARAGUS

NBE

CRA

ARTICHOKE

AVOCAD

EMBE

PEA

UIT PEFR ORANGE LEMO

GRA

MARC

ACH

SPIN

UIT

IFR

KIW

WATER

RUA RY FEB

JANUA

Spinach

CH M AR

l gu a

Garlic

e Kal

r Co

u Ar

Ar ti

Sw i

[CROPS OF 25.000]

RIL

ard

Okr a

Bitte

Y MA

r Melo

n JUNE

Dates

Olives

JULY

fruit

Grape

AUGU S

erry

rr y

s pe er

a Gr

SOY

S BEAN

NUT S

elo n

EMB NOV

DECEMB

Wa ter m

n Cra

St raw b

eb oos

[WATER FOR CROPS OF 25.000]

M 08 1.4 1.76 ^3

1.14 9.7 71 M^ 3

1.176.563 M^3

7 .86

1.79

1.72

6.19

8 1.96

1.790.867 M^3

10 1.968.843 M^3

3 .84

11 1.86 8.7 28

09 06

^3 3M 95 25.

1.8

953

25.

1.8

1.825.953 M^3

WATER DEMAND OF AGRICULTURE ON EACH MONT IS REPRESENTED ON THE GRAPHIC ABOVE. THIS ANALYSIS WILL BE AN IMPORTANT INPUT FOR OUR INTELLIGENT WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

[RAINFALL OF 1KM-1KM]

WATER

UV LIGHT

WATER TANK

DOMESTIC USE

AGRICULTURAL USE GREEN ROOF

NDUSTRIAL FILTER

PUMPS

NATURAL FILTERS

WATER RESERVOIR

for this infographic) rainwater actually is an important source of supply.

100% OF RAINWATER IS MANAGED

Here above, we see the distributed system of green roof rain water collection and storage and we can see that it is a well distributed system. Rainwater actually is a system that has collection center per small block. Because throughout our research we saw that taking care of different reasons, this is the most efficient system for its maintenanceTherefore it is a very local system compared to other ones.

Rainwater looks like a small input when we consider the total withdrawal of water from natural resources, however as we see on the following page as well, when we consider individual consumption of our daily life activities (washing mashine use as an example chosen to visualize 12

[WASHING MASHINE OF 25.000]

[ WATER OF 25. 000 ] WASHING MACHINE WATER DEMAND RAINFALL ON WATER ROOFS

THIS GRAPHIC REPRESENTS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WASHING MASHINE WATER DEMAND AND MONTHLY RAINWATER COLLECTED THROUGH THE HARD ROOF SURFACES OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD, HERE WE CLEARLY SEE THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO COVER OUR WASHING MASHINE DEMAND TOGETHER WITH OTHER SUPPLIES ONLY BY RAINWATER FROM A SPECIFIC TYPE OF SURFACE!

WATER

[DISTRIBUTION OF SYSTEMS]

Wetlands

WWTPs

Rain from Roofs

Rain from Streets

5 DIFFERENT DISTRIBUTION FOR 5 DIFFERENT WATER SYSTEM Second of all waste water treatment plants are located at the center of each superblock, because as a result of scale research of treatment centers, it was obvious that smaller scale treatment centers are much more advantageous than big urban scale treatment centers, when we look at the examples of treatment centers in northern europe which work efficiently for eco-neighborhoods, we saw that they applied this system for per 25003000 people scale. Therefore we chose to apply it for our superblocks, and after some research through companies, we saw that it is also good for the maintenance of such complicated systems so it is advantageous for long term as well. WWTPs receive both grey and black water to their system and treat them seperately. While only black water treatment center is WWTPs for greywater we have another system as well.

We need different systems in order to manage different urban water recycling, reusing and distributing systems. We have as inputs to our system, rainwater and renewable freshwater, as demand, domestic use, municipal outdoor use and agricultural use and as outputs we have black and grey wastewaters. First of all we planned detailly the collection of rainwater because it is such a precious resource for domestic and agricultural use. Rainwater is collected from two different types of surfaces, first from green roofs, second from streets. Collection from green roofs is a well known and widely used system however collection from streets is as important and critical as roof collection. Flood is one of the most common disasters for urban areas around the world, because the lack of well designed rainwater drainage infrastructure, leads rainwater to mix with wastewater flow, since the capacity of drainage is not calculated by taking the rainwater into account, mostly these two flows coming together exceeds the capacity of drainage and owerflow to streets and in the buildings. Therefore we needed two different rainwater collection, storage and distribution system for our neighborhood and their capacity is calculated by the sqm of green roofs and hard urban ground surfaces, and their water catchment per months.

Finally the other greywater treatment system is a natural one, Wetlands, we have 6000 sqm area of wetlands on each quarter of our neighborhood, they receive pre treated greywater to their system and treat the water during time by their natural species, it provides bio-diversity to our system and water in city has a good impact on recreational system of surrounding.

WATER

A LOOK AT PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD BUT ESPECIALLY THE DISTRIBUTION OF MAIN ABOVE GROUND WATER SYSTEMSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; DISTRIBUTION Wetland 1

WWTP

Wetland 4 Wetland 2

As I mentioned above, 1km-1km neighborhood includes 16 superblocks, and each superblock has a waste water treatment center which is represented as blue. Black squares represent wetland distribution as it is seen on the image, they are distributed as 1 per quarter of the neighborhood.

A LOOK AT PHYSICAL APPEARANCE OF OUR WWTPs AND WHICH KIND OF STEPS WATER PASSES THROUGH DURING THE RECYCLING PROCESS

Preliminary Sedimentation

Skimming Tank

Primary Settling

Sludge Thickener

Sludge Dehydration

Sand Settling Basin BIOGAS PRODUCTION Biological Reactor Secondary Settling

WWTPs are represented as a system above. Here we can see that the water first passing through tanks that seperate it from the pollutians and then sludge as a ‘waste’ output of the system is actually used as an input for energy production. Biogas is produced by the black waste water of our urban system.

WATER

[0 WASTE WATER CIRCLE]

Rainfall

Domestic Use Rain on Roof

WWTPs + Biogas

Freshwater

Wetlands

Rain Tank

Waste Water Treated Water

341.625 M^3 227.750 M^3 170.812 M^3 284.687 M^3

Representation of 0% waste water cycle is above, there we see the main sectors that consume water in our sector and we also see the distribution in the sectors, such as domestic use as showers, washing mashines, toilets and sinks, waste water as black and grey waste water, treated water as potable and non potable and rainwater collection and distribution. This is the summary of our water management system. 18

0 % WASTED WATER CYCLE Here in the water layer we tried to explain which kind of analysis, calculations we have made and in the end which kind of systems and distributions we chose for our system. As we mentioned before, water is a layer that is connected all other infrastructural and even social systems of the urban areas. As we mentioned detailly above, water-food is directly related and working as holistic system. Water and matter is also interrelated since matter actually defines our way of industry and relationship with waste products. Water energy co-relation is a well-known and accepted relation. Since water is such a connected system it was hard to define the input-output, demand-waste relationship of our neighborhood.

Second of all we needed to consider the unstability of rainwater capacity of our system, rainwater capacity is calculated for different types of surfaces and different timelines. There we could see on each month how much rainwater we have ready to use. In the end we had a research about the distribution of different kind of recycling and treatment facilities. They needed to have different scales depending on their efficiency. And as a final note, we also use black waste water as an input for our energy production system.

We have been creating a new urban system, a system that produce its own things, foods, energy and is eventually not dependent as todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s communities to outside economies. The biggest aim of our system was creating a zero waste community. We eventually are depending on nature for our water, energy, food infrastructure however our aim is being independent and self sufficient in terms of economy, production, recycling and distribution. Because if we can create such a neighborhood, it is possible to imagine a new city.

To sum up our research on water, we started the process with a quick historical review and saw the interventions of different communities all around the world on water systems. Water demand-waste relationship was quite different for each economical system and each geoghraphy and climate. Therefore it was hard for us to take one place as an example. We started by defining the diet of our people, water-crop relationship as we mentioned above detailed. Then we needed consider the unstability of water demand of agricultural system. Therefore we analyzed different agriculture types and their dependancy on seasonality. The ones which are effected by seasons changed the demand of water for each months.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Facilities are those basic services that satisfy specific indi-

vidual or community needs: religious, cultural, social, health,

sport, education, communication, recreation, public administration, safety and security.â&#x20AC;?

Roman Era. Baths of Caracalla, Rome

Urban Planning

The history of urban facilities is linked to the history of the city.

Cities were born to perform complex functions related to the social organization and every function was associated to a specific public space.

EVOLUTION OF FACILITIES IN BARCELONA The proposal for facilities in the prototype is based on the study of facilities in Barcelona, our city reference. Over four decades population in the metropolitan area of Barcelona has remained almost stable, meanwhile the number of facilities has tripled. The population of the metropolis in 1975 was 3 million people and facilities were more than 1.800. In 2015 population was 3.2 million people and facilities almost 6.000. In the last fifty decades, facilities in Barcelona passed through different phases. From the centralized facilities during the dictatorship, to the decentralization of facilities in the eighties, coinciding with the democracy. The aim of the new municipalities was to give to each neighborhood some facilities at neighborhood level, like libraries, sport centers, cultural centers and, very characteristic of this period, civic cen 5

ters, as places of participation. In the nineties facilities were concentrated in specific areas of the city, as new centrality area. During this years were built most of the more important cultural facilities of the city: Macba and Cccb art museums, the National Theatre and the Music Auditorium, between others. Starting from the financial crisis of 2008 and coinciding with the rise of Information Technologies in society, some facilities began to be replaced by services (for example postal and municipal offices). In the near future new paradigms will influence the evolution of facilities: sharing (time, space, services), interchange (goods, knowledge, services), network (cultural, social , collaborative) and distance facility (e-learning, e-doctor).

Through the different steps of the evolution of facilities in Barcelona, markets has mantained their importance as neighborhood facilities.

Facilities are commonly defined by standards.

CHARACTERISTISCS

Not traditional standards for facilities are expressed in the last two rows of the table: e-facility and temporary. The first refers to the concept of

health, for example) could be offered by privates.

Urban Planning

TYPE OF FACILITIES

In the table about the characteristics of facilities are expressed the main standards for facilities in the prototype (excluding city level facilities).

distance facility (e-education, e-health, e-commerce, etc.) and the second explain if the facility can work also in a temporary mode, in specific moments of the day or of the week (night or weekly markets,) or in a no permanent location (pop-up facilities).

The proposal for facilities in the case-study neighborhood includes traditional categories: educational, social and cultural, sport, health, commercial and production, administrative, security and religious facilities.

Area (size of the facility, expressed in m2) and distance (influence รกrea, expressed in meters or minutes walking) are one of the most important standards in the planning of facilities. Distribution refers to the location of facilities (one or various locations) according to the scale of the facility. Age group category express the type of age group that the facility serves. Some facilities requires an indoor space and others are locate outdoor in public open space. Most of the facilities are public, but in some cases (education and 7

In the self sufficient neighborhood facilities are divided in four level: city, neighborhood, hyperblock and block level. An hospital and a biomedical research center are the two facilities at city level. Most of the facilities are at neighborhood level, generally located in one center that serve all the neighborhood, but in some cases are distributed also in other levels. Facilities at hyperblock level are basically educative and sport facilities. At block level are located the facilities that serve only some blocks in the neighborhood. 6

Urban Planning

AREA This graph indicates the provision of different types and categories of facilities in the neighborhood. Facilities cover a total area of 97.500 m2, that means 3,9 m2 of facilities per person. Educational, sport and commercial-production facilities are the one that require more space : 8

40.600 m2 for nursery, primary, secundary and other types of schools, 23.400 m2 for sport centers, sport fields, a sport camp and playgrounds and 14.200 m2 for markets and fab labs.

Urban Planning

DISTANCE Each facility has a different radius of influence, according to its scale of service. The distance from each point of the neighborhood to the different facilities is expressed in meters or minutes walking. Facilities with the smallest radius of influence are nursery school and playground (250 m â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 5 min), from 500 to 600 meters distance (10 minutes walking) have to be located facilities at hyperblock level (primary school, kids center, old age 10

center) and the rest of facilities possess a radius of influence between 600 and 800 meters (12-16 minutes). Neighborhood level facilities are divided in two groups: diary use facilities, from 600 to 700 meters distance (e.g., market, secundary school, religious center) and not diary use facilities, between 700 and 800 meters (e.g., sport camp, municipal office, police station). Finally, city level facilities can be located at more than 1.000 m distance from each point of the neighborhood, as they serve the whole city.

DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY Facilities are distributed in the prototype following four different strategies, according to the four scales of facilities. City level facilities are located close to the perimetral roads, which provide the fast connection between neighborhoods in the city. Neighborhood level facilities are located in the central part of the neighborhood and close to its main roads, since they require an easy access from each point of the area. Specifically, this group 11

of facilities is distributed along the diagonal that connects city level facilities, the main green area of the neighborhood and the central road intersection, that is the civic center of the district. Hyperblock level facilities are located in the central part of each hyperblock, close to its main roads intersection. Finally, block level facilities are distributed through the neighborhood, in the ground floor of residential buildings and close to pedestrian paths.

USES DISTRIBUTION PLAN

Urban Planning

DISTRIBUTION PLAN

Educative is also the main category at hyperblock level, thus nursery, primary and secondary schools are mainly located in the center of each hyperblock.

Considering all levels of facilities, the main categories are educative and health, due to city level facilities, university and hospital, that take 110.000 m 2 (the rest require 95.000 m 2).

The four groups of facilities present a distributed location through the neighborhood, according to the strategy defined for each scale of facilities. The size of the plot is also varied, because of the level of each facility. Other rule for the position of facilities in the neighborhood is the proximity to public spaces, green spaces or squares.

Mix-use facility buildings are distributed along main roads in the neighborhood and close to the central intersection. This central place is the main civic space in the neighborhood, where are located some of the most important community facilities: market, fab lab, religious center, municipal and postal office, community center, multimedia library, kids, youths and old age center, sport and health center.

Urban Planning

RELATIONS BETWEEN FACILITIES The study of relations between facilities explains the level of connection among different uses, in order to define groups of facilities to be located in the same building. Four criteria determine the strongest connections between facilities. The first criterion is category: facilities in the same category are better related than facilities in other categories (i.e., security facilities: police and fire station). Another criteriaon is users: same kind of users (i.e., children are users of primary school and kids center) for different facilities means a strong connection between them. Also complementarity of functions is a factor of connection among facilities (i.e., a kids center together with sport center help fathers in practicing sport). The last criterion is the frequency of use: daily use facilities, like market and religious center are more connected between them than with a not daily use facility, 14

like police station. Users go daily to these facilities, so they work better if are located in the same building. In the general graph about relations between facilities the level of connection is expressed by the thickness of the line that join two facilities. The color of the circle of each facility indicates the category of the service and the size of the circle symbolizes the area of the facility. Analyzing the relations of each facility with others, evidence that educative and cultural-social facilities are the best connected, as well as sport center, market and religious center.

OLD AGE CENTER

MULTIMEDIA LIBRARY

NURSERY SCHOOL

MARKET

SPORT CENTER

COMMUNITY CENTER

PRIMARY SCHOOL

FAB LAB

SPORT FIELDS

KIDS CENTER

SECUNDARY SCHOOL

MUNICIPAL OFFICE

SPORT CAMP

YOUTHS CENTER

OTHER SCHOOL

PLAYGROUND

RELIGIOUS CENTER

POLICE STATION

FIRE STATION

POST OFFICE

Urban Planning

five mix-use facilities buildings.

The proposal for facilities in the prototype defines

center of the neighborhood join sport and health facilities: an health center share building with an old age center, a sport center and sport fields.

The third hybrid building located near to the

HYBRID FACILITIES BUILDINGS

Three of them are located close to the main roads

Other two hybrid buildings of facilities are located along the main roads of the neighborhood: a security center (police and fire station, indoor

center).

The building is placed beside the sport camp of the neighborhood.

intersection. The main market in the neighborhood shares building with another commercial facility, fab lab. Religious center is also close to the market, because of the relation between food and religion. Other civic functions are placed together with

sport fields) and a center that gathers young and old people (nursery and primary school, old age

religious and commercial facilities: community center, municipal and postal office. Another mix-use building is located in front of the hybrid market. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a center where cultural facilities are together with young people facilities. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s composed by a multimedia library, an educative center, a youths and a kids center.

Housing

Residential Space Per Person*

the social structure, which brings up the question of household types and their relationship with their dwellings. The two diagrams above are references to physical aspect of our research. The first diagram shows the different amounts of residential space per person around the world. It is evident that, the countries that have higher density, have smaller

45m2 57m2 60m2 76m2 81m2 83m2 95m2 97m2 109m2 112m2 126m2 112m2 181m2 201m2 214m2

HK 15m2 GREECE 22m2 ITALY 31m2 CHINA 33m2 UK 33m2 JAPAN 35m2 SPAIN 35m2 SWEDEN 40m2 FRANCE 43m2 GREECE 45m2 GERMANY 55m2 DENMARK 65m2 CANADA 72m2 USA 77m2 AUSTRALIA 89m2

Average New Home Size*

HONK KONG RUSSIA CHINA UK ITALY SWEDEN JAPAN SPAIN GERMANY FRANCE GREECE DENMARK CANADA USA AUSTRALIA

Housing, as a built realm and one of the main sources of consumption in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood, is a topic that varies around the world by its size, type and condition. As we started to discuss about housing layer of the neighborhood, we classified our research and strategy to two parts. First, the physical structure which refers to its size and number of bedrooms, and second, *Source:www.shrinkthatfootprint.com

2 BR

3 BR

61 m27 270 m2 74 m2

House Size Standards

50 m2

UK STANDARDS

37 m2

1 BR

UN HEALTHY HOUSING GUIDE 1988;

2 BR

3 BR

86 m2 95 m2

3 BR

4 BR

3 BR

90 m2 99 m2

3 BR

4 BR

After the research of different averages for the house sizes around the world, it was crucial to find the global standards for norms for the housing units of the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype. The two standards that we took into consideration were UK Standards and UN Healthy Housing Guide 1988. In terms of the requirements for the size of the apartments and the number of people who can live in those apartments, the standards of UN Healthy Housing Guide 1988 is at its minimum and very outdated. On the other hand, it was more appropriate to use the standards of UK since it is the most updated and optimized compared to older standards. However, in some cases, we also had to optimize some of the standards to manage the density of the people and quality of living in the units of Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype.

4 BR

51.6 m2 56.5 m2 60.5 m26269.2 m2 76.2 m28280.2 m2 86.7 m29293.7 m2 97.7 m2 2 BR

amount of residential space per person. For Example, Honk Kong and Italy have 15m2 and 31m2 residential space per person respectively, while Australia and Canada have 89m2 and 72m2 residential space per person respectively. A similar condition is also obvious when it comes to average new home sizes around the world. Average new house size in USA is 201m2, which is much higher than the average new house size in Europe, such as Italy (81m2) and Spain (97m2). One of the main reasons for this disproportion is the large detached single-family houses in the suburbs of American cities. As they have more have space to build, houses gets bigger and consumes more of natural resources. In contrast, as European cities get denser because of the high rate of urbanization, and the houses gets smaller, which becomes the main reason for the disproportion of sizes between different countries.

Housing

55 m2

70 m2

90 m2

4 PEOPLE

20 m2 per person

5 PEOPLE

(COUPLE, ADULT, 2 KIDS)

16.6 m2 per person

6 PEOPLE (2 COUPLES 2 ADULTS)

100 m2

For instance, a studio apartment ranges from a student residence of 14m2 in Barceloneta to a 30m2 studio apartment in Del Poblenou. To see this kind of range is important to think about the efficiency of small studios and apartments, and also It brings up the question of shared housing in dense urban conditions. Is it more efficient to live in a small apartment or shared house?

As the research became more defined, we decided to become even more specific and look at our surrounding and understand the reality of housing units in Barcelona by its size and number of habitation. We picked 6 different apartment types; Studio, 1 Bedroom, 2 Bedroom, 3 Bedroom, 4 Bedroom and 5 Bedroom or more. These apartments are selected randomly within urban boundaries of the city. For each apartment type, we also picked 3 different sizes, small, medium, and large, to understand relationship between different apartment sizes with same number of bedroom. This was also important to comprehend to make a relationship between our built physical environment and the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype.

Carrer de Sicilia L’EIXAMPLE

90 m2

Apartment Size Analysis in Barcelona

Carrer del Beat Simó BARRI GOTIC

4 BEDROOM

33 m2

1 BEDROOM

1 PERSON

22.5 m2 per person 2 PEOPLE (COUPLE)

27.5 m2 per person

2 PEOPLE

3 BEDROOM

3 PEOPLE

23.3 m2 per person

17.5 m2 per person

4 PEOPLE (COUPLE WITH 2 ADULTS)

18 m2 per person

5 PEOPLE (COUPLE WITH 3 KIDS)

Granada del Penedes VILA DE GRACIA

STUDIO

Carrer Atlántida BARCELONETA

Gerard Piera SANTS-MONTJUIC

Rossend Nobas EL CLOT

Sagrera SANT MARTI

Calle Bordeus LES CORTS

45 m2

22.5 m2 per person

14 m2

30 m2

55 m2

60 m2

65 m2

Carrer Sant Miquel BARCELONETA

33 m2 per person

1 PERSON (STUDENT)

25 m2 per person

1 PERSON

30 m2 per person

1 PERSON

2 BEDROOM

2 PEOPLE

27.5 m2 per person

20 m2 per person

3 PEOPLE (COUPLE WITH KIDS)

16.3 m2 per person

4 PEOPLE (2 COUPLES WITH KIDS)

25 m2

14 m2 per person

Apartment Size Analysis in Barcelona

Pg. Salvat Papasseit BARCELONETA

Carrer Sant Jacint EL BORN

Carrer Espronceda PROVENÇALS DEL POBLENOU

Toc de Mar BARCELONETA

Bruniquer GRACIA

Carrer de Roger de Flor L’EIXAMPLE

Jonqueres EL BORN

Gran Via Corts Catalanes L’EIXAMPLE

Via Laietana BARRI GOTIC

5+ B E D R O O M

25 m2 per person

6 PEOPLE (2 COUPLES 2 ADULTS)

24.2 m2 per person

7 PEOPLE (2 COUPLES 3 ADULTS)

20,9 m2 per person

11 PEOPLE (3 COUPLES 5 ADULTS)

150 m2 (5 BR)

170 m2 (6 BR)

230 m2 (9 BR)

The three different apartments that we picked for 1 bedroom apartment, ranges between 33m2 to 55m2. In this case, it was important to understand the different numbers for the residential space per person. A one bedroom apartment can be habitable by either a person or couple. But it is obvious that, the space needs for a person and couple would be different in a one bedroom apartment while having a sufficient amount residential space per person.

The other important aspect of this particular research is to understand the nature of shared housing in Barcelona. That’ why, we also looked for apartments that have five bedroom or more and also shared service spaces, such as bathroom, kitchen or laundry room. The three apartments that we picked, are 5 bedroom(150m2), 6 bedroom(170m2) and 9 bedroom(230m2) apartment in dense locations of Barcelona. Consequently, the residential space per person decreases as the number of people in the house increases. It is evident that the residential space per person should remain same even if the number people and bedrooms increase.

Housing

% 8.8 A Women 16-64

% 6.6 A Female

% 10.4 A Woman 65+

%3 A Man 65+ %2 A Woman(16+) with one or more lower

% 18.7 Married Couple with children

% 18.5 Married Couple Family

% 12.9 Two Adults 16-64

% 8.6 A Man 16-64

Household Structure Around the World

BARCELONA

NEW YORK

% 12.5 A Female with children

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE

% 3.6 Five Adults and more % 3.2 % 3.5 Four Adults Two Adults(35+) and two 16-34 % 7.8 Three Adults % 1.9 Two Adults(35+) with one 16-34 and less % 6.1 Two Adults(35+) with one 16-34 % 0.9 Two Adults three or more children % 4.9 Two Adults two children % 5.7 Two Adults one child % 14.7 Two Adults one at least 65+

% 23.6 Non-Family with on or more 65+

% 15,08 Non-Family % 2.3 A Male with children % 2.8 A Male

A similar research that was done for the physical aspect of the housing layer for the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype, another research that we have done, is the social aspect of our neighborhood. The second part of the housing research is about the type and distribution household structures around the world. The research has started with the selection of different metropolis around the world, which represents differentiation of social behaviors in terms of household structures. The cities that were picked are Barcelona(Europe), New York City(America), and Honk Kong(Asia). We also researched the European Union(27) average household structure to understand the common household concepts in Europe and the relationship within each other. 6

% 14.15 Relatives

% 16.6 One Person

% 11.6 Alone parent with children

% 4.4 Lone Parent with one adult children %4 Lone Parent with two children %4 Couple with two adult children %5 Couple with one adult child % 8.4 Couple with three children

% 8.4 Couple with two children

% 10.4 Couple with one child

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE

% 2.8 Other

HONK KONG

%2 Non-Relative

% 3.2 Extended Family

EU-27 HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE

% 11 Couple at least one 65+

% 17.07 Couple

% 13 Single Person under 65+

% 38.4 Couple with children

% 17.4 Single Person under 65

% 13.1 Couple under 65

When we look at the household structure of Barcelona, we can see that majority of the households consist of single person households and couples, which are differentiated by their age and sex. There are also important amount of household structures of couples with children and single parents. On the other hand, %67 of households in Honk Kong are couple are couples and family with children. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why in Honk Kong, there almost no single person households. In New York City, it is interesting to see that almost the quarter of the households are non-family households with one person above 65 years old. In EU-27 household structure, %30 of households are single person households above and below 65 years old.

Household Structure of Self Sufficient Neighborhood

% 17.8 Five Adults (16-64)

Another important part of our household structure are the couples who rent a bedroom in their apartments with Airbnb, which is a trending tourist accommodation method in a contemporary city of today and future that offers a more domestic experience for tourist accommodation.

strategies, which is shared housing. So no one is living alone, but sharing apartments in our neighborhood to optimize the energy consumption, manage the density of the housing and to generate different levels of social interaction. Same strategy is also applied for student housing. Students, which represents %10.7 of our households structure, are share apartments with other students.

SELF SUFFICIENT NEIGHBORHOOD HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE

% 10.7 Students

% 3.1 Single Parent %1 with two children % 4.1 Single Parent with three children Single Parent with one child % 12.9 % 0.6 Five Adults (65+) Couple with three children % 7.2 Couple with two children

% 13.3 Couple with one

% 3.6 Couple (Airbnb)

% 25.7 Couple

The household structure of the Self-Sufficient Neighborhood consists of 11 different types of household structures, which are couples, couples who does Airbnb, couple with one child, couple with two children, couple with three children, single parent with one child, single parent with two children, single parent with three children, students, five adults that are between 16 and 64 years old, and five adults that are 65 years old or more. As you can see on the graph above, which shows the distribution of different households structures in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype, there is no single person household. This conditions brings one of our main housing

Housing

1 BR 50 M2

COUPLE WITH ONE CHILD

COUPLE

3 BR 86 M2

2 BR 70 M2

SINGLE PARENT WITH THREE CHILDREN

SINGLE PARENT WITH TWO CHILDREN

SINGLE PARENT WITH ONE CHILD

7 BR 175 M2

5 BR 125 M2

SHARED HOUSING AGES 65+

SHARED HOUSING AGES 16-64

Households and Apartment Types

2 BR 70 M2

4 BR 99 M2

TOURIST

TOURIST AND COUPLE(Airbnb)

As you can see the diagram on the left, the distribution strategy is different for each housing category. Family Housing units are located closer to green spaces and more pedestrian areas. On the other hand, Shared Housing and Tourist Accommodation units are located around the perimeter which is more urban and closer to public transportation. Only exception in shared housing is the apartments for 65+, which exists closer to central green spaces and more pedestrian areas.

TOURIST ACCOMMODATION

2 BR 70 M2

HOTEL ROOM 29 M2

SHARED HOUSING

SHARED HOUSING STUDENTS

COUPLE WITH TWO CHILDREN

COUPLE WITH THREE CHILDREN

3 BR 86 M2

4 BR 99 M2

FAMILY HOUSING Different household structures have different housing needs and requirements in a relation with their social and physical structure. The housing units of the Self Sufficient Neighborhood is categorized in three parts; Family Housing, Shared Housing and Tourist Accommodation. Each of them consists of different apartment types with different household structures. Family Housing units contain couple with children, single parent with children and couple. Shared Housing units consists of people, who could normally live alone but share apartments in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood. These people are between 16 and 64 years old, 65 years old or older, and students. They live in 5 bedroom and 7 bedroom shared apartments. Half of the need for tourist accommodation is achieved by hotel rooms, and the other half is by couples in 2 bedroom apartments, who rent the extra bedroom in their apartment.

COUPLE 1 BR

COUPLE + 1 CHILD SINGLE PARENT + 1 CHILD SHARED HOUSING 65+

COUPLE (Airbnb)

SINGLE PARENT + 2 CHILDREN

SHARED HOUSING STUDENTS

Distribution of Apartment Types in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood

HOTEL ROOM COUPLE + 3 CHILDREN 4 BR SHARED HOUSING 16-64

COUPLE + 2 CHILDREN 3 BR

SINGLE PARENT + 3 CHILDREN

Housing

4 BR

3 BR

2 BR

4 BR

3 BR

2 BR

1 BR

2 BR

HOTEL ROOM

125m2

99m2

86m2

70m2

99m2

86m2

70m2

50m2

70m2

29m2

X 630

X 870

X 63

X 250

X 500

X 150

X 438

X 1084

X 3138

X 250

X 438

COUPLE WITH THREE CHILDREN

COUPLE WITH TWO CHILDREN

COUPLE WITH ONE CHILD

750

1750

3250

COUPLE (Airbnb)

COUPLE

SINGLE PARENT WITH ONE CHILDREN SINGLE PARENT WITH TWO CHILDREN SINGLE PARENT WITH THREE CHILDREN SHARED HOUSING FOR AGE 16-64 SHARED HOUSING FOR AGE 65+ SHARED HOUSING FOR STUDENTS

1750

6275

1000

750

250

4350

3150

2600

15,859 m2

26,875 m2

18,561 m2

7,734 m2

43,750 m2

47,031 m2

38,281 m2

Quantitative Distribution of Apartment Types in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood

5 BR

125m2

X 372

876

5 BR

175m2

TOURISTS

7 BR

98,437 m2

94,791 m2

81,249 m2

135,937 m2

196,095 m2

Housing

Single Parent with three children

To have consistent housing strategy, it is also very important to use the same distribution methods even if the blocks get bigger. As you can see on the diagram on the right, the distribution of different units within bigger blocks creates different building types, such as hybrid buildings where the shared housing units, tourist accommodation, commercial stores, and offices coexist. Another important part of the hybrid urban blocks is the units for tourist accommodation, which includes hotel rooms and 2 bedroom apartments where the couples can rent the extra bedroom with Airbnb.

Another important strategy is to distribute the shared housing for people, who are 65 years and older, evenly to each block. So most of the blocks also contain older people to not to isolate them from the families with kids. They also inhabit either the first floor or the lower floors of the blocks to have an easy access to outside and green spaces. To create these sort of adjacencies helps to trigger a different type of social interaction within the neighborhood. For example, a single parent with children can interact with older parents to create a better social environment for their children.

When the housing units get distributed throughout the Self Sufficient Neighborhood, another important condition arises, which is the adjacencies of different households within the block. Diagrams on the left show the possible different scenarios for household combinations within a smaller block. Our main strategy for the household adjacencies is not have any kind of segregation or isolation of particular households in any part of the neighborhood, but the diversity of different households types within the building and throughout the neighborhood. Thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why different households are combined within the blocks to create diversity and This strategy creates different kinds and levels of social interactions between different households. For instance, a single parent with one child can be neighbors with a family with three children, which is a very organic and natural way to create a social interaction between kids and parents.

Scenarios to Create Diversity of Household Structures Within Smaller Blocks

Shared Housing 16-64

Single Parent with two children

Couple

Shared Housing 65+

Single Parent with one child

Couple with one child

Shared Housing-Students

Hotel Room

Couple with two children

Couple (Airbnb)

Couple with three chil-

Hotel Room

Single Parent with two children

Single Parent with one child

Scenarios to Create Diversity of Household Structures Within Bigger Blocks

Couple (Airbnb)

Shared Housing 16-64 Shared Housing 65+

Single Parent with three children

Shared Housing-Students

Couple Couple with two children

Couple with one child Couple with three chil-

Housing

The connection and variation of green rooftops form alleys, passageways and small plazas within the large urban blocks, which becomes a threshold space between outside and inside of urban blocks. In addition to this, it also adds another spatial quality for the pedestrian experience on the ground level, on the upper floors but also on the rooftop of the buildings where they can connect other rooftops of the neighborhood and have inhabit rooftops as another public space.

Small patios and courtyards are created to increase the level of interaction between neighbors as they share a common outdoor. In addition to this, It also creates a direct connection to outdoor spaces and green rooftops where the food for the neighborhood is produced. This physical connection helps to create an awareness towards an understanding of food production in the neighborhood. As we create these terraces and patios, we are also able to receive sunlight to deeper parts of the building blocks, and all the units receive sufficient amount of sun exposure.

The second important strategy for the Self Sufficient Neighborhood is to have mixed typologies throughout the neighborhood. This is particularly important in order to manage the density and heights of the building blocks, but also to generate variety of spacial experiences for the people. As you can see some of the new building typologies examples of the in the neighborhood on the left, the main idea is to create terraces, patios and courtyards within the building to blocks in order to generate strong connection between different households, but also a connection between outside and inside of the blocks.

As the cities transform into new forms of habitations, new building typologies starts to appear, and become centers for food and energy production rather than just centers of consumption. Greenhouses, green rooftops, solar panels and thermal panels starts become an essential part of the new building typologies as they become instruments of production of resources in the city, which offers a new concept of living for the inhabitance of the city.

Catalogue of Mixed Typologies in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype

In order to create diversity in building typologies throughout the Self Sufficient Neighborhood, we generate terraces, patios and courtyards within the smaller urban blocks, but also modulation of units and hybrid buildings in bigger and denser urban blocks.

When the building blocks get bigger, denser and higher, green rooftops get replaced by solar and thermal panels, which can produce energy with higher efficiency due its height and exposure area. By creating different types of modulation of housing, a second layer of public spaces is created on top of the offices as a threshold between working and living. This threshold is very important to experience for inhabitants if they work and live within the same building. It is also a secondary public space or plaza, which is closer to the residences than ground level that creates transition from working to living, or the opposite.

As you can see the examples of different typologies of hybrid buildings in the neighborhood on the left, residences are located on top of the offices and commercial business. The location of the residences enables them to receive more sun exposure and better view. It also creates a level of privacy and isolation of sound from the urban street life. In some cases, the modulation of the units allows to create narrow building sections, which allows more sunlight to go deeper within the bigger blocks, and also reduce the building density.

The third important strategy for the Self Sufficient Neighborhood is to create hybrid building where different building programs (offices, commercial business, and residences) coexist in bigger urban blocks. The idea of a hybrid building is also important in order to occupy the building evenly throughout the day and keep the energy consumption consistent all the time. When a building consists of only offices or residences, a dramatic change in energy consumption and occupancy of the building occurs between day and night. In hybrid buildings, this shift can be reduced since the building is occupied evenly throughout the day. In addition to this, buildings become a new realm for contemporary social experiments.

Catalogue of Mixed Typologies in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype

Housing

53 UNITS

3398 m2

250 PEOPLE

Scenarios of Habitation in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood

332 PEOPLE

-1 BR X 24 -2 BR X 48

-1200 m2 (1 BR) -1750 m2 (2 BR) -250 m2 (5 BR) -198 m2 (4 BR)

In conclusion, the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype inhabits 25,000 people in 8453 units, which equals to 804,604 square meters of residences. The average households size is 3.0 and residential space per person is 32.2 square meters. The housing layer of the Self Sufficient Neighborhood is realized with three main strategies, shared housing for single person households, mixed typology of housing blocks, and hybrid buildings.

-48 People (Couple) -48 People (Couple with one child) -10 People (Shared Housing 65+) -18 People (Single Parent +1 child) -8 People (Single parent +3 children)

Scenarios of Habitation in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood

8529 m2

These three building diagrams show possible scenarios of blocks in the Self Sufficient Neighborhood Prototype. Each of them gives information about number of people, number of units and amount of square meters within the blocks. Three different scenarios of habitation represent different building blocks in different scales and distribution in the neighborhood. In addition to this, you can also see the different types of energy and food production systems on each block.

138 UNITS -1 BR X 81 -2 BR X 48 -3 BR X 2 -4 BR X 3 -5 BR X 4

-4200 m2 (1 BR) -3560 m2 (2 BR) -172 m2 (3 BR) -297 m2 (4BR) -500 m2 (5 BR)

-162 People (Couple) -102 People (Couple with one child) -8 People (Couple with three children) -28 People (Single Parent +1 child) -12 People (Single parent +3 children) -20 People (Shared Housing 65+)

-12,000 m2 (5 BR) -7525 m2 (7 BR)

139 UNITS 19,525 m2 781 PEOPLE -5 BR X 96 -7 BR X 43

-480 People (Shared Housing 16-64) -301 People (Shared Housing Students)

The first block inhabits 332 people from 6 different households, in 5 different apartment types, which adds up to 138 units in 8529 square meters. This block produces food from the green rooftops and greenhouses, which is made of transparent solar panels to generate energy. The second block is located on the perimeter of the neighborhood, which is higher and denser then the other parts,and inhabits 781 people in two different housing types;shared housing for students and shared housing for the people between 1664 years old. It generates energy with solar and thermal panels, and produces food in the greenhouses. The third block inhabits 252 people in 53 units, and produces energy with solar and thermal panels, and food with green rooftops.

Housing

SELF SUFFICIENT NEIGHBORHOOD PROTOTYPE

25,000 PEOPLE

8453 UNITS

804,604 m2

32.2 m2 RESIDENTIAL SPACE PER PERSON

SHARED HOUSING MIXED TYPOLOGIES HYBRID BUILDINGS 18

Intro Mobility describes the ability of people and goods to move around an area, and in doing so to acess the essential facilities, communities and other destinations that are required to support a decent quality of life and a buoyant economy. Mobility incorporates the transport infrastructure and services that facilitate these interactions.

A TAXONOMY OF URBAN MOBILITIES

URBAN MOBILITY

PENDULUM MOVEMENTS

Urban transportation is organized in three broad categories of collective, individual and freight transportation.

These are obligatory movements involving commuting between locations of residence and work. They are highly cyclical since they are predictable and recurring on a regular basis, most of the time a daily occurrence, thus the term pendulum.

Movements are linked to specific urban activities and their land use. Each type of land use involves the generation and attraction of a particular array of movements. This relationship is complex, but is linked to factors such as recurrence, income, urban form, spatial accumulation, level of development and technology. Urban movments are either obligatory, when they are linked to scheduled activities (such as home-to-work movements), or voluntary, when those generating it are free to decide of their scheduling (such as leisure). The most common types of urban movements are:

COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTATION (PUBLIC TRANSIT) The purpose of collective transportation is to provide publicly accessible mobility over specific parts of a city. The systems are usually owned and operated by an agency and access is open to all as long as a fare is paid, therefore the reason why they are called public transit. Its efficiency is based upon transporting large numbers of peple and achieving economies of scale. It includes modes such as tramways, buses, trains, subways and ferryboats.

PROFESSIONAL MOVEMENTS These are movements linked to professional, work-based, activities such as meetings and customer services, dominantly taking place during work hours. PERSONAL MOVEMENTS These are voluntary movements linked to the location of commercial activities, which includes shopping and recreation.

INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORTATION Includes any mode where mobility is the outcome of a personal choice and means such as the automobile, walking, cycling and the motorcycle. The majority of people walk to satisfy their basic mobility, but this number varies according to the city considered. For instance, walking accounts for 88% of all movements inside Tokyo while this figure is only 3% for Los Angeles.

TOURISTIC MOVEMENTS Important for cities having historical and recreational features they involve interactions between landmarks and amenities such as hotels and restaurants. They tend to be seasonal in nature or occurring at specific moments. Major sport events such as the World Cup or the Olympics are important generators of urban movements during their occurrence.

FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION As cities are dominant centers of production and consumption, urban activities are accompanied by large movements of freight. These movements are mostly characterized by delivery trucks moving between industries, distribution centers, warehouses and retail activities as well as from major terminals such as ports, railyards, distribution centers and airports. The mobility of freight within cities tends to be overlooked.

DISTRIBUTION MOVEMENTS These are concerned with the distribution of freight to satisfy consumption and manufacturing requirements. They are mostly linked to transport terminals, distribution centers and retail outlets. However, the growth of online transactions involves more freight movements being carried to residential areas. 2

MOBILITY

46.7%

30%

30% 45%

BARCELONA

BERLIN

COPENHAGEN

CURITIBA

Distribution of different modes of transport

10%

20%

50%

20%

The prototype with mixed land use allows citizen to connect with the services at a walkable distance. Therefore, percentage of journeys made per day by foot is highest. The guiding mobility principle has been to try to reduce the use of the car, where residents donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t own cars but use shared carâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s where necessary. This is matched by quality public transport, walking and cycling facilities.

real time information bike sharing

URBAN MOBILITY

SMART MOBILITY

integrated fare management

shared vehicles

[

bicycle accessibility promotion to public transport

expand the area devoted to pedestrian

decrease in number of cars-less traffic

[ [

multi-model transportation

Urban transport systems will connect transportation modes, services, and technologies together in innovative new ways that pragmatically address a seemingly intractable problem. An intelligent transport system where all vehicles and infrastructure systems are interconnected with each other. This connectivity will provide more precise knowledge of the traffic situation across the entire road network which in turn will help Optimize traffic flows, Reduce congestion, Cut accident numbers and Minimize emissions 3

MOBILITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT 50m wide road 35m wide road HORIZONTAL VERTICAL

Public transportation consists of bus service as the investment required is less and is more flexible compared to metro and trams. The service is provided on 50m and 35m wide roads connecting to other parts of city. The buseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s would travel in vertical and horizantal directions with Bus stops at intersections allowing easy transfer.

bicycle parking

50m

250m 500m

facilities

residence

350m

commercial/office High traffic areas such as shopping centers and high rise apartment buildings are conveniently located next to public transportation stations. This level of accessibility will reduced automobile dependence. 4

MOBILITY

550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

23 to 24h

22 to 23h

21 to 22h

20 to 21h

19 to 20h

18 to 19h

17 to 18h

16 to 17h

15 to 16h

14 to 15h

13 to 14h

12 to 13h

11 to 12h

10 to 11h

9 to 10h

8 to 9h

7 to 8h

6 to 7h

5 to 6h

4 to 5h

3 to 4h

2 to 3h

0 to 1h

1 to 2h

Non-motorized transport Transport public Transport private

FREQUENCY 10 min

20 min 12 JOURNEYS

2 min

10 min

510 JOURNEYS

18 JOURNEYS

TOTAL 540 JOURNEYS PER DAY FROM EACH BUS STOP

Buses on busways operate at a speed (including stops) of about 20 kph. As buses are fully segregated from other traffic, speeds appear to be controlled by bus stop spacing at about 500 m junction spacing.

SHARED BICYCLE

30-40

LONDON BARCELONA MEXICO CITY

every 1000

23.3 9.2 35.7

BIKE PER RESIDENT There should be 30-40 bikes available for every 1000 residents within the coverage area. Larger, denser cities and metropolitan regions that have a large influx of commuters into the area served by the system should have more bikes available to meet the needs of both commuters and residents during peak demand periods. LONDON BARCELONA MEXICO CITY

8.4/sq km 10.3/sq km 14.9/sq km

STATION DENSITY Providing an average spacing of approximately 250 meters between stations and a convenient walking distance from each station to any point in between. 5

MOBILITY SHARED CARS

SHARED CARS

Ratio of city residents to car Amsterdam Berlin Barcelona

3.5 res/car 3.1 res/car 2.7 res/car

1.8 res/car 1.6 res/car 1.4 res/car

Prague Vienna Rome

1 hour

Making the car part of the public transit network

10%

no of vehicles required to provide the same trips as before

New transport models made possible by mobile phones, apps, and smart card technology, like car sharing, are taking a good that sits idle most of the time and turning it into something 900 else. RESIDENTS Promote the use of electric vehicles and with alternative fuels among the citizens.

100-120 SHARED CARS

35%

peak time

Scenario for digital-age transportation autonomous car sharing

1 You call your (autonomous driving) car to pick you up

You are connected to everything you need while you travel in a car personalized for you

4 5 You are dropped at the doorstep and the car parks itself

2 You enter your destination and are dynamically routed to work based on traffic flows through the system

You car travels down an automated roadway

*pg.23 digital-age transportation

MOBILITY

ROAD NETWORK SHARED BIKE PARKING SHARED CAR PARKING VERTICAL CAR PARKING

BUS STOPS

The transport network adopts a combination grid, five types of streets with different widthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and configuration. On busways, stops are located at about 500-m spacing. The stops are designed to speed passenger handling, and fares are paid by passengers at the entry to the stop, similar to a metro. Stops for both directions are located opposite each other and at the junctions. By coupling the development of a pedestrian friendly community with an efficient low-emissions Bus system and lowering private car parking availability, reducs the overall travel of residents. Vehicles are allowed to drive in major streets to pick up and to deliver, but are not allowed to park. The car sharing offers cars for occasional use by residents, and they are parked in the vertical 20m wide roadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Vertical car parking at the periphery besides public facility, for vehicles coming from neighbouring districts. Bike share system is an integral part of the public transport system and enjoys an equal footing with buses, Combining the bicycle with public transport is a competitive alternative to cars. To combine cycling and public transport is the more sustainable way to move to medium and long distances. It is therefore interesting to adapt public transport for bicycle access by enabling secure parking for bicycles at transport stations. The internal streets will have urban quality by incorporating improvements in accessibility, reducing noise and pollution and enhancing road safety, with the possibility of increasing urban green spaces and recreational uses and activities in the streets, etc. 7

MOBILITY

History of Public Space

Public Space Case Study

Public Space Users Market Seller

Market Goer

Amateur Gardener

Communter

Local Artist

Picnic Enthusiast

Busker

Book Reader

Dog Walker

Preference of Public Space soft surface hard surface loud noise moderate sound little noise/quiet space to sleep table fresh air shelter nature sitting heat water space to clean open populated space open unpopulated space private secluded space park & charge place exposed to natural elements relax toilet

User

Tourist

Job Seeker

Child

Local Elderly

Local Teenager

Picnic Enthusiast

Office Worker

Skateboarder

BMX Rider

History of Public Space Permaculture permaculturePark park neighbourhoodPark park Neighbourhood Observation Point Urban Garden Culture Event Art Action Fitness Trail Dog Park Civil Plaza Football Field Ice Rink Urban Camp Movable Food Service Second Hand Market Movable Food Service Second Hand Market

Park & Plaza in Total:236,747 sqm.

Park: Nature

permaculture park 5 neighbourhood parks 30604 sqm.

2 observation points 2265 sqm.

29 urban gardens 43371 sqm.

Events & Leisure

7 civil plazas 14040 sqm.

32 Art Action 34030 sqm.

culture event plazas 26639 sqm.

Health & Sport

3 Ice Rink, 3947 sqm.

25 Fitness Trail /Playground 31612 sqm.

2 Dog Parks, 11047 sqm.

1 Football Field, 15162 sqm.

Amentities & Solidarity

16 Second Hand Market 15938 sqm.

2 Urban Camps, 2847 sqm.

8 Movable Food Services 9060 sqm.

Public Lighting

Public Space WIFI Radius

Elevaluation System

Urban Planning

NOTES 1. “The Shaping of Urban Society: A History of City Forms and Functions by Janet Roebuck” Review by: Richard G. Miller in The History Teacher Vol. 9, No. 2 (Feb., 1976) , pp. 333-334 Published by: Society for History Education. http://www.jstor.org/stable/49232 2. http://www.citylab.com/design/2012/02/why-places-welive-make-us-happy/1122/ 3. Urbanism: An Archivist’s Art? in Mutations. Koolhaas, Rem et al. 4. “Water management” in Report: Cities alive - 100 issues shaping future cities. Arup University. 5. “Circular economy” in Report: Cities alive - 100 issues shaping future cities. Arup University. 6. Prototype of Urbanity on https://www.anacankar.com. 7. City Resilience Framework. 2014. ARUP & Partners. pp. 6.

References - BERTAUD, Alain. RICHARDSON, Harry. Transit and density: Atlanta, the United States and Western Europe in “Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the USA”: http://courses. washington.edu/gmforum/Readings/Bertaud_Transit_US_Europe.pdf - DIEZ, Tomás. Distributed and open creation platforms as key enablers for smarter cities in “Journal of peer production”: http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-5-shared-machineshops/editorial-section/distributed-and-open-creation-platforms-as-key-enablers-for-smarter-cities/ - GEHL, Jan. - JACOBS, Jane. “Life and Death of Great American Cities” - KENNEDY, Christopher et al. Sustainable urban systems: an integrated approach in Journal of Industrial Ecology. Vol. 16. No. 6. Yale University Press. - KOOLHAAS, Rem. Whatever happened to urbanism? in S, M, L, XL - KOOLHAAS, Rem et al. Urbanism: An Archivist’s Art? in “Mutations” - KROGH JENSEN, Marianne. Space unfolded - space as movement, action and creation in “Mind your behaviour” by 3XN. pp. 80 - LAUX, Gunther. Transformation - City Morphing in “Media and urban space: understanding, investigating and approaching mediacity” ed. ECKARDT, Frank. pp. - LSE CITIES. https://lsecities.net - MILLER, Richard. Review:The Shaping of Urban Society: A History of City Forms and Functions by Janet Roebuck. In “The History Teacher” Vol. 9, No. 2 (Feb., 1976), pp. 333-334: http://www.jstor.org/stable/49232 - MONTGOMERY, Charles. The Happy City. - PERRELLA, Stephen. Hipersurfaces. - SENNET, Richard. The Open City in “Urban Age” (Nov. 2006) - VON ROSENBLADT, Bernhard. The outdoor activity system in an urban environment. In pp. 336 - 3XN. Human behaviour in “Mind your behaviour” by 3XN. pp. 57

IMAGE CREDITS 1. City as an egg - Cedric Price / Evolution of cities - Manuel Gausa 2. Network types - Paul Baran

- Report: Climate action in megacities 3.0. C40 et al. - Report: Greenest City: 2020 action plan. City of Vancouver. - Report: European common indicators. Ambiente Italia Research Center. - Report: City Resilience Framework. 2014. ARUP & Partners. - Report: Barcelona Datasheet 2012. Ajutament de Barcelona. - Report: Urban measurement 2014. ARUP & Partners. - Report: La sociedad de la información en España en 2013. Fundación Telefónica. - Report: Toolkit for Resilient Cities. Arup, RA and Siemens. - Report: Cities and energy - urban morphology and heat energy demand. LSE Cities. Report: Cities alive - 100 issues shaping future cities. Arup University.