Thesis in University of Sheffield by Chun Yin Lin

Rebuilding a new life. Post-Disaster reconstruction of Hsiaolin Village in Taiwan

MAAD 2014/15 â&#x201D;&#x201A;

CHUN-YIN LIN

Supervisor : Beatrice A De Carli Registration Number : 140217155

感謝那些與我同行的身影 To whoever always there at my side.

Abstract Although the official reconstruction was over in 2014, there are many controversial issues in recovery process. The aim of this research is to find a new process to rebuild a sustainable new Hsiaolin. According to cases study, the three cases demonstrate different ways to be used in three different stages â&#x20AC;&#x201C; construction training, co-operative building and establishing cooperative business. These strategies have made considerable improving in reconstruction cost down, rebuilding community identity and improving livelihood. The proposal applies these three ideas to rebuild new Hsiaolin. The self-buildable system and construction training allow them to build affordable, intergenerational and full of culture symbolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s houses. In addition, skill training and establishing co-operative can increase their stable income and diversification of economic risk.

Key words: post-disaster reconstruction; Hsiaolin village; co-operative rebuild; self-buildable system

Content Preface Introduction Literature Review

1 3

Stages of Post-disaster reconstruction

Sustainable Post-disaster Reconstruction

Participatory pattern of post-disaster reconstructions

Background of Hsiaolin

Issues

Research FrameWork Research Question

Methodology

Research Structure

Theoretical Framework

SLF

DFID Resilience Framework

The Combining Framework

Case Study

Goma, Congo

Ida Thao, Taiwan

Jaffna, Sri Lanka

Conclusion of Cases Study

Proposal Reconstruction Site

Wulipu

Principles

Strategy

Siraya Culture and Architecture

Structure System

Construction Traning

Co-Operative Business

Strategy Timeline

Scenario

Bibliography

Preface August 2009, Typhoon Morakot slammed into Taiwan, it caused 753 people1 dead and destroyed hundreds houses. In series news, a set of pictures of Hsiaolin hit me: a village were submerged by mudslide and disappeared on the map. Some of inhabitants escaped from their home village and lost families in a night. After this disaster, survived inhabitants need to find a new place to rebuild their life -- not only to rebuild their houses, but also recovery their economic situation and social connection. However, although government built many permanent houses for victims in last 5 years, some of them refused to move in because they thought the design cannot meet the demands of them2. For example, the locations are too far from their traditional area and their agricultural lands, and permanent housings cannot support the function as ‘village’ 3 . Moreover, some permanent housing were planned like ‘military camp’ which look like uniform. Like one survived inhabitant said” It’s not the way to rebuild a ‘home’ and ‘culture’” 4. They strived for keeping culture of village and hoped that all victims can be involved in reconstruction process and make decisions. This feedbacks point out a problem – the permanent houses reconstruction processes which are guided by government with top-down pattern are not fit their needs.

1.Ministry of the Interior of Taiwan, Statistics of Dead, Missing and Serious Injury People of Typhoon Morakot (Taipei, 2010). 2.Xiao-Fei Ping, ‘Home, Where Should Be Rebuilt as What We Memorize.’, Morakot 88 news, 2009 <http://www.88news.org/posts/379>. 3.Xin-Jie He, ‘Looking back to the Policy of Re-Construction after Morakot - the Family Things.’, Morakot 88 news, 2012 <http://www.88news.org/?p=17117>. 4.Wei-Lun Chen, ‘Re-Construction Fundation of Morakot Abdicated. but Victims: We Lost the Connection of Traditional Area.’, Coolloud, 2014 <http://www.coolloud. org.tw/node/79663>.

1 Hsiaolin Village Before Morakot Typhoon Resource: Google Earth Data-Base (2006), Modified by Chun-Yin Lin

3 Hsiaolin Village Before Morakot Typhoon Resource: http://www.gflsci.org/Typhoon_Morakot_hits_Taiw_1.html

2 Hsiaolin Village After Morakot Typhoon Resource: Google Earth Data-Base (2006), Modified by Chun-Yin Lin

4 Hsiaolin Village After Morakot Typhoon Resource: http://www.gflsci.org/Typhoon_Morakot_hits_Taiw_1.html

Introduction As the impact of extreme climate, the damages by natural disaster are more harmful and uncontrollable. According to United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISD), These Natural Disasters affected 2.9 billion people, killed 1.2 million men and women and damaged peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s property and city infrastructures which are worth 1.7 trillion USD between 2000 and 2012 in the world5. Meanwhile, there were 123,944 people were affected, 1503 people were killed and 6,794 houses were collapsed. Meanwhile, typhoons are the most harmful disaster which destroyed 6108 houses and killed 1053 people in Taiwan6. Post-disaster reconstruction as the first reaction after disaster which plays a significant role to communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s future and development. There are many element need to be considered in post-disaster reconstruction: maintaining vitalities of local economy, social activities and recovering of natural environment7. In other words, sustainability is the most important principle in post-disaster reconstruction. In Hsialinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case, although the official reconstruction was finished in 2014, there are many controversial issues in recovery process. Some victims even decided to move to other place or return to dangerous area rather than move to permanent housing. According to some news and oral records, there are multiple problems in permanent housing such as lacking employment opportunity in new community and unreasonable policy for assigning residents to permanent houses. As the top-down approach reconstruction processes cannot rebuild a community which makes Hsiaolin people satisfied, this research is aim to use self-management and co-operative building as main approach to draw proposal to rebuild a sustainable new Hsiaolin.

5. UNISDR, Disaster Impacts 2000-2012, 2013. 6. National Fire Agency, Loses Caused by Natural Disasters in Taiwan, 2015. 7. S.Barakat, Housing Reconstruction after Conflict and Disaster (London: Humanitarian Practice Network, 2003)

Stages of Post-disaster reconstruction A holistic post-disaster recovery plan includes many stages to deal with the damages after disaster. Before disaster, the urban plan should be considered as a tool for reducing the risk of disaster. In policy level, the area development strategy should contain disaster prevention education plan to develop safety culture. After disaster, providing essential resources and temporary shelters for victims in early stage, and then evaluating damages and initiating long term recovery plan; in later stage, reconstructing housing and rebuild community to enhance living quality as previous one8. The Disaster Risk Deduction plan and early stage of post-disaster recovery can be parts of urban long-term resilient strategy and policy which are in urban planning level. On the other hand, the long-term reconstruction stage need to focus on local situation, it can be urban, town or communal scale to draw up proper development strategy for specific area. As an architect, I will focus on the long-term reconstruction in this research to provide suitable proposal for rebuild Hsioalin village.

8.Architecture Sans Frontieres International, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Disasters, Risk Reduction and Reconstructionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Challenging Practice, 2015, pp. 25â&#x20AC;&#x201C;31.

5 Timeline of post-disaster recovery plan Resource: Architecture Sans Frontieres International, 2015. Modified by Chun-Yin Lin

Sustainable Post-disaster Reconstruction Sustainability is the most important value of community development. To post-disaster reconstruction, how to improve vitalities of local economy, maintain social activities and protect natural environment is the biggest challenge of post-disaster recovery plan. As the result, drawing up sustainable reconstruction proposal should consider many perspectives to insure that financial, material and technical resources must be available locally to maintain the housing in a good state of repair. According to the humanitarian network paper by Barakat, there are five key characteristics that sustainable housing should have9 10: 1) Environmental sustainability – housing reconstruction should avoid depleting natural resources and contaminating environment. 2) Technical sustainability – the requisite skills of construction can be introduced and passed on to others, and make sure that the necessary tools are accessible. 3) Financial sustainability – housing should be affordable and can be exchange by flexible way (such as money or service). 4) Organizational sustainability – the structure of management organization should bring different stakeholder together, and the members of this organization are better to be local, which means there is no need to call on outside expertise on each occasion. 5) Social sustainability – the overall process and product fit within, and satisfy, the needs of the society. Overall, the balance of economic, environmental and social condition, providing well-organized participator y approach, choosing suitable construction technique are essential requirements for reconstructing a sustainable community.

9. Barakat. 10.Natural Hazards Center, Holistic Disaster Recovery - Ideas for Building Local Sustainability After A Natural Disaster (Boulder, Colorado, 2005).

Participatory pattern of post-disaster reconstructions As previous section, encouraging inhabitants to participate in reconstruction

The choices will depend on the scale of destruction and size

process is helpful for running community sustainably. During the participation

of settlement, complexity of design and technology, capacities of

in reconstruction, inhabitant can improve identity to their community

stakeholders, the amount of time and effort that inhabitant willing

andunderstand that they are powerful enough to rebuild their own home.

to invest, and the timeframe of project.

Participation is about both power and right. It a way to redistributing power 11

In Hsiaolin’s case, although they have self-build tradition, many

and came up against racial, ethnic, ideological and political opposition . Using

people do not have enough family members to rebuild their own

proper participatory pattern in post-disaster reconstruction process can help

houses. So this research will focus on co-operative reconstruction

original inhabitant get improvement of their psychological and social situation.

approach with professional support (the role of architect) to draw a

Depends on the level of involvement and the amount people who engage in

reconstruction proposal.

construction process, Barakat’s research give three different participatory patterns of reconstruction13 : 1) The contractor model: This method is considered as the easiest and fast approach to provide housing, however, the needs of specific housing and individual community are not met and diversity of community is not taken into consideration. 2) The self-build model: This pattern also called self-help or owner-drive, it focuses on enabling communities to undertake building work themselves. It fit the communities have a tradition of self-building and there are no strict time pressures. Moreover, the self-build reconstruction work can be organized based on family and joint to community programme. Outside support is mostly given through supplying building materials and expert advice. 3) Cooperative reconstruction: An alternative to self-help housing is to mobilise a community to undertake reconstruction together. In this approach, the materials are provided for the community as a whole, rather than for individual families. Cooperative reconstruction can strengthen community relations, contributes to recover form disaster and conflict. In addition, this approach has a balance distribution of skills and labor throughout the community and the guarantees to help for vulnerable people. This method allow inhabitants will not have to rely on extra agency assistance or on privately-arranged help. 11. Architecture Sans Frontieres International, ‘Participation’, 61–68. 12. Romasa Mohapatra, ‘Community Based Planning in Post-Disaster Reconstruction: A Case Study of Tsunami Affected Fishing Communities in Tamil Nadu Coast of India’ (University of Waterloo, 2009). 13. Barakat.

Background of Hsiaolin Hsiaolin Village was built along highway 29 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is west of Hsien-Du-Shan, and east of Nanzihsiian River. The main industries of Hsiaolin are agriculture and aggrotech. Hsiaolin is a small area on river valley, it was 48km2 and there was about 256 family and 732 people lived there. However, about 300 people are transient population of Hsiaolin 14. Hsiaolin village is the most important Siraya tribe, a branch of Pingpu* aboriginal people, in Taiwan. In Hsiaolin, two-thirds inhabitants are Pingpu people, others are Han people15. In 2011, the third permanent houses for Hsiaolin people was finished. The survived inhabitants were distributed into three different permanent houses -- Wulipu, Shanlin Area, and Da Ai Village. There are 90 permanent houses in Wulipu, 120 in Shanlin Area, and 66 in Da Ai Village16. As typhoon Morakot had killed 492 people and ruined 169 houses in Hsiaolin17. They were not only loss their houses and family members, but also their agricultural lands which were eroded and covered by landslide. These damages cause the homeless and destitute their economic resource18. In order to reconstruct damaged settlements, central government create a project and an organization, Morakot Post-Disaster Reconstruction Council. From 2009 to 2014, this project involved local governments, NGOs and local organizations to repair infrastructures and provides 3,481 permanent houses for survived inhabitants19. Most survivors cannot involve during reconstruction, it lead to lacking consensus of reconstruction and many controversial issues. * Pingpu people are aboriginal people who have led a primitive agricultural life before the arrival of massive Han immigrants.

14. 88 news, Thinking Our Home in Premanent Housing, ed. by Xin-Jie He (Taichung: 88 news, 2013). 15. Yi-Shen Chen, Oral History of Flood and Reconstruction after Morakot Typhoon (Taipei: Avanguard, 2011). 16. Yi-Shen Chen. 17. National Fire Agency. 18. 88 news. 19. Morakot Post-Disaster Reconstruction Council, ‘Reconstruction Result’, 2014 <http://morakotrecord.nstm.gov.tw/88ﬂood.www.gov.tw/>.

6 Locations of Three Permanent Housings

7 Permanent Housing 1 in Wulipu Resource: http://lisa20081007.pixnet.net/blog/post/

8 Permanent Housing 2 (Sunlight Hsiaolin) in Shanlin Area Resource: http://new.housefun.com.tw/mag/hf/16/article/33780677738 html

9 Permanent Housing 3 in Da Ai Village Resource: http://www.dfun.tw/?p=24001

Issues Since the rigidity policies and different opinions of rebuilding location, Hsiaolin village was separated into three areas, each of them are facing tough challenges and problems. According to the oral history of disaster, news records and current status of three permanent houses, the main problems can be divided as five different issues20 21 22: 1) Cultural challenge: The tribe life, which include ceremonial activities, hunting, and other traditional knowledge, are the core of whole community. However, the elderly people who know the tribe tradition were separated, as the result, Pingpu traditional culture is difficult to pass down to next generation. 2) Economic sustainability: Due to the hung amount of victims, losing agriculture lands and lacking employment opportunity in new community, even though local government has provided subsidy to victims, most of them cannot gain enough income to support their daily life. 3) Population structure: Lacking employment opportunity forces young people leave their home to find jobs in Kaohsiung City, it lead to population aging in community. 4) Unchangeable houses: The policy of permanent houses restricts residents modifying or extending the housing pattern. Reconstruction committee assigned residents to permanent houses depends on the numbers of family members. However, survivors may regroup their new family and have next generations. Both the policy and the way they assign houses are lacking consideration of intergenerational using.

20.88 news. 21.Yi-Shen Chen. 22.He.

10 Traditional Ceromony of Hsiaolin by Elder Locals Resource: https://www.flickr.com/photos/changju/10371857064

11 The Demostration by Victims for Reconstruction Policies Resource: http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/330749

12 Elders Are Preparing for Ceromony

13 Unchangable and Uniform Permanent Housing

Resource: http://www.10000.tw/?p=20611

Resource: http://www.dfun.tw/?p=24001

Research Questions Post-disaster reconstruction is a global issue, and many researches have developed helpful frameworks of post-disaster recovery. But most of them discussed in policy level or urban planning scale, they are difficult to be applied in community scale. Refer to researchers in Taiwan, they think that the main research gap is the question between community needs and the post-disaster reconstruction that government provide23. This problem is not only happen in Taiwan, many researchers try to find a method to fill this gap, and they think participatory approaches may be a helpful way24 25. According to interview records of victims of Morakot Typhoon, one third of Hsiaolin inhabitant hope that they can have autonomy for deciding the future and participating in the process during reconstruction26. Moreover, since that most victims have strong identity of Siraya tradition and culture, some of them hope that they can cooperate with NGOs and architects by themselves to build the home that full of their culture27. Although most Hsiaolin people were settled to three permanent houses, many inhabitants are not satisfied with current environment. Reflecting these issues of three permanent houses, this research aim to provide a proposal which can involve victims in recovery process – including houses reconstruction, local business development and self-management. The purpose of this research is to answer what “process” can involve inhabitant together to rebuild a ‘new Hsiolin’ by their own hands. The final proposal will focus on long-term reconstruction stage, and aim to rebuild Hsiolin as a sustainable community which can improve the economic, social, cultural and environmental conditions.

23. Yu-An Chen, ‘The Participation of Post-Disaster Reconstruction from Perspective of Planners: The Case of Permanent Housing after Typhoon Morakot.’ (National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, 2012). 24. Ibid. 25. Mohapatra. 26. 88 news. 27. Ibid

Methodology In order to draw a suitable proposal for new Hsiaolin, whole context of Hsiaolin should be considered in reconstruction â&#x20AC;&#x201C;Siraya culture, industries, economy, local organization, and so on. Moreover, all these elements are related and impact the outcome to each other. Considering previous reasons, case study can be a suitable research method for this research. Case study is usual research method for setting new proposal, it can focus on studying a setting or phenomenon embedded in its real-life context. Furthermore, case study can identify causal links of sociophysical factors and events28. This research will use multiple cases study, which include precedents that focus on early stage, core stage (long-term reconstruction) and disaster risk reducing stage, to analyse the outcomes and the influences of reconstruction practices. The long-term reconstruction stage is the core part to rebuild physical environment for victims, before this stage, identifying local capacity and setting training plan can impact the outcome of community reconstruction. The disaster risk reducing stage focus on improving sustainability of community and establish safety culture. In order to set a holistic recovery process for Hsialin, the chosen cases need to serve this three phase respectively. In addition, a theoretical frame is important in case study to define what data must be collected and what criteria should be used for analyzing29. In this research, I will use the framework which combine by SLF and DFID Resilience framework, two usual frameworks in post-disaster reconstruction, to analyse these cases, and apply the conclusion in Hsiaolin reconstruction proposal.

28. Linda N. Groat and David Wang, Architectural Research Methods, 2nd edn (New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2013). 29. Ibid.

Research Structure

Theoretical Framework of Development Theoretical framework is a useful tool for organisations, professionals, and decision-makers to improve their capacity to understand vulnerability, as well as to provoke positive change. Theoretical framework can be used in varied way during the project development stage, it is enable organizations to take a philosophical stand point, develop a focus area for them30. There are four frameworks are used usually in evaluating the capability of community- Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF), DFID Resilience Framework, Right-Based Approach (RBA) and Capability Approach (CA). In these four frameworks, SLF and DFID Resilience Framework mainly focus on improving quality of livelihood and resilience and increasing the capacity of sustainable development31.

30. Architecture Sans Frontieres International, ‘Theoretical Frameworks’, 2015, pp. 11–38. 31. Ibid

SLF Sustainable livelihoods framework is a tool to improve our understanding of livelihoods, particularly the livelihoods of the poor. The livelihoods approach is a way of thinking about the objectives, scope and priorities for development. In essence it is a way of putting people at the centre of development, thereby increasing the effectiveness of development assistance32. This Framework can be split into five parts33 : 1) Vulnerability context: The external environment in which people exist. It can be critical trends as well as by shocks and seasonality which affect availability of assets. 2) Livelihood assets: it is pentagon which lies at the core of the livelihoods framework. It include five capitals-human, social, physical, financial and natural capitals. 3) Transforming structure and processes: the institutions, organisations, policies and legislation that shape livelihoods. 4) Livelihood strategies: denote the range and combination of activities and choices that people make/undertake in order to achieve their livelihood goals (including productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices, etc.) 5) Livelihood outcomes: the achievements or outputs of Livelihood Strategies.

32.DFID, Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets (London: DFID, 2001). 33.Ibid.

14 Sustainable Livelihood Framework Resource: DFID,Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance (2001), Reedit by Chun-Yin Lin

DFID Resilience Framework This framework is organized by four elements: context; disturbance; capacity; and reaction. Together these elements form a resilience framework which can be used to examine different kinds of resilience and help determine the level of resilience that exists34. 1)

Context: identifying and strengthening in a social group, socio-

economic or political system, environmental context or institution allowing a coherent answer to the question â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;resilience of what?â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 2)

Disturbance: understand the disturbances faced, addressing the

question â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;resilience to what? 3)

Capacity: The ability of the system or process to deal with the shock

or stress is based on the levels of exposure, the levels of sensitivity and adaptive capacities. 4)

Reaction: The result of reacting to disturbances.

34.DFID, Defining Disaster Resilience, A DFID Approach Paper (London: DFID, 2011).

15 DFID Resilience Framework Resource: DFID, Defining Disaster Resilience (2011), Reedit by Chun-Yin Lin

The Combining Framework These two framework cover planning and reconstruction level, and include multiple perspectives. SLF is much focus on improving livelihood, on the other hand DFID Resilience Framework is much focus on reducing disaster risk. In order to draw a proper proposal for Hsiaolin reconstruction, this research will combine these two framework and use it to analyse the cases and the situation of Haiolin.

16 The Combining Framework for Case Study Resource: DFID, Defining Disaster Resilience (2011), & Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance (2001). Modified by Chun-Yin Lin

Case Study

17 Goma After Nyiragongo Volcano erupted Resource: http://www.wired.com/2009/03/signs-pointing-towards-eruption-at-nyiragongo-and-nyamuragira/

18 Nantou After 921 Earthquack Resource: http://spirit22.myweb.hinet.net/921.htm

19 Jaffna After Indian Ocean Tsunami Resource: https://cricketique.wordpress.com/2014/05/22/unique-pictures-in-essaying-cricket/

20 Construction Training in Goma Resource: Esther Charlesworth, Humanitarian Architecture(2014)

Case StudyGoma, Congo In January 2002, Nyiragongo volcano erupted, this disaster made 15,000 houses destroyed and caused 87,000 people homeless in Goma Democratic Republic of the Congo. D.R. Congo government and NGOs ran shelter project which with self-build approach and gave technical support to local people. This project finished in October 2002 and help 11,307 families to rebuild their homes35. International NGOs, UN and local NGOs provided transitional shelters to families who plan to rebuild on within the town itself. This plot kept the economic activity within the town and used existing infrastructure36. This plan also to ensure that beneficiaries were reset somewhere they wanted to be. These organizations provided essential materials and construction trainings to

21 Construction Training in Goma

beneficiaries to encourage them build by their own hands37.

Resource: Esther Charlesworth, Humanitarian Architecture(2014)

In very first step of this project, NGOs built two examples of transitional shelters as project offices. These two examples demonstrated that what their shelters would look like, moreover, they were helpful for discussion construction issues. Next, NGOs trained all households within basic construction knowledge and how to build the transitional shelters38. The basic transitional shelters are 24m2 which for five to six people. They were built by local timber and plastic sheets as transitional shelters rather than volcanic rock, which is traditional material in Goma and difficult to cut and size correctly39. Some of inhabitants made improvement to their home in October with salvaged corrugated metal, timber cladding or other natural materials40. Overall, the construction training and technical support project had improved their physical capital (houses) and provided them affordable houses.

35.Joseph Ashmore, Jon Fowler and James Kennedy, Shelter Projects 2008, 2008. 36.Ibid. 37.Esther Charlesworth, Humanitarian Architecture (New York: Routledge, 2014). 38.Ashmore, Fowler and Kennedy. 39.Ibid. 40.Charlesworth.

Case StudyIda Thao, Taiwan

22 Co-operative Reconstruction in Ida Thao Resource: http://www.hsieh-ying-chun.com/

Ida Thao is a small tribe in Nantou, Taiwan. 21st of September, 1999, an earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter scale occurred in Taiwan which caused 2,415 death and ruined 53,768 houses. Ida Thao tribe was very near to the epicenter and suffered in significant damages41. Red Cross collaborated architect Yhsieh to rebuild this tribe. In this project, the reconstruction team used reinforced-light-weight steel as structure which simple enough to let beneficiaries rebuild their home by themselves42. Thao people are about 600 people which is the smallest group of Taiwanese aborigines. They have unique customs, culture, language and ancestor worship, most of them live near Sun Moon Lake, one of the most famous attraction in Taiwan. The main economic activity is retail business for tourists, they also hunted or planted some vegetables in their traditional area, such as bamboo shoots and water bamboo43. After 921 earthquake, 80% of Thao people’s houses was destroyed. In

23 Co-operative Reconstruction in Ida Thao Resource: http://www.hsieh-ying-chun.com/

order to conserve Thao culture and improve their livelihood, local NGOs and individuals donated reconstruction fund to rebuild their new home. This project use reinforced-light-weight steel as main structure, which is a simple system that allowed beneficiaries to rebuild new houses by themselves with other traditional material such as bamboo. Moreover, this project encouraged Thao people involve into reconstruction for relief, this approach not only solved jobless problem but also enhanced coherence of tribe during reconstruction.

41. Wikipedia Contributors, ‘921 Earthquake’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia., 2015 <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=921_earthquake&oldid=668713441> [accessed 8 July 2015]. 42. Ying-Chun Yhsieh and Atelier-3, ‘Projects’, Ying-Chun Yhsieh Architects Ofﬁce, 2014 <http://www.hsieh-ying-chun.com/> [accessed 10 July 2015]. 43. Wikipedia Contributors, ‘Thao People’, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. <https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thao_people&oldid=672833143> [accessed 24 July 2015].

Case StudyJaffna, Sri Lanka

24 Appling for Co-operative Business Resource: Anca Moinea, Co-operative News (2015)

In 2004, the biggest natural disaster in the history of Sri Lanka – the Indian ocean tsunami — damaged two thirds of coastline of Jaffna. It caused more than 35,000 people dead, 100,000 houses were ruined. The recovery plan of Jaffna is not only included physical properties reconstruction, but also improved their livelihood for sustainable development44. Tourism as main industry of Sri Lanka, the number of tourist decline one third in 2005 because of the impact of disaster. On the other hand, fishery was hit by tsunami which conflicted more than 150,000 people who directly or indirectly involved with fishery. In addition, many agricultural activities had been forced to stop because of land salinization by tsunami. The poverty problem got worse after disaster, as the result, the recovery program focused on alleviation of improving people’s economic condition and provision of financial assistance to obtain the benefit of new business opportunities45. In order to alleviate poverty, government provided cash grants, asset

25 Developing New Business Resource: http://cayenneroom.com/2014/10/23/5-ways-fair-trade-supports-communities/

distribution through the provision of productive tools, providing cash for work and providing access to micro financing systems46. Moreover, The Cooperative College helped local people to rebuild the economic activities through co-operative principle. The college provided training program and emphasis on training key groups such as younger members or widows47. This program encourage them run business as co-operative which can share risks and benefits to protect vulnerable groups and improved livelihood generally.

44. Harsha A. R. Ratnasooriya, Saman P. Samarawickrama and Fumihiko Imamura, ‘Post Tsunami Recovery Process in Sri Lanka’, Journal of Natural Disaster Science, 29 (2007), 21–28 <http://dx.doi.org/10.2328/jnds.29.21>. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. Anca Moinea, ‘College Helping to Rebuild the Co- Operative Movement in Northern Sri Lanka’, Co-operative News (Jaffna, 2015).

Conclusion of Cases Study These three cases show different strategies in each stages. These three strategies ameliorated the post-disaster situation to the level before disaster. In Gomaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case, self-build strategy and construction training provided an alternative way to rebuild their houses and enhanced their physical capital to original level. Furthermore, sanitary condition was also improved by rebuild sanitary infrastructures to decrease the risk of epidemic disease. The strategy was used in Ida Thao is similar to the one applied in Goma, but the reconstruction plan in Ida Thao use co-operative reconstruction and work for relief as participatory approaches instead of self-build model. This approach not only increase physical capital level to original condition, but also made beneficiaries feel that they have enough ability to rebuild their community, and then ameliorated the social capital. On the other hand, the recovery strategy of Jaffna much focus on sustainability of economy. Establishing co-operative business and skill training programme provided different choices of works. It increase locals professional abilities and enhance sustainability of local economy. Overall, these three cases demonstrated that a suitable participatory reconstruction plan, the training programme which can fit the localsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capacity and resources, and a long-term economic plan are significant in reconstruction process.

Reconstruction Site The reconstruction site is chosen by some criteria which are safe place for disaster risk, close to existing settlement, has enough infrastructures, flat land and less hazard history. By overlapping these information, there shows six possible reconstruction sites. Next, choosing final site by doing general investigation and listing their advantages and vulnerabilities of these places. Comparing to other places, Wulipu shows remarkable potentials such as nearby original Hsiaolin, Siraya culture conservation base and some of original Hsiaolinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inhabitants live here, These features makes Wulipu as suitable place for reconstruction a new Hsiaolin.

Wulipu Considering the current conditions of Wulipu, the strategy will not only reconstruct properties but also rebuild their social connections and business vitality for sustainable development. Many victims do not have their own property and stable income in Wulipu, thus providing affordable houses is necessary. The main structure of house need to be simple enough that allowed locals rebuild by themselves. It can reduce the cost of human resources and improve their sense of participation. Moreover, aging population and cultural inheritance are long-term challenges in Wulipu society, as the result, reorganizing Hsiaolinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s people and help them establish community business can encourage young people return to their home town, which can also be helpful for passing down Siraya culture to next generation.

Principles

Strategy In order to deal with the issues of reconstruction Hsiaolin, the strategy is set by following principles: self-buildable, less time cost, affordable house, intergenerational houses, improving coherence of community, livelihood improving, local material using, and mixing design with Siraya culture. Furthermore, setting recovery actions with these principles. Considering the local economic sustainability, skill training and co-operative business can increase their income and get more stable economic resources, it can also encourage young Hsiaolin people go back and run business in Wulipu. And organizing self-management group, using local materials in reconstruction are helpful to culture inheritance. In addition, self-build and extendable structure can reduce cost of human resource and has flexible functions for different family.

Siraya Culture and Architecture 26 Siraya's Houses Resource: http://saturn.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~wenwu/taiwan/fan.htm

According to the Record of Aboriginal People in Taiwan , the materials for building houses are woods, bamboos and straws. Siraya people used build their houses on soil hathpace to against flood 48 . Around houses, Siraya people used plant palm trees, bamboo and add fences to keep livestock and improving food resources. In traditional Siraya houses, there were no partition inside, moreover, they extended roof to create deep shelters for cooking or communicational space. Nowadays, although Siraya culture has been a mixed culture by influence of Han culture, they still remain some features of Siraya’s life style. For example, doing agricultural activities around their houses, having social activities under deep shelters, traditional religion and ceremony. These spatial and culture features will be conserved in this proposal.

48. Shi-Qi Liu, ‘Record of Aboriginal People in Taiwan’, 1744.

Structure System In order to build extendable, affordable, self-buildable and less time cost houses, light steel frame can be suitable system for these principles. Although natural materials can perform Sirayaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s features better, vegetable materials need extra treatments for preventing from insect pest and improving durability. The treatments need professional knowledge and facilities, which can be the difficulty for rebuilding by themselves. On the other hand, light steel frame system is a highly developing technology, it is recyclable and extendable structure, also can be settle by simple tools which easy to operate. Every families who participate this reconstruction programme can use this system to design new house which meet their demands by themselves and build by their own hands. Beneficiaries can decided materials and style of roofs walls depends on their budgets and needs. Furthermore, the minimum housing standards in Taiwan is about 15m2 per person, and the comfortable living standards is 27m2 per person49 . According to this report, this proposal set three different basic sizes are 60m2, 120m 2 and 180m 2 for 1-2, 3-4 and above 4 peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s families respectively.

49. Taiwanese society of housing Studies, The Report for Setting and Practicing Minimum Housing Standards (Taipei, 2008).

27 Reconstruction by Light Steel Frame in Sichuan Resource: http://www.forgemind.net/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=16&p=85771

Construction Traning Light steel frame is highly development system which has modular components and assembly process 50. The tools for assembly are easy for using. For example, each reconstruction group need a chop saw for cutting steel components, using screw gun and collated screw gun to fasten steel components and cover board. Other assistant tools such as c-clamps, aviation snips and magnetic level are handy and simple for using. The construction training should start with teaching basic knowledge of system, next, guide locals to build an example by practicing. This example can be the self-management group base which can be helpful for their community development.

28 Reconstruction by Light Steel Frame in Sichuan Resource: http://www.forgemind.net/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=16&p=85771

50. Andrew Watts, Modern Construction Handbook (New Jersey: Springer, 2009).

Co-Operative Business 29 Small Food Industry in Sunlight Hsiaolin Are Trying New Products Resource: http://p85240380.pixnet.net/blog/post/157274093

The purpose of establishing co-operative business for Hsiaolin are not only improving livelihood, but also reconnecting the separated Hsiaolin community. After official reconstruction, three permanent housing communities have developed their own special products respectively. These products and crops can be developed into a brand of Hsiaolin (for example, the Hsiaolin moon cake with these ingredients). This co-operative can be managed by current three permanent housingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s self-management group and the new settlement by this proposal. It can involve farmers, producers, shop owners, restaurants owners, on-line shop operators and individual supporters as stockholder to share the benefits and decrease risks.

30 Smallholder in Wulipu Are Collecting Passion fruit Resource: http://history.n.yam.com/yam/travel/20140719/20140718429819.html

Strategy Timeline The stage one is preparing stage. The main tasks of this stage is establishing self-management organization which integrate all separated Hsiaolin communities and start the reconstruction training. Second stage is reconstruction stage which focus on rebuild new housing by themselves. After settle all facilities and properties, the third stage is establishing co-operative for Hsiaolin and planning a long-term culture conservation plan to achieve a sustainable Hsiaolin.

Scenario

Bibliography

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