Start-Up City Re-Activating Coventry City Centre through Micro-Economies
14.7%
Vacant Coventry
UK Vacant Shops
of Coventry city centre shops vacant
2012- 14.6% 2008-5% 20,000 jobs lost for each 1%
14.7% 14.7% of Coventry city centre shops vacant Retail Brand Casualties since 2007
UK Vacant cant Shops UK Va Shops
230
2012- 14.6% 2012- 14.6% 1405%t Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition for 2013 2008UK Vacan 2008-5% Shops of Coventry city centre shops vacant 20,000 jobs lostcity for centre each 1% of Coventry shops vacant 20,000 jobs lost for each 1% 230 Retail Brand Casualties since 2007 2012- 14.6%
2012- 14.6%
of Coventry city centre shops vacant
20,000 jobs lost for each 1%
75% of grocery shopping is done in supermarkets
Nearby Birmingham Bullring has 160shops and 30 restaurants
80%
The Big Drain 75% -Supermarkets-
of-Supermarketsgrocery shopping is done in75% supermarkets
of grocery shopping is done in supermarkets
-Shopping Centres-
Nearby Birmingham 160shops Bullring has Centres-Shopping Nearby Birmingham restaurants and 30 Bullring has 160shops and 30 restaurants
Retail Brand Casualties since 2007
230 140
140 Retail Brand Casualties since 2007 Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition for 2013
140
Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition for 2013 Town shops closed
on phones orThe tablets Big Drain
-Supermarkets-Internet75%
-Shopping CentresNearby BirminghamThe -Showrooming-
visithas high Bullring 160shops of grocery shopping is Shoppers 80% 12% street to see products, done in supermarkets -Out of Town-Internetand 30 restaurants -Showroomingof new shopping centres of shopping is then find itvisit cheaper Shoppers high are planned out of town now12% done online 80% on phones or tablets street to see products, of new shopping centres of shopping is then find it cheaper are planned out of town now done online on phones or tablets
The Big Drain
25,000
40%
Only of total retail spend Onlyon high street by 2014 Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition forstreet 2013 of total retail spend on high by 2014
40%
since 2000
40%
Only 25,000 Town shops closed since 2000 Only of total retail spend on highTown streetshops by 2014 25,000 closed since 2000 of total retail spend on high street by 2014 -Supermarkets-Internet-Showrooming-Shopping Centres-Out of Town-Internet-ShowroomingOnly Nearby Birmingham Shoppers visithigh high street by 2014 -Supermarkets75% Shoppers visit high-Shopping Centres80% -Out of Townof total retail spend on 9,000 Expected to close by 2014 -Internet12% -ShowroomingExpected to close by street to see products, shops Bullring has 160 of grocery shopping is Nearby Birmingham of new shopping centres of shopping is Shoppers visit high street75% to see products, 80% 9,000 Expected to close by 2014 12% then find it cheaper done inissupermarkets of shopping planned town and 30 now done online street to see products, 160 shops out of Bullring has are of grocery shopping is restaurants of new shopping centres of shopping is on phones or tablets then find it cheaper 25,000 Town shops closed since 2000 then find it cheaper now done online done in supermarkets are planned out of25,000 town and 30 restaurants nowTown done online shops closed since 2000
-Out of Town-
The Big Drain
Retail Brand Casualties since 2007
-Death of The 230 High Str eetRetail Brand Casualties since 2007
230
12%
of new shopping centres are planned out of town
230
Only Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition for 2013 140 Retailers currently in a ‘critical’ condition for 2013 140 of total retail spend on high street by 2014 20,000 jobs lost for each 1%
20,000 jobs lost for each 1% 2008-5%
-Out of Town-
40%
2008-5%
20122008-14.6% 5%
-Shopping Centres-
14.7%
14.7% 14.7%
UK Vacant Shops UK Vacant Shops
-Supermarkets-
of Coventry city centre shops vacant
40% 40%
9,000
2014
on phones or tablets
-Out of TownBig Drain
80%
-Death of the City Centre-
of new shopping centres are planned out of town
-Internet-Showrooming25,000 Town shops closed since 2000
Shoppers visit high 12% street to see products, 9,000 of shopping is Expected to close by 2014 then find it cheaper
now done online
on phones or tablets
9,000 Expected to close by 2014 Shrinking UK town and city centres drain of trade and employment The Big Drain
9,000 Expected to close by 2014
-Empty Spaces-
Abandoned buildings and empty retail units
Key Empty Shops Vacant Offices Disused Historic Buldings Abandoned Sites Flyovers and Underpasses
Coventry City Centr e 1:5000
-Empty Spaces-
Abandoned sites and empty retail units
Build Recent expansions to university buildings, as well as improvements of public space have been successful in reactivating areas of the city
New businesses introduced by new migrant communities to Coventry has regenerated previuosly abandoned areas of the city.
2012
2000s
Decline of British motor industry hit the City hard leaving 20% of the population unemployed. A rise in petty crime soon followed giving the city a poor national reputation.
1980s
1920s
1950s
Slump
Build
Growth
1860s
Recession along with rise in internet shopping and out-of-town shopping centres mean that trade is gradually slipping away from the City ventre leaving empty shops and dead spaces
Redefinition of city centre: New energy and water harvesting industries and city farming become the city’s main industries. Improved housing typologies and public spaces make the city desirable once more
Growth?
AD 700 - Present Day
Boom
-City of Coventry-
2020
2011
Although the 1990 recession hit the City hard, engineering research headquarters have stayed and smaller education industries have grown around Coventry and Warwick Universities
Shr inkage
1990s
A growing and successful car industry meant the city was one of the richest cities in the UK and had one of the ‘highest standards of living’ outside of London. The population peaked at 335,000 in the late 60s.
Shr inkage
1960s
November 14th Moonlight Sonata Blitz. Nazi German bombing destroyed most of the city’s medieval centre and Cathedral. A second raid in 1941 brought death count to 1,236
Demolish
1940
First car was produced in Coventry by Daimler. The motor industry continued to grow and by 1930s was at the centre of the UK motor industry.
Boom
1897
Watch and clock industries grow along with sewing machines to become town’s main industries
GROWTH
GROWTH
1880s
Silk weaving and ribbon production becomes main industry. This makes town important in the fashion industry
1890s
Boom Foreign imports kill off silk and fabric trade
1700s
Slump
1617 Parliamentarian stronghold in civil war. Royalist prisoners ‘sent to Coventry’
GROWTH
Demolish
1200
1067
1016
Free trade laws encourage the exchange of local produce such as wool, soap, needles, metal and leather goods.
Slump
City walls demolished by King Charles ii after civil war as punishment
1662
1200s
1150
1043
AD 900 ad 700
King Canute and Lady Godiva Danes destroy rides streets naked Medeival Convent convent and town. in protest of high taxes on people of the City..?
Cloth trading becomes main industry, producing wool and dyes. City prospers as a result of reputation of Coventry blue cloth
Demolish
Boom
Build
Build
GROWTH
Growth in trade Laws passed so merchants coming to the town were Monastery built free to trade in on remains of peace and would convent which be free of rent and became richdues for a period Saxon farming est monastery in of two years from settlement devel- England with gold when they began ops. and jewels. to build.
Car industry fed other engineering Bicycles develindustries such as oped by sewing machine compa- aircraft manufacnies. By the 1890s ture, instruments, gauges and chainit became the largest producer making. During the war most of bicycles in factories turned the world, with 300,000 produced to weapon and aircraft manufacture each year
The city is rebuilt in a tabula rasa fashion in a modernist, brutalist style. The first pedestrianised precinct in the UK, separation of cars and pedestrians and a central ring road characterised the redevelopment
1900-large
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Claire Taggart UCL
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Organic growth of the city through trade is followed by repeated planned demolition, ‘slum clearance,’ the blitz and removal of historic industrial and trade buildings throughout the 20th century
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Masterplan Model
“Ultimate” Masterplan
Vision of a Pedestrianised City Precinct
-Gibson’s Modernist MasterplanPost-war re-building of the city
“Elevational treatment will be secondary to the plan. It will depend on the availability of materials”
“At the moment it is the plan that is of primary importance, the details can follow later.”
“Here is a building whose sole value is historic. Is it to be allowed to stand in the way of the new plan?”
“SPACOIUS PLANNING”
“Coventry is one of the test towns and will act as an invaluable guide for replanning elsewhere”
THE ARCHITECT AND BUILDING NEWS -21st
March
1941-
“Some of the things to be avoided: varying heights, hideous lettering, extravagant squiggles, narrow pavements”
“Much of this area is already scheduled for slum clearance”
New pedestrianised shopping precinct
-Post-War Boom Town-
Planning widely considered to be a success as one of the wealthiest cities in the UK during the 1960s
City identity and history lost in repeated destruction, lost industry and tabula rasa re-planning
-Tracing Identities-
Re-introducing lost identities into the city and establishing new ones
“a regional, national and international place of interest...”
‘To create a unique identity and sense of place for Coventry as a hub for the whole West Midlands and Warwickshire district’
“High Quality Retail... to attract big stores and quality brands”
‘The Jerde Vision’
MARKET WAY
-‘Visions’ for Coventry-
Recent proposals for redevelopment of the centre as an ‘international city’ to attract ‘big name’ high street stores
‘The plans would see much of the city centre demolished and rebuilt.’
‘If we tried to do this in Oxford we would be shouted out of town. But the potential of Coventry allows us to do something audacious and bold’
nurture tomorrow’s innovators and ideas that “...my vision aims to find and
will create the new sustainable high streets of the future, seizing the opportunity that the current crisis presents
“We need to relocalise
and bring manufacturing back to Britain,
and putting
the mechanics in place to allow new talent to flourish”
and we also need to address the issue of skills, as we’ve almost lost the skills needed...”
thrive”
“...we could find new ways for businesses
build shared facilities and develop to
deeper
connections with
each other, enabling them to start to overcome the challenges they face”
small
appetite out there among people and organisations to get
businesses from the
“Chinese wages are going to
fight for their high streets”
be going up all the time, as there is pressure for standards to rise, plus the
their hands dirty and
grip of red tape” “Vacant
costs of air freight and sea freight is
shops are also a
wasted opportunity with farreaching consequences. When goods and services start to disappear, our
sense of community can be weakened and undermined”
“Empty high streets are a blight on the local economy”
“once we
rising all the time. So we’re at the turning point of the whole globalisation super-tanker and it’s starting to turn around...”
invest in and create
social capital in the heart of
economic capital will follow”
our communities, the
iv Conservat
N
ry Portas r
Go t vern ment High SAdv
The High
ata
lie Bennett
a rt y
ib-Dems
of our communities”
“I think local
Green P
Stre et Saviours...
people
should have more
of a
say over what happens on
small businesses and cooperatives”
isoreet
vid Cameron
es
Da
Ma
this country are all part of the fabric
industries, and strong local
something new”
N ic k Clegg L
“The five million small businesses of
“...vibrant manufacturing
economies built around
“The only hope our high streets have of surviving in the future is to recognise what’s happened and deliver
Our economy won’t turn around that way"
else.
their high street”
"We need very successful entrepreneurs in Britain. Making profits. Being rewarded"
Ed
M i l l i b an
d
essential services
“we’re liberating
“...there is a massive
o Lab
ur
“The High Street should be at the very heart of every community, bringing people together, providing and creating jobs and investment; so it is vital that we do all that we can to ensure they
"We can’t succeed as a country just by hoping wealth will trickle down from those at the top to everyone
“The first £2,000 will be taken off the National Insurance paid by every small company for each employee from April next year”
“450,000 small businesses; one third of all employers in the country will pay no jobs tax at all”
New
The income tax changes mean many workers would take home an extra
tax relief to encourage private investment in social enterprise
£700 a year
More
small businesses set up last year, the most in the past 20 years
58%
of social enterprises grew their business last year compared to 28% of other small and medium enterprises
-George’s ‘Aspiration Nation’-
‘Kick-starting’ the economy with start-ups
Coventry Point
Old
West Orchards Shopping Centre
Gra
mma
r Sc
hool
Coventry Cathedral
Coventry Market
Dra
pers
IKEA ODEON
Friars House
City
Ha
ll
Station House
-City Centre Landmark Buildings-
Re-orienting the city, embedding new programmes in existing historical and new landmarks
Ha
ll
Wh
itefr
iars
1
3
2
Old Grammar School Abandoned medieval building close to area of office blocks, amongst a street of alternative fashion shops
Coventry Point
Drapers Hall Abandoned old traders’ guild, opposite the old cathedral, herbert gallery and Coventry University Union
Under-occupied 1960s office block, adjacent to the indoor market, amongst a cluster of specialist supermarkets and overlooking the central precint food stalls
[Academic use only]
2 [Academic use only]
[Academic use only]
1
3
-Abandoned Landmarks-
Old landmark buildings as sites to anchor new industries in existing city fabric
New Migrants
Unemployed Technical and Trade Schools
University Graduates
Part-Time Job Agencies
s Sale
ene
ste
rat
Wa
ion
ion
ste
e
Restuarant
Takeaway
nies
ependent Busi n e s ses
a omp
I nd
Online, social and business links
er
yC
of rs
Restaurants, Vans, Pavilions
-Start-Up City-
Cafe
Online D eliv
City Energy Harvesting High Street Stores
Seasonal Pavilions
Bar
Wa
O nl i n e R etai l
yG
rat
erg
ene
En
House
yG
House
House
s
House
House
Home Office
Ind u s t rie
Home Home Office Office
House
House
Mobile Vans
& ng teri
Shop Front
Home Office
Delivery Services
Dri nk
Ca
House
Coffee Shop Office
wledge-Based K no
Meeti
Food ,
Food Courts
es & v ic
Shop Front
Wi ng Ro Fi oms Video Conference l Hote
ers
Shop Front
Shop Front
int
Workshop
Pr
esign
Ro
mp anufa uters cture Tools hop rial S e t a M
tal M
&D
ing
Co
rs Printe ms o
eet M
Digi
Digi tal /S er
a ft
n, C r
erg
Fash io
En
1
2
3
-The Ring Road-
-Vacant Shops-
-Historic Buildings-
1970s inner city ring road leaves a ring of dead space cutting through the city, choking off the city centre
Loss of industry, unemployment, out-of-town shopping centres and online shopping contribute to the drainage of trade from the city centre
The few remaining pre-C20th buildings are left abandoned, bereft of function, isolated and cut-off by city infrastructure
4
5
-Empty Office Buildings-
-Abandoned Land-
Loss of industry and related managerial work leaves empty office space. These buildings stand prominently empty, slowly decaying
Abandoned sites in the city centre where buildings have been demolished and rebuilding plans have fallen through
1
1
3
1
5 4 1
2 3 2
1
2 3 4
2
2
1
3 1 1 5
1 4
-Sites for Intervention-
Five key typologies to address across the city centre
Coventry’s
Micro-Economies Emerging Industries and Start-Ups
-Textiles IndustriesMigrant Industries, Dressmaking, Designers and Repair Services
-Speciality FoodsMarkets, Shops, Restaurants and Cafes
-New Creative IndustriesServices, Media, Photography, Film and Design
-Social Activities Associated Public and Social Spaces
foldout business mapping book
-ProvisioningEmpty office buildings to be turned into space for providing city’s energy and water requirements
-DismantlingBuildings to be cut up and split into different functions. Homes of workers are integrated amongst and powered by services
-Water CollectionRainwater collectors and treatment
-Micro Wind TurbinesWind deflected down facades of building to be harnessed and harvested
-Micro-IndustrySmall-scale industries integrated in empty office and housing blocks. British dull, damp climate lends itself to high value porcini or shiitake mushroom production
pop-up
-Provisioning-
Empty 1960s office block, Coventry Point,becomes a power station and smallscale farm for the city centre
-DecksProposal for transformation of the city ring road, as a physical social network around the city, with social spaces, facilities and messages
pop-up -Re-Forestation-
Large areas of abandoned city centre land to be turned back to nature, turning the negative image of nature taking over abandonment into a deliberate and positive move
-Free Land-
Abandoned land to be turned to allotments for inner-city dwellers with limited mobility
-Free Space-
Empty shop spaces to be let freely for small businesses, graduates and organisations setting up until in profit
-Social Places-
Spaces under and around ring road to be transformed into sports facilities and community theatres and exhibition halls for local groups and businesses
-Signage-
Ringroad junctions become destinations and are used as signage for identifying districts of the city
-Seasonal PavilionsTemporary seasonal pavilions re-animate abandoned city spaces, occupied by local businesses on rotation
-Summer-
Lightweight foldable pavilions provide temporary shady space for seasonal food vendors and bars
-Winter-
Temporary quilted spaces provide shelter for mobile coffee shops and hot food stalls
-Performing Arts-
Pavilions create events and performance spaces to re-animate dead spaces of the city
-Summer-
Lightweight foldable pavilions provide temporary shady space for ice cream vendors and evening bars
-Winter-
Temporary quilted spaces provide shelter for mobile coffee shops and hot food stalls
-Step 1: Activation-
Temporary pavilions and interventions draw attention and curiosity to disused spaces and their potential for habitation
Stop
Water Collector
Theatre
Leaf Mulcher
Theatre
Caff
Bus
Planter Pavilions
City Be
a ch
St Shop
alls
-Spring Planters-
Inhabitable seed pavilions are rolled between city’s derelict sites. Coconut fibre shell holds seeds and drops them around the city, re-greening the land
-Summer Beach-
-Autumn Mulcher-
Artificial Beach to be set up in Broadgate Square with umbrella roof ready for British summer rain
Travels around city centre trees, collecting leaves for compost on allotments
-Seasonal Pavilions-
Nomadic Pavilions occupy dead spaces in the city, creating an event and allowing local businesses to showcase
-Winter Caff-
Nomadic thatched cafe moves around city. Uses ancient local medieval construction techniques. Local cafes rotate occupation. Toilet and food waste is biodigested to fuel the stove and hearth
-(Work)Shop Stalls-
Ready-fitted out workshops, shops and restaurants for new startups with easily adaptable and changeable facades. Local planning laws relaxed, allowing extension of advertising into street
-Peeping Tom Theatres-
Inspired by Coventry’s medieval mystery play tradition, small open theatres are to be distributed around the city centre and ring road for local drama and arts groups to exhibit freely
-Interventions-
-Bus Stop-
Using pegged timber joinery, the bus stop is an interactive social/play space/climbing frame
Small-scale insertions into the city to re-activate dead spaces and buildings
-Rainwater Collectors-
Collectors wrap around redundant office blocks to harvest facade runoff- to be used as grey water
Coventry
Smartphone App
Interactive Directory Map
Physical Interactive, Changeable Street Signage and Furniture
-Digital Directories-
Digital signage corresponds with physical signage for the public, as well as serving as a business support and services directory
Card Voting Chips
Voting Boxes Behind Facade
Pavement Sticker Advertising
Cardboard Fold-Out Stools
Elevation from Street
-Pop-Up Shop Front-
Cardboard pop-up to test graphic and design principles on site and act as a design consultancy with the people of Coventry
G
c city and distri i h p ct ra
sy m
s bol
r re-o ientate city centr e
d-powered u
nde
r- r
r win a C
a od lighting
S po
rts facilities
in
sused s p a c ge di es lar
-Festival Ringway-
Junction Gateways through ring road improve pedestrian access, utilising disused land, hosting sports facilities and events, creating destinations in infrastructure, re-connecting the city centre
Pre-Fab Timber-Frame Boxes
Peg-Jointed Structural Timber Framework Short-term rental working and meeting rooms in informal cafe office space
-Module Insertions-
Flexible, adaptable frameworks insert into existing structures to divide spaces up to be more habitable
Module frames act as beams and structural bracing
-Adaptable Modules-
Inserted Rooms can be clad, lined and altered according to function
Public Garden Canopy
-Coffee Shop Offices-
-Shofront Homes-
Layered living on a gradient from street shopfront, through home office to private living
pop-up
-Shopfront Homes-
Live/work units of adaptable screens designed on a gradient from public to private space
Facade Awning Frame
Pinboard Walls
Staircase Unit
Legible, Accessible Services
Sliding Roof Garden Cover
Micro-Trubines
Water Storage Tank
ers
’s’ day
ess irdr
Ha
ues
T uby
r ‘R
fo pted
a
Ad
t unit
ted
Inser
acan into v
Home
-Shop UnitPlug-in services and moveable screen partitions allow rapid and easy changeover and rotation of resident businesses
treet
o
les S n Ha
High Street
Private
Public
Floor/Roof frame module
Modular pegged timber structure
Modular timber structure allows for easy assembly and modification, whilst hinged screens enable change of configuration day-to day
Exposed, accessible plug-in services
Rainwater storage tank
Plug-in facade
Bus stop/loading bay
-Inserted Live/Work Unit-
-Live/Work Unit-
Modular structure with moveable screens and legible plug-in services
Inserted Service Unit
LED Advertising
Staircase Unit
Extruded double facade holds public services and plug-in business units, whilst providing structure to allow for easy future extension
-Shopfront Structure-
Bus Stop/Loading Bay
Bus stop
de id
ca a F e Ins
Solar Panels
Micro-Turbines
Pinboard Shopfront
Modular Structure
Recycling Bins
Hale
LED Advertising Screen
Inserted Service Unit
Structure for Future Extensions
onts s Str
opfr h S t ee
Malleable Furniture/Storage Wall
Swivel Stairs
Fold-Down Canopy
stor Street Heate r Combu o i B
W ork sta tion
Sink and Worktop Unit
Deployable Fabric Shelter
Fold-Out Worktop
Tr an sp ort Pa lle t
Rotating fold-out fabric structure
W all
Pinboard
Ex ten sio nS he lte r
Display Framework
Folded Stair Unit
Composting Bins
Foldout Cafe Table
Fu rni tur e
ay ispl D ont pfr o h S
Fitting Room
nit gU nin Di
ter hel S ket ar M
-Plug-in UnitsServices, Furniture, shop displays and extensions are delivered by bus to plug into new facade structures and internal shop units
Ba se
Signage Frame
Advertising Pin Board
Co ok er Un it
ks
rac T k
os
Ki
Deployable Shelter
Fo ld ing
fo od Ca rt
-Canteen KiosksFolding mobile food kiosks are inhabited on rotation, deployed across the pedestrian precincts on a roller rail system, encircling existing social jmeeting and gathering points
-High StreetHales Street site with plug-in facade structure,integrating business and public spaces
-High StreetHales Street site with plug-in facade structure
Future City Scenarios 2015-2050
Scenario 1:
2015
Low rent live-work units and availability of support and facilities encourage onlinetrading service companies to relocate to Coventry and new graduates to stay and set up in the city. = micro-service economy
Scenario 2:
2020
With nearly all shopping done online, coffee shops, restaurants and salons take over empty units as the city’s social meeting points = socially-focused high street
Scenario 3:
2020
New guilds become tourist attractions for the city, encouraging growth of a new daytime and evening entertainment economy =leisure city
Scenario 4:
2030
Rises in the cost of oil, energy, freight and increased Chinese wages gradually brings more small-scale skilled manufacturing back to the UK. =consumption-production shift
Scenario 5:
2050
With all trading and socialising done online the high street becomes completely redundant, necessitating the conversion of retail space to residential property and precincts to parks, gardens and avenues =residential centre
Pub and Beer Garden
Shopfront Homes
Public Street Space
Old Grammar School
-Cafe Offices-