The Temporary Terraced

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED CONTESTED PERIPHERIES

CHRIS TRUNDLE 08123312

INTRODUCTION

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BRIEF How can tactics of mobility and flexibility, that have been intrinsic to the acceleration of globalisation under neoliberalism, be implemented at a smaller scale to connect and revive spaces of isolation and decay?

The installation of post-growth programmes within a flexible and resilient framework aims to offer an alternative to the current cyclical models of acceleration, growth and accumulation that continue to polarise space through socio-economic disparity.

Common affordances of shrinking and decaying sites, such as a high unemployed population and deteriorating housing stock, facilitate this proposed model that aims to provide a greater autonomy of local sites. Architectural interventions will provide sites with the instruments and affordances to determine the development of their built environment.

REFLECTION 4.1 ACCELERATING DECAY As the Manchester Ship Canal continues to be redeveloped and reindustrialised under the proposals of the Peel Group, the growth of the national and local economy has become its fundamental objective.

Atlant to attr econo a new of Lon

These aims are justified under the neoliberal assumption that wealth and economic benefits will trickle down and reach the population as a whole. However, as represented, the pursuit of growing productivity has not matched the hourly wage.

Productivity grows to fuel the capital acceleration and accumulation of the few.

The critique of social sustainability through liberal pursuit of economic growth is matched by questioning its environmental sustainability. Continually growing production and consumption facilitates capital and economic gain, although is having a detrimental impact on the ecology of the planet, and what Meadows and Meadows position as a progression towards crisis.

1900

(Peel G

Growth of hourly compensation for production workers against productivity (4.1) Productivity

Hourly Compensation

2000 Resources

Population

Growth towards crisis, Meadows and Meadows. (4.1)

Food

Industrial Output

2100 Pollution

Exist Prop

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Atlantic Gateway is the most significant opportunity in the UK to attract investment, accelerate growth and rebalance the economy. It is a proposition to create a critical mass to achieve a new level of growth not previously achieved in the UK outside of London.

(Peel Group, 2012, p.3)

ty (4.1)

2100 Existing Industrial Sites Proposed Atlantic Gateway Sites

REFLECTION 4.2 THE TERRACED GRID

Replac demo ment nites,

POPULATION

Following the position of a critique of the current models of growth and acceleration, and the concept of continual growth and consumption of 4.1, 4.2 narrowed down sites of contested acceleration to be investigated.

Through visualising the growth of all the local authorities throughout the site over the preceding decade, the socioeconomic division prevalent within modern capitalism could be seen. Sites of global connectivity continued to grow significantly, but isolated spaces of minimal connectivity shrunk leading towards the physical and social decay of the area.

Sefton embodied this decaying trend, and provided a site of research and further development. The models of growth centred around market led regeneration of Housing Market Renewal Initiative, which have only amplified the decay of the site. Alternative tactics to redevelopment are necessary to break the current cyclical trends.

Isolated spaces of the Manchester Ship Canal

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Replacing the inefficient and unsustainable processes of demoition and replacement that often result in the displacement and destruction of existing social structures and communites, is critical to form a sustainable future for these sites.

Adaptable space provides a resilient system that can grow and change in parallel to social and economic trends. The proposal of 4.2 set out to transform empty terraced homes into a modular framework, in order to facilitate an adaptable system of plug in programmes and services.

With a modular framework established, adapting the built environment and the local amenities it houses becomes a much more fluid and feasible process. Local community discussions and decisions can form the basis for the programmes most appropriate and necessary, and how and when they should adapt and be replaced.

Demolition and replacement throughout the area

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

THEORETICALFRAMEWORK FRAMEWORK THEORETICAL Frominitial initialatelier atelierreadings readingsthrough through specific documents From to to specific documents and policy regarding the allocated site of the Manchester and policy regarding the allocated site of the Manchester ShipShip Canal,an anevolving evolvingtheoretical theoretical framework structured Canal, framework hashas structured thethe progressionthroughout throughoutthe theresearch research and realisation of this progression and realisation of this project. project.

CRITIQUE CRITIQUETOP TOPDOWN DOWNDESIGN DESIGN Jeremy JeremyTill TillArchitecture ArchitectureDepends Depends John Habraken Supports John Habraken Supports John Turner Housing By People

John Turner Housing By People

POST-GROWTH POSITIONING

POLICY

Meadows and Meadows The Limits to Growth Meadows and Meadows The Limits to Growth Monnik Still City Monnik CityState Economy Herman DalyStill Steady

Housing Market Renewal Initiative Housing Market Renewal Initiative Empty Homes Action

POST-GROWTH POSITIONING

Herman Daly Steady State Economy

POLICY

Empty Homes Action

MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL

MANCHESTER SHIP CANAL

Peel Group Accelerating Growth

Peel Group Accelerating Growth

POLICY

POLICY Planning Policy Framework National National Planning Policy Framework

CRITIQUE OF NEOLIBERALISM David Harvey Rebel Cities CRITIQUE OF NEOLIBERALISM

GLOBALISATION Saskia Sassen The Global City GLOBALISATION Maria Kaika Autistic Architecture

Saskia Sassen The Global City Maria Kaika Autistic Architecture

David Harvey Rebel Cities

GLOBALISATION

Zygmunt Bauman Consequences of Globalisa GLOBALISATION

Zygmunt Bauman Consequences of

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Initiative

4.3 4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

METABOLIST uences of Globalisation

f Globalisation

Archigram Architecture Without Architects METABOLIST Kenzo Tange In Search of a New Architecture Archigram Architecture Without Architects Kenzo Tange In Search of a New Architecture

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BOOTLE BOOTLE Proposals within focused a developing an intervenProposals within 4.24.2 focused on aon developing an intervention that aimed to be a standardised position for many tion that aimed to be a standardised position for many of theof the sitesofofgrowing growing decay in which terraced housing is prevalent. sites decay in which terraced housing is prevalent.

Thematerialisation materialisation of this project on providing The of this project will will focusfocus on providing the the instruments towards a post-growth future through an architecinstruments towards a post-growth future through an architectural within thethe terraced streets of Bootle. turalintervention intervention within terraced streets of Bootle.

BOOTLE DECAYING SITES Research throughout 4.1 and 4.2 identified points of growth and decay throughout the site of the Manchester Ship Canal.

The significant trend of rising unemployment and empty homes throughout Sefton, and specifically the wards of Church and Linacre, positioned it as clear example of the discussed issues and as a suitable site to develop an architectural intervention.

Bootle Site Plan

Terraced houses of the selected site ootle Site Plan Terraced houses of the selected site

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BOOTLE SITE OF AN ALTERNATIVE The infrastructural development which has serviced the industry of the docks has provided a clear boundary between the typologies of residential and that of industry. This represents the paradoxical relationship of growth which was questioned within 4.1, and represents that through an extraverted position of global development proximity and locality are redundant. surplus investment surplus product

revenue

surplus profit

labour

consume

public

yclical nature capital and growth (4.1) (4.1) Cyclicalofnature of acceleration capital acceleration and growth

The site of disconnection should be seen as an opportunity to establish a more independent model of growth and development, that is autonomous to global and even national decisions and consequences. An opportunity to form a site of true stability and sustainability.

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BOOTLE EMPTY HOMES Sefton Council advertises empty homes that are for sale to help regenerate sites of growing decay. This specific site contains many of these empty homes. Despite still being highly populated, especially in comparison to many of the sites of retracted demolition, the site can provide the testing bed of a new model of development and regeneration. One that resists decay and the perceived need for cycle of clearance and replacement.

Bootle Site Plan Terraced housing ootle Site Plan Vacant homes

Terraced housing Vacant homes

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POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES Following the proposal for an intervention presented within 4.2, it was clear a more specific set of programmes was required to offer an alternative to the current model of growth and acceleration, which could be argued is leading towards crisis.

The positioned need for adaptability and flexibility these sites of isolation, overlooked the inset temporary programmes. The objective for the developing intervention is a set of complimentary programmes that can promote a post-growth society.

POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES FLEXIBLE URBAN FABRIC The position taken within 4.1 questioned the aspirations for globalisation and growth, isolating local sites that resulted in their decay. These sites have suffered further through top-down approaches to regeneration, revisions of planning policy place local autonomy at the forefront. A system of construction and redevelopment of the urban fabric must be formed that can facilitate this aspired local authority.

Current model towards market renewal

The government is supporting people who care about their communities and want to get involved in improving them. It believes that people understand the needs of their area best, which is why it is transferring power so people can make more decisions locally and solve their own problems to create strong, attractive and thriving neighbourhoods.

Current interventions within cycles of growth and decay create social displacement and have detrimental environmental effects. Although, the proliferation of points of transactions and services has a positive effect on gross domestic product.

(Homes and Communities Agency, 2014) A modular system requires the initial investment and instigation of national and local government, yet then provides a system which can be adapted easily, quickly and at a much lower cost than further permanent construction. It is more feasible for the decisions of local community to be implemented though a modular plug-in system.

Most importantly the needs and requirements of the area can be perceived straight away by residents, that can then inform the development of these temporary programmes. The urban fabric adapts with the social and economic fluctuations.

Alternative model of adaption and stability Adaption and maintenance of the built environment can reduce the frequency of interventions that often follow demolition and replacement. Social structures can be maintained and strengthened to provide a more sustainable and environmental future.

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4.2

T

POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES METABOLISM A post-growth objective would not centre on acceleration and accumulation. However, the way it engages with growth and decay would be significantly different. The current hegemonic aspiration for growth denies decay. However, fluctuations of growth and decay are inevitable, a system that accepts this and works in conjunction with it will be provide more stability and a decreased chance of crisis.

Adapatable proposals that embody metabolist ideologies often require significant initial intervention to form a flexible system of standardisation. However, exploring existing affordances, the regulated form of terraced housing can provide this “longterm structure”, which can facilitate “short-term components” without the large scale initial investment.

The fundamental principles of metabolist architecture followed this ideal, providing a framework that not only facilitates growth but can allow considered decay. the design of long-term structures to support short-term components (Sadler, 2005, p.16)

The existing framework of terraced homes that can facilitate short term components

Kenzo T

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Kenzo Tange’s metabolist proposal for Tokyo Bay

POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES As under the premise of urban acupuncture the individual As under the premise of urban acupuncture the individual programmes may not provide sufficient reprogramming to programmes may not provide sufficient reprogramming to regenerate an area. If the programmes are complementary and regenerate an area. If the programmes are complementary and conducive to each other, the effects and results can be more conducive to each other, the effects and results can be more widespread and succesful. widespread and succesful.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP WORKSHOP CONSTRUCTION The results ofThe unsuccessful clear throughout with Sefton, with results of are unsuccessful are clearSefton, throughout streets in purgatory regeneration and continualand decay, streetsbetween in purgatory between regeneration continual decay, as a result empty homes have significantly risen.

This has beenThis has been as a result empty homes have significantly risen. caused through top-down development that has not successcaused through top-down development that has not successfully engaged fully with engaged residents.

Through providing a facility of aa facility of a with residents.

Through providing workshop theworkshop community has the most literal tools and inthe community has the most literal tools and instruments to affect theirtoown urban To maintain struments affect theirfabric. own urban fabric. itToand maintain it and restore it before a cycle of decay reaches the point of demolirestore it before a cycle of decay reaches the point of demolition. tion.

CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOPWORKSHOP

MICROFINANCE FACILITY MICROFINANCE FACILITY To facilitate programmes individualand subsequent To facilitate and programmes individualactions subsequent actions capital investment required. Through a Village Savings and Savings and capitalis investment is required.

Through a Village Loan system put in system place, members canmembers obtain small Loan put in place, can loans obtaininsmall loans in a system which would be member minimise and a system which wouldrun be to member run risk to minimise risk and maximise resilience. maximise resilience.

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE

Repair and maintain existing Individu As to an the antithesis to the displacement andof destruction of social loa Repair and maintain existing housing stockhousing stock Individual/Family As an antithesis displacement and destruction social repairs and rr structures undermodel the cyclical model ofand demolition structures under the cyclical of demolition replace- and replaceFutureproof homes for future environmental for future environmental ment, aspace community space relationships allows these relationships to beFutureproof homes ment, a community allows these to be Financebc Finance community regulation regulation unison can have a more signifistrengthened.strengthened.

A community Aincommunity unison caninhave a more signifires cant impact leading the initiative of the development of cant impact on leading theoninitiative of the development of Provide and workunemfor growing unemProvide skills and workskills for growing their built environment. their built environment. ployed population Income

ployed population

homesthe and reverse the Restore emptyRestore homesempty and reverse processes of decay processes of decay

Income from restore rented p

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MICROFINACE MICROFINACE FACILITY FACILITY

MIXED MIXED USE USE COMMUNITY COMMUNITY SPACESPACE

Village Village LoansLoans and and Saving Model Saving Model

ual/Family loansloans towards domestic ividual/Family towards domestic repairs and and redevelopment repairs redevelopment

LoansLoans and financing for small local start and financing for small local ups start ups and events and events

Meeting space space to engage community Meeting to engage community networks and relationships networks and relationships

community bought empty homes to to nce community bought empty homes restore restore

Repayments and return on investment from from Repayments and return on investment retailretail and events spacespace of theofmixed use use and events the mixed community spacespace community

Retail Retail and events experience improves the the and events experience improves employability and skills employability and skills

eome fromfrom restored community owned restored community owned rented properties rented properties

Decisions and discussion regarding the the Decisions and discussion regarding developing built environment and required developing built environment and required services services

POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES INITIAL INTERVENTION The initial intervention will comprise of each programme working in unison and proximity of each other. With these programmes established further redevelopment of empty or decaying property can be facilitated through the implemented programmes. Further decisions can be solely made through community discussions.

CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP WORKSHOP

Initial interventions within the terraced housing of Bootle

nitial interventions within the terraced housing of Bootle

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MIXED USE MIXEDSPACE USE COMMUNITY

COMMUNITY SPACE

ON OP

MICROFINANCE MICROFINANCE LOCAL BANK LOCAL BANK

POST-GROWTH PROGRAMMES INITIAL INTERVENTION The proposed post-growth programmes aim to utilise the affordances of an existing community, focusing on available housing stock and social structures.

Initial interventions within the terraced housing of Bootle

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MATERIALISING MOBILITY MATERIALISING MOBILITY Focusingonon how temporary programmes and components Focusing how temporary programmes and components can be implemented successfully and efficiently.

A system is can be implemented successfully and efficiently. A system is requiredthat that allows mobility flexibility of physical required allows thethe mobility and and flexibility of physical modules,and and effective within the restricted constraints modules, cancan be be effective within the restricted constraints theplot plot a terraced house. ofofthe of of a terraced house.

MATERIALISING MOBILITY MOBILITY A modular system is key to allow the temporary and short-term installation of components and programmes, to allow infrastructure and support to evolve parallel to that of the social and economic requirements.

By connecting the post-industrial sites of isolation through a standardised system of flexible development, it is critical that programmes and modules can be simply relocated within at a regional scale. This relationship is key to improve the resilience of these sites by diminishing isolation, consequently decay can be controlled.

The adjacent docks rely on infrastructural mobility to transport cargo of global trade, this same infrastructure can facilitate the mobility of local temporary programmes.

Introducing the mobility of components within a domestic context

max 2.55m Maximum width to be transported by road

Shipping containers are designed to maximise mobility, they are lightweight, standardised and their dimensions facilitate being transported across different platforms. The critical dimensions are the maximum dimensions cargo can be transported by road. These dimensions will be translated into the form of the proposed modules.

Gantrie

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ey ate

anshe

Gantries of Liverpool Docks

MATERIALISING MOBILITY STANDARDISATION To create a framework that can facilitate change and development within the typology of a terraced house, the system of intervention needs to be able to be implemented within the various dimensions and sizes of different terraced house plots.

The materialisation of the temporary interventions will have a hybrid structure of permanent and temporary components.

The permanent intervention forms a standard plot size in which any of the different temporary components can be installed and removed.

5920

mm

5280 5198

mm

4850 4500

4850

4580 Sefton’s terraced housing footprint (4.2)

mm

mm

mm

mm

Plot widths of empty terraced houses within the chosen site

mm

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Plot width - 2.5m

2.5m

Temporary Construction Fixed dimension of modules Permanent Construction Space determined by plot width

MATERIALISING MOBILITY CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Plot Allocation Empty property can be expropriated through community awareness and alerting local authorities to take action. An empty property can be used to turn a catalyst for decay into a positive resource for the local area.

Plot Clearance Often empty properties have fallen into physical disrepair, houses with the most work required will be cleared to allow the installation of community programmes.

Any building components and materials which can be reused will be stored to aid physical maintenance of existing local housing and for the construction of the permanent components (Ecologies, 4.2).

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Permanent Structure - Reclaimed Masonry

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The initial permanent structure will be comprise masonry walls built from the reclaimed bricks of the previous deconstruction (Brick Book 2.0, p.104).

The dimensions of the walls are defined by the plot, leaving a void of 2500mm for the width of the temporary module to be installed.

Permanent Structure - Glazing The external walls of the permanent construction will be completed by framing and glazing the allocated area.

This will allow maximum light throughout the entire space and also allow the transparency and visibility of programme from the street.

MATERIALISING MOBILITY CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Staircase and Lift Internal stairs and lift will be constructed to a standard height of 2675mm. This will meet the level of the walkway used to access modules on the first floor, and will be used within any installed programme and arrangement.

Module Installation Having completed the permanent components of the proposal the installation of temporary programmes will be facilitated through a modular structure.

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Cantilevered Walkway Circulation throughout the modular structure will be through cantilevered walkways that fix to the frame of the modules below.

Module Installation Further modules are stacked above the initial programmes and walkway, this will complete the external fabric and seal the building.

MATERIALISING MOBILITY CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE Roof Terrace The same system to fix the cantilevered walkway will provide a floor covering for a roof terrace.

Further modules can be stacked within the system to be stored or to be used as an external space.

ande a ace.

ked ed or ace.

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MATERIALISATION MATERIALISATION Investigating specific spatial requirements forproposed the proposed Investigating thethe specific spatial requirements for the programmes, through precedents and objectives and realising programmes, through precedents and objectives and realising themwithin within developed adaptable them thethe developed adaptable builtbuilt form.form.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP BRIEF The significant growth of unemployment and stock of empty homes has created resources that have been overlooked and under utilised through recent models of regeneration. In order to promote sustainable development and sustainable communities, using existing resources and affordances is essential.

Through an architectural intervention this programme aims to facilitate and accelerate the tactics for maintenance to form a local alternative against the growing trends of consumption and waste. As a result the local built environment will be more resilient against further displacement of people and communities.

POPULATION

The cyclical pattern of development which is seen as the critical principle towards capital acceleration and accumulation has been visible through continual demolition of housing within the area.

A community construction workshop would allow the provision of maintaining the physical environment from disrepair and decay, and even ensure its future performance under environmental legislation. It would also allow residents more opportunity to adapt and transform their homes to their specific needs

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This would challenge the inefficient cyclical discourse of development focused on capturing revenue to resist the decay of the urban and social fabric.

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surplus investment surplus product

MAINTAIN

revenue

surplus profit

SUSTAIN

labour

public

Alternative to acceleration and accumulation

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PRECEDENTS

80% 62% The common argument of demolition is that existing housing stock, often close to a century old, is inefficient and new build replacement is necessary for the current and future environmental requirements. However, several schemes look to adapt existing stock to meet these future targets.

Introduced carbon budgets, place five year quotas on emissions, as part of the Climate Change Act 2008 to help the UK reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050.

Carbon Co-op provides a service to enable the future sustainability of existing homes. Through a membership scheme, members can receive advise and information on the possibilities of retrofitting homes. They aim to achieve the 80% reduction of energy consumption outlined by the 2008 Climate Change Act. Whole house environmental assessments are offered and then together with Urbed architects an action plan can be devised, whether this comes under a traditional contract or through a self supported plan of DIY, through advisory information on construction work.

Through providing simple but effective and extensive installation of insulation within an existing terraced home, Andrew Gill managed to obtain an reduction of 62% energy consumption, and 57% reduction of carbon emissions. Through methods which of simple construction techniques this provides an effective methods which could be taught and done through DIY.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES The lack of maintenance within sites of decay and empty homes is often a result of available individual investment to make a house marketable or liveable. The workshop programme will be complemented by the microfinance facility to aid the maintenance and redevelopment of empty homes and future development.

4.3 THE

MICROFINANCE FACILITY

Restore empty homes to rent as community owned properties

Community owned properties provide an return on local investment

Needed construction can be done by local residents

Individual’s application for a loan

Provide skills and employability within the community

Unemployed residents can provide the resources and labour required

Future adaption and transformation may be needed for indivduals’ and family’s needs

Futureproof existing housing, to achieve current and future environmental legislation

Housing stock will be sustained allowing the community network to strenghten

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE

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SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

4.3 THE TERRACED GRID

Entrance and Information Point

Book workshop hours for 27 use Construction tool hire point Sell/buy reclaimed construction materials and components Store reclaimed construction materials and components

Workshop area for local personal skills and small enterprises

Workshop

Workshop area for preparation and prefabrication for local housing maintenance and transformation Training and teaching of construction skills Construction tool storage

Library Construction legislation and regulation library and advise Training and teaching of construction skills Library of adaption and transformation of the terraced house typology

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST

Entrance and Information Point Organise tool hire, purchasing and selling construction materials and components, and booking the use of the workshops.

Flexible Area Open space can be used as a yard to store materials and components, as well as a larger and more flexible workshop area.

Workshop A workshop area for smaller construction tasks and preparation towards local maintenance and redevelopment. Open to the community to use and acquire skills and knowledge.

Support Kitchen, WC and services for the building.

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

nd Module Under Construction Further modules can be fitted out for other programmes, as well as repaired and adapted if necessary.

rger

tasks ce and o use

Library Providing educational material on construction techniques and building legislation focused on terraced housing for local and personal maintenance and redevelopment.

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ROO

Stored Module Modules which have been repaired or fitted and finished on site can be stored within the modular system.

Flexible Area An external area can be used for construction for more construction work and painting.

Workshop The workshop module can be used as storage for additional and less frequently used tools and materials.

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ed he

tion

age ols

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ROOF PLAN

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP SECTION The stacked modules provide the resources and tools for their prescribed programmes. These programmes are not confined to the module however, programme fills the flexible space on the ground floor and also any available roof space.

Section through temporary modular structure

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Ground Floor space accommodates the overflow of workshop activity

MICROFINANCE FACILITY BRIEF

PREC

With the required maintenance to sustain the built environment of areas such as Sefton and Bootle, an initial capital investment is required. Within sites of socio-economic deprivation this can be an unachievable step to catalyse development.

Through a Village Savings and Loan Association facility, small short term loans can be available to the area through co-operative local savings. This would not rely on a overseeing party but on self-governance and decision making, instilling the premise of self-governance within the built environment.

Current systems are in place for short term lending, but centre on predatory tactics and high extortionate interest rates. Repayments, fees and interest look to fuel capital accumulation and amplify the socio-economic disparity that neoliberalism has developed.

The m in Ban does n access the po

A sche projec Muha of a fi tion.

Individual Wealth Bracket:

> $ 1,000,000

< $ 10,000

New Y ers, th do the with t

(Muha Ameri Current global wealth inequality (4.1) 1% Global Population

Percentage of total global wealth of that wealth bracket

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PRECEDENTS Microfinance Models

mall operaty but mise

Group Lending Schemes

Solidarity Groups

Community Based Organisation

Grameen Bank

Village Savings and Loans Association

The microfinance organisation of Grameen Bank, established in Bangladesh, provides micro loans to the impoverished that does not require the provision of capital. By doing so, the access to financial instruments is opened up to the whole of the population. The concept is based on four core principles: DISCIPLINE - UNITY - COURAGE - HARD WORK A scheme which is embodied with its opening of a Grameen project within the global capital of banking, New York City. As Muhammad Yunus states the extraverted vision and ambition of a financial capital can isolate its local context and population.

New York City is the world capital of banking. In these skyscrapers, they control world finance. What I pointed out is that they do the banking with the world but they donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t do the banking with their neighbours (Muhammad Yunus, May 17, 2010, Grand Opening of Grameen Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Manhattan branch)

Our objective is to provide millions of poor households with a secure place to save, the opportunity to borrow in small amounts on flexible terms, and affordable basic insurance.

(Village Savings and Loan Associates, 2014) The activities of the group run in cycles of one year, after which the accumulated savings and the loan profits are distributed back to members. The purpose of a VSLA is to provide simple savings and loan facilities in a community that does not have easy access to formal financial services.

Decisions on contribution and investment are able to achieved through the democratic position of member votes.Positions of authority and responsibility are also elected through a process of voting, all decisions are made within the community.

The scheme can provide emergency financial aid when required, in events such as funeral costs. It can also aid the empowerment of the deprived, with microfinance models across the globe successfully providing opportunities for women in impoverished areas.

MICROFINANCE FACILITY COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES Through complimentary programmes the issues of socio-econmic deprivation can be tackled more successfully and comprehensively. The provision of such programmes provides the opportunities for local residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to have a significant impact towards the future of their communities and towns, that provides more inclusive tactics than top-down development and charity.

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE

Start ups and events financed through village loans

Repayment of loan though income of retail programme

Decaying empty homes and unemployed residents

Rent from restored homes as a return on investment

Restored homes and a more skilled employable community

Needed construction can be done by residents to maintain the urban fabric

Residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s application for a loan

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

Village savings used to restore empty homes

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55

SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

Entrance and Information Book advisory and proposal meetings Information on the benefits of village savings and loans Reception point for meetings and events

Meeting Meeting place for groups who have taken group loans Voting area for member meetings and events Casual advisory meeting and information

Advisory Office Private meeting regarding loans and repayments Small proposals for entrepreneurial investment Organisational tasks of the running of the facility

MICROFINANCE FACILITY GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST

Entrance and Information Point Inform residents of the scheme and its opportunities, book meetings and appointments.

Flexible Area Large member meetings and a space for voting towards decisions.

Meeting Informal meetings and discussions regarding group loans, smaller voting space.

Support Kitchen, WC and services for the building.

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pors.

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Meeting Informal meetings and discussions regarding group loans, smaller voting space.

oting

ng

Advisory Office Private loan discussions and advice, meetings to propose investment opportunities and organisational tasks.

MICROFINANCE FACILITY SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ROO

Fallow Space A large roof terrace area can facilitate the growth of the programme through module additions.

e

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

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ROOF PLAN

MICROFINANCE FACILITY SECTIONS The stacked form of the temporary modules makes achieving natural lighting and circulation unobtainable whilst maintaining feasible working space.

Through a hybrid structure of temporary and permanent construction, natural light and circulation can be easily facilitated within the permanent space. By doing this the modules provide full working floor area for its conceived programme.

Section through temporary modular structure

Section

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

61

temporary modules

permanent construction

module circulation

natural light

Section through permanent and temporary modular structure

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE BRIEF The research through 4.2 positioned regeneration through Pathfinder and the Housing Market Renewal Initiative as a destructive set of actions. People were displaced, often unwillingly to allow private redevelopments, while streets left abandoned for years as a result of this contestation.

The speed at which the HMR programme developed caused problems initially with the level of community involvement

Through an architectural intervention this programme aims to facilitate community relationships and convene ideas and arguments to a point where they can be effective.

This is crucial within the framework of this proposal that relies on residents decisions to effect change and be aware of the changing requirements and affordances that should reflect in the changing urban fabric.

(Shelter, 2009, p. 1)

Central Government

It is crucial that local communities have a strong ruling throughout the regeneration and redevelopment of their built environment, or as David Harvey positions it: to better exercise their right to the city (2011).

Pathfinder Partnerships

Local Government

Community

Local Government

Community

Hierarchy of decisions and engagement under Pathfinder

Central Government

Pathfinder Partnerships

Proposed decision making process with a balanced level of community engagement

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

63

PRECEDENTS BOOTLE

ercise

In Anfield, Liverpool a group of residents and activists set up Homebaked Community Land Trust, a co-operative non profit organisation, to enable the collective community ownership of the properties, and a co-operative business to reopen the existing closed Bakery as a social enterprise and a model for future developments.

The development offers an alternative to many of the current methods of regeneration, with engaging with the existing community at the heart of its ideologies.

ANFIELD

Its primary use as a bakery immediately works as a tool to create support spaces which act as a hub for communal discussion and help form more co-operative development in the future.

2Up 2Down provides a way for local people to â&#x20AC;&#x153;take matters into their own handsâ&#x20AC;? and make real social and physical change in their neighbourhood.

(2Up 2Down, 2014)

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE COMPLEMENTARY PROGRAMMES It is crucial that each programme works in conjunction with the complementary post-growth programmes to form an effective intervention.

MICROFINANCE FACILITY

Start ups and events financed through micro finance unit

Repayment of loan though income of retail programme

Unemployed residents can provide the resources and labour required

Disconnected local residents

Improving local skills and employability

Strengthen existing community networks Proliferation of post-growth modular interventions Form discussions and networks for future co-operative development

CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP

Considered ideas and arguments with community backing can be taken to local authorities and government

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65

SPATIAL REQUIREMENTS

Flexible meeting space of various scales to accommodate community engagement and relationships

Meeting Space

Cafe/dining space to allow temporary pop up cafes and restaurants Casual working space for students, self-employed members of the community

Retail Exhibit local and independent products for sale Commercial facet to provide jobs and experience throughout the community Exhibit local and regional artwork and exhibitions

Office Office space to organise events that will utilise the space Private meeting space regarding proposals for events and use of the space Office space for retail programmes

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE GROUND FLOOR PLAN

FIRST

Entrance and Information Point Provides a clear entrance and sales point for retail or events.

Retail Flexible space that exhibits local crafts and products for sale.

Flexible Area Allows retail and meeting space to overflow their specific modules and accommodate a variety of programmes.

Meeting Adaptable meeting space to accommodate various situations, group community meetings to individuals.

Support Kitchen, WC and services for the building.

for

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

Retail Flexible space that exhibits local crafts and products for sale.

d

w a

e tings

Meeting Adaptable meeting space to accommodate various situations, group community meetings to individuals.

Office Organise events of temporary programmes and the permanent organisation of the building.

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE SECOND FLOOR PLAN

ROO

Flexible Area Open roof terrace to provide space for events and to allow the overspill of meeting spaces.

Meeting Adaptable meeting space to accommodate various situations, group community meetings to individuals.

Storage A vast variety of potential programmes will require storage of equipment.

ents es.

e tings

ll

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ROOF PLAN

MIXED USE COMMUNITY SPACE SECTION This arrangement of modules and form is an initial design that provides a balance between programmes. Sites will have specific needs that can accommodated through an evolving form that works under the same fundamental concept of the programme.

Section through temporary modular structure

Ground

4.3 THE TEMPORARY TERRACED

71

Ground Floor space accommodates meeting spaces and is flexible enough for a variety of uses

MATERIALISATION SECONDARY PROGRAMMES An integral role of the series of interventions is instilling secondary programmes that follow from the primary postgrowth programmes established.

Rearrangement of modules whilst retaining the same programme Construction Workshop - Primary Construction Workshop - Secondary Individual maintenance and adaption of homes Mixed Community Space - Primary Mixed Community Space - Secondary Through creating links and relationships through the primary intervention smaller meetings can occur Microfinance Facility - Primary Microfinance Facility - Secondary Start ups and enterprises can grow from homes into the potential use of a primary intervention Empty plot used as public space while an installed programme is not required

Primary and developing secondary programmes of the site

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73

MATERIALISATION TEMPORALITY The critical principle of a modular and adaptable built environment its amplified relationship with temporality. The installed programmes and structures will adapt, but at various rates.

10 year period following installation

Rearrangement of modules whilst retaining the same programme Construction Workshop

Microfinance Facility

Mixed Community Space Empty plot used as public space while an installed programme is not required As the needs of the local built environment and community change the programmes that support them can also change and adapt. Programmes such as a construction workshop may be heavily required at first but could be quickly replaced when work has been achieved. For a successful microfinance facility it would be assumed that it would be a more stable programme, however, it will have the opportunity to shrink and grow.

Rates of change and adaption of temporary programmes

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REFERENCES REFERENCES

REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHY 2UP 2DOWN. (2014) About 2Up 2Down. [Online] Available from:http://2up2down.org.uk/about/ [Accessed: 19th May 2014].

BAUMAN, Z. (1998) Globalization: the human consequences. Cambridge, Polity Press.

CONTESTED PERIPHERIES. (2014) Brick Book 2.0.

DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. (2008) English Housing Survey: Housing stock report 2008.

DEPARTMENT FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT. (2012) National Planning Policy Framework.

HARVEY, D. (2003) The Right to the City.

HOMES AND COMMUNITY AGENCY. (2014) [Online] Available from:https://www.homesandcommunities.co.uk/ [Accessed: 27th April 2014].

JEAN CHARLES, C, PARAMASIVAN, C, SHOUER, E and TRUNDLE, C. (2014) Ecologies, Material Values.

JOSEPH ROWNTREE FOUNDATION. (2004) Early Development of the Housing Market Renewal Programme. [Online] Available from: http://www.jrf.org.uk [Accessed: 18th March 2014].

OSWALT, P. (2006) Shrinking Cities. Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag.

PEEL GROUP (2012) Atlantic Gateway Business Plan, Accelerating Growth.

SADLER, S. (2005) Archigram, Architecture without Architects. London: MIT Press.

SHELTER. (2009) Policy: Briefing, Housing Market Renweal. [Online] Available from: http://www.shelter.org.uk/policybriefings [Accessed: 8th March 2014].

SEFTON COUNCIL. (2013) Empty Homes Strategy.

TANGE, K. (1984) In Search of a New Architecture.

VILLAGE LOAN AND SAVINGS ASSOCIATES. (2014) About Village Loan and Savings Associates. [Online] Available from:http://www. vsla.net/aboutus/ [Accessed: 27th April 2014].