Chicago History | December 1992

CHICAGO HIST ORY The Magazine of the Chicago Historical Society

December 1992

EDJTOR R L'SSELL L Ell' IS

Volume XXI , Number 3

ASSOClA TE EDITOR Cl. \l ' DL\ L\ .\ I\!

\\'o on

ASSISTANT EDITORS R OSDL\RY i\D,\ \ IS P.1 I RICI.\ B ER EC.. K

CO TENTS

\\' EI KERSI IE I \I ER

PUBLICATIONS ASSISTA TS R O BER I P.\ RK ER

III

4

N ICI IO LA 5 SL' II

The Merchant Prince of Cornville EMILY CLARK AN D PATRI CK A SHLEY

DESIGN ER BI LL

\I,\,

l\' 111 11 EG E:S

PHOTOGRAPHY

j OH,

27 Tunnel Vision

:\Ult.RSO ,

Jw CR.\ 11FORD Co p, r ight 1992 b, the Ch ,cago l li,torica l Societ1· Cla rk 5trcet at :S o nh Avenue Ch icago , I l. 606 1.J

DEPARTME TS 3

From the Editor

1ss , 0212-s:;.J o .\nide, appea ring in thi , jo urna l a re alh llac-ted an d ,ncle~ecl in / hllonra/. lb.1/rac/1 and ·lmnua: l h ,ton a11d l..i(,.

Foorn o1ed nrn m1)c ripl \ o f the ani c le, ap pearin g in th i, i\-,ue a re cl\ ail able fro m the Chirngo I li , 1rn ica l ';ociet) 's Pu blica tio n'\ OITICc. Cm er: l'hotogra/ih

<1 rlutrir lorn1110-

tti 1f and rnn loaded u•1th P.\ ctrua/1011 from t111111r/1. Cl!\ ICH,-23268.

20

Getting Down to Business

44 Yesterday's City

57 Book Review STEVE ROSSWURi\1

68 Index to Volume XXI

Chicago Historical Society OFFICERS Richard H. eedham, Chair Philip \V. Hummer, Treasurer W. Pau l Krauss, Vice-Chair Phi lip E. Ke ll ey, Seaeta1y Edgar D. Jannotta, Vice-Chair Ph ili p D. Block III , hmnedin.te Past Chair Ellsworth H. Brown, President and Director TRUSTEES Lerone Bennett, Jr. Philip D. Block III Lau rence Booth Charles T. Brumback Michelle L. Colli ns Stewart S. Dixon Michael H. Ebner Sharon Gist Gi lliam Mrs. Duncan Y. Henderson Ph il ip W. Hummer Richard M. Jaffee Edgar D. J a n notta Ph il ip E. Ke lley

W. Pau l Krauss Fred A Krehbiel R. Eden Martin Robert Meers Mrs. Newton . Minow Richard H. eedharn Potter Palmer Margarita Perez Gordon Segal Edward Byron Smith, Jr. James R. Thompson Dempsey J . Trav is John R. Walter

LIFE TRUSTEES Bowen Bla ir Mrs. Frank D. Mayer Mrs. Brooks McCorm ick John T. McCutc heon, Jr. Andrew McNa ll y III Bryan S. Reid, Jr. Gardner H. Stern HONORARY TRUSTEES Richard M. Daley, Mn.yor, City of Chicago Richard A Devine, President, Chicago Park District The C hicago H istorical Society is a privately endowed, independent institution devoted to col lecting, interpreting, and presenting the rich mu lticu ltui-a l history of Chicago and Illinois, as we ll as se lected areas of American hi sto,-y, to the public through exhibit io ns, programs, research co llections, and publications. It must look to its members and friends for continuing financial support. Contributions to the Society a,-e taxdeductible, and approp r iaLe recogn ition is accorded major gifts.

Membership Members hip is open Lo an)'one interested in the Societ)''s goa ls and activities. Classes of annual membership and dues are as follows: Individual, 30; Fami l)'/ Dual, 35; Swclent/Senior Citi1.en, 25. Members rccei,¡e the Society's magazine, Chicago Histo,y; Past Times, a ca lendar and newsletter; invitations Lo special events; free admission Lo the building at all times; reserved seats at films and concerts in our auditorium; and a IO percent discount on books and othe,¡ merchandise purchased in the Museum Store.

Hours The Museum is open dail)' from 9:30 .-1.M. to 4:30 P.M.; Sunday fi-om 12:00 :-:oo:-. LO 5:00 P. ,1. The Libra,-y and the Archives and Manuscripts Coll ection are open Tuesday through Satunlay from 9:30 .ut. 10 4:30 P.;11. All other research collections are open by appointment. The Society is closed on Christmas, New Year's, and Thanksgiving clays.

Education and Public Program s Gu ided Lours, slide lectures, ga ll e,-y talks, craft demonstrations, and a variety of special progra ms for all ages, from preschoo l through senior citizen, are oflered.

Suggested Admission Fees for Nonme mbe rs Adu lts, Ch il dren (6- 17), $ 1. Adm iss ion is free on Mondays.

Chicago Historical Society

3; Students ( 17-22 wiLh va lid school ID) and Sen ior Citizens, $2;

Clark Street at North Avenue

Chicago, Illinois 60614-6099

3 12-642-4600

FROM THE EDITOR The politics of art, which has laid dormant for many years, has suddenly become a powerful tool used by the Left and the Right to win the hearts and minds of the American people. Art has been thrust into the public arena as never before. The controversy over recent exhibitions has provoked citizens to reexamine their views on censorship, the public's role in making aesthetic judgment, and the social value of culture.

History has run a similar collision course with politics over the celebration of the quincentenary of Columbus's arrival in the Americas. At issue is what Columbus's voyage symbolizes to the modern world. Diverse groups with different political agendas offer a host of interpretations of Columbus's deed: he discovered the New World, he invaded a land already occupied by people, he set into motion through disease and conquest a genocide of immense proportions, he brought two ancient cultures into contact. Indeed, the Columbus debate has brought to public attention the political questions that underlay all history: Whose history will be told and who will tell it.

Americans have traditionally embraced a European interpretation of Columbus, paying homage to him through pageantry and celebration. The first organized observance of Columbus in America took place in ew York City on October 12, 1792, when the Society of St. Tammany and the Columbian Order organized a dinner and celebration in honor of the three-hundredth anniversary. Few Americans, however, recognized October 12 as a special day in the century that followed. It was not until 1893, with the opening of Chicago's World 's Columbian Exposition, that Americans participated in an elaborate national celebration.

Since then, the civic parade has become the chief expression of Columbus as a national symbol. Originally sponsored by the Italian-American community and the Knights of Columbus, the parades reinforce the schoolbook interpretation of Columbus as a daring visionary who overcame great odds to help shape the modern world. Protesters, however, challenged this vision during the recent quincentenary celebration. Alternative parades were organized, demonstrations were staged, and in Chicago, red dye was dumped in the river (inspired in part by the tradition of dying the river green for St. Patrick's Day) to symbolize the spilled blood of indigenous AmeriG:111 people who fell prey to disease and conquest.

Future parades may not draw uch strong protests, but the alternative voices of history are not likely to go away. These new interpretations have been incorporated or acknowledged in the many museum exhibitions, magazine articles, television programs, and feature films created for the quincentenary. One in particular stands out. As part of The Year of the \Vhite Bear, performance artist Guillermo G6mez-Pefia, portraying El Warrior for Gringostroika, appears with the words "Please don't discover me!" written across his bare chest. Although the image is meant to be humorous, the political message is very serious.

The need to discover one's own history and tell it to others is essential to creating a new identity. The result will be a more complex understanding of Columbus's impact on the Americas, and perhaps the traditional parade will be transformed from a salute to one man's place in history into a celebration of the potency of history to empower all people.

RL

The Merchant Prince of Cornville

by Emily Clark and Patrick Ashley

Although he gained international notoriety as a playwright, real-estate developer S. E. Gross achieved his greatest success by building affordable housing in Chicago.

In 1902, U.S. District Court Justice Christian C. Kohlsaat ruled that Edmond Rostand's world-famous play Cyrano de Bergerac was a "piracy upon" a play entitled The Merchant Prince of Cornville in "plot arrangement, situations, character, ideas, and language." The judge awarded all profits from the play to the plaintiff, Samuel Eberly Gross, but Gross waived this right, accepting only a token dollar in payment. A Chicago real-estate developer with a penchant for self-promotion, Gross may have found the international attention he received from the lawsuit more than adequate compensation.

Despite this publicity, Gross was not a successful playwright; The Merchant Prince of Cornville received only one performance and was not widely read. Cross's greatest success came as a real-estate developer in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He built more than twenty-one subdivisions and ten thousand hou es, mostly for working- and middle-class Chicagoans, in areas away from the central city. In doing so, he contributed to the stability of these Chicagoans by helping them become more self-sufficient. He al o mastered the art of promotion, i suing colorful advertising brochures and sponsoring excursions to his subdivisions for potential buyers.

Gross was born in Dauphin, Pennsylvania, on November 11, 1843, to John Custer Gross and Elizabeth Eberly Gross. He served in the Civil War, and soon after the war's end moved to Chicago, where he earned his bachelor of laws degree at the old University of Chicago in 1866. Cross's arrival in Ch icago coincided with the post-Civil \Var building boom. Industrial Chicago described the atmosphere in the city: "No sooner wa the fall of the Confederacy heralded through the streets . . . than 4

men, hitherto cautious, rushed into the arms of enterprise." Gross eagerly joined the rush and purchased property, on which he began to build houses in 1867. Even at this early stage in his rea l-estate career, Gross was confident in his business acumen and in the investment opportunities provided by the rapidly growing city. In 1868 he wrote his mother, "What I invest in real estate is pretty sure of not being lost un less the city sinks."

Chicago did not sink, but it was devastated by the Great Fire of 1871. To save his business, Gross gathered together his papers and rowed them to a tugboat in the Chicago River.

He was thus able Lo resume his business shortly after the disaster. The rebui lding of the city after the fire attracted architects and builders rrom across the nation, who 0ocked to Chicago to take advantage of the building opportunities.

The frantic pace of the city's rebuilding was checked by the nationwide depression of the mid- to late 1870s. Building and development slowed clown, and Gross, like other developers, suffered. Ile kept himself occupied by practicing law, studying literature, art, and the sciences, designing mathematical instruments, and patenting street paving systems and map improvements. On January 15, 1874, he married Emily Maude Brown. It was during this period that he claimed to have written The Merchant Prince of Cornville.

As building construction began to revive after the 1870s, Cross's career flouri hed. In the 1880s he developed several working-class Emily Clark and Patrick Ashley are assistant librarians at the Society. They recently served as co-curators of the exhibitio11 The Merchant Prince of Cornville: S. E. Gross and His Subdivisions.

I

J

Iâ&#x20AC;˘

l

I

W. W. Dmslow, illustrator o/The Wo nderful \Vizard of Oz, designed this 1895 poster.

5

Chicago History, December 1992 I II

I\U\I

Ill \lj II

,.~~,

tu whkh lh¡n

j;1

m n

ind, T hl¡

fnllu:,

of

frnlu

hi... â&#x20AC;˘dim pur-..c

rndinc:--,

I ll'':-. in t.kht tn tlw Ii, ny mH

X <,

,,

mder dw poor fdlo\\ ":-. n

;i

h,,:1rcl. hill :111d laundry, gn: :ll q11 :111d;ir~.

Cross's Horne Prime1- conlras/s virtuous Andrew, who find, /rue hapJJiness in owning a home, with s/1e11d1l11ifl Be11ja111i11, who mus/ rent a home and leads a WH'lrhed exislence.

subdivisions throughout the Chicago area , in locations such as Avondale, Humboldt Park, McKinley Park, Garfield Park, and Lake \'iew.

According to the Real &late and Building journal, Cross's subdivision New City (located southwest of the Union Stock Yards) earned its title "by its thrift and enterprise ." The area drew prospective residents from the vast pool of workers in the meat-packing plants and related industries. Gross Park, which was established in Lake View in 1883-84, catered especially to German laborers and businessmen from the nearby brickyards and the Deering Harvester works. In these developments, Gross astutely tapped into the need for affordable single-family homes for the working classes, a demand not adequately met by any other developers. According to the Chicago Globe, he devised a "plan by which [the indus6

trial classes and wage workers] , who more than any other, needed a home of their own with the independence, self respect, better citizenship and stronger manhood its acquisition would give, could secure and pay for a cottage and lot and put their savings into something permanent instead of losing sight of them forever in rent paying. " Cross's plan was to build cheaper fram e houses outside the central city, thus circumventing the postfire building ordinances. These ordinances seemed straightforward enoughthey limited construction or frame buildings within the central city-but they provoked a heated controversy among Chicagoans. Proponents claimed that not only would the ordinances minimize a repeat of the massive destruction caused by the fire , but that brick structures were cheaper and easier to maintain than frame structures. They failed , however, to consider the much higher cost of providing foundations for brick houses. Workers felt that the new regulations thwarted their attempts to own their own homes, a they were unable to aflord the brick houses that could be built within the central city. They needed to remain close to their workplaces, most of which were located within the city's limits. Gross shrewdly took advantage of this controversy by choosing sites for his subdivisions that were outside or the fire limits. These areas were becoming increasingly attractive as residential sites, as public transportation systems improved and more industries located outside of the central city. Cross's plan \\'Orked. Working-class Chicagoans appreciated the availability ofaffordable homes, particularly as Gross required only a small clown payment and low monthly mortgage payments.

After purchasing a lot, new owners had the option or building their own homes or contracting with Gross to have their homes built from the more than four hundred house plans he had available. Gross kept his homes affordable in a number of ways. He minimized construction costs by buying mass-produced materials in bulk quantities and building from standardized plans. By the mid-nineteenth century, building components such as elaborate wooden moldings , windows , and doors were mass-produced with steam-powered equipment. Buildings plans, published in cata-

Mnd11111/

l'rinc1

1

Sc~ ~ Ii u1trati'7

-. .,,.,.

......

- - -- - â&#x20AC;˘

S.E.GROSS' ENTERPRI SES

Illustrations Ji-om some of Cross 's advertising brochures, which em/Jhasize the advantages of home ownership.

7

Chicago Hist01y, December 1992

E. ORO~,

, CHJ(.,AC0.

17

ONE OF MY GROSSDALE HOUSES. PI: I(' J,; with .;o f,,,,f of yro,wd. 'fi•I .'J'>O.

1.0(' \TJo~·. '!'hi-, prnp,-rty front._ ,·on th 011 F11inll'\\' \\P, hrtWPPII ~,rn,~i<li,nncl 1':11·k \y,-,,nu,l i,,,.·,,•nndc11w hulfblmk frotn th,· 1;ro, •lalP lll'pot { l'<' plat of prop,•rty <•ll JlU.gP 10) l>F.-.(' H,Jl'TIO. ·.

i•,.J -~ ) ~ .·.:.~

•t• ..

't1hi ... h1nr-..t c·o11tain:-i H roo1us "itil p11ntr., •·•1i1111 (',o.,,.H, c-lotl11•s 1'1<"••!,i und all 111od1•r11 i111pro,·e1111•11t,.;. l t b hnilt in th,• ye,,. lw~t IIHlJIIl('l' llll<I ls hanr!. so111(•lv 111'1! ~nh t1l11ti:lll\• tiui,lwd · t hronghout. r,nx1':!;, or ;.-,:--. J-.!:, 11•,·t ufgronwl <':Ill bl' had if d<'~i rul.

TEinl ·.

r'"

rlR T •

rn It:!'! of ~rou111. ·110 (•a~ 1, balalll"l" on lon;r tl111P, , .1 J 1110111 1ly pa) l'tic,•

1,:J10 with

111e11t,.

BR.\.:--Cll 01 Fl('E A:SD no" TO Gl!:T TBl:H.E. Bn1 nc-11 Ollk1• i 11 'l'hell t n• ll11ildin;: oppo,itl' <,rn~ du I,• l lppc,1. I lp1•11 ,,,·,.ry da). Take ., B. S '! • 'I'r:ii1J,-; ln,111 1·11 1,111 ll,•pot, orn,•r \tln111 .. r. 1ol 1•anal ,1 • I·1<'l llaily 1-, n11·~ions fro111:\lai'i<lllil-1 loshol\ proptrl~

South-east cot<neff Dea,.,bot<n and ~andolph Sts.

8

Merdwn l Prince logs availab le to consume rs, we re also readily ava il a bl e . On e o f C ross's own cata logs indicates tha t so me of hi s ho use d es ig ns were taken from Shoppe/l's Modem Houses, a popular na ti o nal magaz ine. T hu s attracti ve a nd see min gly custo m-des ig ned hom es co ul d be built more chea ply, a nd Gross passed o n these savin gs to hi s clients.

T he growt h of public tra nsportatio n also made living in C ross's subdi visions attractive.

As public tra nsportation syste ms imp roved in the 1880s a nd 1890s, outl yin g a reas became ma nagea bl e for co mmu ters. (While ho rsed rawn stree tcars h ad begun ope ra ti on in C hicago as early as 1859, th e first cabl e cars d id not begin op era ti o n until 1883 . T he first eleva ted lin e ope ned in 1892.) Gross shrewdl y selected sites that were- or woul d soo n beaccess ibl e to the city by tra nsporta ti on lines, a noth er se llin g po in t he e m p has ized in hi s adve rti sin g ma terials. Not co nte nt to simply ta ke adva ntage of ex isting or proposed tra nsit syste ms in the location of his subdivisions, howeve r, Gross beca me a director a nd share holde r of th e Ca lumet Electric Railroad , which served hi s South Side subdivisio ns Da uphin Park and Ca lum et H eights. In thi s ro le, he alm ost certainl y influ e nced the routes, sc hedul es, a nd fares of th at lin e.

In additi o n, in 1887 Gross e ntered in to a pa rtn e rship with Charles T. Yerke , th e traction magna te, to develop a n additi on to Gross Pa rk . In 1889 Yerkes sued Gross fo r fa iling to uph old hi s e ncl of the ba rgain , whi ch was to subdivid e, improve, and se ll th e lots. Gross a rgued th at Yerkes, in turn , had not perfo rmed his own duti es, by neglectin g "to procu re the layin g of a street railway to the vicinity . .. [and] to procure th e runnin g of cars ofte n e nough to accomodate travel to a nd from th e vicinity ."

But buildin g a successful subdi visio n in vo lved more than select in g a n adva ntageous site a nd buil d in g inexpe nsive homes. T he land was su rveyed an d p latted ; sewer, gas, a nd water lin es (none o f whi ch we re stand ard issue o n C hi cago-area pro perty at the tim e) a nd stree tli g hts were in sta ll ed; sidewalks and roads we re la id ; a nd trees were pla nted . Afte r these improve me nts we re made-or o fte n be foreGross se t up a branch ol1i cc a t th e subdivisio n a nd bega n hi s ma rke tin g ca mpa ig n.

l\.,m llm.:-11 1"kr~: . .,£j'_- ,Lrn.,t 1111~ ~l('l.1111::o ::Orr .~1·:1 111 1,·~,,- :.::.11111111t.lf pi. .£ru•,l.1'i a,· .1,,1 l'.-p."'t l"i,,:r 1n ~l,:m1'.,n t'..:r :1t•J,111~• ::-. -:;_u~:~. ~1.t,1~

JM1hrn ~•ttil!r:· 5;1,] Jcinr J;ii,1kr. !Jl'llfii' 1

iU,1 mJ!":i:ii,l;. ~(l:'!I, ~:.~ ..

.,,Lin,·~:..~ ·,i. ... l,1:.

I.. • • ,ll·n,·1 ... , ,111,·n•.111~[ i. JI .:-t • .:.C..;.... 111

r•.:-.t;

S.

,£:Pj,'111.

:rn, fij~

11{m1,

.rt

11' ,l11 • .._. t 1, , tl• ,1111 , ;:,,

•

r

n~--...~1:1-tJ ("'~;-°"t' .. ..Ji. ,!'"--=,,;'..-7

- - - - ---

~~_.,1 0

f

-E:- ~·

ri:,. ~1. \\II! ,'IT =~•r. i,[ ll\\~I\~ 1 •r~1 , n 1·.. 11 ·-r:•1 n

•,

11, ~..,i,l'.'

s -='\

~u,~i1.

1 i·t,r ff•11•_.:-n_111..:-11.tt

wl·.'tll

:;:-1,r.-1 l

~=·

.!:.t u :\.u:~~1..-1,

::-1•·

UjJ/Josite, a11 189 I advertisement fea turing the floor /Jla11s of a Gross home, and to/J, the house as it apjJears today in Broolifield. Above, Gross a/J/Jealed to Chirngo's immigrant population i11 this German advertisement.

9

Clzirago History, December 1992

Above, Gross and /zis dog Towser, 1895. Opposite, an 1891 advertisement for an excw:,ion to Grosse/ale.

He also added major improvements lo some of his subdivisions, such as schools, train stations, and meeting halls. Many of these prominently displayed his name, such as Gross Hall in Gross Park and the Grossdale Station in Grossdale. In the latter community, he also named many of the streets for his family members and friends. He was proud of his ability to transform a wide expanse of "yirgin soil" into a prosperous, bustling community of homes and commercial buildings. \ \That truly et Gross apart was his masler-y of promotion and marketing. He was more CTamboyant in his promotion techniques than other Chicago real-estate developers of the time. To advertise the subdivisions, his office churned out colorful pamphlets, catalogs, and broadsides, which were freely di tributed to interested customers. In his pamphlet The House that Lucy Built, a young wife, attempting to better her family 's situalion, determines to buy a house. After a "lengthy conference" with a realestate representative from Cross's office, Lucy returns home "laden with circulars and pamphlets containing instructions and designs."

A cultural phenomenon that Gross cleverly manipulated in his ad,¡erti ing was the "cult of 10

domesticity." This middle-class movement idealized the home as the embodiment of stability, moral development, dedication to family , communion with nature, and protection [i-om the vices of the city. Gross exploited these domestic images by emphasizing the superiority or home ownership in his publicity. His moralistic Home Pri111er, for example, contrasts the lives of Lwo men , one a virtuous saver and the other a wastrel. The former increases his wealth and is able to buy his own home , leading to a life of contentment. The lauer, who squanders his money on riotous parties and must rent an undesirable property, leads a miserable existence.

In addition to fostering a vision of domestic utopia for the working classes, Gross targeted Chicago's immigrant population through his advertisements in foreign language newspapers.

According to the Real Estate and Building journal, "thousands of emigrants who intended to stop in the city have gone beyond because they could nol procure dwellings ... The greatest need in Chicago is cheap houses for the laboring people." Gross recognized this need, appealing to yet another set of pocemiaJ buyers.

One of Cross's most elaborate marketing schemes was his creation of "excursion days" to entice prospective buyers co his subdivisions. Gross sponsored free trains to the sites, underscoring their accessibility to the city. A resident of Grossdale at the time described these excursion days: "I le got lots of people to come out on special trains . When they got to the station ... there was nothing there for miles around, except a wagon full of beer barrels. People would haYe a few beers, then the band would play lively marches and the whole group would cheerfully march out towards [the lots] .... Once there , they were given a real sales pitch ... and signed on to buy lots."

Through these excursions, Gross created an image of himself as a magnanimous benefactor and nurtured a strong feeling of community for his subdivision.

By January 1888 Cross's busines was so successful that he and his wife moved into a mansion at 48 (now 1204) North Lake Shore Drive.

The hou e had originally been built in I 882 for James Charnley, a wealthy lumber merchant, by the architectural firm of Burnham &

Mprr/wnl Pri11c1'

A PROMINENT FEATURE OF

GRAND

S.

E . GROSS'

FREE

EXCURSIONS

are the ;iccomodations for entertaining and caring for E ,cursionists

LARGE PAVILIONS ARE ERECTED vvith

Arnple Seating Capacity Pr-otectin g Excu r-sion i sts fr-orn the Weather- .

ENTERTAINING SPEECHES ARE MADE AFTER WHICH

Am pie Ti me

is given

for

Inspection of

the Property .

11

Chicago Histmy, December 1992

To welcome him home upon hi relum fimn EuroJ1e in 1889, Cross's employees decorated his offices al RandoljJh and Dearborn streets.

12

~1

pu110.1Jh1wq ,1111 u1

JJll.lSW

p .1111 ,),)I\ ,) { 1'1 \i!'I ,)ljl I,),) 1\i 01 ljl!M p .1>1:1\i ,)l ,)J\\ I) >10d Jllll'

s1 uo1rnv111 ,;.1,111qvJ

'I) II !

l()()jl

jl !l)dlllll! II 1:

,)l, I

' ' . ,lilll'lj

,l/1101!1 ,lll'll l(J Ill! II! l,l\ <i.l,ljl ' ll -1' 1ll!lj JO 111 ' 11

' 'IJ\J

1ocl P!PILlld, 1: \l !M ,,01•)

10 'l'- ·l P ,>11''!1(1

,H!l 1.1.,0 ·,. 1 >! , .ip ,lll !! 1do 1cld1 : p111 : ,\i1•11 '\1 1.>. >1\i

.lJ1/0d ·a,1_1.10 d.lO l/S JI/IT /

pu1J /JJ.l /_s' 1w1su1_1a 111 ,111w111;.1·w1.,:J

·\i 111\,: ) 1d 001 .) 1,l\\ \\,) 11! \ ll<j ,l ll'I \,) - 11• .) I \II)

10 \ plli ' lll.lj> ,lljl '', I 1oci .11

1, lljl<> 01

\i 111p ICJ l >\ ' ' Ill) '\,) l JII \ .1q 01 ij 7J li<lll , l j>•l!JIIIII \I'll \111!,I ,)ltl(J\

l!Hji '' I ,ll)I 11'1)1 j,l.lJ 1011 pip ,>IJ •,11ocl . >1 01

\i 111p 10 l JI'

'. l,111' ),)(I

' 11 0 111 ' 11!111()11

pi ! lj . ),\l !lj Pl'I() \\ 1,l\ ,)11 <.1 q1 lllllj 1!11 111'1 lj '!'I"'

11! \ ,ll!lJO \!lj p ,lll ! IOl,ljl pi ' lj , .l ,1,(01cl111,l '-!IJ ll !ljl

,11) I 11101) '\I Ill 111:111 I' '! ,llj 11''1 I °'I'' ptll ' ' ' '

,llfO/:) fl'ifll.lllt:J ,l lj I ' IIC>! 11 :.1q. >1 , > l

,lljl ,)\l ! lj II!" p111 • Ill! ) ' '!) -llll JIJ 11 ,)111 \\.) 111\ll'I

j)l!lj \lll(HJ I ,llj I . ' . ,llllO ll ,l/\1 11!,\() I \ ., ,1: , lll ,l i,

,lljl j>, lll!j ),ljl \\0 1'. ) ,.', lJll ,lP!Jll(J) l\,l l) \i iij \ I,)\

1,)/\ .) 'II! •" '-1,)111110) 01 ,\iti!l!·l) IIIOlj \'1 11111111 ,),)(1 ,llj I p ,l<j! I i, .ip

p1 •q ,11clo. icl \"11 1!'11011 ()()() '8

·,1 !, lll' '! ·llJI II! 'lll , lliiclo1 , l,\,)jl ,)'11'11,)l)llll (JI 111!'1

' \ ,llll(JIJ , )\l'lj l 111cl (Ji \1!111111oclclo 111: 11 .l .1 !\i 11 ,l,HI

p111H(I \\o.t•) •. n!ll<> o\fo lllJ : ) ,11101111111 .11 \llj 11()

q .11 '< 1'1 ->-11, 1oq1q 0\-11• lll) ' ) p . >11:p1 >11 > 'l ·lP! 11 1•

\lll ,)I \ \\ 111:.HI

,llj I \"11 111! l ', lll'Jlipiil' l jl ',l Jl! Ill' \l'I\ \',() I') ll !lj I

IClJ l,)\ii',l \ 1,llllll!jcl ( I! l \<j j>,ll) ll'(l 1clcl1 • \I'll p111'

ll'.I

,,l'-\1'1) \'111!'1 IOI\ ,)IJ I \i ti!\li!llj

"'I

' I 11· .111 ., 11 ' 1)1 I

1111()1 ,ll jl (i88 1

j>lll' \sO I') ' (i8 8 I JO 111 ' ) j>III ! 1,lllllllll\ ,lljl ll)

, >il'P!PIII ' > 11 .11 1I \I ' 111!'1 p .111't1!t1H111 \t 11 •.i 1oq1 :· J

p,ll!'! ·' ,\.lljl ,)1 ,ll)\I ',lclo11r ,1 01 p ->j ,l\1'11 , )JIii '! 'I

' w1;Ir1 Ju \/1/'illlly , )11 I ·o\i1 :. 11q · ) 10 l().\l'lll ,l ljl 101

0111 ·,1 p .1!p111, o,p : "o") · 1u,11!,od, ,1 ' ! 11!,J . >qt

',\ ),)!

)()I.,

,)ll1 !11111)) ,llj I p111 :

' \,ll 1! ll !lj '. ) JO 111!,l IIIH o\il' l!lj '. ) ,llj I '( p! Hli.., Jl!\-'

' 'llll!H Jl !ll<l! ll'N

l

tl!>!II

Ii' l llll ,llj')

,lljl JO IOI l,l llj> I! j>III !

I"''' ·. ,11\i1•.,· I

IJ

'o\il' lll) ' ) ,llj I \itt!l>llj H11 '" I'll> \ 11 ,llll 01

p ,1\i tl(>1 ,)(1

,11 I ' \ ,)\\l'I) \\,111!\ll(j

'I

)11 ! ~1\J II) '\ 11,)/!I!) " ' ' I) 71 11!'11()\\

\i 11rn111 • \111 •1 >, HI,., '" 11 :0\"11: >! IJ ' ) H 11rn111• 110! 11'1 I I( I,) I \ !lj jl I jl f J() I ()\ '\\. l I\i \\, l l

)I

I\ \ \',() I' ) '-\'

·,.,\'11•110) \\l! I) Hll!'j 10,\\ '!'I 10 ,)t i() jlJ .) )I 1cl

j>III ! J, l!l•l}i o\i1•>!1J : ) ,ll)I \I: I) )II', '\ IIO!ll !/!111' \i ro ,li<p!I! ll !lj > II! ,l\!I ll ! '-1! ,\I , llj ',llllll ,lllll !\ ,llll I\ ' ,lllil!l'il) 11\ ,ll!l JO llOl)l !ci p111 • l(Jlll.l\lJ \i I! \I'll , >) 1 ·, 1,11110 \-1 111>1111· ·,q111 > \11ll1ho ,lljl

1\ ,)(1

j>III' l, Hld11 ,Hjl 01 p ,) 1111 .11,.1 11 :. Hlcl, : '-"() I')

,l'-l ' lj l 111cl

l l' IIIJjl j>lll'\IIOlj I ,1,) llj I OI

01 jl, l ll'cillllll ,l\(J \ij~j

1,l ll<l.)

, lll<l ,llj I

,)lllOlj 11 ,)1)1110 \ 11 ' 11''1' jllll' \ IICH!l

111 , HI, ,1 11 \\

lj I IO \) jl I 11 ' ,)'II') II()

I,) , )

"'I

ptil ' \\()I •) ', )1111 ,)\\ 1

11 '-, II()! \I \ ! ( ) 11 , l. l \\I , lf I , l \I I( ) •1 I( )I j

i>"()''

1101 ,1 11 •111 p .111 : 11 ,) I\I ' > \ 1, lllljl'd

p111• . lUl(HI \_\',0 I')

\ IIIO ' ll!IHJ \I'\\ II

, )ll111 ,lljl II ' ·s1 101 71 11,. ll(I \I'\\ \',, l'lljll ' ,llj I ' JOO})

,11/111,i /IIIJ//.11 ,1/\1

Chicago History, DeCPmber 1992

-THB-

JUST NORTH OF THE CITY LIMITS !

WELLINGTON

STREET.

I

s

being built. :!t

:

;:o

OA

!I

0

au ~, B"n

t

0

o~ae II~-~!

rlJ

NO CITY TAXES ! h6

..,.,,

GEORGE

STREET,

GO A.N'JD SJB:JB: TJIEKJBJJIIE.

.- I

TAKE THE LINCOLN AVE. STREET CARS

Only 3 Blocks from preeent terminus of Street Car9. One of tha moat pleasant rides In the city, peaetng In front of Llnooln Perk a. along • finely shaded avenue, aftd away from the etreete teedlng to the oemetert••·

~;,,~JUa,;,.,, ofCLAR 10 NE

1?. • • .H PARTICULAR NOTICE-Oar Acnt ,111 be If

~-14

Iii,~ !.'l,W.,.

"IVIS;O 'Sin and aronnd the c7ty.

om r of dison St. HI BrlftC• Office an the lets ltr laftnll~IOI lltk ·~ • s.u,.

Si• ,...._. Prieff llM PwrtJwr ~ ~ ' - • - -

I

J\lerclw11/ /Jri11ce

O/Jpositf, this I 883 broadside emphasized the admntages of building beyond the city's fire limits. Above, photo /Jos/tard of Alta Vista Terrace (c. 1905), which was designated a Chicago la11d111ar/1 in 197 J.

chief of th e establishm ent. " Give n C ross's pencha nt for self-pro motion, it is te mpting to questi on whethe r he ordered the decora ti on of his offi ces or was simply shrewd e nou gh to exploit th e resulting publicity.

Between the la te 1880s and the [i rst years of th e twe nti e th ce ntury, G ross co ntinu ed hi s rea l-estate ve ntures, d evelo pin g subdivisions such as Grossd a le a nd Alta Vi sta Terrace .

Th ese d eve lo pmen ts ca te red to a middle-class cli e nte le a nd featured lar ge sin g le-fa mily homes a nd elega n t rowh ouses.

Grossdale was developed as a pl a nned community wes t o [ C hicago . Gross reta ined mu ch co ntro l over thi s tow n. To attract bu ye rs, h e spe nt five th ousa nd do ll a rs to build a tra in stati on o n th e C hi cago, Burling to n &.: Quincy Railroa d. I le also bu il t a la rge mul tipurpose building th at housed a thea ter, meetin g hall , pos t o rfi ce, a nd stores. fi e co ntri buted to the buildin g o r a schoo l, a nd a ¡ a n add ed in d uceme nt , he pro\' id ed the town with paved stree ts. Gross also stipul a ted th a t comm ercial stru ctures we re pro hibi ted o n res id e nti a l stree ts. Grossd a le was in co rpo ra ted in 1893

a nd rena med Brookfield in 1905. To this co mmunity Gross add ed Eas t Grossd ale (n ow H ollywood ) in 1892 and West Grossdal e (now Co ngress Pa rk) in 1894 .

Pe rh a ps in spired by hi s visits to Lond on , Gross crea ted a subdi\'i sio n co nsistin g o f a block of row houses designed by architect J. C. Bro mp to n, on a new street he call ed Alta Vista Ter race. Between 1900 ar0 1904, forty sin g lefa mil y rowh ouses were built, pri ced fro m $-1:,575 Lo $7,200. Eigh tee n two-s to,y a nd two three-story houses sta nd o n each side of the stree t; th e bl ock is thus so metim es call ed the "Stree t o f Forty Doors" or the "S treet of Forty H ouses. " T he twe nty differe nt faca des arra nged on one side of th e street are repeated on the oth er side, starting at th e oppos ite e nd.

In 1902 Gross won the court case ove r The Merclzanl Prince of Cornville. Hi s play had been pe rfo rm ed only once-o n ovember 11 , 1896, in Londo n. Cyrano de Be1gerar pre mi e red in Decembe r 1897, but Gross was not aware of its ex istence until he saw Richard Mans[i eld in the titl e ro le at Chicago's Gra nd Opera H ouse in the winter of 1898-99. H e rea li zed immediately 15

Chicago H isto1y, Dece111ber 1992

Houses For Sale on ALT A VISTA TERRACE. by S. E.

' {:\J[_[~~~r-·1_~~.:,rrJ ~.,J[ '11(-i~ 1~iJ L-_~_j _)it:!:?1 1

h-~-..•.. •, . ·-

~-..

hp-..111...- rtu. Cer1<r noo

..........

..

....

l_,pi..al lloor Pia! ~ltlr) 111,1d, 11..,.,,.

WEST FRO T ON ALTA VISTA TERRA _

_

_

Ci)

(

' (/)

•IIIJ l

•oje,!q:) '°SJS qdfOpUt?H

16

~lt?lS '~1dw~l '!UOSl?l4J 'JOO!~ qJX!S

I

·s-

S.

Sixth Floor, Ma onic Tcmplc, State & Randolph St ., Chicago.

110\\

HI 11I I

JIii i.'!

----------

if;

-

I~ - - - - - - - - - : - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - tij

:~~~\):s:;: ~\~ft]~J ·, "''M 'P''"I •J•t Z "~I ""II ff"'ld,J

'""'" ..... ·•ti.I l'"'I I I™ I I

J

7V

·3

·s

iq ~3JV~~3l Y!SIA Vl lY uo atRS

JOj

sasnou

Bmrufod1' Jin Alta Vista Termre, known as the "Street of Forty Doon." The twenty different facades on one side of the street are repealed on the o/JjJosile side.

17

Chicago HislOJ)', Dere111ber 1992

ctll[OAD JN PARI(

1 e~UJfa1( - 1)

u,rouQ frO"io 11,f C11Yâ&#x20AC;˘

Gross was a dirfflor and shareholder i11 the Ca/11111et Electric Rail Road, which senlf{/ his South Side .rnbdivisio11s Dauphin Park and Ca/11111et fl eiihts. Opj1osite, /Jortrait of Gros., , undated.

that the play was plagiarized from his 0\\'11 work. The judge's ruling in the case prohibited Mansfield and other acting companies from performing the play in the United States.

Cross's reason for pursuing the court case may have been simple pride in his literary work, or it may have been more altruistic. fn an interview published in The Examiner, he claimed patriotism as part of his moti\'ation: "You see, Rostand is trying to make the 1\merican people his dupes. He thinks he can do this because he is a Parisian and famous. Perhaps he can, as far as some people are concerned, but I won't sit idly by and let him make the attempt." Gross later tried to ha\'e Rostand removed rrorn the prest1g1ous L'Academie Francaise. In addition, he accused Rostand of plagiarizing 771e Merchant Prin ce of 18

Comville yet again with hi-, plays Cha11tecler and L ',,lig /011. The international press-ranging from th e New York Ti111 e.1 to the Saigon O/Jinion to the Parisian Le Te111/Js------covcrcd th ese events ex tensive ly, largely treating them a a joke, but Gross recei\'ed free publicit)' and worldwide notoriety.

The years following hi~ successfi.tl lawsuit were tumultuous for Gross; he faced bankruptcy , divorce, and remarriage. In 1903 he began building three hundred houses in Chicago and West AJlis, Wisconsin (near Milwaukee). A severe storm that winter delayed his building operations, however, a nd he was unable to meet his financial obligations. In 1904, a group of Cross's cred itors, including several lumber, plumbing, and brick companies, attempted to have him declared bankrupt.

J\lnr/1a11t Prince

\Vhilc Gross may no longer be remembered for his literary activities or his clever marketing techniques, he left hi stamp on many Chicago neighborhoods. Many of the home~ he built a hundred years ago can still be seen throughout Chicago, from his working-class cottages in ew C ity and Cross Park Lo his middle-class homes in Brookfield to hi s exclusive row houses on Alta Vista Terrace. He left a legacy of sin g le-fami ly homes in defined communities, convenient to public transportation, that helped working-class Chicagoan Lo escape the cramped quarters of the centra l city.

Fo r Further Reading Gwendo lyn \Vrighl's Moralis111 and the Model 1/ome: Doineslir Architecture and Cultural Conflici in Chicago, 1873- / 9 13 (Chicago : Univcrsily of Ch icago Press, 1980) discusses lhe ideologies of home ownership and clomeslic archileCLure in lhe lale nineleenlh and early LwenlicL11 cenluries. The relalionship belween subdivisions and suburban governmenLs is explored in ,\ nn Durkin Keating's Building Chicago: Suburban

Develo/ms and the Creation of a Divided J\Jetro/1olis

He fought the action by proving that his assets exceeded his liabilities by more than $ 1 milli on. Jn April 1908, however, Gross declared bankruptcy vo luntari ly. The cause of his failure at the time was given as "unwise speculation," but was probably also influenced by the financial panic of 1907. \,Vhile Cross's fortunes had certainly fallen from hi net worth of $5 million, as estimated at the peak or his career, he was hardly destitute; at the time of his death in 1913, his estate was valued at $150,000.

In the fo ll or 1906, Cross's health began to foil, and he became a patient at the sanitarium in Battle Creek, Michigan , a combination rest home-health spa for the wea lthy. In Apri l 1909, his wife divorced him on grounds of desertion. Ten clays later, on May 2, he married Ruby Lois Haughey, a young woman with a "rarely rich contralto voice," at her family's home in Battle Creek. He was sixty-five, she was seventeen. The couple lived in Chicago for several years, spending some of their time at the ll otel del Prado in Hyde Pa,-k. In 1911 they returned to Battle Creek, where Gross d ied on Ocwber 24, 1913. He is buried in Chicago's Rosehill Cemetery.

(Co lumbus: Ohio Slate Universily Press, I 988).

Chrisline Meisner¡ Rosen's The U111il.1 of Power: Creal Fires and the Process of City Growth in A111nim (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) exami nes lhe rebuilding of Chicago a1ler lhe Creal Fire of 187 I and iLs effect on housing for lhe working classes. l n They Built Chicago: Entre/nmew:, I Vho Shaped a Great City's rlrchitecture (Chicago : Bonus Books, 1992), Miles Berger presenls lhe hislory of real-eslate deve lopment in Chicago lhrough biographies of notable develope,-s

I 11 ustrations 5, CHS, ICHi-23414; 6, from Th e 1-lome Prima ( 1888), CI rs Library; 7, above and below, from Illustrated Catalogue of S. E. Cross's Lots, I louses, Collages ( 1889), CHS Library ; 8, from S. E. Gross Tenth Annual Illu strated Catalogue (189 I), CHS Libra1-y; 9 above, CHS Prints and Photographs Coll ection; 9 below, Apendposl, October I 0, 1891 , CHS Library; I 0, CHS Prints and Photographs Collection; 11, from Tenth Annual llluslrated Catalogue, CHS Library; 12 above, CHS, IC l I i-22980; I 2 below, CHS, ICH i-22989; 13, CHS, ICHi-14144; 14, CHS. ICH i-06578; 15, CHS, ICHi-22979; 16- 17, CHS, ICHi-06582; 18, from Tenth Annual !lluslrated Catalogue, CHS Libra,-y ; 19, CHS, ICHi-22976.

19

DOWN TO BUSINESS William Blair & Company Russell Lewis

Motivated by an intense pride in Chicago and the Midwest and a plan to help finance the expansion or local companies, William McCormick Blair founded Blair, Bonner & Company in 1935. Blair, Bonner & Company, which became William Blair & Company in 1944, quickly became a leader in financing local businesses and providing investment advice to many of the first families or Chicago. The firm 's fifty-eight-year history is intertwined with the economic and civic lire of Chicago. Its growth and success is in large part due to the growth and profitability achieved by many of its corporate clients. However, by providing capital to these growing corporations, the firm has made a significant conu¡ibution to the expansion of the regional economy. Through the involvement of its partners with many of the city's civic, cultural, and educational institutions, the firm ranks among the best of contributors to the overall development or the region. ot long after Blair opened for business, William 0. Douglas, chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), presented his views on regional finance to the Economic Club of Chicago on February l, 1938. "It may be that the risks which li e in the backyards here in Chicago," he told some eight hundred members and guests assembled at the Sherman Hotel, "are just as good as the ones which have become glamorous because they have caught the fancy of the larger markets. In any case, we do know that our economic welfare rests on the welfare of small or local business. Only regional facilities can care for that, for our national financial machine,-y is almost exclusively bigbusiness machinery. " Concerned with ew York's financial domination of the country, Douglas believed that financing would be more successful if investors were brought closer to the locus of business. Chicago, he thought, could lead the way in locally financed industries and

20

th ere by help transform the nation 's capital markets. William McCormick Blair was the very embodiment of Douglas's views.

The beginnings or William Blair & Company were modest, but the firm survived the Great Depression and the World War II years and prospered in the postwar era. It is one of a handful of firms in the country that has endured for six decades as an independent partnership still adhering to the structure and principals that its founder conceived. Today, Chicago's leading investment banking firm has an international reputation as one of the nation's most succe sful underwriters, distributors, and investors in securities for emerging growth companies. Blair's evolution into one of Chicago's most prestigious firms owes much to the vision, hard work, and philosophy of its founder as well as his successors, who have diligently followed the path he paved in the investment banking business.

The story of William Blair & Company is an important chapter in the history of Chicago's emergence as an important regional capital market. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, Chicago was a debtor rather than a creditor. Like most frontier settlements, Chicago did not have the capital to build itself, but turned to more established communities and economies for help. The buildings, bridges, and public works required significant capital from outside sources to build. The railroads were built and owned in large part by English and eastern investors.

'Though weak herself," Chicago booster John S. Wright admitted in I 870 about the city's lack of financial resources, "Chicago has found abundant trength in the unity of intent with the wealthier region of the country." The Chicago Stock Exchange, which was first founded in 1865, was resurrected in 1882, and for a short Russell Lewis is editor of Chicago History.

whil e the new excha nge saw a flun y of interest in minin g securiti es. In th e la te 1800s, loca l ·trcet ra ilway and gas compa ni es compri sed much o f th e ca pital ma rke t activiti es.

At th e turn o f th e century, C hi cago's a pp roxim a te ly seventy security houses were th e unde rpinnin g fo r C hi cago 's we ll -esta bli shed ma rke t fo r nati o na l securiti es, but th e ir own security iss ues lagged far be hind New York ho uses.

C hi cago in vestm e nt ba nke rs we re still la rge ly marke te rs o f securiti es ra the r th a n o ri g in a to rs or issues, d e pe ndin g o n easte rn ba nke rs to provid e new issues whi ch th ey co uld sell. As C hi cago g rew in th e ea rl y twe nti e th centu ry, so did its secu riti es firm s a nd th e ir a bility to fin a nce loca l e nte rpri ses. In 19 18, C hi cago ba nke rs for the first time led a n impo rta nt la rge issue for Armour meat packin g a nd during th a t sa me e ra we re a ble to lead und e rwritin gs for ma ny publi c utility a nd rea l esta te bo nds, whe re th ey d eve lo p ed a uniqu e ca p a bility. C hi cago continued to g row its base or securiti es firm s until th e G reat De pressio n hit a nd d evasta ted ma ny firm s.

Wh e n Willi a m Bla ir a nd Fra ncis A. Bo nn e r o pe ned the ir ge ne ra l investm e nt ba nkin g firm o n .J a nuary 8, 1935, th ey j o in ed a dwindlin g numbe r o f C hi cago securit y ho uses. Be twee n investme nt firm s 1930 and 1935, the numbe r had d ro pped fro m a hi g h or alm ost six hun dred Lo two hundred . Alth o ug h beginnin g a new in ves tm e nt bu sin ess in th e mid !,t o f th e Great De pre!'>s io n was ri sky, it was a lso a g rea t o ppo rtunity for d o in g bu sin ess diffe re ntl y in respo nse Lo th e sweepin g reform s o f in vestme nt practi ces d e m a nd ed by th e publi c and leg i la ted by I he fe d era l gove rnm e nt thro ug h th e Class Steagall Act a nd regul a ti o n in1posecl by th e S EC. Awa re or the excesses and fraudul e nt sc he mes that had plag ued hi s pro fe ss io n, Willi a m Blair co n cio usly soug ht 10 set sta nda rds of conserva tive business practice, honest dea lin g, sound in vestme nt a nd corpo ra te fina ncial advice, and civic resp o nsibili ty-va lues tha t ma tched the m ood o f the na ti on in the yea rs fo llowin g the stock ma rket cras h- in his regiona lly focused investme nt firm .

H e also did no t wa nt his firm to be d ep e nd e nt on eastern banke rs for investm ent products but wa nted the firm to wo rk directly with issue r tha t he a nd hi s pa rtners could evalua te.

or

... '.. . ....

- .- - -. ---... .

, ,, ! t • · ... - ..

..

..,,.·~-,,

•• , , •

•

--

r

...-

,. - ~

..........

,,_ ·- r-

_,.--

---,"' . --·

..-

... ... _........ -

--

. -~:-··

After .1eveml fr1iled a/tempts, Chicago Ji11a/ly had a .1/able .1torli exrho11gl' i11 t/11' early 1880.1 . Ar/In · & S11 /livm1\ Stoc/1 F.xtlw 11ge building (abm,e) 1uo.1 l'rt'tlnl i11 1894.

Fro111 I la rp c r\ Wee kl y, .Jrwuary 12, 1895, CIIS, ICl/i-00975. A gmdua /P of tfu, ( ;ro/011 School and Vale U11iiwr.1ity, I Villir1111 MrCorn,irl! Blair (below) briefly wo rfu,d for o Chimgo banh /Jefor!' e11tni111; lh l' imw.1/111ml h11si111'.1.1 . CIIS, /Clli-23532.

21

Chicago Histo1y, December 1992

W. M ~COR.\11< K BL\IR

FR.\N C IS A . BO:S.:S.:FR

11>1110"'"' 1hr forma11on of

BLAlR, BoNNER & CoMPANY The F1cJJ Build ing 135 South uS1.llc Street

•

Tclcpbocc Frank.Jin l~l

CHICAGO

to conduct a general iovc1tmcnt hu!iocu JANUAI.Y I, 19U

With money borrowed fro111 frie11ds, William Blair and J1artner Francis Bonner began their i11vest111ent banki11g firm in the midst of th e Creal De/1ressio11 . From the

Chicago Tribune,ja11uc11y 8, 1935.

Through this approach the firm would provide a capital-raising service for a corporate client while ensuring confidence in the soundness of the opportunity for its investing clients.

William McCormick Blair was fifty years old (born May 2, 1884, son of Edward Tyler Blair and Ruby McCormick) when he founded his firm. His optimism and confidence must have been great to overcome the shock he suffered when his former firm, Lee, Higginson & Company, a Boston-based investment firm, failed as a result of a fraudulent stock deal in wh ich the firm was a significant investor.

Blair, Bonner & Company opened their small office in the Field Building (now LaSalle National Bank Building) at 135 South LaSalle Su·eet, where the firm still maintains its offices.

The growth of the firm is evident in its present offices, which now occupy nine floors to house over four hundred employees. To set up his business in 1935, Blair borrowed one hundred thousand dollars from friends, including members of the Ryerson, Armow·, and Stuart families.

The first six months were difficult for the new firm; the company lost half of its cap ital when a Pure Oil preferred stock underwriting deal went bad. Blair anticipated potential start-up difliculties and had conservatively financed the firm and was able to use the remaining fifty thousand dollars to finance the firm's ongoing activities.

22

Although corporate security offer in gs had lagged far behind municipal and real estate bond issues, wh ich had been the strength of Chicago investment houses in the 1920s, the firm focused on raising capita l for companies through its own originated issues. Willi am Blair's goa l was to fin ance midwestern growthoriented companies. Afi.er securin g new cap ital for a corporate client, the firm would make a long-term comm itm ent to the company, often with a partner joining the board of directors.

Blair believed this conservative approach gave comfort to investors that their investment was being monitored, and it ensured a long-term relationship with a corporate client. Blair also offered financial adv ice through its investment management department, a somewhat unusual serv ice for a firm that ch iefl y focused on raising capital for compani es. The firm managed investment portfolios for wealthy individuals and institutions for a fee. The combination of corporate and investment services made sense because it joined local pools of capital with unique regional investment opportunities. The investment management business has proved to be an outstanding uccess with Blair currently managing over $4 billion in funds.

Above all, William Blair sought to infuse his firm with his o,vn personal standards of honesty,

William Blair was actir,e in many civic cultural 01ganimtions, including the Chicago Historical Society, where he served as president of the board of trusless. Above, Blair takes Governor Adlai Steve11s011 and Mayor Martin Kennell)' through a Society exhibition i11 1950. CHS, JCHi-23531.

Down to lfosi11e.1.1

The execulivl' commillee of William Blair & Com/Hrny, 1992. While most investment bankingfirnzs have become corporations, Blair /zm remained a partners/zip sinff its founding. Photogra/Jh by Jay Crawford.

in tegrity, and communi ty service. William Blair and many partners of the firm have had a long hisco1y of involvement with many leading Chjcago institutions. William Blair and his son Bowen both served as preside nt of of T he Art Institute of Chicago. Edward McCom1ick Blair, a nother son and former managing partner, served as chairman of Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center and as a u1.1stee of the ni,¡ersity of Chicago.

-n,e cu1Tent list of' partner involvements i very long a nd includes trustees hips at th e Chicago Communi ty Trust, St. Ignatius College Prep, and t.he Chicago Hi storical Society.

Fro m 1935 to 1980, Willi a m Bl air & Co mpan y gr ew steadily and fim1l y established itse lf as the leadin g midwestern private invesun ent banking firm . In the 1930s, the Bla ir firm he lped fin ance the grnwth of firm s such as Household Fin ance Company and Continenta l Casualty and Contin e nta l Assuran ce compa nies (now C A Insurance). During the war, the firm rema ined active by selling quali ty rail road bonds. In 1arch 1944, the company was reformed as a partnership under the name Willi am Blair & Company a nd beca me a me mber of th e New York and Midwest Stock exchanges. In l 948, V11illiam Blair

& Co mpany fin anced T he Fra nk G. H o ugh Company th rou gh its first private placement of equi ty . T he H ough Company was subsequently merged into International Harvester, which was a lso a client of the firm.

Willia m Blair's sons, Edward McCormick Blair a nd Bowen Blair,j oined the firm in 1950, which brought th e number of partne rs to nine. In 1956, Bla ir issued a major ecurity offering co fin ance U.S. Life; at the t.i.:ne, it wa one of the largest offerings by a Chicago firm. T he firm also acted as a lead manager for Internatio nal Harvester fin ancin gs. Edward McCormick Bla ir succeeded hi s fa ther as ma nagin g partner in 196 l , but Willia m Bla ir rema in ed an active partner in th e firm until his death in 1982 a t the age or ninety-seven. He had been a partner for fortyseven years and had become a legend o n LaSalle Street. Under Edward Blair and Edgar D. J annotta, who became a managing partner in 1977, William Blair & Company weathered two difficult periods-the late 1960s, wh en the inability co process tradin g resulted in a paper crunch tha t threate ned the industry, and the 1970s, when the market va lue of securities and underwriting activi ty dropped precipitously and many 23

Chicago History, December 1992 firms went out of business. William Blair & Company survived these diflicult periods by maintaining its regional focus and its conservative approach to llnance. During this time, in spite of the volatile markets, the firm continued to help finance many of the regions premier growth companies. ServiceMaster Industries, General Binding, Molex, Oil Dri Corporation, and Safety Kleen all were introduced to the public by William Blair & Company during the 1970s.

When the 1980s arrived, William Blair was in an excellent position to participate in what turned out to be boom years for the stock market and investors. Junk bonds, hostile takeovers, and arbitrage investing were a significant component of the 1980s; however, William Blair & Company generally avoided these fads and continued its practice o[ financing small-tomedium-sized growth-oriented companies and establishing long-term relationships with them.

Yet the firm changed in several significant ways without sacrificing its traditional approach to finance. The company expanded its base o[ operations, opening an Atlanta office in 1981 (which closed in 1985) and additional offices in London, Liechtenstein, and Denver; it enlarged its client base to include many companies outside the Midwest; it extended its corporate financial services; and it became active in debt, venture, and leverage capital financing.

By the 1980s, the midwest's slower-growth, indusu-ially based economr and the expanding global economy compelled \ \'illiam Blair & Company to look nationallr for corporate clients and equity investment opportunities for its investing clients. Although manufacturing, retailing, distribution, and unique service businesses had been the hallmark of the firm in the 1980s, Blair expanded its client base to include healthcare, technology, banking, and other financial institutions. Applying its regional business approach to national markets-discovering a company early in its growth, investing in it, and staying with it for the long run-strengthened and expanded its business and earned the firm an international reputation. During the 1980s, the firm initiated corporate relationships with United Stationers of Chicago, Illinois; Concord EFS of Memphis, Tennessee; Laidlaw Transportation of Hamilton, Ontario; Fays Drug Stores of Liverpool, New York; Office Club of 24

Oakland, California; and Viking Office Products of Los Angeles, California. Forbes magazine rated William Blair & Companr first in the nation in underwriting initial public o!Ierings of stock in a survey of ninety-six brokerage houses during the period 1975-85. In 1989, Forbes again ranked Blair as the nation 's best initial public offering underwriter over a ten-year period ending in 1989. The firm also expanded its services in public and private placement of debt and mergers and acquisitions. In 1985, William Blair & Company helped manage the $2.7 billion sale of Skokie-based G. D. Searle and Co. to Monsanto Co. In 1984, Blair advised the Kellogg Company of Battle Creek, Michigan, on a $600 million repurchase of stock from its largest shareholder, the Kellogg Foundation. During the 1990s, business has continued to expand dramatically with Blair lead-managing fifty equity underwriting transactions in 1991-92 representing approximately $1.8 billion in capital raised.

Several factors help explain Blair's strong performance. While it can no longer be considered a regional investment banker-managing partner Edgar D. Jannoua calls the company a "focused national firm " based in ChicagoWilliam Blair & Company never lost sight o[ its Chicago roots and its founder's principals. By distancing itself from the frenq of New York business and the latest Wall Street fashions, Blair cominued lo be guided by the successful business philosophy and practice established by its founder in 1935. The firm has grown by adding services and recruiting lop professionals rather than acquisition o[ other firms. Moreover, the firm 's partnership structure has allowed firm traditions to endure. Today, the firm has ninetynine partners representing a significant percentage o[ the professional staff Many of the firm's partners have spent their entire careers with William Blair & Company. There is a long-term commitment to the firm 's employees and the broad partnership is representative of the firm's inclusive, not exclusive, culture. In spite of the volatile nature of the securities industry, the firm has never had an employee layoff. Because the partners assume all financial and legal risks in the business and are the sole source of partnership capital themselves (presently $50 million), the firm's investment products are thoroughly researched and pass rigorous internal screens

Down to Business

The trading roo111 in the Willia11l Blair & Company offices at 135 South /.,aSalfe Street, 1992. Buying and selling lakes jJlace fi-oin 7:00 A .111. to 3:00 P.M. PhotograJ;h byjay Cra wford.

before being undenÂĽritten or recommended to investing clients. The firm has one of the best investment research units in the nation, which conducts intensive investigations into a company's business practices--everything from the shop floor to the delivery trucks-before Blair becomes involved with the company's securities.

The research deparu11enL publishes reports on approximately 250 companies, which are located throughout the United States and, in a couple of instances, outside the country.

In the last decade, Blair has also expanded its debt finance service, becoming active in bond financing and bond trading. While Blair has been active in unde1writing both taxexempt and taxable bonds for traditional clients, such as private corporations and states, counties, municipalities, and school districts, the firm has increasingly expanded its bond issues for health facilities, institutions of higher learning, and transportation authorities.

William Blair 8..: Company has acted as lead underwriter for Illinois institutions such as Rush-Presbyterian St. Luke's Medical Center, DePaul University, and the Regional Transit Authority. Blair has also earned a growing national reputation for floating bonds for local cultural in titutions, such as The Art Institute

of Chicago, The Shedd Aquarium Society, and SteppenwolfTheater Company.

Historians have typically ignored the place of finance and financial institutions in America's past. Only recently have they come to appreciate the pivotal role of bankers and speculators in the early growth of Chicago and other western cities. Yet with the exception of the stock market crash of 1929, the history of financing twentieth-century American businesses and municipalities remains largely unrecorded. The history _of William Blair & Company, a pioneer and long-term survivor on the Chicago financial scene, gives a better understanding of the history of Chicago, for through it resonates the story of the city's rise as a regional and national financial center. While Blair's national prominence can be atu¡ibuted to underwriting highly successful companies and giving excellent investment advice, acknowledging and perpetuating company traditions in its day-to-day busines has been equally important. Indeed, as business leaders plan for the fi.tture of their companies with long-range strategies, William Blair & Company reminds us that a sense of history and strong links to the past also have a place in America 's corporate boardrooms.

25

For Chicago's underground .freight tunnels, the Great Flood is only the latest chapter in their .Ja5cinatin.9 history.

S

Third-rail freight tr gust 15, 1904. Mor ( ,....

_

C_f!motives eventually pi the sixty-four miles of tu1111

ome cities carry their people underground; Chicago in Lhe early parL of' Lhis cenLury bragged LhaLit would give iLs people Lh sLreeLs, leaving Lhe underground for Lhe hauling of' freight The freight tunnels under Lhe Loop, however, were never intended Lo carry waler, which is whaL Lhey did in April of Lhis year, during Lhe GreaLChicago Flood.

As part of iLs goal Lo collect arLifacLs as hisLory happens, Lhc SocieLy puL ouL a call for flood -relaLed objecLs soon afLer Lhe disasLer sLruck. Chicagoans r 'Spondecl by lending and donaLing nearly six hundred iLems, including a diver's suiL, phoLographs, boLLles of flood waLer, humorous T-shirts, and business memos abouLrecovery efforLs. The rcsulLing exhibiLion, Cotlectin_q the Great Chicago Flood, which ran from ,July 3 Lo October 22, 1992, gave vi siLors an insicl r's view of a co nLemporary Chicago disaster.

Before Lhe fl ood, few Chicagoans kn w abouL the tunnels, which form a grid underneath the streets of the Loop. Composing a sixty-two-mile network, the tunnels reach north to Superior Street, west to Halsted Street, and south to Sixteenth Street. Ranging from six feet wide and seven-and-one-half feet high to twice those dimensions in some areas, the tunnels originated in 1899 at Madison and LaSalle streets in what was the basement of Powers & O'Brien Saloon.

27

The network of horseshoe-shaped tunnels was originally constructed to carry cable for the Illinois Telephone & Telegraph Company, a competitor to the company that would become Illinois Bell.

The new telephone lines would enable the caller to obtain "connections automatically with any number he desires by his own manipulation of the instrument." The lines also offered unprecedented privacy; no operator need know who was being called or listen to the conversation. Controversy about the company's intentions abounded, however, and some thought the venture touched by corruption. Within a few years, the company went bankrupt. After that time, new uses were found for the tunnels, including the delivery of freight, coal, and building materials and the removal of ash and refuse.

During their peak years, the underground structure, which expedited the delivery of 650,000 tons of package freight, 60,000 tons of dirt, and 97,000 cubic yards of cinders annually, indeed gave the streets back to Chicagoans. It eliminated five thousand truck deliveries from the streets daily.

At the time of the tunnels' construction, horses moved at about three miles per hour in the city's streets, resulting in congestion far worse than what we know today.

As trucks replaced horses and as coal gave way to gas and oil fuel , the tunnels' usefulness dwindled. The tunnels served, toward the midto-late 1950s, only as a way to haul trash from a dozen Loop buildings. By 1959, the Chicago Tunnel Company was bankrupt. Since then, the tunnels have been maintained by the city and used to house coaxial cable, electrical connections, and fiber optics cables.

Various uses have been imagined for the underground labyrinth. In the spring of 1968, Cook County Sheriff Joseph Woods proposed that any 1ioters at the upcoming Democratic Convention be detained in them. (In other cities suffering riots,

28

Above, George W Jackson, general manager and chief engineer of the Illinois Tunnel Company in his office, 1905. !CHi-23284. Opposite right, Cross section of tunnel bore carved out of the blue clay underlying the Loop, 1902. ICHi-23282. Opposite below, Feeding electric cablP to the tunnels. ICHi-23270.

jails had quickly filled to capacity.) The dungeon idea, however, found no favor; only one mile of the tunnels was lighted, and there were no sanitary facilities. Not least of all, supervising the prisoners would be impossible. Other suggestions made for the tunnels included mushroom growing, wine storage, an underground trolley system, a bomb shelter, a mail network, and a heating and cooling system for Loop buildings.

The photographs reproduced on the following pages are from an Illinois Tunnel Company album found in a dumpster on No1th LaSalle Street by Joe Kantutis, who donated it to the Society's Prints and Photographs Collection in 1985. The album, like the tunnels themselves, tells a story that would not have been told had it not been for an accident.

Opposilr, Shqfl 110. ,J /m 11k s,1;s/r>11t al Franklin and Wnshing/on strec>/.1¡. !Cfli-23264. Abol'e and be/Oil', Illinois Telepho11e and 'l'e/p_qmph dump tmcks and dock.for dumps, shojl no. 8. IC!fi-232.91. !C!Ii-2828.

Dirt r,1n111a/Pd.from lhP ln11nc>/s was dumprd into the lake>.

Above, Street excavation of the tunnels, looking south on LaSalle Street from Randolph Street, October 9, 1902. ICHi-23286. Below, Looking north from below the intersection of State and Lake streets, October 14, 1902. ICHi-23292. Opposite, Rear view of Illinois Telephone and Telegraph Company distributing board at Fifth Avenue (now Welts Street). ICHi-23279.

32

Oppos t,. llommi\ Club ri,·1tmg da,11.. \prii 15. !90~ IC!h .!-L J.. \bon. l 11do:qrv1111d ba11q11clfvr /1!1• Chimgo Pn C'J11b. February 10. 190 . ICHi-.!J.'69. B loll'. '/)111111·/ i11/c1-,;c•ctio111nth /oadcd_/i"ci.<1//I !min. /CH ./J.''i6.

35

Above, Typical tunnel intersection showing telephone cables and trolley wire, November 17, 1904. ICHi23266. Below, Excavating the basement of an eighteen-story skyscraper to accommodate freight tranefers, November 22, 1904. !CHi-23295. Opposite, Typical elliptical elevator shafl from basement of building to tunnel, November 27, 1904. ICHi-23285.

36

Trcmsporting coal was a major source of revenue for the tunnel company. Above and below, Coal for the boilers of the Heyworth Building, located al 29 East Madison Street, October 6, 1905. !CHi-23289, !CHi-23287

Above, Forms used to constmct the tunnels, September 29, 1905. !CHi-23290. Below, &cavation of the basement of the Boston Store, Mai-ch 23, 1906. !CHi-23273.

39

Above, Chute al the Pike Building, State and Monroe streets, May 19, 1906. lCHi-23272. Belau¡, U.S. mail train and elevator shaft, underneath the Post Office Building, June 26, 1906. ICHi-23293.

AbOl'I', Chirago & North Wl'Sl!'nt Stolion {lhn1 /orated al Wl'lls and Ki,l-"11' sl1wls} b,11pass, J11/,1; :21, 1.906. !Clliâ&#x20AC;¢J,J:262. B/'low, Opening of Cldrago sub11 1a.1;forfreighl /rr111sporl, A11g11sl 1.5, 1906. IC/li-28288.

41

.

-~-

l

I

"

. ,!

0

o: 42

.- ...

1::

V

o-

â&#x20AC;¢ """ I

t

i

I L. .. -

P

t J

It

<.,r

I

... - -

..J

r 1n C, o n. evt 1ou

... !

N-STATION .

MAIL &. BAGGAGE

CONNECTION.

Diagram of the mail baggage con11ection underneath Union Station. ICHi-23296.

43

YESTERDAY'S CITY Bringing Christmas to the City Frederick N euschel

Early in December 1934, in the depths of the Great Depression , three women reopened a family business on the ear North Side of Chicago. Their married names might not have drawn much attention , but the sign they hung out front-CAPTAIN AND MRS. SCHUENEMANl\''S DAUGHTERS-awakened nostalgic feelings in many Chicagoans. Their wares spilled into the street, where passersby were tempted to purchase what had made the Schuenemanns an institution-a Christmas tree for the parlor, a wreath for the door, or a garland for the mantelpiece.

Some who came to buy their Christmas greenery would have greeted the Schuenemanns as old friends. Then middle-aged women with families of their own , the Schuenemann sisters had grown up on 1orth Clark 44

For years, Captain Hemum "Chri.1/mas Tree" Schuene111a1111 (ce11ter) heralded the Christmas season when his schoonei; filled with pine trees, arrived at the Clark Street Bridge.

Street, just one block east or the shop. Others came, however, Lo hear from shop emp loyee "Big Bill " Sullivan the telling of one of Chicago's most enduring legends-the story of the loss of the schooner Rouse Si111111ons, better known as "The Christmas Tree Ship."

An old and imposing man, "Big Bill" sold trees with the story of the intrepid Captain Herman Schuenemann, who used to sail north every fall to gather evergreen trees in Upper Michigan. With the howling, snow-fi lled winter winds Frederick Neuschel is a hospital cha/Jlain/counselor and a student of Great Lakes hist01)'

~--, ...' "',

.

-

,1

- . - o , II~ ··. C/11·i1·t111as tree, C . /900. ~ ecora/111,., _ .

C m·a,aa" •. -

•t

Chicago History, December 1992 <L:tJ1Cago i!-u 11 b av

~rilJ une

THIS IS THE TALE OF

THE CHRISTMAS SHIP!

~rapf)ic g;cction J:lrc.H. 19-H

The last voyage of the Rouse Simmons became legendrnJ. This drmnatir J1ai11ti11g by Chicagoan Jam es M. Sessions aj1peared in the Chicago Tribune i11 1944 lo ro111me111orate the tragedy.

at his stern and the freezing pray of Lake Michigan threatening to swallow his craft, the captain wou ld sai l back to Chicago, where he was known as "Christmas Tree" Schuenemann.

Thousands of Chicagoans bought their trees and wreaths directly from him on the Rouse Simmons, which was moored in the Chicago River at the southwest corner of the Clark Street Bridge.

The captain strung electric lights from mast to mast and put out his sign: CI IRISH!.AS TREE SHIP. Mv PRJ CES ARE THE Lom:s-r. While he sold on deck, his daughters worked inside by the warmth of the cabin stove, making wreaths out of the cut greens. Neither white-haired, rotund, nor bearded, but reputedly a jovial man, Herman Schuenemann was the closest thing to Santa Claus that Chicago's chi ldren could ever

46

hope to meet. But in 1912 the ca ptain never re turned from his voyage north.

The loss of th e Rouse Sim111011s dominated newspaper headlines for clays. Boisterous newsboys swarmed the city streets on December 4, 1912 , shouting the n ew just in tim e to catch homebound workers: Cl 1R1s¡1~L\S S1 Ill' LOST17 Go DowN ON SANTA CL\US S111r! The next clay the headlines of the Chicago American changed almost hourly with each new rumor or re port about the fate of the missing schooner: RATS FLED DOOMED X~IAS SI LIP! CHRISTMAS TREE SCIIOONER SIGJ--fffD-S/\NT,\ CLAUS S111P MAY BE SAFE! LOSE HOPE FoR 11P-SANTA CLAUS Boxr LOST! The disaster continued to be front-page news until December 13, when it was alleged that a bottle containing a farewell note signed

s,

}'!'slerday's City

. led lll'W.1/Ja IJPl ·· .1 _for n111 1/11'

• 1e, · do11111w ierican Tfu, r/1.111.1 (' I ingo A n

day.1: the , _1 'i ·,1ic hea1/li11e.1.

1110.\ I •\"('11.\(///()/1(/ /.

Chicago History, December 1992

CHRISTMAS TREE

f)au1(1,tP,:~ Carry

On

for Sd11u-'m•11wmi

TRADE RECALLS A FATAL VOYAGE \ Tt·Hmne,

l,/u/"J-4

Carry On His Business.

IIV KATHERINE: KKLLli:Y .

1•t11 n',11 hnat. lh"' l !rn11•• F-lmnif'n • Th•\ 'tlt'H"' .-.mtn.dfod, too. C\t lhfl hrT~W ~r.ort at ~othf't ~ht1~nf'm1nn 10 c•ny M1 l,,.,. hu•bu,'1 ,. bluine. •

:e-~r/1·~~:•~r :;:ut-~~:::•n~h,','t" ,~;;: ~~a\. •;~h~•( ,, In 1h• Thrv ti:Ctl.

~~n~~/!~~t.ti:tr';

1

(;nt1Afffl1'19 lrM •• d!d .).{(H'Wt'

h111,ln••, ~khUf'

m:,hur fdj.. of "' llunc .....

I "'· t.~,h ..... l,und~ ht " I hr ttnoftire • ,4 trblllll,1.M tn 1th p tmll.ins

l,c "' ('41lil .ht" ' 'M>lt:tUtJ1 Clf

.-:1!'f~

I • ~ 11

·1hf' thu,I

•· lb u,t~

hf"t

J,.r.r.

I• a tt"nrhN

l lhf' I :utb. Ill ..:,..,_.. .. I -- 1~1 tn.ar th,1 t, m'" • ,... . . . 8111.

u .. 11

llfll ••

li:h11llvan. th1" '""" lllf!ll1ht!1 " ' C-•1•l. fkhllf'lt Nllnn·111 (,f'l'lt,' :ll1,,. au,r 1hlll

f•ttfut t1111, H,u1 hf' Of'll had "a Jlum"h." ?lfll ,,oul ,1 1111, .. dro•11f>d "-lfh rill¢. h~ ,.,.,,.1"'1 >••t .. rdA, . .. I .-fl..tU 1,11 '90o\ll\ fl\e C'"'W.''

1t,,.

at: id

8ullh1tn~ •• b1,1 "'h"n h r.ame tlmf!o In fc'.'IC:r'>fll t111r'k. • Ith o.- , arwn M U .OOI tT'NlS, th~ Jal..• ••• aiotm~. J alanptr had • hunch. 1hala all. lt Jookf'd

so 1 tolJ tbe rApUiln t wnuld me l»~k on the train. l did. Three d&> a later the Butdtcr Boy, aoot.hei-

bl.d.

boat. came tn whb th• n•"'• lhu UM

Ro:t1•• Simmon.a tad son• aown W1tll all ... board. '"l •·u atn.id a.lrnoat 10 tP11 llra. &ctlu•n.man n.. hut T Col couras-e to

so

at011J1d--they Il\'ed Ju•t Mele ot tffl Clnk at~L When t.!lalit. who a. Hille a1rl t.hf'n. MW me, Ah• bAcl.:f'fi .awu In rrt,:ht. u tt I ,.. , • a ahoa.

Thf'y h•d hfard th .. ntwa Rlld J "·· n>J')01·1M drO¥.'n'N1 'll lth 1lu1 t"f'at

lhl11 awre

In 1934, the Chicago Tribun e

featured Schuenemann's daughters, who opened their own Christmas tree business, and their employee "Big Bill" Sullivan. Sullivan entertained customers by telling the legend of the schooner's last voyage. Inset, the route of the Rouse Simmons.

48

wa•

tl•rd Ids- Ano IWw-tlbN , .. I helped aa bu; 1 M>tild. tM«-aUM bttsirina had to &u t1r1o "'·• IJOt rn~t• tr...

'I"h• (;ilJ•IAlrt'• wit• ..,..u pJud.".. IU-. w•n&. a.!l1.r th• t.reea bcnirlr, Enry year. 1.u1UJ durtnl" tbe • .. ,. whu1 tte 1ovt:rnment

tti• ri.rbtM••

-----·

bousbt h"r boat. ahe tiroU1;ht the ,,... dawa .In fbfo ~ I Sbe IOvN tt,oea

-.llu-toD«tbvu-tsan

. . . . to 1upertntend •bl amine ot Ute tren. MlecUn1 ti-,. .tuU..t and pretttwt. o,._ 1n I be fo,-ta.

.. .._.,..._tllebardlth.ipan_....

Nl'7 to Chieaao with It.a U-," ebe aJ,I, •. P'l.nl.

U,.rw, ._.,,.. twu werkei ot nta. tlM'II two aml a bat( dly1 of 1tead1 anow. ft( lhe tnff wn broulbl heck wfrh • now rwuil:fd In I hf'U' branc,._._., ("aipL. hlk-netnann, w l l h h 11 bnotbf"r, ,AUCLNII~ ..... ., L1u~·as:-o "" nnc l•o&tloa4 &I l.'tlrlaltrua • 1 rc-t11 lo llli, In IDt Aua:utst 111.nQ h1• t"rf'W )Ml ,ltofolr lJs-N brtnclo• the UN'• t.y

,.,_lab

..... _

Mr•. P~arl Srhuenem•nn EhJ,r1~ (Ifft) and Mr s, Eh,,. Sthi,,nf'm•nrt

'\\rp:, 1-:;i,-, ... r.<J\N'l:'t11. Mn.I RobttU, dau~bteu of c apt••n Iott 1n Cbr 1JCt m1n ttn ho~, wr,dr 1n 1911

ciauii:bt('ni,,

ThM'M.ft.r ,._rt. H•rau•n Nr• IN IKIH.,_ 11• UI ._, ..........

.... .... ,..... uu.

•1tll,nt ,,,,,,,, y l'Jtt rd,., at rheir

suttd. J64l

No1rh La S1tfl,.

Htf~t>t,

l 1•1/1'11/m•, (,'1/v

b) l k1 man Sc h11c11L'llt,11111 Ii.id lwc11 lii1111cl IIC 'M Shcbrngan, \\'i,ro11,i11 .

E1c11 b, l\l:\ I Clticagoam li,1cl 11<>1 ti1ecl ol the 1alc. I he C/11rnp,o T11b11111' clL'\Otl'cl ,L·vci.il coh1mm 10 S11lli1a11\ tl'lli11 g or tltc Ho1111' S1111 11w111\ la,t ,·o, age. Sul Ii, an, 11 Ito< l,1i111('(l 10 be Oil(' or 1hc trCII', ,aid ltl' ltacl a p1c111011itio11 that 1he 1esscl ll'Ot1ld 1101 111akc it to Chicago ancl urg-ccl Captain Scl111e1H·111an11 lo pm1po11e the trip , but the capt,1in rcf'u,ecl . S11llil'an then allcgecll) took the trai11 to C:lticago and was met by the captain or the ,< hoo11er U11t1/11,r 8oy, 11 ho bore the ..,acl tidi11 gs: the /?111111' .'-;i111 11wn1 had succ.u111becl LO a wi11t1 y strn 111 011 Lake Michigan . ever 111i11d that Sullivan\ sto1·y co111ai11s e mbclli,l1111ents that defy tlte l;1cts about 1he last clays or the Rou.11' Si111111or11, or that in the origi na I report~ or the I raged y ,l crew 1ne111 bcr na111ecl William Sullivan wa, never 111 ·ntionecl . It was the story that people wanted to hear and, the cynical observer 111ight add, it was the st01y that <,old Chri,tmas ll ccs.

For all this later notoriet y, the mariti111e Chri5t111as tree trade had ltumbll' and obscure beginnings. 111 citic5 like Chicago, the ea1 ly tree traders' vesseb were part or"the mosquito fket "-small sailing craft wi1h captai11s who learned by the ropes rather tha11 by the book .

These small boats may have bec.:11 an a1llloyance (or a joke) to the big operators, but in small lakcshore towm without n1ilroads, they were a lifeline . One such town was Ahnapee, Wisconsin. ow nam ed Algoma, this village wa~ the birthplace of Captain I lcrman Schuenemann. In Ahnapee and -,i111ila1 towns in Door and Kewaunee cou11ti ·s, <,uch as l•: phraim , Mud Ba y, Sturgeon Ba y, and Bai ley\ I !arbor, the maritime Christmas tree trade began .

At Ahnapee, the Wolf River created a shal low harbor and an easy route inland. ·1 he iirsL permanent European settlement there began with a few adventuresome souls who moved north from Racine and Manitowoc and built crude cabins and a sawmill in the early 1850s.

By 1856 a pier was built, and steamers began to make regular stops. Pioneers came looking for land to farm , and when Lheir farms began to produce, they followed the river back to Ahnapee to sell the fruits of their labors and

IHl) wlt,11 11 ,l! I(· goo cl, tltc, <<>11lcl .dfo1 cl . ,\111011 g tlw111 l\('I (' I lt·t lllill1\ p,11 t·11t-.. F1 cclt'rit k ,111cl I 011i,<·, ,111cl Iii, olcle1 1>1 otlw1 \u gu-.t . ,\.., fo1nt w:1-. 11,1n,lrn111ecl into L11111land , .,,,.11 n1, ol 11.1cli11 g s<m1·, and -,chcH>11<·r, t,1111c to ,\hnapct· to can, off tlte prod11n, of the la11cl . ·1 ltc 11·oocl, )'iclclccl lumbe1 l<ff -.hip111c11t so11il1. C:ordwoocl, railroad tit's, tt'kgraph pole..,, hark, lrnnclks of shingle,, ,111cl e, en hold~ rull or s;l\lclllSl were ca n it'd ,1\1:1\ . Bag~ of wheat , r)'t', a11cl oat..,, b11,hel-, of potatoe,, brick, or huller, and a ,ariety of other prod uct, wcre ,hipped 0111. The H'..,..,cl, brought back barrel, of salt, bcr,:t.", or rre,h fruit , tool, for rannns and tradesmen , <,team engine, 1"01 the mills , and co11ntlcss sunclrin-e, erything from apple.., to 1ippers. In these <,cows and scl10011ers, the entn:prencurs and bomtt-r., or 111aritin1e villages saw the promise or f11t11rc prospcrit)' · Much of thi-, pro111i~c rested in the Chri.,t111as tree trade. In December 1888 the ,\/1hua11l1et' Smtinl'I described the informal tree trade as it had existed in \\'isconsin ,inn· the encl of the Civil War: ·1 he trade is ra1rit·cl 011 mai1il r b) ,111all (01111l1'} ,torckctptr, lorntcd 11ea r a harbor OI railway ..,,a1io11 . !'ht l;m11c1s in their vicinity or the \1·oocl,111e11, who liuy all their ... f<iod , rlo1hi11g, el('., rron1 1hc,e ,tore,, make 1hcir pa y111e nt, in Chri,1111a, lll't'S. Some fa1 mer, would like 10 bur Chri..,t111a, pn·,t·111, fell I hei1 wive,, c hilclrn1 , rcla1 i\ t·, 01 f'ril'ncl, , bu1 1hcy arc ,hori rn1 rn, h, 01 hale 10 p,111 with i1. l'.11 thci1 fanm arc atn·s ol 111 a r,h land rml'rccl 11ith pines a nd ,h1 ubbc1 y. They ,l',k Iht· ,trn l'-kt'l'fH'r \1hc1hc1 tn·c, would bl' ancptable to him in liL·11 of mone y. ·1 ht' '>IOIT -kl'cpn ton,cn1,, and in ,1 le" da y, rniloacb of Chi i,tma, trees a1c pik·d up 11t\ 1r his hou,c . I le l'llgagl', a ft·w work111t·11 a11cl ha.., 1hc cn1dc pine lm111n·, lwl propc1 ly ,hapcd. a11d 1ht·n he begin, LO ,hip Lhem ,ouLh. ·1 hu, i, Lhi, pcwliai trade carried on Lhroughout Lhe entire northern part of Lhe peninsula ... . All the cities of this state and hundreds of cities and hamlets in Illinois are supplied with (trees], and certainly one-half of the Christmas trees sold in Chicago come from the Badger state.

In Ahnapee the trade was lively and the competition brisk. Many of the captains who 49

Chirago Hist my, December I 992 engaged in the tree trade "ran wild,'' meaning that they ,vere their own bosse and found their cargoes and markets by their own wits. Usually lacking in formal nautical training, these independent captains learned to handle a boat by serving as a sailor or fisherman on another man's vessel before setting out on their own.

Instead of chart and compass, they relied on a good eye, sharp ear, bold spirit, and sound constitution. In their little shallow draft vessels, they could get into tight harbors and serve a multitude of coastal villages while keeping only a l"ew sailors on the payroll, many of whom were family members. I laving few long-term

VPslerday's Cil_)' contracts, they could respond to changes in the marketplace and capitalize on a boon such as a rise in the price of potatoes by sailing off to the north at short notice to bring back a full hold. And in their willingness to risk their lives and property, many of the inde pendents sailed late into November, benefiting from the high

freight rate after more prudent captains had gone into winter quarters.

Among these captains were the "Christmas Tree" Schuenemann brothers. In the fall of 1875, August Schuenemann bought a share or th e schooner W. H Hinsdale from John R. Doak, a well-known independent captain.

August had served on Doak's vessels, working his way up through the ranks, before he bought an interest in the Hinsdale. Because the onlr requirements for becoming a master were informal training and a little money, many young captains sailed the Great Lakes; August achieved master status before the age of thirty.

After about a decade of trading out or Ahnapee, he moved to Chicago to seek his fortune. JJis brother Herman sooned joined him there.

In those days Chicago was at the center of the booming lake trade. Twenty thousand vessels cleared the prairie port annually, and the masts of lake schooners picketed the river banks all year long. Only London, New York, and Hamburg had busier harbors. Competition in the city was cutthroat for lake captains.

Those who were established owned several vessels and hired agents to find cargoes for them.

Even the larger sailing vessels , however, had difficulty holding their own as steamers became more efficient and cornered the market in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Many schooners that had once sailed free were converted to captive barges and were pulled , two and three in line, behind a steamer or Lug. With such big business going on, it is not surprising that the smaller scows and schooners, like those the Schuenemann brothers owned, were often ill-treated. The Chicago Inter-Ocean commented: "While vessel agents are complaining that they cannot get enough boats to fill the demand by Duluth Lumber shippers, the small class of lumber schooners find it almost impossible to get loads enough to keep them busy. " It appears that the Schuenemanns met this challenge with an entrepreneurial spirit-they became businessmen as well as sailors. At various times they were in the grocery and the coal, wood, and hay businesses, as The snow-laden Rouse Simmons, docked al the Chicago Rivn, c. 1910.

51

Chicago History, December 1992

rn

Unloadmt, the Christmas Ship

The Rouse Simmons was 011/y one of many Christmas tree shi/Js that sen,ed Chicago; Fort Dearborn magazine featured another on th e cover of its December 1922 issue.

52

Yesterday's City well as saloon keeping, enterprises that were as ubiquitous in Chicago a century ago as gas stations, d,-y cleaners, and convenience stores are today. Regardless of their success or failure in these ventures, however, every autumn the Schuenemann brothers were lured north to fill their schooners with Christmas trees in time to beat the competition back to Chicago and make their fortunes for the year.

By 1896, when he sailed the venerable old scow Seaman, August's reputation as a tree merchant and competitive trader was well established. That year, the Stmgeon Bay Advocate portrayed the dockside Christmas tree business as a colorful ritual in which captains went head to head, haggling to get the best cargo at the lowest price in the fastest time: "That prince of good fellows-Capt. John Patrick Clark-is hustling Christmas trees as is also Capt. Schuenemann of the schooner Seaman, and it is no uncommon sight to see both skippers tied up to a half dozen or more backwoodsmen bartering and dickering [or this commodity." For a tree captain, stretching a dollar was as important as tending the sails.

The condition and age of their vessels also indicated the narrow economic margin by which these captains lived. Until a week before it was pressed into service, Captain Clark's schooner the Kate Hinchman had been lying in a marine cemetery up to its gunwales in water. When it was ready to sail with its cargo of trees, the schooner was towed to Chicago, probably because its condition was too fragile to ri k sailing alone. Captain Schuenemann's chooner the Seaman, built in 1848, was also an antique by lake standards.

Only recently it had been caught in a gale in Chicago, and even while loading tree , the captain was in the market for a new yardarm for the schooner. The Seaman, too, took a tow that year going south.

While the tree captains' economic margin was narrow, the safety margin was even more threatening. Bad weather could materialize seemingly out or nowhere on the lakes, and captains could never tell just how close disaster loomed. [ronically, both of the two known fatal wrecks in the Chri tmas tree trade on Lake Michigan affected the same famil)'¡

ln the fall or 1898 August Schuenemann was again in Sturgeon Bay and had put out the word that he was looking for trees: "Farmers and others wishing to get out trees will do well to call on Captain Schuenemann who is paying the highest market price for good trees. His vessel is lying at the Merchants wharf." The vessel was the little-and aged-schooner S. Thal.

Captain Schuenemann had paid only $250 for it, but even then was forced to borrow money from a Sturgeon Bay merchant o that he could buy his cargo of trees. The debt went unpaid.

On ovember 9 the S. Thal, with thirty-five hundred Christmas trees, 540 bundles of greens, and three crew members on board, was caught in a storm off Glencoe, Illinois, and wrecked. There were no survivors.

Apparently Herman Schuenemann did not go north for trees that fall. His twin daughters, Hazel and Pearl, were born in October. Perhaps their birth kept him home, but it did not keep him from pursuing the risky business in subsequent years. Even before August died, Herman had been venturing further north for trees. In 1895 he lost the schooner Mystic while sailing to Little Bay de oquette and had to charter the M. Capron to bring his cargo home.

In 1900 he almost lost the schooner Mary Collins en route to Manistique for trees.

Herman's adventuresomeness extended to his business dealings. He used vessels that were, for the most part, much bigger than those August sailed. (The Mary Collins at 130 feet long, 26 feet wide and 9 feet deep was probably the largest.) He m,ide deals and tried new locations in search of the best trade. For several years he went as far north as the Soo Canal and Locks to buy his trees from the Chippewa Indians. Eventually, he gave up buying trees from local suppliers and hired his own crew to go into the woods and cut the trees for shipment. Thus, Herman gradually assumed control of the whole enterprise.

In marketing, "Christmas Tree" Schuenemann was even more savvy than in sailing. nlike other captains, he did not sell his trees to local grocers, coal dealers, or candy store owners. Nor did he hire teamsters to haul the trees from the schooner to the stores, which would eat further into his profits. He eliminated the middleman by selling the trees him53

Chicago Histo1y, December I 992 self, directly from the deck of his vessel. By 1910 he had established his own enterprise, the Northern Michigan Evergreen ursery (whose address was given as "S.W. Corner Clark St. Bridge") . The captain invested in cutover land in Upper Michigan and by 1912 owned 240 acres. In salaries for tree-cutters and sailors, provisions, towing fees, and leasing of a schooner such as the Rouse Simmons (which was only one or several vessels he used over the years to transport Christmas trees), a single trip would ha\'e cost Schuenemann approximately three thousand dollars. Each voyage was thus a go-for-broke ,¡enture. Failure to bring back trees would leave him penniless; success, howe,¡er, meant big pro£its. With trees elling between one and twenty dollars, Schuenemann could easily double or triple his wealth between Thank giving and Christmas.

To do this, Schuenemann had to transport the maximum number of trees and greens. A vessel the size of the Rouse Simmons could reasonably cany fi"e thousand or more trees, which were compacted and lashed down tightly on the deck and in the hold. Packed dry, the trees' weight would have been negligible for these maritime freighters. If they became wet in turbulent seas and froze, however, tl1e same deckload of trees might suddenly be transformed from a financial asset into a fatal liability.

The Rouse Simmons arrived safely in Chicago in 1911 despite storm delay and a stopover for recaulking. The following year, however, Schuenemann did not ha\'e the schooner recaulked. The captain had defaulted on an old debt and was being sued by a commission merchant. That fall he sold half of his land holdings in Michigan. With such financial strains, recaulking may have seemed expendable; leaky sailing vessels on the Great Lakes were probably the norm rather than the exception ilien. Furthermore, the Simmons would not complain if not recaulked, but the captain's creditors would if Schuenemann did not pay them the money he owed.

The decision not to recaulk may have been a fatal one. The Rouse Simmons never reached Chicago that year. The vessel was last seen on November 23, 1912, between Kewaunee and Two Rivers, Wisconsin, with distress signals flying. It sank in a ferocious gale just thirty miles 54

south of Captain Schuenemann's hometown of Ahnapee.

Over the years that the Schuenemanns and other Lake Michigan captains were active in trading, the maritime Christmas tree business rose, crested, and faded. What had begun as an informal business done on a barter system and open to e\'en small entrepreneurs evolved into a big business that rested in the hands of high-volume wholesalers and specialized tree farmers. Trees from Maine supplied the East Coast, while Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota sent their evergreens south from Ohio to Kansas. Railroads and improved highways

"/'/11' Chn.111110.1 /11'1' .1thoo11l'r An.:11dal doti!erl

0 11

lfi1, ririer, /)1'te)//lwr Y, I\Jf ,1.

made the old wooden-bottom vesseh obso lete.

By 1912 the era of' the maritime Christmas tree trad e was virtually over on the Great Lake!>. Yet eve n a generation later, Chicagoans remembered "C hristmas Tree" Schuenemann and the Rouse Simmons, for lcw peopl e had ever given so mu ch joy to so man y others simply by doing th e ir jobs as did the Christmas tree captains of Lake Michigan.

Ill ustrations -H , CHS, DN 69, 26; -l:5, CHS Prim, and Photographs Collection; -l:6, from the "Christmas Ship scrapbook", CHS Library; 47, CHS Library; -l:8, rrom the "Clwi~tma ¡ Ship scrapbook", CHS Library ; 48 inset, from Creal Slories of the Creal !.,akes, CHS Library; 50-5 1, CHS Prims and Photographs Collection ; 52, CHS Libra ry; 54-55, CHS, Di'\ 63, 69 1.

55

BooKREVIEW 'Dig and Dream': Writing Chicago's History in 1991 Steve Rosswurm Author's note: The title for this annual review of books on Chicago history- "Dig and Dream"cornes frorn Carl Sandburg's poem "The Windy City." Sandburg is not in vogue these days, but he deserves lo be. He took history seriously-"The Windy City" is a meditation on Chicago's jJasl and present-and understood that a people without historical consciousness is a people without direction.

Fewer and fewer peojJle understand this, as academic historians increasingly write only for themselves, and the local media-especially the book review sections in the two rnajor daily papers-virtually ignore works on our city's history.

This review covers works on Chicago histoiy produced during 1990 and 1991 (roughly frorn October to October), including rnonographs, reference works, synthetic volumes, docurnenl collections, works of genealogy, and films. Books written by academic and nonacademic historians will be included, as will books that, while not concerned primarily with Chicago, provide important information on the city. Significant reprints as well as irnfJortanl books appearing in pafmback for the first tirne will also be listed.

1 write first as a teacher/historian, but rnore importantly as a citizen whose sense of the present is informed by a consciousness of the jJast; second, as both partisan and resident of Chicago (in local terms, a parishioner of St. Gertrude's). Again, from Sandburg's "The Windy City": "ft is easy to come here a stranger and show the whole works, write a book, fix it all up-it is easy to come and go away a muddle-headed pig, a bum and a bag of wind. " The best and most important book on Chicago history published in 1991 is William Cronon' Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West ( orton, hb $27.50). This work gives us not only a new way of looking at Chicago's nineteenth-century history, but also a new view of the present.

O/J/Josite, Chira.go in 1857 from a lithogra/Jh by Charles Inger afln a drawing by I . T. Pabnatm y, published by Bra1whold & Sonne, Chicago.

Cronon's central argument is simple: We cannot understand Chicago's history without comprehending the history of the Creal West, and vice versa. The organizing focus of Cronon's story is "commodity flows ," which offers the best way to exa mine this interrelationship, as well as a means to consider "environmental change in relation to the action of human beings. " Nature's J\IIetrojJolis, then, is an environmental history that examines "the expansion of a metropolitan economy into regions that had not previously been tightly bound to its markets, and the absorption of new peripheral areas into capitalist orbit."

Nature's Metropolis is divided into three sections. In the first, "To Be the Central City," Cronon discusses the city's premetropolitan history, examines the limitations of Frederick Jackson Turner's frontier thesis, argues convincingly for capital as the key to understanding " metropolitan empire," and brilliantly explains how the railroad transformed notjust commod ity flows, but also time and space.

Another of Cronon's central purposes becomes clear here: to demystify, to explain that "shrouded" in the "language of deep mystery," that couched as "the expression of a universal life-force beyond human ken. " Cronon earlier defined two different natures-firs/ nature as "original, prehuman nature" and second nature as "the artificial nature that people erect atop first nature." Early in the city's history, the distinction between the two natures blurred as transportation technologies, especially railroads, came to be seen as "natural," rather than "a human invention at the heart of an equally human economic system." First and second nature came together so that Chicago became the link between east and west, the "principal wholesale market for the entire midcontinent."

Steve Rosswurm. teaches history at Lake Forest College.

He is the editor of the AFL-CIO's Left-Led Union ( I 992).

57

Chirago Histo1)', December 1992

TojJ, lithogm/Jh of the Creal Hall of the Boa rd oJ Trade Bu ildi ng , I 886. Above, skelch of trains arriving in Chicago. by j oseJ;h Pe11 11ell, 19 17.

38

Crono n con tinu es thi de mystifi ca ti on process in the seco nd secti on " a ture to Marke t," in which he examines th e grain , lumbe r, and ca ttle trad es to show how a nd wh y Chicago domin ated each a nd to ex pl ain the intell ectual a nd social implica ti o ns o f each good 's corn rn odifi cation. H ere, co mplicated a nd abstract in sig hts-th e way in whi ch th e g ra in futures marke t "tu1-n ed inwa rd upo n it.se lf to trade within its own ca tegori es a nd bound a ries" or th e way in which meat pac kin g d es troyed space-are di scussed access ibl y a nd intri gu in g ly. C ro non ca n ta ke th e mos t see min gly munda ne iss ue-for exampl e, th e hift rrom shippin g grain in sac ks Lo shippin g it as a liquid-and show h ow it can be und e rstood onl y throu gh the most ri go rous abstracti on.

"Th e Geogra phy of Ca pital " co nclud es Natu re' Metropolis. H ere Cronon discusses the geogra phica l pa tte rn o r wh o owed wh a t to who m (drawn from ba nkruptcy records), C hicago as a "gateway" city, a nd the 1900 Montgome ry Ward ca ta log. H e e nd s with a visit to the I 893 World 's Co lumbia n Exp ositi on . In all these cases, he shows how first na ture a nd second na ture a nd the relati onship between the two became increas in gly obscured. \\'hat a wonderful boo k th at lead s us to loo k at famili a r things in new ways! First, Na ture's J\iPtropolis retell s Chi cago hi sto ry from a new a ng le, showing that th e city's ri e to promine nce ca nn ot be se pa ra ted fro m th e hi sto1y of both its countrysid e a nd its rela ti onship to th e e n\'ironm e nt. C hicago became a me tropolita n e mpire not onl y because of its uniqu e bl e ndin g of fi rst and second nature, bu t also because o f' its pl ace in the con tinuin g re la ti o nship be twee n the two. Seco nd , C ron on gives us a phil oso ph y a nd me t.h od o f writin g e nvironme nta l hi story. I-1 is "d ee pes t intellec tu al agend a" is to "s ugges t th a t the bo unda ry be tween huma n and nonhuma n, na tural and unn atural, is profoundl y probl ema ri c." T hird , Cro no n pro,¡id es us with a new way of loo kin g a l our li\'es. \'\'h a t we see as a co nstant-as na ture, as na tural, as always existing-h as a hi story th a t we ca n unde rsta nd a nd expla in .

Seco nd na ture is a product o f' hum a n activity in rela ti on to first na ture . Ca pital , he demonstrates, is a seco nd na ture re latio nship , yet it d oes a ll it can to obscure its re la ti on alism.

Book Review

Above, lhe Irish village al ilu World 's Columbian Ex/Josi/ion, l 893. Below, Chicago's first gos/Jel wagon , c. 1890.

..

.

CHICAGo¡s FIRST GOSPEL WAGON .

Nature's Metropolis ch a nges our lives because Cronon g ives us the intell ectual tools to understand why we are wh e re we arc tod ay.

J a mes Gi lbert's goa ls in the co m p lex Pe1fect Cities: Chicago \ Utopias of 1893 ( n iver ity o f Chi cago Press, hb $27 .50) are ma ny: to cha rt th e responses o f Chi cago's "new middl e cl ass" a nd "e lit e" to th e d ive rse, co m merciali zed

im migrant an d working-class cultures o f th e 1890s; to establish the role of the middl e class in the creation of mode rn p opula r culture; to exam ine th e poli tical implica tions of comme rcial culture; a nd to add a utopian dime nsion to th e activiti es of nineteen th-century Chicagoans.

T o do thi s, Gilbert looks at th ose who tried "to repossess" Chi cago by "creating a new urban cu lture tha t could sta nd in the place of what was be in g lost in the tumult of diversity."

Gilbe rt th en visits, as a "histori ca l tou ri t," [our "total urba n environm e nts" o f the 1890s: the "im agin ed city" of the increasingly popular guidebook, the 1893 World 's Columbia n Ex position, the co mpa ny town of Pu llma n, and th e "evange lical city" envisioned by Dwi ght Moody and T urlington H arvey. Guid ebooks tr ied to ma ke th e city safe for th e middle class by describ ing, at a comfortabl e d ista nce, the morall y threate nin g world o [ the immi gra nt a nd o[ th e cho ices fac in g con um e rs. The guideboo ks also, Gilbert suggests, furni shed a way to see the city as the future. Th e 1893 World 's Columbi a n Ex p os iti on, a "di sto rted mirro r of Chicago itself," was a nother effort to "repossess th e city." One pa rt of the fa ir, the 59

Chicago History, Decernber 1992

Above, the Commonwealth Edison Plant al Pulaski Road and the Chicago River, 1953. OjJ/Josile, a 1908 advertisement for Commonwealth Edison.

White City, was "planned high culture," while the other, the Midway, was "popular culture and unregulated commercialism. " The former was intended to "predominate, to overwhelm , to convince." In yet another of these environments, the town of Pullman, George Pullman's response to cultural diversity was as simple as it was ultimately futile: He "banned what he did not like and promoted his own tastes." Fourth, Dwight Moody's evangelical city "required nothing less than fusing secular popular culture to evangelism."

Gilbert tries to accomplish much in Pe,fect Cities-perhaps too much in just 227 pages of text. For example, his distinction between "elite" and "middle class" breaks down continually. We often do not know which group is acting when. In the end, it is doubtful that the middle class did much to "repossess" the city.

60

His discussion or the political implications of commercial culture, moreover, is an important point left undeveloped. -n1is book might be one or those rare cases when another one hundred pages of text would have meant a better book.

Everyone assumed that city records antedating 1871 had burned in the Great Chicago Fire, but in 1984 an "unbroken record of city documents" from 1833 to 1871 were found in a South Side warehouse. Robin Einhorn's bright and bold Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Uni\¡ersity of Chicago Press, hb $34.95), the first major work to come from these records, argues that city improvements and services were funded very differently than they are now and differently from the way that historians had understood them to be financed. What Einhorn calls the "segmented system" assumed that "only

those propert y owners whose real estate wo11ld be affected by a partinilar d ·cision had a right to participate in making that decision. " Those who benefited l'rom th e improvement th e n paid for it proporl ion a tel y via a '>pccial asse%rn e nt. "'1·0111 I 8"15 to 18()5, whcn the scgmentcd system work ·cl best , city government issues wcrc ad111inistratively simple and devoid or politics and corruption.

Finliol'll finds much to admirc in the segme11tecl sy-,tem, ,11 least compared lo tile machine politics that followed it-, disintegration in th · latc I 8G0s. Segmentation assu111ccl there was 110 public good and that clcn1onacy, as we defin , it , had nothing lo do with p11blic finan ces. Yet widcspread propert y owner<;hip, dcrnonstratcd l'ro111 an analysis or the 1850 and 1860 <·cnsuses , 111ea11 t, I•: i 11 hol'll con vi nci ngly argues, that working pcople benclitccl f'rom segmentation. Machine politics, in contrast , pmitcd a public good that 11ltimatel y s<Tved only e lite i11teresh.

Proj)l'l'ly /fof!,s will provoke controver<;y because it urge'> ll'> to reco nsider is.,ucs- for example, tile nature or den1ocracy and the role of' propert y owners in politics- that arc central to our lives. Einhorn\ overextension of' the implications of' her findings abo will evoke criticism.

In '/'/11, f'.'lntrit C'ily: f,:,l(,1gy and tfu, (;r0111tl, o/ //1() (,'fiirnw1 A /'NI , 1880- 19 ]() ( u 11 iversi t y or Chicago l'rc'>'> , hb $'.M.98) , I larold Platt shows how tile Chicago metropolitan area , when faced with a variety or cornpcting " ted1nologiral '>yst e111s " that offered -,cveral alt ·rnat ives, c11dcd up with Co111111011wealth t•:dison , a "111onopolistic n .' ntral station utility. " I le also show., how Chicagoam becam e incrcasi11gly dependent 011 electricity in their ·veryday lives . These dev e lopment~ rc~ulted l'rom " lll1111a11 choice," not "the inexorable logic or the machine" or manipulative advertising.

Plan 's discussion of' Samuel Insull , the shinin g light of'T/,e f;lectric City, is superb. The first person to structure electrical rates to reduce bills and encourage co nsumption , thus establishing ce ntral station domination, lnsull was a progressive capitalist who supported utility regulation. His position on th e regulation issue allowed him to "set the age nda or the debate and to dictate its outcome" when the

City Council discussed and finally adopted a contract with his company. (lnsull no doubt would be cl ·lighted that Platt\ hard -ea rned experti~e was ignored when he te~tified against the cit)"~ recent agreement.)

Platt\ work illuminates much more than Samu ·I lnsull and is sure to remain the pri mary book 011 the topic ror years lo come. One drawback, however, is ib density. More people will probabl y t1sc it as a reference work than will read it f'rom cover to cover.

Do111inic Pacyga, f><1hlh Jmmigrr111/s a11d lndm-

Lrial Chirngo: Workers on Lhe South Side, 1880-1922 (O hio State University Press, hb $40), posits the question: "How did Polish packinghouse and steel-mill workers affect Chicago and its working class?" To find the answer, he first explores the world from which Polish peasants emigrated. He then looks at their work and living experiences in the steel and packinghouse districts and at the ir re-creation here of' a world 61

Chicago History, December 1992

A parade partici/Jant i11 Polish costume. Photogra/Jh by j ohn McCarthy, 1960.

that revolved around family, community, and the Catholic Church. Finally, he examines Polish efforts to defend their communiti es; here Pacyga considers alli ances with outside forces, both middle-class and working-class; political activity; strikes; and "communal rioting."

This book opens new worlds and, in doing so, leaves the reader with questions, particularly about religious and parish life and how these divided along the lines or gender. A greater u e of the records of the Archdiocesan Archives would have helped here-especially as both divided along lin es or gender. Diel the Polish National Catho li c C hurch play an important ro le in Polish-American parishes?

Was the Polish community really as united across class lin es as Pacyga argues? Diel this unity rest so lely on Polish nationalism?

The history or Arrican-Arnericans and of race are central to understanding Chicago's history, but little was written on eith er in 199 I. Pacyga's discussion of the Polish role in the Race Riot of 1919 is important, as he shows that most priests and Polish-language newspapers tried Lo keep their parishioners fi¡om joinin g in attacks on African-Americans. N icho las Lemann's marvelously written The Promised Land: The Great Black Migrntion and How It Clwnged America (Knopf, hb $2-1-.95) has two

A man is stop/Jed on the streets by troo/Js during the 1919 Rare Riot. Photograph byj1111 Fujita.

62

/111ril, //r Jl/('1/1 c<J111111< ·111 1li ,11 < 1c ·, 11i11 g" I"'" p1C1g 1.1111 .t~ ;11\.1\ '" ,·11CI pm c·1 l1 11,1, 1lw • 1o,l!I 1101 1,tl c·11 " i11 llw l'H1!h "1ggc·,1, 111,11 l()lil1c1111111g c,1pi1:d1,111 1, (( ·1111,tl l<J clc ·: tl111 g 111tl1 I""' 111 . IH1I ,1 di" 11, , 1011 I\ :il"( ' III .11,cl ',() f (

I\

1111 ',\(' cl

I .,k, · 111<J, I ol lwt p1 ol, ·,, 11,11,tl '11 , l1J11,111,. I I( '( (' l\( 'cl 1111 11 ,1111i11 g Ill ,11( 1111( '( 1111 . tl l11\l()i\ , l,111 c·1 111 I k11c1\\ 111 :11 ( ,11tl1il1·11111 1()1111 \V

I'

.ltl( :1g <J \ 11111 lcl l.11111J11,

j, ,Ill lllljHll l:1111 p.it I <JI ti , 111\IOI

\1.1111pc ·1 \

'1 11• 11111•: ! 1/111111111 /!,

(Ill(/

( ,'/11111 /.!,11\

/\'11 1/lt AJ11/11p1111 !J1'1wl11/11111•11I . I 1HHI I 11111

(l 11iv(') , ii; (II ( .'11c .t gn l 1 1('\\, ltl1 :... I 1) "

ti()

pl.t! ,. to lw g 111 ,1 ,111ch ol 11,i, 1()1"' . \Vl1.11, rntlcl lt:11, · lwc 11 , ., , 11111 g

i

Ill /I/di'/\ {'\ (/)//I'll

/11 \((/1'1} rlll//11/.!, 1111·

1 1)1 1) / /({(/'

//111/

()II

/'/, r, /llf.!, 111 /1/, fi \ /1111 f' ll/1111

""lc ·.icl c "" " " " ol cit 1

l>1o g 1,1pl111 ·.., ol 1lw 111111 > 011c · 111,1p11 l111tlcl111g, ()1111

1\111( l11 g ,111 i\\( ' 1111( ' Ill ill(' l'J ~ O, . / !t11•1· 11111·1111111 111/11/(•1/1 · ,\11//1 111111 , 11 '11/.!, /1/ , /,W, 5 /')/ ') (l Ill

j:i1111 ·, () ' (,(If 111,111 \ c:1,1 , ()I cl1 ;11,1CIC'I, : Iii<' 111ig1 : 1111 , 110111 c :l:i1k ,

!(11/11111/11111 ,

cl ;il, ·, Mi\\i,,ippi , w l1C1 " ' Ilic-cl 011 Iii<' ,"ic1111l1

v1·1,ii y nl ( ,l1ic,1 g o 11 1, ·,,, ltli ~~ l . <J :1) , 1>11 1lw

,'ii,I<- , ;111cl 1lw pc,li11ci:11" :111cl l1111, ·, 111c1 :11, l\l1c,

(Jill<'t l1:i11rl ,

cl!'\d<Jpt ·cl ill<' " W :11 ()II l'cl\<'11 y" I ,( ·111,11111 1< ·11,

:d , ,1 ,1 g or,rl 111l1<Jcl11Cl1C11t l<Jt ilu tl()\I(< ' 111 ;111

.1 g <1()cl ,11>1), IHtl Iii ,

woil

"ol1t·11 l()1tg 011

111<J1,tli , 111 :111cl , Ito, I r,11 .111.tly,i,. 11" 11"igl1il1tl

( '\',,I )

I',

1101 ()Iii) 1111( ' 1( '', )lll g 1(1 l( ', 1(1 , 11111

()I ;d1rn11 ,

·,o p,1 gn, () ' (,()I Ill.ill ell \ ( II\\( '\

ilw clc •\fg 11 , ,11HI ill(' c·, , ·c 111< cl l111ilcli11 g, ()f

I

1\lichigr1111ive11ue, looking 11orlhfim11 Sll/Jerior St reel. r. I 921.

63

Why are we

Prohibited from

. Picketing ~ '

Book Review Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Henry Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright. He focuses on the interrelationships of the three men; Richardson and Wright, O'Gorman argues, are the two of greater achievement. An even broader historical context for the discussion would have been helpful , but that might have made the work something other than architectural history. Three American Architects is highly recommended.

Chicago: An Industrial Guide, by Ann Durkin Keating, is a short, pocket-sized guidebook of two Chicago-area industrial sites; general entries of industrial sites follow. It's a bargain at five dollars from the Public Works Historical Society, 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637. Donald W. Maxwell has prepared an annotated bibliography of English-language fiction about the Great Lakes region (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota). Literature of the Great Lakes Region (Garland, hb $62) is indexed not by place, but by title and author. June Skinner Sawyers's Chicago Portraits: Biographies of 250 Famous Chicagoans (Loyola University Press, hb $27.95, pb $22.95) warrants at least skimming. Everyone will protest some exclusion; I have three: John Fitzpatrick (Chicago Federation of Labor president for forty years); William Lee (Federation president for nearly that long) ; and Samuel Cardinal Stritch (archbishop from 1939 to 1958). The author's choices, however, seem judicious, if overrepresentative of the fringe. The suggestions for further reading accompanying each entry, the bibliography, and the index make Sawyers's work even more useful. Margery Frisbie's biography of Monsignor John Egan, An Alley in Chicago: The Ministry of a City Priest (Sheed & Ward, pb $ 13.95), takes an embarrassingly uncritical position toward the career and character of an important local figure. Finally, Sue Ann Prince, ed., 17ie Old Guard and the Avant-Garde: Modernism in Chicago, 1910-1940 ( niversity of Chicago Press, hb $35), a collection of essays about modernist art and opposition to it, offers a well-illustrated introduction to a host of artists, collectors, patrons, and critics.

Opposite, Ladies Garment IVorkers parade, I 910.

Several books appeared in 1991 that dealt with the city at some le ngth , even when their main theme was not Chicago history. Probably most significant among these is Steven Fraser's Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise ofAmerican Labor (Free Press, hb $29.95).

Hillman, a Jewish immigrant from the Russian Pale, worked at Chicago's Hart, SchafTner & Marx, became a leader of the 19 J 0-11 garment workers' strike, and was a founder and head of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America. In the well-written, informative, and humorous Which Side Are You On? Trying to Be for Labor When It's Fial on Ils Back (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, hb $19.95), Thomas Geoghegan recounts his experiences as an upper-class Harvard Law School graduate who became a Chicago labor lawyer. His recounting of International Harvester's immoral treatment of\,Visconsin Steel workers is essential reading, as is his discussion of the Chicago steel industry 's decline. Geoghegan, however, sometimes seems naive and unmindful of his freedom to choose sides.

At last we have a major biography of Sandburg in Penelope Niven's Carl Sandburg: A Biography (Scribner's, hb $35), a delightful book that provide a good sense of the person and his work. Niven does not, however, stress Chicago's specific impact on Sandburg's work.

Chicago plays an important part in Larry Bennett, Fragments of Cities: The New American Downtowns and Neighborhood (Ohio State University Press, hb 29.50). Bennett's heart is in the right place, but he has taken on too much and founders when he suggests solutions for current urban problems. He attacks the Save Our eighborhoods/Save Our City Coalition with barely concealed contempt for the values that drive its membership.

Mary Irene Zotti's A Time ofAwakening: The Young Christian Worker Story in the United Stales, 1938 to 1970 (Loyola University Press, hb $24.95) is a solid introduction to a Catholic organization that was strongest in Chicago .

But Zotti, a leader in the movement, never addresses a central issue: Why were the Young Christian Workers-as well as the Christian Family Movement-so successful in Chicago?

In a class of its own is J. Robert Constantine, ed., Letters of Eugene V. Debs (University of Illi65

Chicago Hist01y, December 1992

Rear of building at Sib/Py and Taylor s/rr,e/s, 1934.

nois Press, three volumes, hb $120). While the set is far too expensive for most individuals to purchase, there should not be a public library in Chicago, or any other American city, without its own copy.

Two volumes stand out among several on Chicago history that were reprinted or appeared in paperback for the first time. First is Thomas Lee Philpott's revised edition of Tlte Slum and the Ghetto: lmmigrnnts, Blachs, and Reformers in Chicago, 1880-1930 (Wadsworth, pb $19) . It is shameful that it took so long for this book to appear in paperback . Philpott, a native Chicagoan, added a passionate, semiautobiographical preface in which he urgently pre sed the rele\¡ance or his work for an understanding of contemporary Chicago: "The past is Chicago, 1880-1930. Read it and weep. The present is every American city today. Look around. In the meantime there is what Meister Eckhart wrote in the Middle 66

Ages for us to contemplate: 'Cod waits on human history, and suffers in the wait."' This edition has different pagination, a new arrangement of some material, clearer maps, and se\'eral re\\'ritten parts. ,\mong the memorable passages in the nc\\' preface, worth reading even by those who already kno\\' the book, is Philpott's recollection of seeing a Catholic priest sinfully refusing Iloly Communion to an ,V.rican-American at St. Bride\ in 1955.

Thomas Philpott committed suicide 111 October 1991. (A Tom Philpott Memorial Peace and Justice Lecture Fund, established by his children. is administered by the Live Oak Fund. P.O. Box 4601, Austin, Texas 78765; make donations payable to the Live Oak Fund and note that the money is for the Philpott Fund.) Requiescat in Pace.

Lizabeth Cohen's Mahing r, New Deal: hldustrial Worhers in Chicago, 1919-1939, a good buy in hardback from Cambridge Uni-

Book Review Among the other books published or reprinted o n C hicago history in 1991 arc: J a mes F, Bundy, Fall from Crace,, Religion and

th e Communal Ideal in Two Suburban l'illages, 1870-1917 (Ca rlso n, hb $60) , which exp lo res Oak Park and Evanston; Margaret Fuller, Summer on the Lal!es, 1843 (U nive rsity of Tllin o i Press, pb $ 10,95); Paul M. Green a nd Me lvin G. H o lli , ecL, Restoration 1989,' Chicago Elects a New Daley (Lyceum Books, pb $ l 5.95); Don a ld Ho ni g, The Chicago Cubs: An lllustrnted I lislory (Prenti ce H a ll , hb 24.95); Ri ch ard C. Lindberg, To Serve and Collect: Cliiwgo Politics and

A

n11,rse

visits a family in a lenr111en/ building,

e,

I 9 JI,

Police CorruJJ/ion fimn Lhe Lager Beer Riot Lo the Summerda le Scandal (Praeger, lib $3 9.95); Edward H erbert Mazur, Minyans for a Prairie City: The Politics of Chicago J ewry, J 850-1940 (Garlan d , 1990, hb $85); A New Vision for Chicago: Moholy-Nagy (U ni versity of Illinoi s Press, pb $ 19.95); Ro bert Pruter, Chicago Soul

versity Press at $27,95, h as recenlly appeared in paperback for $ 15,98 , Making a New Deal won o ne of' two Ba ncro ft Prizes and the Taft Prize in labor hi story, U niversity of Illin o is Press issued a second editi o n of Thomas N, Bonn er, Medicine in

(Un ivers ity of Illin o is Press, hb $39.95); Leslie V. Tischauser, Th e Burden of Ethnicity: The German Queslion in Chicago, 1914-1941 (Carland, hb $60).

Chicago, 1850-1950,' A Chaj)Ler in the Social and Scientific Develojnnenl of a City (hb , $42,50),

Tllu strat ions

Bonner restored a chapter on "the social and politi ca l attitudes of Chicago physicians" p reviously omitted to "sa tisfy medical critics of the 1950s ," Oth e r than thi s a nd a new bibliog raphi c no te, littl e h as c han ged in the n ew ed iti on , 1-L L. Meites 's Hislo1y of Llze J ews of Chicago, first published in 1924, was reprinted in facsimile by the Chicago J ew ish Hi sto ri ca l Society and Wellington Publi shin g (P,O, Box 14877, Ch icago, Illinoi s 60614, pb $48 ,95); J a mes Grossman contributes a new introductio n, Lois Wili e's classic on the city's la kc front,

57, C IIS, JCITi -05654; 58, CI-JS, ICHi-00249 ; Cl-IS, TC Hi-04108; 59 above, C HS , IC l-li -2294 l ; 59 below, C l-TS , IC Hi-21704; 60, CIIS Prims a nd Photographs Coll ectio n; 6 1, CIIS, TCTJi-20010: 62 above and be low, C l-TS Prims a nd Ph o tograp hs Co ll enion; 63 above, C HS Prints a nd Ph o togra ph s Co ll cnion; 63 be low, C HS, ICHi-1 7229; 65, CHS, TC I-Ti -04938; 66, CHS , ICHi-008 14; 67, CJ IS, IC ITi-03833,

Forever Open, Clear, and fr pe,, Tile Struggle for Chicago's Lakeji-011t, published in 1972, came o ut in paperback for the first tim e (Un ive rsity of C hi cago Press, pb $ 12,95, hb 29,95), No c hanges a ppea r in the text, but it has a new int rod uctio n by Gerald Suttles, One f-/1w dred \'ears al lfu/l-f-!011se (Indi ana nivers ity Press, hb $49 ,95, pb $24,95) is a n ex pande d and revised vers ion of Mary Lynn McCree Brya n and Allen F, Dav is , eel,, Eighty }'ears al Hull/louse ( 1969), 67

Index to Volume 21 This index includes a uthor, Litle. and subject entries. Illustrations are indicated in italics. If a subject is illustrated and discussed on the same page, the illustration is not separately indicated.

Comp iled by Lesler Manin

A Accelerator Building, U niversity of Chicago: I +2:54 Addams, J an e : at Unive rsity o l' Chicago convoca ti o n : 1+2: 12 African-Americans: 3+4:66; restrictive covenants aga in st in Wood lawn and Hyde Park: I +2:56-72; migration LO Chicago: I +2:56; 3+4:62-6,\ Ahnapee, Wi sconsin (now Algoma): a nd Ch1·istmas tree trade: 3+4: -1-9, 5 1, 54 Algoma, Wisconsin : see Ahnapee An JI/Ley in Chicago: 771e Mini.111)' of a Ci!_\' Pries/, by r.targcry Frisbie, 1·e\'iew: 3+4:65 Alta Vista Terrace: 3+4: 15, 16- 17, 19 Amalgamated Clothin g Workers or America: 3+4:65 American Council of Race Relations, llm1111rd In: I +2:64-65 American Legion: l +2:34 American Student Unio n (ASU) : and peace clemonst1·ati o ns at th e U ni\'ers ity of Chicago: I +2:26, '.\5 Anliwa,· protests, U niversity of Chicago: I +2:20-2 / , 24, 25, 26, 27, 32, 33, 34, 37 . see alm: Peace strikes Architecture, Chicago: 3+4:63 Art Institute of C hicago: S.E. Gross a governor of: 3+4: 13 Arundal (ship): 3+-1-:55 Ash le)', Patrick and Emily C lark: "The Merclrnnt Prince or Cornville," article: 3+4:4-19 Association of Coll egiate Alumnae: and home economics: I +2:9- 10 AS U: see American Student Un ion Avondale: 3+4:6

B Bake,·, Charles, lllino i; State Senator: and investigat ion of Illinois universiti es: I +2:26 Baptist Education Association: a nd coeducat ion: I +2:-1-- 19 Barbour, James J ., lllinois Stale Senawr: I +2:3 1 Basic Program of Liberal Education for Adults, University or Chicago: I +2:55 Battle Creek Sanitarium: S.E. Gross a patient: 3+4: 19 Beecher Hall, UniversiL) of Chicago: I +2:-1Benes, Edvard: I +2 :23 Bennett, Larry. fragmenls of Cities: The Ner.1• American Downtowns and Neighborhoods : 3+ -1 :65 Benton and Bowles, advertisin g agency: I +2:53 Benton, William : on Un iversity of Ch icago's Round Table radio show: I +2:53 Billings I Iosp ital: and integra tio n: I +2 :65 Bla ir, Willia m & Co mpa ny: see William Blai r & Company Black Belt: I +2:56 , 58 Board ofT1·ade : 3+..J:58 Bonner, Thomas 1., J\ledicine in Chicago, 1850- 1950: A

Cha/Jler in !he Social and Scientific Develo/m1e11t of a Cily: 3+-1-:67 Book Rev iew: '" Dig and Dream': Writing Chicago's HistOt) ' in 199 1,'" Ste\'e Rosswurn1: 3+4:57-67 Borah, William, Senator: I +2:27 Boswn Store: and freight tunnels: 3+4:39 Brandeis, Louis, Supreme CounJu st ice : I +2:27 B,·easted, Charles, l +2:46 Breasted, Frances: J +2 :46 Breasted , J ames, head of Oriental In stitute: I +2:46, 47 Brick construction, expense of: 3+4 :6 " Bringing Chri su11as LO the City, " Yesterday's City article,

by Frede,·ick 1euschel: 3+4:44-55

68

BrompLOn, J.C.: design Alla \'isla Terrace: 3+4: 15 Brookfield: :.el' Grossdale Brown , Emily Maude: marries S.E. Gross: 3+4:4 B1·oy les Comm ission: I +2:36, 37 Bundr,.James F.: Fall Fro111 Grace: Religion a11d the Co111111u11al Ideal i11 Two Suburban Village,: 3+4 :67 Burgess, Ernest\\'., socio logist: I +2:52, 53 Burnham and Root: design hom e for .J ames C ha rnl ey: :H4: 10, 13 The Burden of Elhnicily: '/111, G1,1-mr111 Qu1,11io11 in Chicago, 19/4- 1941 , by Leslie \I. Tischauser: 3+4:67 Business J\lfairs Comm iucc, University of C hi cago: I +2:69 Burke, .J ames J osep h : leader of'\ Voocllawn Propert)' Owner's Association: I +2:57, 59, 60 Burke 11. Kleiman: l +2:59 lfolchl'I' 8oy (ship): 3+4:49

C

Ca lumet Electric Rai lroad: 3+-1-:9, 18 Ca lumet I !e ights: 3+4:9 Carl Sa11db111g: A 8iogra/ihy, b)' Penelope Ni\'en: 3+4:65 Cayton, I Iorace, sociologist: I +2:60; Social Action: I +2:59.

60 Charles R. Wa lg1-cen Foundatio n for the Study of American In stituti o ns: I +2:3 1 Charnley, .James. lumber merchant: 3+4: I 0 Chemi ca l Nationa l Bank: S.E. Gross a director of: 3 + ·k 13 Chicago American: coverage of wreck o f /-/ou.1e Simmons: 3+·1:4 6, 47 Chicago: 1111 /11d11striid Guide, by ,\nn Durkin Keating: 3+4:65 Chicago Bureau of Chariti es: S.E. Gross active in: 3+-1: 13 Ch icago, Burlington & Quine)' Railroad: S.L Gro,s builds train station fo1·: 3+4: 15 Chicago Clu b: S.E. Gross a member of: '.l + "I: I:, Chicago Council Agaimt Racial and Reli gious Disnimination , Rarial Reslrictive Co,,,,1w11L1: I +2:62 Thi, C/1irago Cub.1: An 1/luslmled lli,tory, by Donald I Ionig: 3+4:67 Chicago D1fmder: on 1·e;trictive covenants in \ Vood lawn and I Iyde Park: I +2:60, 62, 63 Chi cago Fire, I 87 1: 3+4:4: and building regulmion,: :,+4:6,

14 C hicago Flood, I 992: 3 +-1-:27. See also: freight tunnels Clurago Globe: on homing fo r workin g class: 3+ -1:(i; on S.E. Gro s's return fi·om Euro pe: '.l+4: I 3, 1:3 Chimgo Herald-Tribune: and Lni,er,iti of Chicago: I +2:27 Chicago /11/er-OcMn: on lum ber ,hipping: 3+4 :5 1 Chicago Plan commission: and 1·estrict ive covenants of l.Jniversil)' of Chicago: I +2:69 Chicago Porlmits: Biogm/ihi1'.1 of 2 50 F11111ou.1 Chicagoan.,, by .June Skinner Sa\\'yers: 3+-1-:(i:j Ch icago Pres; Club: and freight lltnnel banquet: '.l +4 :J5 Chi cago Reli ef' and Aid Societ)': S.E. Gross active in : 3+4: 13 Chicago Soul, by Robert Pruter: :, +4 :67 Chicago Tribune: coverage of' sin kin g of R.m111' Si111111om: '.H-1-:48, 49 Chicago Tunnel Company: '.,+-1- :28 ChiG1go World's Fair. I893. See World '~ Columbian Exposition Chirago\ N01th J\lichigan Avenue: Pla1111i11g and Der.1elo/m1e11t, by J ohn \\'. Stamper: 3+4:63 Christian Family ~1 o,·emenl: 3+4:65 Christmas Tree.Ship: see Rouse Simmon, Christmas tree trade: 3 +4:-1--1--55 Civil Ri ght movement: l +2:37 , 56, 60, 72 C lark, Captain .John Patrick: and Christmas tree trade: 3+4:53 Clark, Emil)' and Patrick 1\.;,hley: "The ,\ lcrcham Prince of Cornvill e," article: 3+"1:-1-19 Cobb, He nry Ives: designs buildin gs al Un ive rsity of Chicago: I +2 : 4 1 Cobb I !all , Universit)' of Chicago: I +2:7

Artirle Title Coeducati on: at Unil'ersity or Chicago: I +2:+- 19; a l Cornell Uni l'ersity: I +2 : I 0 Cohen, Li tabeth , Making a New Deal: !nd11.1lrial IVor/m:1 in Chitago, 19 / 9- / 939: 3+-1:66-67 Collecting the Creal Chicago Flood, exhi bitio n: 3+4:27 Colwell , E. C., dea n of faculti es, Uni l'er it y of Chicago: [ +2 :67, 69 Co mmittee or Racial Equalit)': see CORE Communist Club: at University or Chicago: I +2:34 Co mmuni st influ ence: at Uni l'ersity o f' Chicago: I +2 :20-37 Th e Co11111umi.1t Man ifi,slo: at Uni versity of Chicago: I +2 :20 Congrc ·s Park: see West Crossdale Co ngress or Racial Equali ty: see CORE Consta ntin e, .J. Robert, editor, Leue,:1 of F:ugene JI. Debs : 3+"1:65-66 Conl'ocati ons, Uni versity o r Chicago: I +2: 12, 42, 43 CORE: a nd University of Chi cago: I +2:6-1, 67, 72 Col'llell University: a nd coeduca ti on: I +2: I 0 Collage Grol'e Ave nue: I +2 :66, 67 Cove n, Robert, "Reel Maroons," a rticl e: I +2:20-37 Cro non, Willia m: Na/ure's MetropoliJ: Chicago and the Creal West: 3+4:57-58 Cunnin gham, J A. , vice-president for business. Uni versity of Chicago: I + 2:7 I Cyrano de Bergerac : plagiarism claim by S.t::. Gross: 3 + 4:4, 15, l9

D

Daily Maroon : o n Walgreen investiga tion: 1+2:29, 3 1; on suspension of Socialist Club a nd NSL: I +2:33; on lendlease prog1-a m: I +2: 35; on integrati on: I +2:64 Dancin g:a t · niversityofC hicago: 1+2 :1 6 Darrow, Clarence: I + 2:22 Dauphin Pa rk: 3+4:9, 18 Deerin g Harvester: and nea rby housing: 3+ 4:6 Democratic Convention, 1968: and propo eel use of freight tunn els: 3+4:28 Denslow, W.W. : des igns poster for Merchant Prince of Cornville: 3 + 4:5 Depression of 1930s: and student acti vi, m: I +2 :22, 25-26 "'Dig and Dream ': Wri ting Chicago's llistory in 199 1:" book revi ew, by Steve Ro swurn1 : 3+4:57-67 Dilling, Eli zabeth , Red Network: I + 2:27 Doa k, Captain.J ohn R.: and Christmas tree trade: 3+ 4:5 1 Douglas Hall , old University of Chi cago: I +2:38-39

E

East Grossdale (now Ho ll)wood, Illino is): 3+-1: l5 Eckersall, \\'alter: football player a t Unil'ersit)' of Chicago: I +2: 4-1, 4-5 Ega n, Mon, ignor.J ohn : 3+4:65 Einh ol'll , Robin, ProjJer/y Rules: Politiwl F:conomy in Chiwgo, 3+-1: 60-6 1 The Uectric City: Energy and the Growth of the Chicago Area, 1880-1930, by Haro ld Pla tt: 3+ 4:6 1 El ectricity: and growth of Chicago: 3+4 :6 1 En rico Fe rmi Institu te, Unive rsity of Chi cago: I +2 :54 Ethn ic groups: 3+4:6 1-62; and hou, ing: 3+-1:6, 9, 10 The faa111i11er: S.E. Gro,s inten ·iew: 3+4 : 19

F

Fain, cather. George, assi,tant bu,ine,, manager of Univer, it) of Chicago: I +2:60, 61, 62 Fall fimn Cmce: Rehgwn and !he Co1111111uwl Ideal in 7ioo S11burb1111 l'illage1, b)' J ames F. Bundy: 3+ J: 67 Field, Mar,hall : gili.; to Uni\'er, it)' of' Chicago: I +2:3 1 Fifty-,e\'e n1h Stree1: I +2:67 Footba ll : al Uni \'crsity of Chi cago: I +2:4-/--/5 For/ Du1rbom Magazine: 3+4:52 For1 y-fifiJ1 Stree t: I +2:68 Foster I la ll , Uni, er, it)' of Chicago: I +2:4, 11 , -12

Fmg111enl1 of Cities: 711e t\'1'1.oll111erica11 Dm,111tm1•11 and NPighborhoods, b) I.a n y Ben nett: 3+4:63 Frame construction: in Chicago: 3+"1:6 Frase r, Stel'en. l11bor I l'i// Rule: Sid1wy l lillman and !he R1,1e of ,-Jmnirnn i.,abor: '.1+4:65 Freight tunnels: 3+-1:26-40 Frisbie, r.t argcry. 1lu Alley in Chicago: 711e il/i,11,111)' oja Cily Pries/ : I +2 :65 " From F:sprit de C:m/1s to J oie de Jlivre," article , by Alexandra Gill en, articl e: I +2 :4- 19 "from th e Editor," by Neil Harris a nd Barr)' D. Karl: I +2:3;

by Russell Lewis: 3+4:3 Fuller. Marga ret. Swnmer on the Lakes: 3+4 :67

G

Cai-fi eld Park: 3+-1:6 Ga rme nt Strike, 19 I 0- J I : 3+4:65 Geoghegan, T homas. IVhich Side ,-Jre Yo u 0 11? Trying to be for Labor When Ii\ Fial on Its Back: 3+4:65 Gicleonse, I !an y: I +2:23; and social science class at University of Chicago: I +2:20 Gilbert, J a mes. Pe,fecl Cities: Chicago's Uto/Jias of 1893: 3+4:59-60 Gill en, Al exa ndra : "From Es/Jrit de C01/Js to .Joie de Vivre," articl e: 1+ 2:4- 19 Gra ham, Richey V. , Tllinois State Se nator: and investiga tion of Illino is unil'ersities: l + 2:27, 3 1 Gra nd Opera I-louse: 3+4: 15 Gree n, Paul M. and Melvin G. Holli , editors : Restoralion 1989: Chiwgo £/eels a New Daley: 3+4:67 Green Hall, University of Chicago: I +2 :6 Gross, t::lizabeth Eberly: 3 + 4:4 Gross, .J ohn Custer: 3+4:4 Gross, Sa muel Eberl y: a nd real estate develo pment: 3+4:4- 19; and The 1'vlerchanl Prince of Cornville: 3 + 4:4, 5, 15, 19; and f-lome Primer: 3+4:6, 10; a nd adve rtisin g: 3+4:7, 8, 9, 10, JI , 14, 16-17, 18 ; and The House that Lucy Built: 3+4: JO; membership in civic and cha ritable organi zatio ns: 3 +4: 13; declares ba nkruptcy : 3 +4: l 9; divorce a nd remarri age: 3 +4: 19 Gross Park: 3 + 4 :6, 9, I 0, 19 Grossdale (now Brookfi eld): 3 +4:8, 9, I0, l 5, 19 Guidebooks: to Chi cago "utopias": 3 + 4:59-60 Gymnas ium Co mmittee of th e Alumnae Club, Unive rsity of Chicago: l +2: 13

H

Harper, William Rainey: and women's educa tion: I +2:4, 6, 7, 12; and academia in urban enviro nm ent: I +2: 38--39; comes to University of Chicago: I +2:4 / ; establishes conl'OCa tions: I +2:42; and ex tension di"ision o r University or Chicago: I +2:55 I larrell, William, business ma nager at University of Chicago: I + 2: 62, 64, 69 Hanis, Neil a nd Bart)' D. Karl, " From the t::clitor:" l +2: 3 Ha rt, Schaffn er & Marx : 3+4:65 Harvey, T urlin gton: and "evangelical citr": 3+4:59 Haughey, Ru by Lois: marries S.E. Gross: 3+4: 19 I lea rst, \\'illia m Ra ndolph: and Uni"ersity of Chicago : I + 2:26, 27 I lemmed In , Ameri ca n Council on Race Rela ti o ns: l +2 :64-65 Hewiu, Nelson, '' How ' Red ' is the Univer,ity of Chicago:," 1+2:27 Heyworth Building: a nd freig ht tunn els: 3+4:38 Hillman, Sidney: 3+4:65 Histo1)' of the Jews of Chicago, by H.L. Meites: 3+4 :67 Hitchcock Hall , Uni\'e r ity of Chicago: 1 +2 :44 Holli , Melvin C. and Paul M. Gree n, edito rs, Restoration 1989: Chirngo Werts a New Daley: l +2 :67 !Jome Econo mics a nd Household Arts Club at University of Chicago: 1+2:8-9

69

Chicago Histo1y, December 1992 I lome Eco nomics mo,c rnent: I +2:8, 10, 14, 15 ll ousc holcl .\ clmini stration , de parlm cm of, at lJ niversity of Chicago: I +2:7, 9 I Io ni g, Donald : The Chicago Cufo: 1 111 I/I mt rated I foto1)': I +2 :67 I lollrwood , Illin o is: see East Grm,sda le The llome that L ill)' Built, br S.E. Gross: '.l+-1: 10 llome Primer, by S.E. Cross: 3+-1 :6, I 0 I lotel Bea trice: serve:, as 11·0 111en\ dormi tory: I +2 :6, 17, 18 Housing: segregati on in : I +2 :56-72; use o f mass-p rodu ced materials: 3+4:6, 9; for wo rkin g cl ass: 3+4:4, 6, 13, 19; for middle class: 3+ •1:-1 , 15, 19 "I low 'Reel' Is the Uni ,-c rsity or Chicago?" by elson I lewilt: 1+2:27 I lull -House: I +2: 13 1lurnane Societ)': S. E. Gross a me mber of: 3+4: 13 l lum bolclt Park: 3+4:6 1lutchin s, Robert May nard: and im·esti gati ons of University of C hi cago: I +2:27, 28, 3 1, 3-i, 37; a nd restri cti \'e CO\'e nants in \\'oocl lawn and Il yde Park : I +2:56, 62-63, 6-+, 69, 7 1-72 l lr de Park (C hicago ne ighborhood ): use of resu·ictive CO\'ena nts: I +2 :56-72 1lyde Park-Kenwood lmp m ,·emem Co mmi uee: I +2 :69 I lyde Park Properl)' Own ers Associatio n: I + 2:67

I

Ickes, ll arolcl L., Secreta1y of the Interior: defends U ni\'ersit)' of Chicago in investi gations: I +2:28 Ida oyes Ha ll, U ni \'er:,ityof Chi cago: 1+2: 13- 14, 16, 17, 18 Illinois Recb ·elopm em Act: I +2:7 1 Illin ois T eleph one and T e legraph Company: and fre ight tunnels: 3+4:28, 3 1, 32 Illino is Tunnel Company: 3+ 1:28 lmmigra t1ts: see e1.hnic groups lnsull, Samuel: a nd Commo nwea lth Ediso n: 3+4:6 1 Intern atio nal Harvester: 3+4:65 Interco llegiate Socia list Socie ty: a t Uni\'ersity of Chi cago: I +2 : 22 Iroquo is C lub: S.E. Gross a me mber of: 3+4: 13 Industrial Chicago : on busin ess after C ivil War: I +2:4

J

J ack, Homer: and civil ri ghts moveme tll: I +2:6+-65, 67 J ackso n, George \\'., ge ne ra l manage r o f Illin o is Tunne l Compa ny: 3+4:28 .J ames, Ll oyd : a nd University of Chicago cha pter o f th e Natio nal Sociafat League: I +2 :28 J ames Fran ck Institute, Univer:,ity of Chicago: I +2:54 J oint Labor Party: nominates S.E. C1·oss fo r Chicago mayor: 3+ 4:1 3 Judson , Han-y Prall: a nd women's education: I +2 :9, 14 Juni or College, Univers ity o f Chi cago: l + 2: 7, I 0

K Ka mutis, J oe: dona tes freight tunn el photos to C HS: 3+4:28 Karl , Barry D. a nd Ne il I Ian-i s: "Fro m the Ed itor," J +2 :3 Kate l linchma11 (ship ): and C hrisu11as 1.ree trade: 3 +4:53 Kea tin g, Ann Durkin, Chicago: An !nd11strial Guide: 3+4:65 Kelly, Edward, fayor: I +2:69 Ke lly Hall, U ni\'ersity of C hicago: I +2:4 Kimpton, La11Tence: I +2 :7 /: and integration of Hyd e Park: I +2 :72 Kni ghts of Labor: on S.E. Gross: I +2 : 13 Kru eger, Maynard: and Socia li t C lu b at Uni versity of Chi cago: I +2: 33

L

Labor Will Rule: Sidney 1--Jillman and the Rise a/American l..L1bor,

by Steven Fraser: 3+4:65 Ladies Garm ent Workers: 3 +4: 64

70

La ke i\ leaclows (hi gh-rise apa rtments) : I +2:70 La ke shi p pin g trade: Chri , u11as tree,: 3+ -l:4-1-55; agricu ltural products: 3+4:49; lum ber: 3+4:-f9, 3 1 LaSa ll e Streets: and constructio n of rre ight tunn e ls: 3+4:32 La ke \'iew (C hicago neighborh ood): 3+•1:6, I -I Lasswell, 1larold 0 .: on lJn i\'ersity of C hicago Rou nd Tab le rad io show: I +2:53 Lee ,,. I la nsbu1y I +2:59, 64 Le nt a nn s, N icho las: The Pro111i.\l'II lL111d: "U11, Cri'at Blach i\ligmtion and I l ow it Changed A111erica: 3+4: 62-63 f,etters of £uge11e 11. Di'b.1, edited by J Rohen Consta ntin e: 3+ 4: 65-66 Lew is, Russe ll , "From th e Edi to r: " 3+·1::, Lin dberg, Ri chard C., To Senie and Collect: (;hicago Po!itir.s

and Police Corruption Ji-o111 the !..ager Ben Riot to the S11111111e1,lale Scandal : 3+4:67 Uterature of the Great 1.Li/1es Region. b) Dona ld \\'. Maxwell : 3+4:65 Lo, etl. Robert ~l or~s, professor: I +2:28; and in \'eStigation of Cni\'ersit)' o f Chi cago: I +2:27, '.l 1 Lumbe r ;,hip pi ng: 3+-1 :-1 9 Lr ndo n, Lesch , assistant to busin es, ma nager at Uni\'er ii ) o f Chi cago: I +2:69

M

(~1/Jro11 (ship ): and C hristmas tree trade: 3+.J:53 MrCa rthr, J ose ph : a nd im·es ti ga ti ons o r United States uni \'ersiti es: I +2:35-36 i\lcKey & Pogue Realtors: I +2 :59 McKinley Park: I +2:6 McLea n, Frankli n C., d irector of C ni \'ersity of Chicago cli nics: 1+2:51 i\lakinga Xe"' Deal: !nd11.1trial ll 'orken in Chiwgo, 19 19- / 939,

by Li1abeth Cohen : 3+4:66-67 i\l am,fie ld, Richard: '.l+•I: 15 " i\l a rsha ll Fi eld," foo tba ll fi e ld at Uni, ersity of Chi cago : 1\/.

I +2:44--15

i\la,)' Colli11.1 (, hip ): and C hri stmas tree trade: 3+4:53 ,vl a,s transit: and cle\'e lopment or housin g: :l + 4:6, 9, I 0 Ma xwe ll , Do na ld W., Uteralurr, of 1hr, G1wil !,akes Region: I +2:65 May Day Parade: pa rticipati o n by Uni versil ) or Chi cago: I +2:3'.l Ma1.ur, Edward I lcrbcrt: Mi11ya1L1jor a Praine City: thr• Politic.\ o(Chicagoj 1'11'1)', 1850- 19-10, '.I + 1:67 i\·leat-packing ind ustry: and Poli sh imm igra11ts: 3+4:6 1-62 Medicine in Chimgo, 1850- 1950: /1 Cha/1ter i11 the Social and Scil'lltijic Developme11l oja r.it_v, b) rh omas /\. Bo nner: 3+-1:67 l\1cite,, I 1.L. f-hlto1)' ofthr j ei1•.1 ofr.J11wgo: :{+ -1: 67 'T he ,\l ercha m Prince of Corm ill e," art icle, b)' Emil ) Clark a nd Patrick A:,hley: :3+-1 :-1- 19 The Merchant Prince of Comville, by Sa mu el Eberly Gross: 3+4:4, 5, 15, 19 i\lct 1., PT. Locha rcl, edi to ri a l writer a l Chicago Defender: I +2 :60 Meye r, Daniel, "The Un i\'ers it)' and th e City," photo e"a): I +2::38-55 Michelso n, Alben A. : aclclre:,se, U11i\'e rsity o r Chicago convocatio n: I +2:42, 43 i\lichi ga n . \ "enue: 3+4:63 ~1 idd le class: housing fo r: 3 +.J.:-1, 15, 19; and "cult o r domesticity": 3+4: IO; an d popular culture: 3+-!:59; a nd cities: 3+4:60 Midway Studies: I +2:48 Milwaukee Sentinel: on Chri; unas tree trade: 3+4:49 Alinyans for a Prairie (;ity: The Politic.1 of Chicago J ew1y, 1850-19-10, by Edward l le rbe n Ma1ur: 3 +-1 :67 Mo lli son, ln·in: a nd suit aga inst. th e Woodl aw n Pro pe rty Owners' Associatio n restricti\'e covcnams: I +2 :59, 62 Moody, Dwi ght: a nd "eva11geli ca l city" : 3+4:59, 60

I I lie/, I 11/1 \11111111 I I 1' \\ di

, II

,,1 I

~ l111pl1 . l 11,11.dd

111111 ,111,I

11I I I Ill ,1 '" " 1" I 1.il I "'" I I I 1 1,1 1 , I ,,"

Il l

11111

II

111111 I

111,I II

111 I 1111

I

I Ill

I ll \\1111ill 11\\ II

1 11 \ j 11 . 1111

I I I 11 1I, I I

,11,d 11\,11 l',111 l/ 1 ' " I

I

Ill I

111111, I 1111 ( 11111111111111 \

1, ,,.11

I

I

I

', 11' I 111111

,11, \,,ii I

I"

I iii 11111 1,11H1 I , ,

I I,r

1111I I ,l,

I, 1d11w\ l11d111,

, , " · ,., "' 111/" , , ,11 1 \,11111/111 11, 111,,,r1111,11 1 1 , • 11 1 ,,11111111

l 11

111 11

1t v .111l \ 11 ~: 11111

1111 I I I ,I .. ,, .. 11 l 111dl, ,1111l\\ .d ,,,,11111

i1 1i,l f 11111111.1

11,,

II

f l\ /

l d .1

fl I

I

I

1l1,,1 111ll,1 \ j l

11111

SI

11111111,11

d1111 . ,11

llll1IH \

I

, 1111 ,11, d ", 111d1 Ill

I

d

11 ~, illl/li I

11,

1,,1 Id.,

I

I !"''fl I ', 11

,,p, 11.dl I

I 111 , I 1, 111l

111,I If

11

111111 1 , , , 1 11 . 11 11

"I'"' /.11111 "''') I/

' ) J,{ 11 II , ( 1111 11111 1

I t '' ''>4 I "'

1111111

II ii \ ',

11I I

II \" ' ( 1111 ,tj{'I ' "

I

I

f,

I

7

I II I

>

K•'

I>, , 111 11 111

11 '

ll1

Ill

\ f1Hl1,,,, lfl I I I I II ', f ( ,111

' " ( ' " ' ' ' ,,,

y.1 ,,111.111

1•,,1, Ii I

,. !

HI/ // 1 ti

/11111

I"

I I I lo It\ 11 111,111 I

111

11 11,

Ill.I

II Ill I I

(111 11 I I I 1111

/ onu,,,/

1

1

1

1,/11/,

d

1,1 11 1111li1 11 ,

I

1

I/

ti ll

1 \\

C 11\

I

th

t I 11

1111

11 I Ill

,I M'' ~, 1111 ,11

111d

H I I 111

lll )( d1 1,l1111111, 11 1

I

' , 11111111111

11 I 1,11 '" 11, ,,I' ,1,11, ' " I I, ,I \1111 ,1,11 /' n 111• I, , I,~ I 1d1111 f 11\ 111 I 1 ' •11 \7 / /11 / 1/ 11·,11/,, 1,, I l1 1 1l11 ti, I >111111 ~ I t" I I 11, 1 11,l1 l11 111,11, I 11 1111 11 ) 11I I l11, I " I I" i i I 1 111 1 111111,, l1 ,1111111 )( 1 "'I' " 111 11 1 11,111,111, ,,,111.11,1 11 ,, 11l111\\,,11ill.1111 n111l l i1il• l',111 I

1

1

,,,

1, ill, 11 )(1

7 ' , 1Hl1 d 111111111 I ,, ,'I

11111111,11.il

I I

111,

j

1,1. 7 1. 1, g, 11

/ 11 10 / 11,11 , , , ., ,,

''"I'

I

I

Iii

1(11l1.111l 1111 , ll ,111 11 111,1,11 , 11il111111 J< ,,1 ,, 11 1 ,11 I >n 11,tl1I ' '" 1!.1111111 ~ . 11 1111 I I I I If , l(, ,IJH 111 ,11

I t' '

I

(/ j

Ill

,,

I

I

"

,

l>t J.(, illd 1)11 , 1111

IIJ'II , lu,1,l

I I

ll "W

11

.. 1 f

, ,, 111,

,I

1d

f

I 17 l,7 pl., ~1.11, 111

II

" ·

f ..11,

1111

I ,, I

1,,

lf 1

f ,,,,

Ill I

II

11l1

11 I 11 , Ii,

'I

1!111!,,1, .. ,, "',I' I 11111 I

I

,I

l11 i.jl 'l1

l11

, ,,

It M, d11,1I

,I f

1111 ,1~:" I I ' \I

\\111111 , ,

1

,. , ,11 "

I

111, ,, ,,, I I " 11

~•

r,11,, 1, 11 ,111111, 11 1 ' ''I' I flt , I H t 1,I ( l111 ., o, l(rn111d 1,,1,lt (1,1,!1,, l'' ")/,1,1111 1 I t ' / (1111 \1111,111111 ( hq ,) ""' ( I,, I 1111 f I(

II

111 \ 1 I

I

\\ 11111 1 1111

~, 1111

,,

,,,1,,, I I l( •lt 111 I Ill 11 II \ l{,jl' I I l1 I I, IJII" I I I ,7 I ,,, ,, I II J 1 , 111l 1111 1,, l.ttt fl I + ' I o , 111 ,,Id l,1111,I Kil l 11 , I 11111, 11 \ 1ol

I(,

,,

,

""" 111g l111 1111111 11-1 11,1

' II

' /'

1

,'I

I

1111,/ /1 111/d ,11

/,'ui/ I

f I I

I/

I '

Ji,,,, " ,, "'

I " 1.uul I d1111,11d f I I, I ,, I ' I

II

I

(

I I ', ,

H l fu

,.

II

Ii I

17, I

,, ,,

Ii,'"' ti

I ,I JI

Ill

H•tt l• l1 II,

I ll fl

I ll

, .,,,,,,, ,,

1ll111111111.,d,

H11

ii 1, , lll fll t . I 1.. ,d 1'l1 ,I , 1 I I

I',,,

I ' 1111,

hill

U1t1 1/1011/ 11.J 11111 ,1/ /l ull II f

I

I+ 1111111 Ill I /111 I ,

l". 111111,11I

t l l lfl

t I I

( >11, Ill

lo

f ' ""'~" , , ,, , (I ,11 /Ji,/q, I d111 d I,\ l'.11d \ I f ,11' " ,1111I I, I Ill f . I 1.. 11, I I I 1,, 1/1 y1111l,I ' ( l11li ,l ,11111 111 I f ' 111 , 1111, }1111 111111 11I 11 ,,1,, I

/{11 /1111,J ,,,, , \11 /

Ill, I

Ii,,,I'"

I " '"' A l/1

I Ill I' II,, I 'II" I I I I' I N,u111I li',\1,1, 1, 1 I o ·, u, 11 /

I

\\ n.,dl ,1\\ 11

\

I h, f JI,/ r ,,,,,,,1 ,1111I ti,, i 1111/ f ,,11d, / 11/1/ / 'I /II ,d,11,II, " "' 1'1111" f)j,i

111

1 1/ \

I I

l'1ill111

II,

I l1d1 l',11 k I I ' 1 111 f J f ,111111.ill , J. 11111 • //u,1 1111,.,11,1 11 l1tl11/11/ /1, " "

(

,,, ,.,,,

//1

(II/ [

/ /(I I I

l 111,i1111

l'11l 1l11 11 . 111 111111 11 111 •II

I

() ( J f',1

1 111 \ 1d1 I '11111 I

1 11

, I 111

I

/ IJ /I)

/ 1111/ / /, 111

,/

,ti

f 11, I J,,f I fl/ f,/

I illl l l l

I /111 I 'fl

l1,1111 It I 1,11 1,1

\/,d10I ) \t1}'l

711

/ '11,t/fl

1

f

f,,, ( l11u11•11

, ,,,

Ill

Ill

/ '11,fi,1/\ , ,.,,/,

I

11l 11 111111 I ' " 111.1111 I ll II ,11 1' 11I ,,11,I \\ 111 11IL11111 I t 1 111 11' . 1111111 +I \ 1111.,111111 1111 1111 \ d 1,111 11111 111 1d I 1111111 ii l'i 1, l'i, ,, \ \ f I' .1111111 ,I ',111ol1 Ill I 1•'K''' t~', 1 I 11111 I" .,.. 1111 I I I" " 11 , 1 ' /, ' ·" 1111111d11l .i 1 I 111 11 H 1111 lw t).( 11 I '~- , ,,,,,,, • \11l1n/,,,/1 I /11111/'" ,,,,,1 //11 l ,1111/ ll r l, 11 \\1111.1111 ( 111111111 ~, , ,7 ,>i 1111111I 1111111111 I 11111,1) f If \ ll1lll f'l ll l4 I 11111111,1 111 1111 f 11 \ \I I 11 I \ f Il l f 11l1d1 I 11111 / ' I I 1, I I I

\1111

Ill

\l ,,dr111t I /11111

N \\( I ' ,111d11

l'I 11111

Ii i

111

f

l111 I"'

s

' I 'ii

\ I I ,1 \ /1111/ I lt1J1I ,111!1 I l,1I 111111111111 ' ill ,, I I , , .

I '111hlN,rll/Nlfl ,I l ' '' " ( i i ' ,, illf llJII t I I, t \11 f 11111 I 11111, I I "'"' I/ l ',.,/11(1 / llw 1n/d111 1,f ' II

I,,.,

'I

I

• I

I,

l-'l11lpo1t, l homa; Lee: f ile ::,/11111 and the (;hello: fl!11111gra11/s, Black.,, and Re(onnm in Chirngu, 1880- / 930: '.H 1:66 l'il..c Buildi ng-: and fre ighL Lunn eb : :1+ 1:40 l'lau . I la1o ld: Tiu• flftl1ic Cit_1: Energy (11/d the Crowlh oj lilf Chimgo . lrm : '.l+ 4 :6 1 Po li,h-. \merica m : :l+ -1: 6 1-62 Poli.1/i /111111igm11t., and illdmlria/ Clumgo: ll 'orken 011 the South S1d1•, 1880- 1922, b)' Do minic PaC)ga : 1+2: (i l-62 Po li , h a1io11,1l Catholic Church : J+ ,J:62 l'o puh1r culture: and middl e class: 3+ I:59 l'osl Ofli ce H11ildi11 g: a nd f'rc ight Lunn ch : :3+ f: HJ Powe r, & O ' Brie n Sa loo n: a nd freigh1 lunn cb: '.l+ I:27 Price, B)'rnll : 0 11 L' nivcrsit) of' Chi cago\ Ro und T able radio , how: I +2:53

J,. , "

I I ," ,

,

"

I

!

I '

/ I d "'bhtt I

J'IIII

C hrisum1s tree trade : 3+1:44, ./8, 5'.l; a nd sinking of Rouse Si111111011,s: 3+ 4: 49; j o ins Christm as Lree trad e : '.l+.f:5 1; boat; used : 3+4 :53; fin ancial proble ms: 3+4:54 Scheun ema nn , Ca plain Augusl: and Chri;tmas Lrec Lrade : 3+ -1:5 1, 53 Schuma n , Fred erick, pro fessor : p rocl a im s be li e f in "free lol'c": I +2:20 Scou , \\'illia m L: a nd Soc ia li ;,t Club aL UniversiL)' o f Chi cago: I +2:33 Seaman (ship ): and Chri stmas Lree Lrade: 3+ 4:53 ScdiLi ow, ;\cti l' iLi es ln l'esLi gaLi on Co mmi ssio n: s,,e Broy les Co mmi ssion Se"ion,.J ames M .: paimin g o f Roll,\e Sim111011.1 : '.3+4:46 Sheple)', Ru tan, & Coolidge: design Ida No)'es I la ll: I +2: 14

71

Chicago History, December 1992 Shils, Edward: o n Uni versit)' of Chi cago and restri ctive covenams: 1 +2 :71 Shop/1ell's Modem llome.1 : 3+4:9 Sibly Street: 3+4:66 Sinclair, Upton: I +2:22 Sixty-third Street Council: I +2:62 The Slum and the Ghello: /111111igri:wll, Blac//:,, and Refonners in Chicago, 1880-1930, by Thomas Lee Philpou : 3+4:66 SLID: see Student League for Industrial Democi-acy Soapbox : published by th e Unive rsity or Chicago Sociali st Club: 3+ 4: 3 1, 33 Social Aclion , by I Iorace Cay ton : I +2:59 "Social Research Map of ChiG1go": I +2:52, 53 Socialist Club: l +2: 27, 28, 3 1; suspended al the University of Chicago: I +2 :32 ociology Departm ent, ni versity of Chi cago: I + 2:53 Sororities: and Uni versil)' of Chicago: I +2: 11 Special Committee o n Community Interests, UniYersil)' of Chicago: I +2 :59. 63, 69 Stagg, Amos Alonzo: Stagg Field named fo r: I +2:44 .

Stagg Field: I +2:44, 45, 49, 54 Stamper,J ohn \\I., Chicago's North Mirhigan Ai•enue: Pla1111mg and Development: 3+4:63 Steel industry: and Polish immigrams: 3+4:6 1-62 Steere, L. R.: and use of restrictiYe covenants: I + 2:59, 63, 64 Student demonstrations: see Peace strikes and demonstrations Student League for Industrial Democracy (SLID): and peace strikes: l +2:26 Stwgeon Bay Advocate: on Christma tree trade: 3+4: 53 Suffragists: I + 2: 14 Sullivan, "Big Bill": and sinking of Ro1.,e Simmons: 3+4:44, 49 Sullivan, Louis llenry: 3+4:65 Summer on the Lakes, by fa rga rel Fuller: 3+4:67 Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company: 1+2:59 Suttles, Gerald, One I h mdred Yea1:1 at /-lull-House: 3+4:67

T

Taft, Lorado, sculptor: 1+2:48 T albot. Mari on, clea n of women al Uni versity of Chicago: 1+ 2:4 , 5 , 6-9, 11 - 18, 19 Taxes: real estate: 3+4:60-6 1 Taylor Street: 3+4:66 T elephone service: and freight tunnels: l +2:28 T emple of Amada, ubia: Uni versity of Chicago ex pedition to: I +2 : 46, 47 Th ree American Architects: Richardson, Sullivan, Wright, 1865- 1915, by J am e o·Gorman: 3+ 4:63-64 A Time of Awakening: Th e Young Cl11islia11 Worker S101)' in the United Stales, 1938 lo 1970, by Mary Irene Zo tti: 3+4:65 Tischause r, Les li e V., Th e Burden of Eth nicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914- 194 I . 1+ 2:67 .

To Se111e a11d Collect.· Chicago Politics and Pobce Com,ptwn fi'Ol/1 the Lager Beer Riot lo the Su mmerdale Scandal, by Rid1 arcl C. Linclbe,·g, 3+ 4:67 Transpo rtation: ee mass transit Tunnels, underg,·ouncl : see freight tunn els

u

Union League Club: S.E. Gross a member of: 3+4: 13 .

'The University and the Cit)'," photo essa)', by Darn el Meyer: I + 2: 38-55 University of Chicago: and wo men's educatio n: I +2 :4- 19; and relationship to tl1e city: 1 +2 :38-40; and restrictive covenants on real estate: I +2 :56-72. see also nam es or individual buildings, professors, publicatio ns, etc. niversity of Chi cago, old : see Old Universit)' of Chicago University of Chicago Press: 1 +2 :47 "U nwelcome Neighbors," article, b)' Stewart Win ger: I +2 :56-72 Utopias: in Chicago: 3+ 4 :59-60

72

V

von Bern stodT, J o hann l leinrich: hono rary Uni versity of Chicago deg,·ee rescinded : 3+4:-19

w

11/J I . lli11sdale (s hi p) : and Christm as tree trade: 3+4 :5 1

\Valgreen, Charles: and Unive1·sity or Chicago: l +2 :20, 22.

23,3 1 Was hin gto n, Valo ri s .J., business manager or Chicago Defe,uler: I +2: 60 .

Wa shin gto n Park (C hicago neig hborh ood): use o r restri ctive covenams: I +2:56-72 \Vest Allis, Wisconsin : 3+4: 19 West C rossdale (now Congress Park): 3+4: 15 Whirh Side Are You On? T,ying lo be.for l.11bor Wh eu lt '.1 Fial on / /.1 Back, b)' T homas Geoghega n: 3+-k65 \Ville, Lois. Forever Open, Clear, and Free: the Struggle for Chicago'., Lakeji-011/: 3+4: 67 \Villiam Blair & Compan)': 3+4:20-25 \Vin ge r, Stewa rt, "Unwelco me neig hbors," articl e, I +2:56-72 Wirth , Louis, sociologist: I +2 :63 Wisconsin : and Ch,-istmas tree trade: 3+4:4 9 Wisconsin Steel: 3+4:65 Wolf River: 3+4:49 Woman's Club: and freight tunnel visiting clay: 3+ 4:34 \\/omen's co lleges: I + 2:6, 8, 15- 16. see also coeduca tion .

Wo men' s dorn1itories: .I +2 :4, 6, 7 Woodl awn (C hicago neig hbo rh ood): w,e o r restri ctive cove nal1l : I +2:56-72 \\'oocllawn Propen y Owner's A,sociati on (\VPOA) : I +2 :57, 59, 60, 62,69 \\'oocls, .J oseph, Cook Coul1l)' shcrifT: pro po,ed use of fre ight tunnels:3+4 : 28 Wo rkin g class: and housin g: 3+ 4:•l , 6, 13; and taxes: 3+4:6 1: and Poli sh immigrants: 3+4:6 1 World 's Colum bian Ex positio n: '.1+4 :58, 59-60 Wo rld \\'ar I : and Uni vers il)' of Chicago: I +2:49; and Afri ca n-Ameri can migratio n to Chi cago: I +2:56 World Wa,· If: and pacifist movement: I +2:35; and University of Chi cago : I +2 :35, 36; and Afri ca n-America n mig,·mion to Chicago: I +2 :56 Wo rld 's Columbian Exposition, 1893: I +2 :42 WPOA: see Woodlawn Property Owner's Association W,-ight, Fra nk Llo)'d : I +2: 5 1; 3+4:65

y Yerkes, Charles T.: I +2:9 Ye,tercla)'· City: "Bri11ging Christmas LO the City," article, by Frederick Neuschel: 3+4: 44-55 Youn g Christian \\'orker,: I +2:65 .

Young Communist League: I +2: 20-2 1; ba nned on umver. . sity ca mpu ses: I +2:25 Young People's Socialist League: banned on u111Ye1·s1ty campuses: I +2 :25 Youth Co mmiuee Aga inst th e War: I +2:33 Union Stock Yards: and nea rb)' housin g: 3+4:6

z

Zoui , Mary Irene, A Time of Awake11i11g: the Young Christian Worker SIOI)' in the United State.,, 1938 to 1970: I +2: 65

(

'~,r

I

!/ I

1,

'I