9th session, 5th book

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10


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11


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12


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13

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15


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16


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50


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52


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53


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54


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55


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57


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59


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61


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hôm-ºi-¤Ûm-»ôh-qºÛ-¤fôP-±ß¾-»ôh-q¼-zdïm-ŸÝÅ-q-»Ûmü ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@Pº²Ûm-hP-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-GZÛÅ-Gô-hôm-GTÛG-bà-z¯Û-GmP-GÛ-»ôh-qÅ-¤-±h-TÛ-»ôPÅ-ÅÞ-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-ŸïÅ-q-hï-zïhuôh-GmP-GÛ-ºhÝG zŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-mP-w¾-Vï-zÅ-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-hï-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-VGÅ-MãºÛzMãh-¾¤-ŸÛG-»Ûm-q-hP.ü ºôm-ˆP-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-fzÅ-¾¤-GŸm-HÛ-fôG-mÅ-ˆP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûmq-VGÅ-fÞz-q-¾Å-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-GTÛG-qÞ-¾-zdïm-¤Û-hGôÅ-q-ŸÛG-G¸ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG ±ôGÅ-VßP-GÛÅ-ˆP-zôh»ÛG-fôG-iÛ-zºÛ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-ŸïÅ-q-GTÛG-qÞ-¾Å-zïh-uôh-zbP-¤ïhü ºôm-ˆP-h‚Ûm-Ç+hmP- Research & Specialization ŸïÅ-f-ljh-GZÛÅ-zïh-uôh-GbôP-hGôÅ-‚ãP-ÅôP.ü GP-¿e¼-ºhÛ-hGmÛ-¤DÅ-q-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-fG-GTôh-GmP-hGôÅ-q-ŸÛG-bà-¤fôP-zÅ-±ôGÅ-VßP-mÅ-¤ÛP-hôm-h‚ï-¤±¤Å-ˆÛÅhrh-q-ŸÛz-¤ô-ŸÝ-fÞz-¤ïhü 4üD ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-fÞGÅ-hGôPÅ-¿e¼-¤-ºIâz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmh-G¼-fÞG-Ç+ô¼-¾zŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-hôm-Gmh-xôGÅ-zÇkô¤Åü 1] uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-qÅ-ºhïGÅ-¤-fÞz-qº¤-ÇKï¼-Åô-Åô¼-GŸm-zdïm-HÛ-zŤ-„Àô-Vï-iGÅ-qÅ-¼P-D-¼P-GÅôfÞz-qºÛ-GŸÛ-¼Û¤-HÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-h¤m-Aïm-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-hP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-ÁÝGÅ-Çoôm-WÛ-zŸÛm‚ãP-¤ïh-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 2] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-GŸôm-BïÅ-n¤Å-Åô-ÅôºÛ-„Àô-ÇeôzÅ-ˆÛ-¯¾-WÛ-zŸÛm-zbôm-¤-fÞz-qÅ-¼P-A-ºwï¼-zºÛ-n¤-hrôh»ôPÅ-μôGÅ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-fôG-ÇtäPÅ-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 3] ÁïÅ-»ôm-fôG-ºGm-hzP-ºFÛ-zºÛÛ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-Ç+zÅ-ºy¾-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-GÛ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-WÛzŸÛm-º‚ãP-GÛ-»ôh-¤ïh-ŸÛz-ºWâG-¤-fÞz-q¼-¼P-G¼-¿ËG-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 4] z®m-‚ô¾-hÝ-H¼-hGôÅ-‚ãP-zÅ-xÛ-mP-GÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-¤P-hG-TÛG-GŸm-hzP-ÇezÅ-zÇeàm-‚-hGôÅ-AïmHÛÅ-ÇÀôz-yâG-n¤Å-GÅô-BôP-WÛ-zŸÛm-‚-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 5] yâ-GÝ-VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-Mãh-¾-ºWGÅ-ÇS-ÁôÅ-w-¤ºÛ-ÇÀôz-GÅô-hP.ü uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅü ºƒï¾-»ôh-hGïLm-HÛ-¾¤-Çeôm-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-ºWGÅ-fzÅ-‚-hGôÅ-m-hï-hG-WÛ-zŸÛm-‚ãP-¤ïh-qºÛBômü 6] w-¤-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-yâ-GÝ-GÅô-BôP-‚Å-®¤-hP-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-GbôP-fÞz-q-®¤-¾Å-yâ-GݺÛ-mÝÅ-±h-hP-¤fÞm-qºÛÇÀôz-¢ôP-¾-GTßm-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü yâ-GݺÛ-¸-Z¾-ºIô-ºhÝG-¿e-BôP-¾Å-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-fh-¤Þ-¤fÞh-dôGŸÛz-¤-fÞz-qÅ-w-¤ºÛ-ºGm-ºFÛ-WÛ-zŸÛm-‚ãP-¤ïh-qºÛ-Bômü 7] ¤fô-¼Û¤-HÛ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-¤P-hG-ÇÀôz-»ôm-HÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-¤-ºhP-zºÛ-ºôG-ÇÀôz-¤-Åô-ÅôºÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-±h-¿e¼-zBôh¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü ÇÀôz-¤-Åô-ÅôºÛ-mP-¤ÛºÛ-hq¾-º‚ô¼-h;º-P¾-¾Å-¤-f¼-z-zdïm-¤fô-¼Û¤-HÛ-ÇÀôz-¢ôPfôm-q-hP.Eh-q¼-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-¤Dm-¤P-qô-‚ãP-fÞz-¤ïhü 8] ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-ÇÀôz-±m-¤P-iGÅ-qÅ-ÇÀôz-yâG-GÛ-GŸÛ-¼Û¤-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-mÝÅ-qÅ-¤-ºhP-zºÛ-hzP-GÛÅ-„ÀôIôÅ-WÛ-zŸÛm-MÅ-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü

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9] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-¼P-GÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-hP.ü Ç+h-»ÛG-GŸm-HÛ-GmÅ-±h-h¤º-iGÅ-qÅ-¤fô-¼Û¤-HÛ-ÁïÅ»ôm-¤P-hG-¾-vô-ÇoP-ÇÀïzÅ-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 10] ÇÀôz-¤-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-‚ïh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-Ç+zÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-hô-ÇoP-Ÿm-q-hP.ü h¤ÛGűh-PïÅ-Tm-¸Ûm-¤-fÞz-qü hï-zŸÛm-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-hï-ºiºÛ-¾¤-Çeôm-»P-±ß¾-zŸÛm-¤-‚ãP-zºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 11] ¤fô-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-ÇÀôz-yâG-hP.w-¤ºÛ-ºhôh-„Àô-DïPÅ-bï-¤Þ-¤fÞh-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-zBôh-¤-fÞzq¼-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-fÞP-zºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 12] uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-Gô-dôGÅ-Ÿm-q-hP-ÇÀôz-»ôm-HÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-ZÝP-zÅ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¾-hqGqºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 13] yâ-GÝ-VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-„Àô-IôÅ-ˆÛ-mÝÅ-q-z¯h-ŸÛz-¤-fÞz-q-¤-¸h-w-¤-hP.ü ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-GÛÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@Pº²Ûm-fôG-zBôh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-Mz-Bô¼-hP.ü Åï¤Å-ÁÝGÅ-Çt¼-¤Dm-ZÝP-iGÅ-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 14] xÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-zôh-Å-Áô¼-XïÅ-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-hP.ü ¼ÛG-GŸÝP.ü hGôÅ-¤Dô-hPº±¤Å-qºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-ÆÛh-‚ãÅ-z¸ô-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü Ç+h-»ÛG-GÛÅ-ºhP-®¤-ÇÀïzÅ-hÝÅ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-hGôŤDô-Ç+ôP-fzÅ-G®ô-z¸ÞP-GmP-zü ÇÀôz-¤-DG-TÛG-„Àô-IôÅ-ˆÛÅ-xãG-TÛP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-zBôhºhôh-»ôh-ˆP-ÇÀôz-»ôm-WÛ-zŸÛm-fôz-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 15] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-ÇtäÅ-±h-¿km-qºÛ-±m-¼ÛG-hGï-Lm-ZÝP-z-hP.ü ±m-¼ÛG-ÇÀôz-GZï¼-Ç+zÅ-zdGhrh-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-»ô-VÅ-ZÝP-iGÅ-qÅ-±m-¼ÛG-GÛ-ÁïÅ-±h-WÛ-zŸÛm-¾PÅ-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 16] ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛÅ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-¼ÛG-¯¾-MÅ-qºÛ-IôGÅ-ÅÞ-ºHã¼-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü ÇÀôz-¢ôP-fôG-Èà¼-z¯ômÇÀïzÅ-¤-fÞz-qü ÇÀôz-¢ôP-¾-Ç+ݾ-¿UG-Ç+zÅ-ºy¾-GmP-¤-fÞz-qü ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-©P-GŸÛ-GŸm-¾Å-¯ïh¼ÛGÅ-¾-hô-ÇoP-Vï-zü hïP-¼zÅ-ˆÛ-ºyâ¾-VÅ-DG-¾-Åï¤Å-G»ïP-iGÅ-qü mÝz-xôGÅ-ˆÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-¤PqôÅ-Ám-ÁÝGÅ-fïzÅ-q-ÅôGÅ-¾-zdïm-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-©P-GŸÛ-Ÿm-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 17] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-hGï-Lm-hP-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-hô-ÇoP-Ÿm-q-hP.ü Eh-q¼-hÝÇÀôz-¤-¼P-PôÅ-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¾-hô-ÇoP-WÛ-zŸÛm-¤ïh-qü ÇÀôz-¤-DG-TÛG-hP-fôGmÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚-ºhôh-¤ïh-qü ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-hÝÅ-»Þm-ºGô¼-Aïm-¼ÛP-zü hïzŸÛm-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-»P-¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-Vï-¤fôP-hP-V-Aïm-zCæm-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-BômGmhü 18] zôh-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-q-hP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-¤ÛG-hqï-¿e-»Þ¾-ZÝP-z-hP.ü ÇÀôz-¤-w¾Vï-z-¤fô-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-ºôG-w-¤-¤P-Vï-zÅ-¿eô-GôÅ-º±ô¾-Oæz-¾Å-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG@P-º²Ûm-fôG-WÛ-zŸÛm-Ç+ݾ-¤-‚ïh-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 19] GŸÛ-¯ºÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-n¤Å-ÁïÅ-»ôm-ºIm-zÇkݼ-Bô-zü ¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-hô-h‚ÛPÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-ÇÀôz-±m-¤-ºhï¤Åq¼-ÇÀôz-IôGÅ-GŸm-HÛ-Ám-GôÅ-qÅ-¤hÝm-¾¤-ºhï¤Å-ÇePÅ-Ÿm-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 20] GŸÝP-hP-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-hGï-Lm-zTÅ-mÅ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-hGº-¤ôÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-ÇÀôz-±m-WÛ-»Ûm-¾-hô-ÇoPÇÀïzÅ-fzÅ-Pô-vôh-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü ÇÀôz-yâG-±ô¼-¤hÝm-¾¤-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-±h-¿km-¤-‚ãP.zºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü

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21] ¼P-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fh-ºy¾-wÞGÅ-¾-wm-qºÛ-¾Å-ºV¼-z¸ô-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-BômGmhü 22] GŸÝP-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fh-uÛ-ÇKï¼-wm-fôGÅ-WÛ-»ôh-ÇÀôz-yâG-hP-¤P-±ôGÅ-¾-Gô-dôGÅ-WÛzŸÛm-Çtï¾-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 23] º²Ûm-BôP-mÅ-¤fô-¼Û¤-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GÛ-ÇÀôz-»ôm-fôz-º±ô¾-ZÝP-iGÅ-q-hP.ü ÇÀôz-»ôm-GmP-xôGÅ-fh-½‰ôGº²ÛP-Vï-zÅ-ŸÝ-vôh-hÝÅ-fôG-GmP-¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmhü 24] ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-GôP-ºwï¾-»ôP-fzÅ-ÅÞ-G®ô-zô-ÇÀôz-FÛh-±ß¾-zŸÛm-hGôÅq-hP.ü hï-»P-hGï-Lm-±h-¿km-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-hGôÅ-qü hï-zŸÛm-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-ºôÅ-¢ôP-¤ïh-q-hGï-Lm-hÝzÇ+ô-zŸG-‚ïh-qü ÇÀôz-yâG-ÁïÅ-»ôm-¯ï-wÞh-n¤Å-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-hGï-Lm-ºôÅ-¢ôP-hÝ-º²â¾-ŸÝGÅ-¤-‚ïh-qºÛBôm-Gmhü

4üG z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fôG-uÛ-»ôPÅ-fhzŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-hôm-Gmh-xôGÅ-zÇkô¤Åü 1]

2] 3]

4] 5] 6]

¼P-GŸÝP-mÅ-wÞGÅ-MP-¼ÛP-qôºÛ-hGôPÅ-zŸïÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÅÀôz-yâG-GÛ-IPÅ-ºzô¼-¾-GŸÛGÅ-qºÛ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-»ôm-Gô-Ç+zÅ-¤P-hÝ-vôh-fzÅ-hP.ü hï-»P-¤hÝm-¾¤-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-q-n¤Å-mÅ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛÁïÅ-±h-¾-MãÅ-¤Pº-Vï-®¤-GmP-fÞz-m-uÛ-»ôPÅ-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-¤P-hÝ-fôm-fÞzü ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-GŸÝP-hP-ÇKï¼-zTÅ-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôm-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-¾Å-ºGmz;ôh-OÛG-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü Vï-¤fôP-hP-V-Aïm-zCæm-¤-fÞz-q-ÅôGÅ-¾-zdïm-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fhGmÅ-ÇePÅ-Bô-qô-hP-ºhôh-„Àô-DïPÅ-q-¤ïhü ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-mÝz-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-zBôh-Mã-Ez-zl¾-hÝ-ºIô-zŸÛm-q¼-hGï-Bôm-WÛ-»Ûm-V-¤-º±¾-»Phq¾-º‚ô¼-¤Dô-Oæz-ˆÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-z¯¾-mÅ-GŸôm-BïÅ-¤P-qô-ŸÛG-GŸm-HÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-Fôh-ÅÛ¤-ºIô-z-¾Å-¤Û¼ÛGÅ-hP-M¾-Dz-¾-zŤ-GŸÛGÅ-hP.ü ÁïÅ-»ôm-fôG-mÝÅ-q-WÛ-zŸÛm-zOÛ¤-¤-fÞz-qü ºGº-ÁÅ-¤fô¼Û¤-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-¾G-Eï¼-¼G-®¤-¾Å-hPôÅ-ÅÞ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-hGôÅ-¤Dô-Ç+ôP-fÞz-¤Dm-HÛ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-¤Dm-VïÅ-ZÝP-PÞ-¾Å-¤fôP-Mã-¤ïhü ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-GmÅ-»Þ¾-M¾-Dz-ÅôGÅ-¾-GŸm-hzP-ÇezÅ-zÇeàm-‚-hGôÅ-ˆÛÅ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-¼P-GÛ¤fô-ÇÀôz-ÅôGÅ-xÛ-mP-GÛ-V-Aïm-¤P-qôÅ-¤-ºhP-z¼-zdïm-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-¤Dm-WÛ-zŸÛm‚ãP-¤ïhü ¼P-GŸÝP-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤-ºôPÅ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-¾-GŸÛGÅ-qºÛ-¾Å-ºV¼z¸ôÅ-bï-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-hï-¤±ßPÅ-fôm-fzÅ-¤-GmP-zºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-VGÅ-ºhÝG ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-z;º-ÇÀôz-¤-wïzÅ-z¼-GŸÝP-¤P-GZÛÅ-;-GZÛh-¾Å-ÅhfÞz-¤ïhü Zï-¾¤-GZÛh-ÅPÅ-XïÅ-GŸÛ-mÅ-hô-ÇoP-vôh-zŸÛm-qºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-VGÅ-ºhÝG

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7] zôh-¼P-GÛ-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-M¾-¼zÅ-hP.ü zl-vôhü ljm-PG z¸ô-¼ÛG-qü GÅô-z-¼ÛG-qÅôGÅ-¾-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚-»Þ¾-»ôh-q-¤P-®¤-ŸÛG-º²âGÅ-zCæm-hGôÅü 8] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-uÛ-»ôPÅ-Gô-dôGÅ-ÁÛm-bà-Bô-zÅ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-w-¤-hP-hGïLm-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-yâ-Gݼ-Z¤Å-ŸÛz-‚-MãºÛ-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-z¸ô-¤-fÞz-q-hP.ü hÝÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-zIô-JÀïP-hP-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-zÇkÝ-zÇ+ôP-GÛÅ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-±ô¼-¾¤-Çeôm-WÛ-zŸÛm-‚ãP¤ïh-qü 9] ¼P-GŸÝP-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-ÁïÅ-dôGÅ-M-zBïh-hP.ü uÛ-±ôGÅ-¼P-PôÅ-mÅ-hô-ÇoP-ÇÀïzÅfzÅ-ÅôGÅ-ÇKô-;Ým-mÅ-ºzôh-Ç+ݾ-iÛ¾-zOGÅ-ZÝP-zºÛ-Bôm-ºhÝG 10] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚ïh-zŸÛm-q-n¤Å-¾-hÝÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-ŸÛz-ºWâG-¾¤-Çeôm-WÛ-zŸÛm-¤-‚ãP-zºÛ-GmÅÇePÅ-VGÅ-ºhÝG 11] ÇÀôz-¤-¼P-PôÅ-mÅ-hô-ÇoP-ÇÀïzÅ-Vïh-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-ÁïÅ-»ôm-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-V-Aïm-hP.ü hGï-¾Å-n¤ÅˆÛÅ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-fôG-vô-z-BïÅ-Vïh-Dô¼-»ÞG-»P-hG-zCæm-hGôÅ-Mãü GŸÝP-hP-ºƒï¾-»ôh-ÁïÅ-»ôm-Çkï-±mDG-mÅ-¤Z¤-¼Þz-ˆÛÅ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-¤hÝm-¾¤-Vïh-¤fÞm-Aïm-¼ôGÅ-Bô¼-GP-¾ïGÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü 12] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-GŸÝP-mÅ-wôGÅ-hP-¾Å-ºGmü Vï-¤fôP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-zCæm¤-fÞz-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmh-VGÅ-ºhÝG 4üP ¤-ºôPÅ-q¼-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-±GÅ-±ßh-»ôP-fzÅ-ÅÞ-zŤ-ÁôG1] 2]

3] 4] 5]

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ÇÀôz-yâG-VßP-hÝÅ-hP-ºƒÛP-¼Û¤-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-¾¤-Çeôm-hP-wm-ºƒÅ-Ç+ô¼-Pô-vôh-GžzÁh-GP-¾ïGÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü ¼P-GŸÝP-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-Çkï-±m-¸Þ¼-º²âGÅ-ˆÛÅ-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP.ü Ehq¼-w-¤-±ô¼-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-Gô-dôGÅ-Çtï¾-Mã-hP.ü ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-hGï-¾Å-±ô¼-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@Pº²Ûm-fôG-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-‚ïh-‚P-zCæm-bï-ÇÀôz-yâG-±ô¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-uÛ-hP.¿ËG-q¼-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôGh¤ÛGÅ-±h-z¸ÞP-fÞz-q-‚-hGôÅü ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-¤P-±ôGÅ-hP-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-ÇÀôz-GÅôºÛ-Vß-±h-¤fô-¼Þ-GbP-Vïh-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-Gmº¼zÅ-ˆÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-hP.ü hïP-hÝÅ-ˆÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-fôG-¤DÅ-qºÛ-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-hP-zIô-JÀïP-±ôGÅ-bï-hGï-ÇÀôz-±ô¼¼ÛG-qºÛ-n¤-hrôh-ˆÛ-ÇKô-ºw¼-»PÅ-qô¼-xï-fÞz-q-‚-hGôÅ-Mãü GŸÝP-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚ïh-¤Dm-ÇÀôz-¤-n¤Å-¾-ÇÀôz-±m-n¤-IPÅ-hP-qô-mÅ-Gbm-ºzïzŤ-»Ûm-q¼-ÇÀôz-¤-Åô-Åô¼-ºhï¤-D-»ôh-q-ŸÛG-PïÅ-q¼-z¸ô-fÞz-hGôÅ-G¾ü ÇÀôz-»ôm-GmP-xôGÅ-fh-º²Ûm-BôP-GÛÅ-iP-zhïm-hP.ü ºhP-PïÅü ÇÀôz-fôm-¤-‚ãP-z¼-¤Þ-¤fÞh-ÇÀôz»ôm-hÝÅ-fôG-DÞPÅ-vôh-fÞz-q-‚-hGôÅü

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6] ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-Gô-dôGÅ-GP-¾ïGÅ-»ôP-Vïh-hGï-¾Å-±ô¼-¸z-¢ôP-GP-¤P-vôh-MãhP.ü hGï-¾Å-±ô¼-h;º-P¾-GP-ºyh-hÝÅ-fôG-GôP-¼Û¤-¾-ljm-ÅïP-GÛÅ-GhôP-¾ïm-GmP-xôGÅ-WÛ-hGᄂ-Çeôm-ºy¾-¤¼-¾G-zÇe¼-»ôP-z-‚-hGôÅü 7] ÇÀôz-DG-mP-±m-¼ÛG-GÛ-ÁïÅ-±h-Bô-z¼-G®ô-zô-ºƒï¾-»ôh-±m-¼ÛG-hGï-Lm-±h-¿km-»ôP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-MãhP.ü ÇÀôz-¤-±ô¼-±m-¼ÛG-fôG-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚-Mã¼-ºhÝm-q-BïÅ-fzÅ-ÇÀôz-±m-ÅôGÅ-¤fÞmAïm-GP-hGôÅ-¾-ÁÝGÅ-Çoôm-GmP-hGôÅü 8] ÇÀôz-¢ôP-¯ï-wÞh-¼ÛGÅ-¾-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-GP-¤P-vôh-fÞz-q-‚-hGôÅ-Mã-hP.ü ÇÀôz-¢ôP¯ï-wÞh-»ôh-ˆP-hq¾-º‚ô¼-HÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-Ÿm-¼ÛGÅ-¾-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-fzÅ-º±ô¾-PïÅ-GmP-hGôÅ-Mãü 9] M-G¼-hP-xÛ-M¾-¤fô-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-mÅ-zôh-¼ÛGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-‚-Vïh-ŤÛG-GP-¤P-z¸ô-fÞz-qºÛ-fzÅ-º±ô¾-hGôÅ-Mã-hP.ü hï-zŸÛm-„À-ƒP-DG-hG-hP.ü zôh-¤Û-xãG-zhGn¤Å-mÅ-ˆP-ÇÀôz-»ôm-¼ôGÅ-¼¤-GmP-fzÅ-hP.ü ¼P-GŸÝP-mÅ-hPÞ¾-zÞm-Bïh-¤ïh-ˆÛ-ÇÀôz-»ôm-GmP¾¤-Gż-z¸ô-GmP-G¾ü 10] ÇÀôz-¤-VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-hô-h‚ÛPÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-ÇÀôz-±m-fôG-hGï-Lm-hP-ºƒï¾-»ôh-w-¤-zTÅ-mÅ-¾¤-Çeôm-hPMz-Bô¼-hGôÅ-Mã-hP.ü hï-zŸÛm-hïz-¼ÛGÅ-z¿e->ÀôG-‚-Mã¼-hGº-¤ôÅ-hP-hïz-mP-GÛ-G¾-VïºÛ-Gmh-hômn¤Å-¸Ûm-fô-Mz-MãºÛ-Gô¤Å-GÁÛÅ-ºWGÅ-fzÅ-z¸ô-hGôÅ-G¾ü 11] ÇÀôz-yâG-GP-¤P-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-ŸÝGÅ-fzÅ-ÇÀh-ÇÀôz-IÔ-±P-¤ºÛ-mP-¤hÝm-¾¤-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-q±h-¿km-zÇ+ô-GŸG-GmP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü 12] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôm-q-GP-¤P-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-z;º-ÇÀôz-¾¤-Çeôm-hP-¤ÛG-hqï-Çeôm-xÛ¼-»P-»PGhm-ŸÝ-GmP-fzÅ-GmP-Mãü 13] ÇÀôz-yâG-±ô¼-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-¤fôP-M-ºwï¾-xÛ¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GÛ-z¿e-Ç+ô¼- Educational tour zBôh-MãºÛ-¾¤-Æô¾-z¸ô-G¾ü 14] z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-GŸÛ-¼Û¤-ÁïÅ-»ôm-ÆÛh-‚ãÅ-Gbm-ºzïzÅ-¸Ûm-q-hï-hG-Ç+ô¼-¤Û-¤P-mP-Gô-dôGÅ-Çtï¾hGôÅ-Mã-hP.ü hï-ÇÀôz-DG-±P-¤ºÛ-mP-¾G-zÇe¼-fÞz-fzÅ-‚-G¾ü 15] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-¤-ºôPÅ-zôh-ˆÛ-Åôm-¯-n¤Å-ˆÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-HÛ-º‚ãP-DÞPÅ-G®ô-zô¼-hGï-Lm-±h-¿km-»ôh-¤ïh-¾-¼G¾Å-ŸÛP.ü hï-¿e¼-ÇÀôz-DG-mP-hGï-Lm-±h-¿km-GmÅ-fzÅ-ÅÞ-h-»ôh-hGï-Lm-n¤Å-¾-hGôÅ-PïÅ-ˆÛ¤fÞm-Aïm-GP-¾ïGÅ-¢ô¼-vôh-fÞz-q-GmP-G¾ü 16] &GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-uÛ-hP-ü ¿ËG-q¼-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-z;º-ÇÀôz-GmP-z-DG-ÇÀôz-IÔDG-hP-GŸÛÅ-VGÅ-DG-mP-ºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-®¤-¤Ûm-q¼-Gô-dôGÅ-PïÅ-q¼-Çtï¾-G¾ü 17] GŸÝP-mÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-q-fôm-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-wôGÅ-hP.ü ¾Å-ºGmü Vï-¤fôP-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤fÞmAïm-zCæm-fzÅ-ˆÛÅ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¾-wm-fôGÅ-»ôP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü 18] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-»ôP-fzÅ-¾-ÇÀôz-»ôm-GP-¤P-hGôÅ-G¾-¾-ÅôP-ü ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-zMãh-ÇÀôz»ôm-n¤-IPÅ-GP-¤P-fzÅ-º±ô¾-hGôÅ-G¾ü

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19] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-zBôh-fÞz-¤Dm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-n¤-hrôh-¿km-q-º±ô¾-ŸÛz-Vïh-h¤ÛGÅ-zž¾Å-ºGݾ- Talent Hunt Çtï¾-hGôÅ-Mãü 20] w-¤-±ô¼-¾ºP-yâ-GݺÛ-¤hÝm-¾¤-¤-mô¼-z-ºhï¤Å-xôGÅ-hP.ü ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôG-hô-ÇoP-ÇÀïzÅVïh-ºƒï¾-»ôh-zMãh-¾¤-Çeôm-»P-»P-GmP-G¾ü 4üT z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-¾Å-hôm-±GÅ-±ßh-»ôP-ÇÀh-xG-zŸïÅ-zÇe¼1] 2] 3] 4] 5] 6]

7]

8]

G¾-fh-zŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-hôm-Gmh-xôGÅ-zÇkô¤Åü

ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-ZÛm-¼ïºÛ-ÇÀôz-ºFÛh-±h-¿km-GmP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-q-hP.ü z¯ôm-ºIâÅ-hP.ü n¤-hrôhü „ÀôIôÅü ÇtôzÅ-qü ÁïÅ-ºWômü z¸P-uôh-ÅôGÅ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-hGï-¾Å-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-WÛ-zŸÛm-¤ÛG-hqï-Çeôm-qºÛfôG-hï-hG-GôP-ºwï¾-»ôP-fzÅ-‚-G¾ü ÇÀôz-¤-±ôºÛ-VßP-hÝÅ-mÅ-hGº-¤ôÅ-hP-hô-h‚ÛPÅ-»ôh-qºÛ-ÇÀôz-±m-fôG-ºyô-Vh-¤-ÅôP-z¼-¤Þ-¤fÞh-¾¤Çeôm-Mz-Bô¼-hP.ü Eh-q¼-„Àô-¼ÛG-z=-zºÛ-ÇÀôz-¤-±ô¼-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-GÅô-BôP-GmP-G¾ü GŸÝP-hP-ºƒï¾-»ôh-ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-Çkï-±m-DG-zTÅ-mÅ--¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fh-¸z-¢ôP-hP-zIô-JÀïP-GP¤P-GmP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-Mãü Z¤Å-ŸÛz-q-hP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-fôm-¤Dm-n¤Å-ˆÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-hP-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-Iâz-fôm-»ÛG-V-ljÛP-zÇkÝÅzTÅ-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-ˆÛÅ-ÁïÅ-¾Å-mÅ-ºƒï¾-»ôh-ÁïÅ-»ôm-Çkï-±m-DG-hP.ü ÇÀôz-IÔü GŸÛÅ-VGÅ-zTÅ-mPºIï¤Å-Çtï¾-‚-hGôÅü zôh-ˆÛ-Æô¾-Mãm-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-DG-¾-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-±h-¿km-»ôP-fzÅ-zÇeÛ-GmÅ-ºGº-ÁÅ-Gżº²âGÅ-GmP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-qü ÇS¼-»ôh-¼ÛG-GŸÝP-zÇeÛ-GmÅ-DG-¾-Å-¤ÛG-IPÅ-ºzô¼-¤P-hÝ-GbôPfzÅ-hP.ü hï-hG-±h-¿km-»ôP-fzÅ-¾-ºƒï¾-»ôh-»ôPÅ-mÅ-fÞGÅ-DÞ¼-zŸïÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü GŸÝP-mÅ-ÇÀôz-»ôm-GmP-xôGÅ-fh-¤Û-Pô-Mã-Pô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-hzP-hÝ-¤Û-ºIô-z¼-OÛG-GŸÛ-±h-¿km-hGôÅ-q-hP.ü hï-zŸÛm-MãGÅ-vôh-‚-xôGÅ-Gż-Gbôh-hGôÅ-qü ÇÀôz-»ôm-GmP-xôGÅ-¾G-zÇe¼-GmP-zhï-hP-hïºPxÛ-Gž-mP-Gžü GŸÛÅ-VGÅ-DG-hP-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-Vh-¾ÞÅ-¤ïh-q¼-Gž-zOGÅ-hÝÅ-fôG-GmPfzÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü GŸÝP-hP-hGï-Lm-w-¤-zTÅ-mÅ-ÇÀôz-¤-±ô¼-ÁïÅ-»ôm-fh-¾¤-Çeôm-hP-ºIô-Iôm-¤fÞm-Aïm-¤fº-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ¤-¿ËàP-z¼-»ôP-fzÅ-hP.ü ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-xÛ-mP-GÛ-V-Aïm-»P-ÇÀôz-yâG-±ôºÛ-„Àô-¼ÛG-ºwï¾-fzÅ-G®ô-z¸ÞPhGôÅ-q-¾Å-hï-¤Ûm-n¤-G»ïP-GÛ-Mã-¼Þ-ºIô-Zïm-Vï-z-DG-ºƒï¾-»ôh-Çkï-±m-DG-GÛÅ-ÇePÅ-º²Ûm-mm-qô-‚fzÅ-hGôÅ-G¾ü ¤fô-ÇÀôz-ÇÀôz-yâG-±ô¼-¾¤-Çeôm-GP-¾ïGÅ-hGôÅ-G¾-hP.ü Eh-q¼-hÝ-¤fô-ÇÀôz-ÇÀôz-yâG-DG-¾-GŸÝP-hPºƒï¾-»ôh-mÅ-ÇÀôz-»ôm-fôz-º±ô¾-®¤-¤Ûm-q¼-ºƒï¾-»ôh-¾Å-‚ïh-mÅ-m¤-ŸG-Mãm-hÝ-ºƒï¾-¸¤-GmPzºÛ-fôG-Å-GmÅ-¼P-hÝ-zBôh-hï-ÇÀôz-yâG-±ôºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-hP.ü uôh-¾¤-fôG-G¸ÛGÅ-ŸÛz-GmP-Çeï-¾ïGÅZïÅ-º‚ïh-fÞz-qºÛ-¾¤-Çeôm-hP-¾ïGÅ-zTôÅ-WÛ-hGôÅ-ºy¾-¤¼-‚-G¾ü

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9] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-hGï-Lm-n¤Å-ÁïÅ-±h-ˆÛ-xãG-qü ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-ÁïÅ-Mãh-iôPÅ-fÞz-qü z¸ôh-zÆmü DôG-»PÅü iP-±ßGÅ-fÞz-qü z¸P.uôh-¿km-q-zTÅ-Gmº-hïP-GÛ-Eh-VôÅ-±P-z-»ôP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-Mãü 10] GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-Gmh-hôm-fh-M-G¼-GŸÝP-¾-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-¾¤-Çeôm-hP-¼ôGÅ-¼¤ŸÝ-G¾-Vïü 11] M-G¼-mP-¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-ÇÀôz-±m-w¾-Vï-z¼-M-G¼-HÛ-¤Û-Åï¼-¾G-Eï¼-¤ïh-Aïm-±ßh-fzŃ¾-z¼-zdïm-¼P-GŸÝP-mÅ-ºhÛ-fh-ºƒï¾-»ôh-GŸÝP-¾-h;º-Åï¾-»ôP-fzÅ-ºzôh-Ç+ݾ-ŸÝ-G¾ü 12] ¼ÛGÅ-GTÛG-@P-º²Ûm-HÛ-xG-¾Å-±GÅ-±ßh-º‚ãP-ÇÀh-xÛ-¤ÛºÛ-¤DÅ-q-hP-Eh-¾Å-q-GP-¤P-¾-z;ºzÇkݼ-¾¤-Çeôm-ŸÝÅ-bï-¾Å-GŸÛ-xG-zÇe¼-GmP-G¾ü 13] ¤hÝm-¾¤-ÇÀôz-Çeôm-q-±ôÅ-hÝÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-ÅÞ-ÇÀôz-¤ºÛ-D¤Å-hP-¤ôÅ-q¼-ŸÛz-ºWâG- Aptitude Test GÛÅhï-¤±ßPÅ-¾¤-Çeôm-PïÅ-ºiôPÅ-hGôÅ-Mãü 4üV h-V-z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-uÛºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fh-zŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-hôm-Gmh-xôGÅ-

zÇkô¤Åü

1]

&GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛ-fÞGÅ-Xï-hP-GmÅ-»Þ¾-M¾-Dz-ˆÛ-z;º-iÛm-zTÅ-¾-zdïm-z®m-‚ô¾-mP-zôh-yâGGŸôm-BïÅ-±P-¤¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GÛ-Gô-Ç+zÅ-fôz-qÅ-ÁÛm-bà-mÅ-hGº-ºôÅ-q-ŸÛG-¼ïhü ºôm-ˆP-Gô-Ç+zÅ-hïhG-zôh-yâG-±ôÅ-h¤-º²Ûm-GmP-¤-fÞz-qº¤-ÁïÅ-¾Å-hP.ü ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-º²Ûm-BôP-zTÅ-mÅ-hÝÅ-fôG-Ç+ݾ¿UG-¾G-zÇe¼-±ß¾-zŸÛm-‚ïh-¤-fÞz-q-WÛ-¿e¼-»P-ÁïÅ-»ôm-uÛ-»Û-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fh-zŤ-ÁôG-DG-mPºhôh-„Àô-DïPÅ-q-¤Û-ºhÝG-GÅÞP-¤Dm-¤P-ÁôÅ-hP.ü hï-XïÅ-ºƒÛP-®¤ü »P-ºhôh-„Àô-DïPÅ-q-ºhÝGGÅÞPÅ-¤Dm-»P-ÇoP.ü 2] ÇSôm-¤fÞm-Aïm-Ÿm-»P-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-ÅôGÅ-¼P-A-ºwï¼-PïÅ-GP-¾ïGÅ-‚ãP-»ôh-ˆP-ü hïP-ÅP-¤fÞm-Aïmz¸P-hÝ-xÛm-»P-ÁïÅ-±h-fh-È-TP-Z¤Å-h¤Å-ÅÞ-ºIô-zŸÛm-q-hP.ü ¿ËG-q¼-hÝ-ÇÀôz-yâG-±ôºÛ-z¸P-uôhWï-Ÿm-hÝ-ºIô-zŸÛm-q-ºhÛ-hG-fh-G®ô-zô¼-w-¤-hP.ü hGï-¾Å-»ôPÅ-mÅ-»Ûh-G¸z-ˆÛÅ.¾ïGÅ-Çtï¾-ZïźGôG-ºy¾-¤¼-GmP-G¾ü 3] GŸôm-BïÅ-±ôºÛ-zŤ-„ÀôºÛ-mP-mÝz-xôGÅ-ÅÞ-zBôh-Mã¼-hô-h‚ÛPÅ-Vï-z-hP.ü ÇÀôz-¢ôP-fôG-¾-vô-ÇoP-hï-®¤¤ïh-q-zTÅ-zŤ-¤môºÛ-z¼-Vh-Vïm-qô-fïzÅ-ºhÝG-m-hïºÛ-fôG-ºƒï¾-»ôh-±P-¤Å-xG-zÇe¼-GP-ºGzGmP-G¾ü 4] w-¤-±ôÅ-yâ-GÝ-ÇÀôz-IÔ¼-GbôP-fÞz-®¤-¾Å-n¤-;Ým-yâ-GݺÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-fh-hô-ÇoP-È-TP-VßP-z-hP.ü w-¤w¾-Vï-zÅ-yâ-Gݼ-¾G-hPÞ¾-¤P-qô-vôh-qÅ-hPÞ¾-HÛ-¼Ûm-¤fôP-¤Û-ÁïÅ-qü hï-zŸÛm-JÀôG-VÅ-¼ÛGÅ-¤GôºDô¼-‚ïh-¤P-hÝ-vôh-qü hGï-¾Å-¾-Bôm-ºhôGÅ-ºi-¤Ûm-‚ïh-q-ÅôGÅ-w-¤¼-ºFÛ-zºÛ-Bôm-hï-hG-G®PÅï¾-HÛÅ-ºƒï¾-VGÅ-Åô-ÅôÅ-¼P-GÛ-yâ-GÝ-iÛm-VßP-hÝ-¤-GbôP-z¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-fôG-„Àô-D-iôPÅ-fÞz-q-hGôÅG¾ü

101


5] ¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-GÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-n¤Å-mÅ-zôh-¼P-GÛ-Ç+h-»ÛG-fôG-hô-h‚ÛPÅ-VßP-iGÅ-qºÛ-hGôPÅ-±ß¾ÁÝGÅ-Vï¼-ºhÝG-mü ºƒï¾-»ôh-±P-¤Å-fÞGÅ-ÇoP-GP-G¸z-GmP-G¾ü 6] ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-GÛ-hPôÅ-»ôh-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-¤Eïm-dôGÅ-ÇÀh-ºƒï¾-»ôh-GŸÝP-GÛ-¤Û-Ço-hP.ü ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-Çkï-±m-DGGÛ-ºGm-º²Ûm-n¤Å-mÅ-ÇSôm-zl-¤ïh-q¼-JÀô-zÞ¼-hÝ-ÇÀôz-IÔ-hP-º²Ûm-IÔ-±ßGÅ-Ç+zÅ-ÅôGÅ-¾-G¸ÛGÅ-Ç+ô¼GmP-G¾ü 7] z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-GmÅ-Çkôh-DG-¾-ÇÀôz-IÔºÛ-¤fÞm-Aïm-GP-¾ïGÅ-»ôh-qÅ-uÛ-»ôPÅ-ˆÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-Bô-qô¤Ûm-»P-ü ºƒï¾-»ôh-hGï-¾Å-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-»ÛG-MãGÅ-ºyôh-q-®¤-HÛÅ-VôG-ÁïÅ-¤-GmP-z¼-ÇÀôz-yâGn¤Å-¼P-A-ºwï¼-z-Ÿï-TÛG-»ôP-fzÅ-GmP-G¾ü 8] ÇÀôz-¢ôP-»ôh-¤Dm-¤P-qôÅ-¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-ŸzÅ-ŸÝºÛ-ºhÝm-q-¤ïh-qºÛ-Bôm-Gmh-Åï¾-fzÅ-¾GŸÝP-mÅ-fzÅ-¾¤-hGôPÅ-zŸïÅ-GmP-G¾ü 9] ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-GÛ-»ÛG-MãGÅ-±h-¿km-¤ïh-qºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-ÁÝGÅ-Vï¼-ºhÝG-mü ÁïÅ-¼ÛG-¾Å-DÞPÅ-hP-ºƒï¾»ôh-Çkï-±m-±P-¤Å-Bôm-Gmh-hï-hG-Åï¾-fzÅ-ÇÀh-ºGm-DÞ¼-ºfÞÅ-G®P-hGôÅ-G¾ü 4üW GôP-Gž-hÝ-¤-±ßh-qºÛ-Gmh-hôm-GŸm-GÅÞP-ºôÅ-WÛ-»ôh-TïÅ-qºÛ-fh-¾-zŤ-ÁôG-DG-GÛ-hôm1] 2] 3] 4]

5]

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z®m-‚ô¾-zôh-¤ÛºÛ-ÁïÅ-»ôm-uÛºÛ-GmÅ-ÇePÅ-fh-ºhÅ-qºÛ-qºÛ-¤Û-¾ô- 50 mP-hGï-Bôm-WÛ-‚ãP-ŸÛz-ºWâGÇÀh-z;º-ÁG-mÅ-±ôGÅ-VßP-ŸÛG-Vïh-º²âGÅ-GmP-fzÅ-hGôÅ-Mãü M-G¼-hzÞÅ-zôh-ÇÀôz-º²Ûm-±ôGÅ-ºôG-»ôh-ÇÀôz-IÔ-DG-mP-¼P-¼ïºÛ-ÇÀôz-yâG-¤P-Vï-z-»ôh-GÁÛÅü hï-hGmP-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-ÅôGÅ-±GÅ-±ßh-hGôÅ-G¾-ÁïÅ-¾Å-mÅ-h¤ÛGÅ-zž-fÞGÅ-ÇoP-GmP-G¾ü &uÛ-mô¼-&GôP-Å-&BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-mÅ-GŸôm-BïÅ-±ô¼-»P-»P-z;º-ÇÀôz-wïzÅ-hP-wïzÅ-¤ÞÅzŸÛm-GŸôm-BïÅ-±ô¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GÛ-¤Z¤-hÝ-Vz-ÆÛh-ˆÛ-iG-VÅ-vôh-hGôÅ-wïzÅ-zŸÛm-¿e¼-M¾-GTïÅ-hP.ü Åï¤Å-ÁÝGÅ-ˆÛ-ÇÀôz-GÅô-mm-qô-GmP-hGôÅ-G¾ü xÛ-M¾-hÝ-ÇÀôz-zBôh-q-n¤Å-h-¤ÞÅ-zŸÛm-Gm-»ÛG-GÛ-V-Aïm-ºôG-xÛ¼-¾ôG-GÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-ŸzÅ-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-qhP.ü »P-m-ºIô-Iôm-xÛ¼-¾ôG-ŸÝ-hGôÅ-q-hï-hG-¼P-ºWGÅ-hGôÅ-ˆÛ-ºhÝG-GÅÞP-¤Dm-hP.ü »P-hïhG-¤Û-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-GZÛÅ-;-GÅÞP-¤Dm-ºhÝG GP-¿e¼-xÛ-M¾-hÝ-ÇÀôz-zBôh-q-n¤Å-mÅ-¼P-GÛM¾-Dz-hP-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛ-¾-M-¤-hô¼-z-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-zôh-hôm-zhïm-¤fº-Åï¾-fzÅ-hP.ü zôh-¤ÛºÛ-uÛ±ôGÅ-¾-wm-fôGÅ-q-ŸÛG-hGôÅ-q-PïÅ-Tm-HÛ-V-Aïm-G®ô-zô-hï-¼ïhü hï-¿e¼-¤Ûm-q-ÇÀôz-fôm-XïÅ-¼P-ZÛhÇKï¼-HÛ-¿eô-GôÅ-Vïh-xÛ-M¾-hÝ-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚Å-q-hï¼-zŤ-ÁôG-DG-mP-hï-hG-mÛ- Brain Gain ¤Ûm-q¼Brain Drain ¼ïh-TïÅ-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-GP-‚Å-q-hï-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¾-wm-MãºÛ-±z-bà-uÛ-±ôGÅ-¾-HôP-GÝm-VGÅ-q-¿ezÞ-ŸÛG-»Ûm-qºÛ-zŤ-±ß¾-ºhÝG ¼P-¼ïºÛ-uÛ-±ôGÅ-mP-z¼-Ç+zÅ-m-GŸôm-¾Å-¤ïh-¤P-hG-VGÅ-zŸÛm-q¼-GŸÝP-mÅ-G¸ÛGÅ-dôG-GmP¤ÞÅ-ˆP-hï-hG-¤P-Vï-z¼-Ez-fÞz-qºÛ-¾Å-ºV¼-ŸÛG-PïÅ-q¼-z¸ô-GmP-hGôÅ-G¾ü

102


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