REINO PROTOCTISTA PROTOZOOS ALGAS HONGOS MUCILAGINOSOS
REINO PROTOCTISTA Figure 28-01
REINO PROTOCTISTA
AMEBOZOOS AMEBOZOOS SEUDÓPODOS SEUDÓPODOS LOBULADOS LOBULADOS GIMNAMEBAS GIMNAMEBAS ENTAMOEBAS ENTAMOEBAS HONGOSMUCILAGINOSOS MUCILAGINOSOS HONGOS
LE 28-24
Pseudopodia 40 Âľm
SARCODINOS
Entamoeba histolytica
LE 28-25
Physarum polycephalum
4 cm
LE 28-26
Feeding plasmodium Zygote (2n)
Mature plasmodium (preparing to fruit) Young sporangium
SYNGAMY
1 mm
Amoeboid cells (n)
Mature sporangium Key
Flagellated cells (n)
Germinating spore
Spores (n)
MEIOSIS Stalk
Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
LE 28-27
SYNGAMY
Emerging amoeba
Spores (n)
600 µm
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Amebas solitarias Estadio de alimentación
Cuerpos fructíferos
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Amebas conglomeradas
Zygote (2n)
MEIOSIS
Amoebas Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
Conglomerado En vías de migración
200 µm celular CICLO DE VIDA DE Dictyostelium, un hongo mucilaginoso
CERCOZOOS FORAMINIFEROS FORAMINIFEROS Y RADIOLARIOS RADIOLARIOS
LE 28-22
20 µm FORAMINÍFEROS
Globigerina
ACANTILADOS DE DOVER
LE 28-23
RADIOLARIOS
Axopodia 200 µm
EUGLENOZOOS CINETOPLÁSTIDOS EUGLÉNIDOS
Trypanosoma gambiense
LE 28-7
9 µm
CICLO DE TRANSMISIÓN DEL TRYPANOSOMA GAMBIENSE
LE 28-8
FLAGELO LARGO
EMANCHA OCULAR O ESTIGMA
DETECTOR DE LUZ
FLAGELO CORTO
Euglena (LM)
Nucleus
VACUOLA CONTRﾃ，TIL
5 ﾂｵm
Plasma membrane Chloroplast
EUGLENA Pellicle
EUGLENA
ALVEOLADOS SACOS DEBAJO DE LA MEMBRANA PLASMÁTICA DINOFLAGELADOS APICOMPLEXOS CILIADOS
LE 28-2b
100 Âľm
Ceratium tripos, a unicellular marine dinoflagellate (LM)
LE 28-10
3 Âľm
Flagella
Pfiesteria shumwayae, dinoflagelado
CILIADOS
Paramecium
REPRODUCCIÓN SEXUAL: CONJUGACIÓN
LE 28-12a
FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE Contractile vacuole
Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane.
Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis. Oral groove Cell mouth
Thousands of cilia cover the surface of Paramecium. 50 Âľm
Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell.
Micronucleus Macronucleus
The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.
LE 28-12
FEEDING, WASTE REMOVAL, AND WATER BALANCE Paramecium, like other freshwater protists, constantly takes in water by osmosis from the hypotonic environment. Bladderlike contractile vacuoles accumulate excess water from radial canals and periodically expel it through the plasma membrane.
Contractile vacuole
Paramecium feeds mainly on bacteria. Rows of cilia along a funnel-shaped oral groove move food into the cell mouth, where the food is engulfed into food vacuoles by phagocytosis. Oral groove Cell mouth
Thousands of cilia cover the surface of Paramecium.
Food vacuoles combine with lysosomes. As the food is digested, the vacuoles follow a looping path through the cell.
50 Âľm
Micronucleus The undigested contents of food vacuoles are released when the vacuoles fuse with a specialized region of the plasma membrane that functions as an anal pore.
Macronucleus
CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION Meiosis of micronuclei produces four haploid micronuclei in each cell.
Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. Compatible mates
Three micronuclei in each cell disintegrate. The remaining micronucleus in each cell divides by mitosis.
Macronucleus
The cells swap one micronucleus.
MEIOSIS
Haploid micronucleus
Diploid micronucleus Diploid micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR FUSION
The cells separate. Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one maccronucleus and one macronucleus into each of four daughter cells.
The original macronucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei.
Micronuclei Three rounds of mitosis without fuse, forming a diploid cytokinesis micronucleus. produce eight micronuclei.
Key Conjugation Reproduction
LE 28-12b
CONJUGATION AND REPRODUCTION Meiosis of micronuclei Three micronuclei in each cell produces four haploid disintegrate. The remaining micromicronuclei in each cell. nucleus in each cell divides by mitosis.
Two cells of compatible mating strains align side by side and partially fuse. Compatible mates
Macronucleus
The cells swap one micronucleus.
MEIOSIS
Haploid micronucleus
Diploid micronucleus Diploid micronucleus
MICRONUCLEAR FUSION
The cells separate. Two rounds of cytokinesis partition one macronucleus and one macronucleus into each of four daughter cells.
The original macronucleus disintegrates. Four micronuclei become macronuclei, while the other four remain micronuclei.
Three rounds Micronuclei of mitosis fuse, forming without a diploid cytokinesis micronucleus. produce eight micronuclei.
Key Conjugation Reproduction
Stentor
LE 28-2a
Stentor,
100 Âľm
Stentor
Vorticella
Plasmodium malariae
LE 28-11
Inside mosquito
Inside human Merozoito
esporozoitos (n)
HIGADO hepatocito
Oooquiste MEIOSIS Cigoto (2n)
Apex Merozoito (n)
Red blood cell
0.5 碌m
Gl贸bulos rojos
FERTILIZATION Key
Gametes Gametocytes (n)
Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
ESPOROZOOS
Estramenópilos flagelos pilosos y lisos Ovomicetos (mohos de agua y especies cercanas) Diatomeas Algas doradas Algas pardas
LE 28-13
Hairy flagellum Smooth flagellum
5 Âľm
Synura petersenii
LE 28-14_3
Oogonium
Germ tube
Egg nucleus (n) Cyst
Antheridial hypha with sperm nuclei (n)
MEIOSIS
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Zoospore (2n) FERTILIZATION
Zygote germination Zoosporangium (2n) Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Zygotes (2n)
LE 28-16
ALGAS UNICELULARES
ALGAS
DIATOMEAS 50 µm
3 µm
LE 28-15
LE 28-17
Dynobrion alga dorada formadora de colonias en agua dulce
25 Âľm
LE 28-18
LÁMINA
ESTÍPITE
ANCLAJE PALMERA DE MAR Postelsia
Figure 28-19
Selva de kelp. Macrocystis
LE 28-21
C I C L O
Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Sporangia
D E
esporangio
V I D A D E L A M I N A R I A
MEIOSIS
zoosporas
Zoospores
Esporofito 2n
Femenino
Esporofito en vĂas De desarrollo
Gametophytes (n)
Zygote (2n) Gametofito femenino maduro (n)
FERTILIZATION
Egg
oosfera
masculino
anterozoide
Algas verdes y rojas
LE 28-2d
500 Âľm
Spirogyra, a filamentous freshwater green alga (insert LM)
LE 28-2c
4 cm
Delesseria sanguinea, a multicellular marine red alga
LE 28-20
El alga de mar se cultiva sobre redes en aguas costeras poco profundas. Porphyra ( alga roja )
un operario esparce las algas de mar recolectadas sobre pantallas de bambĂş para que se sequen
las lĂĄminas satinadas de nori, delgadas como un papel, constituyen una envoltura rica en minerales para el arroz, mariscos y vegetales que forman el sushi
LE 28-28
Dulse (Palmaria palmata). This edible species has a “leafy� form.
A coralline alga. The cells walls of corralline algae are hardened by calcium carbonate. Some coralline algae are members of the biological communities called coral reefs.
Bonnemaisonia hamifera,
Palmaria palmata
LE 28-30
20 µm
50 µm
Volvox, a colonial freshwater chlorophyte. The colony is a hollow ball whose wall is composed of hundreds or thousands of biflagellated cells (see inset LM) embedded in a gelatinous matrix. The cells are usually connected by strands of cytoplasm; if isolated, these cells cannot reproduce. The large colonies seen here will eventually release the small “daughter” colonies within them (LM).
Calperpa, an inter-tidal chlorophyte. The branched filaments lack cross-walls and thus are multinucleate. In effect, the thallus is one huge “supercell.”
Ulva, or sea lettuce. This edible seaweed has a multicellular thallus differentiated into leaflike blades and a rootlike holdfast that anchors the alga against turbulent waves and tides.
Figure 28-29
LE 28-31
Flagella
1 µm
Cell wall
Nucleus
Zoospores
Regions of single chloroplast
Key Haploid (n) Diploid (2n)
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
SYNGAMY
Mature cell (n) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
MEIOSIS
Zygote (2n)
LE 28-3 Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Secondary endosymbiosis
Apicomplexans
Red algae Cyanobacterium
Primary endosymbiosis
Stramenopiles
Secondary endosymbiosis
Heterotrophic eukaryote
Plastid
Euglenids Secondary endosymbiosis
Green algae
Chlorarachniophytes
Ancestral eukaryote
Plants
Charophyceans
Chlorophytes
Animalia
Plantae
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
(Opisthokonta) Red algae
Metazoans
Choanoflagellates
Fungi
Radiolaria
Cercozoa
Amoebozoa Fungi
Cellular slime molds
Plasmodial slime molds
Entamoebas
Gymnamoebas
Radiolarians
Foraminiferans
Chlorarachniophytes
Brown algae
Golden algae
Diatoms
Ciliates
Apicomplexans
Stramenopila
Oomycetes
Euglenozoa
Parabasala
Alveolata
Dinoflagellates
Euglenids
Kinetoplastids
Parabasalids
Diplomonads Diplomonadida
LE 28-4
(Viridiplantae)
LE 28-5a
Giardia intestinalis, a diplomonad (colorized SEM)
5 Âľm
LE 28-5b
Flagella
Undulating membrane
5 Âľm
Trichomonas vaginalis, a parabasalid (colorized SEM)
LE 28-6
Flagella 0.2 Âľm
Crystalline rod
Ring of microtubules Euglenozoo
LE 28-9
0.2 Âľm
Flagellum
Alveoli
Table 28-1