THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN THE WORLD OF HOLOGRAPHY
THE COMMITMENT
HOLOGRAPHY 01 04
History of holography
CASE STUDY
Microsoft´s bid for holography
02 05
The legal battle in the world of so called holograms INFOGRAPHIC
Advancing the hologram
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03
Holograms serving politics
01
History of Holography The discovery of holograms went unnoticed until the 1960s
“I want to talk about the Universe as if it were a hologram. As you probably know, a hologram is the representation of a threedimensional object on a twodimensional surface, similar to a photographic plate. Supposedly I was represented by a hologram in one of the first episodes of Star Trek. The Next Generation. I say supposedly
because, despite appearing as three-dimensional in the Enterprise space ship, the TV screens in those years could not, and still cannot, display three-dimensional holographic images. This will be the next technological revolution. In that episode I played poker with Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Commander Data”
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This is how the scientist Stephen Hawking started his presentation in Tenerife in 2014, where he defined holography in a more attractive way than any dictionary. The Spanish Royal Academy says that it is "a photographic technique based on the use of
coherent light produced by laser. The interferences caused by the reflected light of an object with indirect lighting are exposed. After being developed, the photographic plate is lit by laser light, forming the three-dimensional image of the original object”.
Ordinary photography is capable of reproducing a twodimensional image, which is obtained by focusing the light reflected by an object on a photographic plate that records the intensity of the light it receives. In this way, the twodimensional map, once developed, reconstructs the
image corresponding to the focused plane. However, a hologram is formed by a confusing scheme of bright and dark points where all of the object's optical information is enfolded, with the fundamental particular feature that each part of the hologram contains in turn all the information captured in the full hologram. When the plate is lit with laser light, the holographic image appears, which reproduces the object three-dimensionally, displaying the unfolded optical information.
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Dennis Gabor, father of holography The Hungarian Dennis Gabor, who invented the hologram, explained his discovery in simple terms in this article published in 1948: "The purpose of this work is a new method for forming optical images in two stages. In a first stage, the object is lit using a coherent monochrome wave, and the diffraction pattern resulting from the interference of the secondary coherent wave coming from the object with the coherent background is recorded on the photographic plate. If the properly processed photographic plate is placed after its original position and only the coherent background is lit, an image of the object will appear behind it, in the original position.”
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Holography, according to the Open Mind article Dennis Gabor, Father of Holography published by the Applied Physics professor of the University of Alicante and member of the Augusto Beléndez Spanish Royal Society of Physics, took its first steps in 1947 in a laboratory of an electrical engineering company where Gabor worked on the improvement of the electronic microscope. This instrument increased by one hundred times the resolution power of the best optical microscopes and was very close to resolving atomic structures, but the systems were not perfect enough.
The limitation was related to the spherical aberration of the microscope's magnetic lenses. To solve this problem, Gabor asked himself: "Why not take a poor electronic image, but which contains its ‘total’ information, rebuild it and correct it using optical methods?”. He came up with the answer to this question while waiting to play a tennis match on Easter Sunday in 1947, and it involved considering a two-stage process. In the first stage, the recording, he would produce the interference diagram between the object electron beam (object wave) and a
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"coherent background" (reference wave) that would be recorded on a photographic plate. Gabor called this interferogram hologram, from the Greek ‘holos’, which means ‘the whole’, as it contains the total information (amplitude and phase) of the object wave.
In the second stage, the reconstruction, he would lit the hologram with visible light, rebuild the front of the original wave and would be able to correct it using optical methods to obtain a good image.
Thus, the physical principles of holography are based on the wavelike nature of light and interference (in the recording stage) and diffraction (in the reconstruction stage). Gabor
spent the rest of the year working on his ‘new microscopy principle’. Giving up Around 50 articles on Gabor's technique were published in the 1950s. However, only small and blurry images were achieved. Researchers lost interest for two reasons. First, the impossibility of obtaining optimal results when
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they applied the electronic microscope method, and second, the hologram reconstruction stage, which was imperfect. Gabor's method generates a hologram on an axis whose quality is poor due to the overlapping of the virtual image and the real, or combined image. When gazing at the virtual or real image, another unfocused image always appears as a background.
In 1955, after researching several optical montages with the aim of minimizing the effect of the combined image, Gabor gave up his research into holography.
But, as the Spanish scientist says, everything changed in the 1960s. The holographic explosion, which originated in the United States in the early 1970s following the invention
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of the laser in 1960, and thanks particularly to the contributions by Emmett Leith -who recorded the first hologram of a threedimensional object in 1964rehabilitated Gabor, who from being virtually unknown received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1971 “for his invention and development of the holographic method”.
02
The legal battle in the world of socalled holograms The companies using technology to "resuscitate" the deceased on stage and screen have run into the long arm of the law
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In August 2012, Freddy Mercury was brought to life again to mark the closing ceremony of the Olympic Games held in the British capital. A few months earlier, in Coachella in Indio (California),
Tupac Shakur reappeared on stage, 15 years after being gunned down in a street in Las Vegas on the way home from a Mike Tyson fight. With his companions Snoop Dogg and Dr. Dree –both living–, he once again performed in a concert. Next year in 2016 the American singer Whitney Houston –who died four years ago– is also expected to reappear on the same Californian stage. The business fever around the world of these misnamed holograms appears to be limitless. As explained in this article published in El País: “The public in general and the press
in particular like to call it a hologram, although this is a misnomer (...) The device is conceived more like the theatrical trick invented by the chemist John Henry Pepper, which was used in 1862 in the play by Charles Dickens entitled The haunted man.
There the deception was achieved with a pane of glass on which was projected an image reflected from a mirror offstage. Now the heavy pane of glass has been replaced by an invisible screen. This is placed with an inclination of 45° and offers the very vivid impression that the artist is really performing live”.
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Whether or not it's called a hologram, there's no question that the craze is far from over. And it continues to move money. The Greek multimillionaire Alki David – whose company Hologram USA specializes in reviving celebrities– has already invested 15 million dollars. In a small room in Beverly Hills you can see Michael Jackson, Ray Charles, Mariah Carey, Mick Jagger and Sinatra. He also makes the real-life Julian Assange and Edward Snowden engage in a lively conversation.
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And although at the start it looked like holograms were going to feature prominently in concerts in US and European capitals, their cost– the two songs by the rapper Tupac cost around 400,000 dollars– and the legal battle launched by two companies in the sector have quelled the entertainment sector's holographic fever.
Days before the Billboard Music Awards ceremony in 2014, which was expected to feature a hologram of Michael Jackson, the owners of the technology
used to digitally revive the rapper Tupac Shakur asked the American law courts to ban the use of their techniques to project a hologram of the King of Pop. Hologram USA Inc. and Musion Das Hologram Ltd. sued Jackson's heirs, arguing that they were the patent holders for the technology that creates the 3D images and projects them onstage to look like they're actually performing alongside other live musicians. This was not the first legal battle in the world of holograms.
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Hologram USA also sued the Cirque du Soleil and MGM Resorts International for their hit show entitled "Michael Jackson ONE" in Las Vegas. The show included a presentation of a digital version of Jackson, which the company claims is an unlawful use of their technology. The legal battle in the world of holograms has only just begun – a battle fought by the living who want to revive, if only for a few minutes, the dead.
03
Holograms serving politics
Holography is now part of political campaigns in the United States and India
How to be in 140 political rallies at once. India, the second most populated country on the planet, with 1.2 billion people, has seen how Narendra Modi took advantage of the possibilities that holograms provide to his political career.
To achieve this, he hired the services of the company Hologram USA, run by Greek multimillionaire Alkiviades David. A success that didn't go unnoticed by the powers who want to use the same model to get closer to citizens.
Obsessed with social networks, Modi was named prime minister of India after beating Rahul Gandhi in May. The son of a tea merchant, he knew how to use technology to put an end to the Gandhis' reign and convince most of the 814 million voters.
As highlighted by a recent article in the Washington Post, hologram technology is reaching the capital of the United States in hope that everything it's done for the entertainment industry in recent years (resurrecting the country's most famous artists) can be replicated in political campaigns. For now, no one has thought of "resurrecting" John Fitzgerald Kennedy next to Barack Obama, although in the country of entertainment
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projecting realistic copies of politicians is on the agenda of all parties, whatever side they might be on. The American newspaper mentions that Hologram USA, the company specializing in holographic technology, wants to replicate the Indian phenomenon in the streets of U.S. cities. Alkiviades David declared that he's an admirer of the Republican Senator from Kentucky, Rand Paul, and of Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton, "or of any other person looking to improve their communication with voters". Jeffrey Taylor, managing partner of USGRI (U.S. Government Relations International)- the company
that, alongside Hologram USA, is going to use the technologyand former Congress advisor, noted that the technology increases interaction between voters and the presidential candidates who simply can't make a physical appearance in all cities, even in crucial states. We're going to be in New Hampshire with Clinton", explained Taylor.
"She can make a remote appearance by means of a hologram in places that aren't possible to visit due to her schedule, answering questions in a kind of meeting in a virtual city hall", explained Taylor. "The only thing you can't do is shake her hand", he added.
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Crítics There are critics, because people generally want to see candidates in person and in their city, and however advanced the technology may be, it's not able to achieve that. ”Hologram technology has to complement the human element", said Zac Moffatt, digital director of the Republican Party candidate, Mitt Romney. Neither must we forget that
holographic technology is much more expensive than online chat, which candidates can do on Facebook and Twitter. "But is the impact on the voter greater than with Skype or Google Hangout, for example?" asks Moffatt. Alkiviades David calculates that the cost of making holography a reality in the United States would be around 6 million dollars per month. Way over the budget of most
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Senator campaigns; a considerable investment even for White House candidates. Although, as the Washington Post points out, "the perpetual desire to make noise in American politics could encourage holography in both Democrat and Republican conventions, which normally try to outdo each other to attract media attention.
"With the advances in artificial intelligence, we'll soon be able to have holograms of presidential candidates and interact with them", wrote David Plouffe, who ran Obama's campaign in 2008, in The Wall Street Journal. Beyond politics, David and Taylor see other reasons to
improve the technology: "in military simulations and informative sessions, or for the President to be able to communicate with more Americans. He could be talking in a sixth grade classroom in Missouri without the travel and security expenses".
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For those who are wary, Alkiviades David is categorical: "I think that everything we can write about it, evangelize or imagine, is not sufficient; you don't get the true impact of what it actually is until you see it", he concluded.
04
Microsoft's bid for Holography The HoloLens headset is aimed at businesses and will cost around $3,000.
HoloLens is Microsoft's bid in the holographic industry. The US company's Holographic project is a computer called HoloLens: augmented reality glasses that superimpose holograms in the environment to be able to interact with it.
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HoloLens includes a whole computer with CPU, GPU, sensors and HD screen, in addition to a camera similar to Kinect to identify what surrounds us and gestures we make with our hands or voice. As highlighted by the specialist magazine Xataka: everything is
wireless and operates autonomously. Xataka also highlights that "The future of Windows is holographic and spectacular thanks to the HoloLens Project" and it explains that it makes it possible to "project windows in the middle of the real elements of our environment, we can
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have an application that plays video suspended against our couch where we rest, or a Skype conversation elsewhere in the room." It adds: "But the idea is not limited to creating flat windows in the middle of the room, it can create vivid 3D objects, which we can surround and
and interact from different points that an object with dimensions has. This last part is the essence of the HoloLens Project". The New York Times is more critical of the experience. The journalists from the American newspaper attend a demonstration “on a HoloLens application that it had created with Volvo Cars, the Swedish carmaker." They relate, "The demonstration took place in a large room made to look something like a minimalistic Volvo dealership, with a large elevated platform where a vehicle would normally be on display.
The platform had nothing on it, but if you had a HoloLens
headset on, a digital representation of a Volvo S90, a new premium sedan, materialized. (The car will be introduced, in physical form, at an auto show in Detroit in January).” And what do they think about the experience? "With HoloLens on, you could walk around the sedan to look at the car from different angles. In another part of the room, the headset projected a video of the car on a road to simulate the vehicle’s autonomous driving features. A toy, car-size version of the S90 appeared on a pedestal, its collision-detection sensors lighting up for a person who wore a HoloLens and circled around the car.
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HoloLens has a narrow field of view: the portion of one’s vision on which it can project digital images. Imagine a small rectangle suspended several feet in front of your eyes, a shape that travels wherever you turn your head. That is the HoloLens’s canvas. HoloLens doesn’t project anything into a subject’s peripheral vision or above or below that rectangle.” For critics: "The experience is much less immersive than that of a virtual reality headset like the Oculus Rift, which envelops one’s vision with imagery, blocking the view of the physical world. It’s a bit like the difference between looking at an IMAX screen and at a 36-inch television set."
Microsoft, meanwhile, defends itself. Scott Erickson, a senior director of HoloLens in the US company, explained that developers and other potential customers of the headset should not be intimidated by its field of view. We must also not forget that HoloLens is focusing mainly on business and
education applications. The latest version of the headset, which will be available in the first quarter of next year, will cost $3,000.
Proof of this is the experience described with Volvo, which plans to start using HoloLens in 2016 to improve the shopping experience of their cars for their customers.
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Customers should be able to use HoloLens to see what the car would be like in a certain color, and with an accessory package other than those in stock. A step further with the technology but insufficient. As Volvo also noted, "If you want to see the car, feel the car, the physical experience will not disappear".
05/INFOGRAPHIC
Advances in holographic technology Holograms are three-dimensional images that are used on credit cards, DVDs and CDs to prevent counterfeiting. The larger ones have also been used in the entertainment industry.
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Brief History
1891
Grabriel Lippmann
He presented the “Lippman photograph” that enabled a photographic plate to record the color on a picture.
1947
Dennis Gabor
He invented the wavefront reconstruction technique using the principles of diffracction.
1958
Y.N. Denisyuk
He tried to créate 3D images using Lippman´s technique.
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Brief History
1962
C. Townes Hakd
The hologram possibilities soared with the advent of laser, which was invented bythis russian.
100%
92% 1962
Y.N. Denisyuk
He made reflections hologramas for the first time, using thick emulsions to obtain quite high diffraction efficiency.
1968
Benton S. A.
He made the 2image” holograms, also know as rainbow holograms.
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Brief History
1970
RCA.
Radio Corporation of America made the first attempt to market holograms.
1974
Bartolini
He published the first outstanding results for repication, making holograms accesible to the public.
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How it works Holography is a photographic process that uses lenses and mirrors to direct and focus a laser beam. Laser light is used due to its properties: spatial and temporal coherence (light that travels in a ordely manner), and also monochromatic.
Virtual image
Photographic plate
Reconstruction beam
Reconstructed wavefront
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Aplications Microscopy
Information medium The entired field of visión is recorded wich the information on depth. Each hologram can be analyzed, and it is “frozen” in time.
Procesado óptico de información It´s user to compare images that are similar to each other, and only wich differences in small details.
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Laser are used to “write” the information on a photosensible polymer over the whole storage médium´s volume.
Accurate measuring techniques Double-exposure holographic interferometry enables very small changes between the same objets under diferentes conditions to be found.
Aplicaciones Monitoring
Medicine The objets can be recorded on a 3D image to examine all the details.
Highly realistic, highresolutions holograms that can be projected in a system of mirrors in free space.
Anti-counterfeiting- Identification To prevent counterfeiting of important documents. They are ussually rainbow holograms that can be viewed with White light.
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