Cross Keys September 2022 (Freemasonry)

The Cross Keys

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Degrees Galore

The following from the History of Edinburgh RACNo.1exemplifiesthelinkbetweenLodge St. Stephen’s No. 145 in Edinburgh and the RoyalArch.

The book is not in a regular sense a Minute Book of the Chapter, but a written transcript from the original Minute Book of the Knights Templars, that Order having been conferred bythePerthandScoonLodgeuponthesame Office Bearers who received that of Royal Arch. The Volume closes with the following: “TheforegoingMinuteswerecopiedfromthe original Minute Book of the Grand Assembly of Knights Templars in Edinburgh, No. 1, holding of the Royal Grand Conclave of Scotland,byW.H.Blackie,ActingScribeoftheEdinburgh Royal Arch Chapter, No. I, Pursuant toanorderoftheCommitteeofthatChapter, bearing date 28th February 1818, and of the order of the Chapter, 16th August 1818. SignedW.H.Blackie,ScribeE.,R.A.C."

The first entry, dated 2nd December 1778, reads:"Thisdaythecomplimentofsixsundry steps in Masonry was offered to the Office Bearers of St Stephen's Lodge by sundry of theBrethrenfromtheAncientLodgeofPerth andScoon. Accordingly, therewasaCommittee called, so there was then present: the Right Worshipful Master Br. David M'Laren; Br. Wm. Lyon, Junior Warden; Br. John Dick, Secretary; Br. George Miller, Senior House Steward;Br.RobertStewart,Grocer;Br.Wm. Mackenzie; Br. John Moodie; and Br. John Reid, Tyler, who all of one voice accepted of the compliment of that degree of Masonry, viz.,the4thcalledPasttheChair."

Twodaysthereafterthereisrecorded:"This night (4th Dec. 1778) being set apart by the Brethren of Perth and Scoon Lodge in order

to confer upon the Office-Bearers of St Stephen's Lodge the following Degrees of Masonry,viz.:ExcellentandSuper ExcellentMasons,ArchandRoyalArchMasons,andlastly Knights of Malta, there was then at that time admitted into that excellent order, Br. David M'Laren, Master; Br. Wm. Lyon, Junior Warden;Br.JohnDick,Secretary;Br.JamesShaw, Treasurer; Br. John Notman, Grand Steward; Br. George Miller, Senior Lodge Steward; Br. Wm. Gow, Watchmaker; Br. John Moodie, Clerk ; and Br. John Reid, Tyler, after which theRightWorshipfulMaster,WorshipfulJunior Warden, and Office Bearers then present ordered the same to be minuted in order to show to the worthy brethren of St Stephen's LodgewhathonourthebrethrenofPerthand ScoonLodgehadconferredonus."

The next minute of 10th December records that "a Committee belonging to St Stephen's met and entered Donald M'Donald, an apprentice in the Mystery of Free Masonry, in ourLodgehereinCanongate,andatthesame time conferred the 4th degree of Masonry uponBr.JamesRobertson,viz.,thatofMaster pasttheChair."[Ed: Interesting to note the PM ‘degree’ was deemed the 4th whereas later the RA took that title.]

The1783minuteisasfollows:"Thisnight,at ameetingoftheSocietyofRoyalArchMasons of St Stephen's Lodge, Edinburgh, the followingpersonswereadmittedmembersthereof, they having gone through the several steps necessary thereto, viz.: Brs. James Ramsay (afterwardstheGovernor),(Sir)JamesKegie, Wm. Scott, George Anderson, John Cowan, ThomasDrummond,andmadeKnightsofthe RoyalOrderofStJohn,afterwhichtheLodge wasclosedindueandregularform.''

The Future—a US Study Part

According to data collected by the Masonic Service Association and reported by Brother Jon Ruark in 2017 and 2018, if the present trend continues the fraternity will die out somewhere between 2027 (just over 5 years from now) and 2040. The study undertaken accounted for 2300 members so was statistically significant and as such the figures provide reliable data.

He reported that almost one in four members say they did not find what they were looking for in joining Freemasonry, or are uncertain if they did. Ruark remarked that it was “a huge problem… almost one in four customers do not know if they like the product [we’re] selling…

For every new person we’re getting in…one’s walking out the door… And that does not count people who are leaving due to death, so we’re actually losing more than we’re gaining,” Bro. Ruark noted, “But we can do something about those who are walking out the door. [Ed: After 2 years of a pandemic with no new members, we will have suffered a decrease.]

The reality of modern society is that despite social media or identity politics, people feel more isolated and lonelier than ever before. Dubbing it a “loneliness epidemic,” Psychology Today noted in 2018 that “rates of loneliness” have doubled over the last fifty years, and report that 20% of Americans say that they “rarely or never” feel close to other people. [Ed: This has worsened in recent times and as a fraternity we should make plans to address this issue (perhaps even addressing it globally through multiple Grand Lodges. Like outside companies who often pay external speakers, the Craft should do likewise

and is there any reason why Benevolent Funds are used for this activity?]

Yet, with 93% of our fraternity saying they appreciate the camaraderie of the lodge, this is also part of the solution. The fraternity has something to offer that most people desperately need and naturally want, but cannot find elsewhere. Indeed, the lodge offers more than camaraderie. It is where we experience the bond of brotherhood that is stronger than most friendships.

And it is there that we find positive examples of manhood and how to behave as a man. At times, friendships can seem shallow, or out of simple convenience. Many men wonder how trustworthy their friends are, or whether they are dependable in a crisis. In most cases, they won’t be. Brothers are different. Brothers live by a code. And, deep down, most men want to live by a code.

There will also be an opportunity for Brothers to speak with the presenter on a one to one basis to discuss the issue on a more personal level. Additional subjects will include developing communication skills, personal and professional development, developing confidence and self esteem, health and nutrition, and developing appropriate sartorial skills.

Adapted from the Quarterly Bulletin of the Scottish Rite Research Society, Winter 2019, Volume 26 No.4

Possible Reasons for Forming the first Grand Lodge

Most brethren are aware of the formation of the first grand lodge in LondonbyfouroldEnglishlodgesin 1717 according to English sources. Butwhydidsuchanentityarise? Weretherepoliticalorreligiousreasons?

Before looking at the formation of the Grand Lodgein1717,Iwanttogiveyousomeideaofthe political climate that existed in England in the years prior to that date. We need firstto go back to 1688, theyearof the so called “Glorious Revolution”.ThiswastheyearwhenKingJamesIIwas replacedbytheDutchmanWilliamofOrange,and his wife Mary, who jointly accepted theCrown.Englandwasaprotestant country dominated by the Church of England, and James II, was a Stuart and a Catholic. He had endeavoured to give civic equality to RomanCatholics and this led him into conflict with Parliament, the two main parties of which were the Conservatives (called the Tories) and the Liberals (called the Whigs). Generally speaking, the Tories supported the status quo,i.e.theStuartdynasty,whiletheWhigs,who, at that time, had a large majority in the House of Commons,favouredachange.

The Jacobite cause was based on the right of the StuartdynastytocontinuetoruleinScotlandasit had done for centuries, and in England as well since 1603. Much of Scotland and a large part of England, especially in the North, supported the Jacobite cause and it follows that Freemasons’ Lodges inthose parts would containa significant proportion of Jacobite supporters. The first attempt to restore James to the throne took place almostimmediatelyafterWilliam&Maryaccepted the throne of England.In1689, ViscountDundeeandhisJacobitearmywontheBattleofKilliecrankie,buthewasfatallywounded,andwithout his leadership, the rising petered out. This failed rebellion caused many Jacobites in England and Scotlandtogounderground.

The authorities were suspicious, although no proofhasbeenfound,thatLodgesinScotlandand NorthernEnglandprovidedasafehavenformany Jacobites.In1690,JamesraisedanarmyinCatholicIreland,withaviewtoinvadingEngland.However,WilliamcrossedtoIrelandandhisarmyde-

featedJamesattheBattleoftheBoyne.Jamesfled back to France. In 1694, Queen Mary died and William III became the sole monarch. He subsequently died in 1702 and was succeeded by Queen Anne, sister of the late Queen Mary. In 1707, Scotland’s parliament was abolished and the United Kingdom was formed. Several more attemptstooverthrowthethroneweremadebefore 1717, firstly in 1708, when James II’s son, with 6,000 French troops, arrived in the Firth of Forth to reclaim the throne of Scotland. This failed,duetothearrivalofasuperiornavalforce fromEngland,whichdrovethemtoreturnindisordertoDunkirk.SevenyearslaterinSeptember 1715, the Earl of Mar proclaimed James, King of Scotland and England, and marched south with nearly 10,000 men to meetthearmyofGeorgeI(theHanoverian monarch who had succeeded on the death of Queen Anne). The battle was indecisive and Mar afterwards withdrew to Perth. James arrivedinScotlandinDecember,butby this time his support had melted away and in February, 1716, accompanied by the unhappy Earl of Mar, he fled back to France. It is interesting here, to note that Mar’s son, Thomas Erskine, was later GrandMaster of the G.L. of Scotland, in1749/50. This adds weight to the argument that the Jacobites were heavily represented in Freemasonry northoftheborder.

Alsoin1716,anotherJacobiterisingwasdefeated atPrestoninLancashire.Thisshowsquiteclearly that the political situation in England in 1717, when the first Grand Lodge was formed, was far fromstable.

The continuing Jacobite threat, and its implicit treacherytotheCrown,nowprovidedaverysignificantdanger to the growingfraternityof Freemasons, and particularly to the London based Lodges. With so much of established Freemasonry being in Scotland and the north of England, wheretheJacobiteswerestrongest,itwasfeared that the authorities would draw the obvious, though erroneous, conclusion that Freemasons’ Lodges were a subversive organisation secretly supporting the Jacobite cause. The concern by London Masons that Freemasonry might be banned by the King’s Ministers has been advancedasthereasonwhythefourLondonLodges

Possible Reasons for Forming the first Grand Lodge (ctd)

formedthefirstGrandLodgein1717,inorderto convince the authorities of their loyalty to the Crown. No other substantial reason has been establishedforthecreationofthenewGrandLodge.

When the Hanoverian George I came to the throne in 1707, he regarded all Tories, who had opposedthereplacementoftheStuartdynasty,as Jacobites and he and his advisors continued to regardFreemasonryasasuspiciousorganisation. TheformationoftheGrandLodgeinLondonwas aimed to produce an acceptable face of Freemasonry to the Hanoverian authorities. In 1721 the Duke of Montagu was chosen as Grand Master. From then until the present day, the Grand Master has always been of Noble or Royal birth. In this way the newly formed Grand Lodge of England was able to convince the Hanoverians of

theirloyalty,andthattheywerenotacovertJacobite organisation. The defeat of the “Young Pretender”, Bonnie Prince Charlie, the grandson of JamesII,atCullodeninApril,1746finallybrought to an end the active pretensions of the Jacobites in the U.K., although in France things were movingintheoppositedirection.Undertheinfluence of the exiled Jacobites, so called “Scottish” degrees were being devised, which later formed part of The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, nowprevalentthroughoutthefreeworld.

Adapted from an article by Bro Bill Hibbard PGW the full article can be found here

Allan Ramsay, Enlightenment Artist

Bro. Allan Ramsay’s inclinations were far from those he later professedas a ferventHanoverian, and loyal German speaking court painter to King GeorgeIII.Infact,Ramsayhadbeenpresentedto Charles and the Jacobite court in Rome in 1737. HehadalsojoinedaJacobitemasoniclodgethere. Probably, like so many Scots at the time, he was prepared to hedge his bets and of course was happy to take portrait commissions from whomever would pay. Surviving portraits painted by Ramsay in Edinburgh during the ’45 show both governmentandrebelsitters(thelatterincluding LordandLadyOgilvy[PrivateCollection].)

Nonetheless,Ramsaycannothavehadmuchtime to complete the commission, for Charles’ army entered England on 8th November. The hurried circumstancesperhapsexplainthepicture’ssmall size,whichisunusualforRamsay.Butthesizeof the canvas and Charles’ presentation within it also provide further clues as to the picture’s intendedpurpose.Here,Charlesiswearingonlythe sash and star of the order of the Garter, the pre

eminent English royal order of chivalry, and not the Scottish equivalent, the Thistle. Normally, in accordance with a decree issued by his father James III, Charles would have been depicted wearing both. Nor is Charles wearing any tartan, which,wearetold,heworeinScotlandduringthe ’45. In other words, Charles is consciously presentinghimselfasEnglish,perhapstoassuagehis intended new subjects that he was not leading a Scottish invasion, despite the presence of thousandsofHighlandersinhisarmy.

Historical Aspects of The Royal Arch Part 1

Freemasonryis:‘apeculiarSystemofMorality, veiled in Allegory and Illustrated by Symbols’. This means that it does not matter if historical facts do not tie up with our traditions; it is what we draw from these traditions that is important. That said, it is interesting to see just how these events and our traditions do tie up, and that is what we are goingtolookatinthispresentation.

First some caveats; not all the historical sources agree with each other as to precise dates, so everything couldbe a year or so either way. Also the spelling of names varies, because sometimes there was not a literal translationfromcertainancientscriptstoour own. Also, some of the records that have come down to us are based on Hebrew/ Jewish texts and some on non Hebrew/ Jewishtexts.Forexample,thethreemencast into the fiery furnace were Hebrews called Hananiah,MishaelandAzariah,butintheOld TestamentBookofDaniel,theyappearunder theirChaldeannamesShadrach,Meshachand Abednego,sowehavetobecareful!

AfterthedeathofSolomon,KingofIsrael,his kingdomsplit intotwo, withtentribesin the North forming a new Kingdom of Israel with its capital at Samaria, and two tribes in the SouthformingtheKingdomofJudah,withits capital at Jerusalem. The northern kingdom of Israel was conquered by the Assyrians in 721 BCE and most of its Hebrew inhabitants were driven out (becoming the ‘lost tribes of Israel’) and the country was resettled by Assyriansandotherswhointermarriedwiththe locals thus forming, in the eyes of the orthodox Jews, an impure race that was no longer partofthechosenpeople. Thisanimositybetween Jews and Samaritans lasted for centuries (think of Jesus’s parable of the Good Samaritanover700yearslater).

Meanwhile the Kingdom of Judah had been goingthroughsomebadtimes,butwhenJosiah became king in 640 BCE, he instituted a revivalofreligiousceremoniesandsoughtto restoreJudahtothetruewaysofthescriptural teachings. He was seen by his people as

having been sent by God, and it was a great shock to them when he was killed fighting against the Egyptians. In his place, his most anti Egyptianson,Jehoahaz,becameking,despite not being Josiah’s eldest son. Unfortunately,hewasdefeatedbytheEgyptiansafter only three months in power and the Egyptians deposed him and put his brother Eliakim,whomtheyrenamedJehoachim,onthe throne. Jehoachim was forced to pay heavy tributes to Egypt and allowed Josiah’s religious reforms to stagnate. It is in these circumstances that the prophet Jeremiah made hisdirewarnings,whichwerelargelyignored atthetime.

Bythistime,theAssyrianEmpirehadlargely broken up, and a new power was rising in Babylon, where King Nabopolasser had declared himself independent in 625 BCE and set out to establish an empire of his own. He conqueredpartsofwhatisnowSyria&Eastern Turkey and advanced down the MediterraneancoastthroughTyreandSidonuntilhis death in 604 BCE. He was succeeded by his son, King Nebuchadnezzar, who continued the campaign, taking Gaza and advancing on Jerusalem.Inresponse,KingJehoachimofJudah entered into an alliance with Egypt and others against Nebuchdrezzar, but the Babylonians defeated the allied army and laid siege to Jerusalem, during which Jehoachim waskilled. HissonJehoachinrealisedthesituationwashopelessandsurrenderedtoNebuchadnezzar.Heandhiscourtiersandnobles were taken away as captives to Babylon. He was held under fairly pleasant housearrest for 37 years, and was well treated by the Babylonians; as were other captured kings. Around a thousand courtiers, military commanders, priests and artisans accompanied JehoachinintoBabylonianexile.

Back in Jerusalem, Nebuchadnezzar put Jehoichim'suncleZedikiahonthethrone ofJudahasapuppetking,eventhoughmostofthe Judeans still recognised Jehoachin as king in exile. Zedikiah ignored Jeremiah’s advice and allied with the Egyptians in rebellion against Nebuchadnezzar in 589 BCE. The following

Historical

year, theBabylonianarmyagain besiegedJerusalem, this time for 18 months, before the city surrendered. Determined to prevent future rebellions, Nebuchadnezzar ordered his troops to demolish the city walls and to loot anddestroySolomon’sTempleandtheRoyal Palace,andthentoforcetheJudeansintoexile in Babylon. He made an example of King Zedikiah, who had to watch while his childrenwerekilledinfrontofhimandthenhad his eyes gouged out before being taken to Babylon,wherepresumablyhedied.

ThepeopleofJudahwerenowsettledin and around Babylon. Their initial despair gave waytorenewedfaithintheirJewishreligion, thanks to prophets like Ezekiel, the second Isaiah, and Jeremiah, whose teachings and warningstheynowrememberedandusedto rebuild their religious observance. In time many of them grew to rather like Babylon and prospered, some even becoming senior government officials. Aramaic, the business language of the Babylonian Empire, replaced Hebrewastheireverydaylanguage.

When Nebuchadnezzar died in 561 BCE, his successorfreedJehoachinfromhouse arrest,

butnotfromexile.Nebuchadnezzar'ssuccessorswerenotuptothetaskofrulinghisempire, and imperial power gradually broke down. The northern part of the empire was conquered by the Medes, who started to build their own empire throughout the region. Nabonidus, the last King of Babylon, tried to introduce reforms, but failed and went off to campaign in what is now Saudi Arabia, leaving his son Belshazzar to rule as regent,butheenjoyedevenlesssuccess.

PersiawaspartoftheMedianEmpire,andits newKing,Cyrus,defeatedandthenassimilated the Medes, then defeated the fabulously rich King Croesus of Lydia and marched on Babylon. His army entered the city unopposed in 539 BCE; largely because the Babylonians were fed up with Belshazzar. A year later,CyrusissuedhisfamousEdict,allowing theHebrewstoreturntoJerusalemtorebuild the Temple, and returning to them the holy vesselsseizedbyNebuchadnezzar.

Thanks for information from Solomon under UGLE

Duke of Cumberland Perspective

Quoting from Fulford’s work (unknown), he says, “Yet even in the 1760s there were people in England whose hearts beat stronger at the remembrance of the Stuarts. Jacobitism had survived not do much on account of political grievances, as on account of personalgrievancesagainstthefirsttwoHanoverian Kings. Their inability to master English, but their facility in acquiring a vivid vocabulary of bad language; their rages (George l scheming to deport George ll to America, and George ll deliberately destroying George l’s will); their bevy of German mistresses, and their total lock of sensibility were all a permanent advertisement of the Stuartcause.”

The first of the Georgian princes to join the MasonicOrderwastheeldestsonofGeorgell,whom I have previously referred to, H. R. H. Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales, who was Initiated at the age of 30 at his Royal Palace at Kew at an ‘Occasional Lodge’ on November 5th, 1737. The famous and zealous Brother, Doctor Desaguliers, had the honour of presiding over the lodge, and onthat eveningconferred both the E.A. andF.C. DegreesonthePrince.Desaguliers also sat as Master at a subsequent ‘Occasional Lodge’ when the Prince became a Master Mason. Thereisnorecordofanygreatactivity in Masonic circles on the partofPrinceFrederickLewis,but there is evidence that he enjoyed to the full and the social and festive life thatthe Crafthad to offer; andalthoughhisambitionsdidnot prompt him to seek any Masonic eminence,byhisentranceintoMasonry he set an example which, withtwoexceptionsonlysince,hasbeenfollowed byeachofthemaleheirsapparent.

TheopinionexpressedbyKingGeorgellinregard his eldest son has already been referred to, but knowingthefatherdidmuchtoprovoketheunfilialattitudeoftheson,toomuchstoreneednotbe placeduponit.

It is, however, a melancholy fact, which all Masons must deplore, that our first Royal Brother fromtheHouseofHanoverledalooseandvicious lifewhichbroughtabouthisdeathattheearlyage of44.

Historyrecordsofhim“thathehadbeeninindif-

ferent health for some time and had injured his constitutionbydissipatedhabits.Hewasofweak character which led him into excesses, and the consequencesoftheseweremadeworsebygreat negligence of his health, the same weakness of character made him very much the tool of politicalfactionandplacedhiminanunnaturalopposition to his father. His immediate illness was brought on by sleeping in a cold, damp room at CarltonHouse,intheeveningafterawalkinKew Gardens, and this when he ws just recovering from pleurisy. Little as the Prince had to recommend him, yet he was free from the penurious meanness of his father, and the brutal, overwhelming temper of his brother. He was fond of the company of men of talent and patronized literature.Thepeople,whentheyheardofhisdeath, assembledincrowdsinthestreetcrying,’Oh,that it was but his brother! Oh, that it was but the Butcher.’”

The explanation for this latter will be of interest totheBrethren.WhileallreadersofMasonichistoryareawarethatPrinceFrederickLewisjoined the Order, it is not generally known that the secondsonofGeorgell,William,Duke of Cumberland, to whom I have previously referred, also became a Mason. On the authority, however, of that great Masonic Historian, RobertFrekeGould,itmaybestated that he was Initiated in 1743, apparently in Belgium, in a Military lodge of the British Army in the Netherlands, while engaged in the war of the Spanish Succession. William was then only 22 years of age, but displayed a real military genius, and two years later commanded the British Army. He never took part in English Freemasonry and we may be glad of the fact,forheeventuallybecameoneofthemostdetestablecharactersinEnglishHistory.

He it was who was in command of the army which finally crushed and destroyed Bonnie PrinceCharlie’sforcesatCullodenin1746,andhe then acquired the title, by which he was known fortheremainderofhislife,of‘BillytheButcher’. This was in consequence of the vindictive, murderous, indeed bloody, methods he adopted in punishing and penalizing the Highlanders during his so called ‘pacification’ of Scotland after the rising,methodswhichhadthefullapprovalofhis diabolicalfatherGeorgellandofthepoliticalpar-

Duke of Cumberland Perspective (ctd)

tytheninpower.Thisisnottotellofthehorrors and abominations perpetrated on the Highlands, but the proceedings left an indelible black mark againstthenameof‘BillytheButcher’foralltime. It isof interestto note that the Governmentprohibited the wearing of that national dress of the Highlanders,thekilt,whichdidasmuchtobreak theheartsandspiritsoftheClansasdid‘Billythe Butcher’s’ methods of terrorism. This restriction wasnotremoveduntilnearlyhalfacenturyafterwards.

This Prince died in 1765 at the age of 45, unlamented, scorned and hated by the nation. The public regarded him as a monster of brutality, and a monster he was, as although short in statue, he had become so gross as to weigh nearly

twentystones(127kg)inhislateryears.

Note: Many of the supporters, both Scottish and English,ofJamesFrancisEdward(sonofJamesll) the first ‘Pretender’ were Masons; and Charles Edward the ‘Young Pretender’ (Bonnie Prince Charlie) enjoyed support from the same sources in their attempts to regain “that which was lost” untilhisfinaldefeatatCullodenin1746.

Taken from a paper by Bro. Frederick Fleeman PPGJW, Delivered to the Lodge of Research, Leicestershire & Rutland No. 2429 (EC) on 24th May, 1937

Before & After

TheaboveshowsBournemouthFreemasons’HallinDorsetbuiltin1870andthehalltoday as a ski centre. The main hall set back on either side, with clerestory of small arched windows, behind lower wings with arched windows, pilasters and entablature. In place of left handwindow,biggerarchforentrance,secondaryentranceatotherend(tobasement)added1910. Right theoldeastandleftiscurrenthallinKnoleRoad.

William Dugood FRS, Freemason, Spy, Jeweller

We know from expense accounts kept by ThomasCoke,laterLordLovel,GrandMaster of the Grand Lodge of England (1731), that while in Italy on his Grand Tour in 1716 he purchased prints and antiquities from a William Dugood. What is less clear is whether Dugood, a Scottish jeweller, was in Rome on his own account or part of Coke’s entourage. The Stuart papers at Windsor indicate that Dugood remained in Rome where he was associatedwiththeexiledJamesStuartandhis courtinexile.

Francis Paton, another Scot, introduced DugoodtoJohnErskine,EarlofMar,asenior figurein Rome’sJacobitecircles. Marwasinfluential. He had slipped into Scotland in 1715and raisedtheStuartstandardat Braemar, proclaiminghimking, anactthatsetoff the Rising. When it failed the following year, MarfledScotlandtoreturntoexileinEurope withtheJacobitesgrantedsanctuaryinRome undertheprotectionofPopeClementXI.

On Mar’s recommendation, Dugood became courtjewellerandreceivedaStuartwarrant. He also became a trusted intermediary. His access made him a target for Philip von Stosch,aPrussianinRomewhohadbeenrecruited as a spy by the British. Stosch was a valued source on Jacobite activities and his reportsunderthealias‘JohnWalton’circulatedataseniorlevelinLondon.

Stosch persuaded Dugood to work for him and became his best source. But Dugood cameundersuspicionandinNovember1722 was arrested and imprisoned by the Inquisition under the pretext of heresy. Believing thathisownpositionwouldbecompromised ifDugoodconfessed,Stoschpersuadedoneof Pope Clement’s cardinals, Alessandro Albani, to use his influence to free Dugood. Albani succeeded, and Stosch arranged for Dugood to see to London. Charles Delafaye, the government’santi Jacobitespymasterandsenior under secretary,approvedtheplan.

On Stosch’s recommendation, Dugood was encouragedtoestablishabusinessasajewel-

ler in the Haymarket and received commissions from senior Whig politicians including the Duke of Devonshire. He was also introduced to Freemasonry shortly after his arrival and was initiated at the Goose and Gridiron on 15 March 1725; Dugood is also listed asamemberoftheLodgeat theThree Tuns, Billingsgate. Masonic connections may also have played a role in his election as aFellow oftheRoyalSocietyin1728.Hissponsorsincluded two senior Freemasons: Rev Dr Jean Theophilus Desaguliers, a Past Grand Master andDeputyGrandMaster;andMartinFolkes, another Deputy Grand Master and a Vice President (and later President) of the Royal Society. Dugood’s election was noted in the press:‘Averyingeniousman, [an]inhabitant of Rome, who was formerly the Chevalier’s jeweller.’

DugooddecidedtoreturntoItalyin1731.He had been contacted by Countess Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg, Regent of the Duchy of Parma, and asked to value and catalogue a collectionofantiquities.Dugood’sarrivalwas noted by the British agent in Parma who informed Delafaye; it was also known to the Jacobites in Rome where his espionage was not forgotten. Despite Jacobite pressure, Dugood did not leave Parma until mid 1733, and, when he did, he was granted letters of recommendationfromtheCountessdesigned tosecureasafepassage.

FromParma,DugoodtravelledtoFlorenceto meetwithStosch,whohadbeenexposedasa spyayearearlierbutwasgrantedprotection in Florence. Many of those involved with Stosch,includingLordChesterfïeld,LordHarrington and Delafaye, were Freemasons “members of the Horn Tavern Lodge. Stosch alsobecameaFreemasonandaftersettlingin Florence he co established Florentine Lodge with Charles Sackville, Earl of Middlesex. Dugood attended the Lodge during his time inFlorence,asdidMartinFolkes.

The Stuart influence in Italy was extensive and, while in Florence, Dugood was entrapped by Thomas Tyrell, a Jacobite agent,

William Dugood

and arrested. The British charge d’affaires, Brinley Skinner, secured his release, but rather than leave Italy, Dugood travelled south toRomeinthebeliefthathislettersfromthe Countess would protect him. They did not, andDugoodwasseizedonenteringthecity. Dugood’sfreedomwassecuredoncemoreby Cardinal Albani, and to ensure that he would not be rearrested, Skinner arranged berths for Dugood and his family on the Dolphin, a navalvesselleavingforEnglandviaPortugal. Dugood’s flight was approved by London on the understanding that he would be debriefed: ‘There might be gathered some useful knowledge from him relating to the Jacobitesandtheiraffairsabroad, andparticularly of persons in England, and Scotland most attached to the Pretender.’

However,Dugooddisembarked at Lisbon, using his letters of recommendation to obtain entry to the Portuguese court. The Countess’ sister, Maria Anna, was queen of Portugal and, with her support, Dugood securedapositionascourtjeweller.

DugoodhadbeenresidentinLisbonformore than a decade when John Coustos, another British agent, arrived in the city from Paris. Dugood was possibly the ‘chosen friend’ in whose house we ‘dine together and practice the secrets of Freemasonry’. Curiously, while Coustos presented Freemasonry as a benign, charitableinstitution, healsogavecredibility to the suspicion that he was an espionage agent. Regardless, Coustos mentioned DugoodovertlyinhistestimonytotheInquisition following his arrest: ‘Mr Dugood, an Englishman [sic], who was born a Roman Catholic and was a Freemason. This gentleman had travelled with and was greatly beloved by Don Pedro Antonio, the king’s favourite, and who, having settled a lodge at

Lisbon 15 years before, could acquaint them, in case he thought proper, with the nature andsecretsofmasonry.’

Portugal had implemented the Papal Ban of 1738, so Dugood and Coustos held lodge meetings in private residences. When CoustoswasarrestedinMarch1743,hedefended Masonry as an ancient Scottish institution, in which the kings of Scotland had been Grand Masters, and affirmed that the fraternity was strongly royalist. He argued that Louis XV would not haveasked himtoinitiate theDuc de Villeroy, the royal favorite, if he believed thatthemeetingswerecontrary‘totheState, toReligion,andtotheChurch.’

Why Coustos would mention Dugood is unclear. It may have been to deflect attention away from Coustos himself when under interrogation, or to show that Freemasonry was de facto accepted in Portugal. Or it may have been retribution.

ItisnotknownwhetherDugood’sdisembarking in Portugal was contrary to Whitehall’s wishesorattheirbehest.Eitherway,Dugood wasnotarrestednordidhefacesanction.His connections at Court remained intact and he continuedtoliveandworkinLisbon.

Dugoodamassedalargecollectionofartifacts and owned thousands of casts taken from GreekandRomanantiquities:‘asperfectas.. . the medals themselves.’ Held in three purpose built chests, the collection was sold to William Constable in 1760 and it is today at BurtonConstableHallinYorkshire.Unlikehis collection, Dugood did not return to Britain butremainedinPortugal;hediedinLisbonin 1767.

Question: Why was neither hammer nor axe nor any tool of iron heard in the King Solomon’s temple when it was being built?

Answer: one possible explanation is the following from Bro. Stewart Donaldson’s Weekly Fix by Bro. John Alexander PM: The building was of white stone, actually Dolomite, a compoundofmagnesiumandcalciumcarbonate.Thereisabedofthismaterial, fortyfeet thick lyingundertheentirecityofJerusalemandaboutahundredyardsfromtheDamascusGate canstillbefoundacavewhichexpandsintoaperfectlabyrinthofchambers.Thesearecalled "KingSolomon'sQuarries"and,indeed,visitorshavereportedthatevidenceofancientquarrying activity can still be seen to this day. Dolomite has a most peculiar quality. When first extracted from the surrounding rock it is comparatively soft and workable. But, with exposuretosunlight,itbecomeshardandabletotakeagoodpolish.Thismaybethereasonwhy thestonewasworkedatthequarriesbeforebeingtransportedtothebuildingsitewhereit wouldundoubtedlyhaveprovedtoohardtocarve.

Question: Where is the clock below?

Answer: next month!

Hillsborough Lodge No. 5444, Sheffield was consecrated 18 December 1933. The stepping stones on the banner were across the River Don, above the Leppings Lane bridge, and known as the 'Leaping' or 'Lepping' Stones. The motto 'Fratri pietatem praestare' means 'Show love to a brother'. Every lodge banner probably has its own story.

Do you know your lodge’s own symbolism?

General Wolfe & Glasgow

The following has been sourced from Old Ludgings of Glasgow (1901). Bro.Wolfeisbelievedtohavebeeninitiatedin the20th RegimentofFoot.

Aninterestinglittle18thcenturyhouseisthe old residence of the Walkinshaws of Camlachie and Barrowfield (also part of the family fromwhichWalkinshawStreetisnamed),the devotedadherentsoftheJacobitecause.

The house is now numbered 809 to 811 Gallowgate. Here Prince Charlie is said to have visited.Major GeneralWolfe,theheroofQuebec, lodged in it for six months. This James Wolfewasundoubtedly one oftheablestsoldiers connected with that race, and it has been said that hisearly death at the moment of victory at Quebec, in view of the subsequent revolt of the American colonists, was perhaps the greatest loss ever sustained by thiscountryinanysinglebattle.

WhenresidingatCamlachie,Wolfeengageda Glasgow school teacher to give him two hours' daily lessons in mathematics. At the great fire in the Gorbals on 5th June, 1749, Wolfe, at theheadofa smallcompanyof soldiers, distinguished himself by fighting the flames;andatanothertimehequelledalocal riot connected with the gruesome resurrection traffic, which afterwards shocked the world by the disclosures of the Burke and Haretrial.

Wolfe's room in 811 Gallowgate has never beenalteredsincehistime.Itisaplainapartment, with a low ceiling, and without any noteworthyfeatures, onlyin hisdayit would have a pleasant outlook over the haughs of Clyde to the hills beyond. This prospect would be enlivened by the Edinburgh Road, whichcrossedtheCamlachieBurnatthefoot of the garden, at that period one of the most busyhighwaysin Scotland. CamlachieHouse,

erectedin1720, stood originallyina12-acre park, with yard buildings at the back, and a lawn with flower beds and shrubberies in front. Probably the sole reason that the house,nowconsistingofatavern,ashop,and flats, is still preserved, is that it happened to hit exactly the north building line of the new streetextensionatthatpoint.

The connection was held through the public house called The General Wolfe at 811 Gallowgate originally then further west at the corner of 789 Gallowgate and Millerston in 1937(bottom).

Thepubexisteduntilthe1980s.

Curious Jewels of 3 bis

These jewels have been reproduced thanks to Bro. Robert Gillery of Jewels of the Craft and appeared in the magazine Diadem. The token of Lodge St. John No.3 bis is shown because its centre is the same as the jewels. MythanksalsotoBro. JohnMacInnesPM 3bisforcollatingresponsestoquestionsaboutthejewels.

The jewel on the left is definitely Craft and exactly the same as the tokenandthecolouroftheribbonmatchestheapron.

Thecentralplaceofacrosssuggeststhatthejewelsmaybeassociatedwithaso calledChristiandegreeofwhichanumbercontinuetoexist. TheobvioussymbolismoftheAgnusDei associatedwithStJohnandthePelicanwhichoccursinsomeordersoutwiththe"blue"degrees. However,St.JohntheBaptisthasmanysymbols,thechiefbeing:





TheHead, theLamb,theShell[forBaptism], theHolly[forthePassionofChrist which heprefigured],theMalteseCross

TheeagleistheEvangelistsomaybethelodgebeingofSt.Johnandholdingbothfeasts/ festivalsthentheyusedbothsymbols.

Threethefourstepsuptothecrosswhichisabitunusualbecausethenormalruleistohave three sometimes associated with faith, hope and charity in Christian worship apart from anymasonicinterpretation sowhatmightbethefourth.

Thesubtendedcrosses(oneistheMaltesecross)sotheKnightsofMaltaperhaps.Theother isacrossthatfeaturesinarmsassociatedwithJerusalemsomaybesomedegreeororderin whichJerusalemmightbesignificant.‘Otherdegrees’musthavebeenconferredbefore1825 asthelodge’sregulationonlyallowedtheusualdegreesplustheMark.

Any further info would be most welcome.

33rd Degree Patent

A family relative of Bro. Benjamin Patrick bought this beautiful 33° Patent that was given out by the Northern Masonic Jurisdiction ScottishRiteinMayof1866.Thisbelongedto a Past Commander in Chief from Occidental ConsistoryinChicago.

Bro. Patrick was a member of Oriental Lodge No.33 in Chicago (the lodge was invited to participate in the public procession prior to a private reception in November 1879 for former President Ulysses S. Grant and his wife Julia, after they returned to the United States from their goodwill trip around the world) andjoinedtheRitein1864.

He joined before the 1871 Chicago fire when manyrecordswerelostsonot muchmoreinformationisavailable.

Harris MM Tracing Board

The last board John Harris (1791 1873) designed was in 1850 forthethirddegree,referredtoasthe“ open grave”design. This was a period in his life he found himself reduced to the lowest state of poverty and distress due to partial blindness. In 1856, he went completely blind and was paralyzed from a stroke the same year. The darkness of the 1850 paintinggives a feeling of emotional starkness not experienced in any of his earlier designs. Although seemingly dismal, the sheer intensity of the paintingdoessuggestsomethingexceptional.

Translation: The Holy Temple in Jerusalem was built by King Solomon of Israel. Hiram king of Tzur (Tyre)... in the year of ... 2992. ThemasonsarefromtheNaftalitribe.

Grand Lodge Diploma

There is much symbolism in the certificate of the high and sublime degree of a MM the highest degree in Freemasonry. Starting at the top is the title used by GL. You will note the spelling of antient a t not a c. This is the old spelling first used in the masonic documents known as the Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599 which can be viewed at GL.

Below the title is the sun and moon with the all seeing eye in the centre; the sun to rule the day, the moon to govern the night and the all seeing eye representing God TGAOTU. The 7 stars represent the 7 liberal arts and sciences indicating that we should strive to make a daily advance in masonic knowledge.

The banner states “Let there be light and there was light” taken from the Book of Genesis, the first book of the OT. It alludes to the man who has left the darkness of the outside world and has been initiated into the light of Freemasonry.

Similar to the EATB, the 3 columns represent the D, I and C columns of the SW, the

master and the JW and also W, S and B. At their bases are the WT the square, level and plumb rule of the master and wardens. Between them is the carpet reminding us of the opposites that we encounter in life’ s journey and that we strive to make the right choice. On the carpet is the rough ashlar with the tools of an EA and a lambskin apron. On the other side is the prefect ashlar with the FC’s tools.

This represents the journey of the young apprentice trying to become a perfected MM through diligent work. In front of the I pillar are the MM’ s tools and plan which we require throughout life.

At the front centre, are the 3 great lights the VSL with the s and c resting thereon with which you are very familiar. This symbolic lodge rests on 3 steps alluding to the master and wardens, the 3 degrees, F, H & C and many others. Underneath is the GL seal granted by Lord Lyon, King of Arms in 1986.

How many now lie in a drawer under a layer of dust? Perhaps more should be made of this including its presentation.

Western Star Lodge No. 21, Ohio

Among the pioneers of Canfield were those who soon wished to establish a Masonic lodge there, as they resided no less than twenty miles from any regular Lodge of Masons, and travel was either on foot or by horse. They therefore petitioned the Grand Lodge of Ohio then sitting at Chillicothe, throughEireLodgeNo.47ofWarren,(which had been created by a charter of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut at New Haven October 19. 1803, and later became Old Erie No. 3 of Ohio)forachartertositandworkasMasons intheVillageofCanfield,TrumbullCounty,.

The petitioners were: Charles A. Boardman (note the town’s name), Isaac Newton, Francis Dowler, Richard Fitch, Charles B. Fitch, Tryall Tanner, Lewis Hoyt, William Logan, Hervy Ripley, George Stillson, Elisha Whittlesey, Archibald Tanner, Arad Wan and Elijah Wadsworth. Pursuant to this request, JohnLeavitt,MasterofErieLodgeNo.47forwarded a letter of recommendation to the GrandLodge,andafterdueconsideration,the Grand Lodge, by Henry Bush, Grand Master, on January 17, 1813, by dispensation established a Lodge of Ancient York masons, tobe heldinthetownofCanfield,tobedenominated the WESTERN STAR LODGE NO. 21, and appointed Elijah Wadsworth to be the first Master, Tryall Tanner to be the First Senior WardenandIsaacNewtontobethefirstJunior Warden. Tradition tells us, that the name Western Star was the suggestion of Elijah Wadsworth.

OnJune8,1813thebrethrenmetatthehome of Zalon Fitch, from where they next assembled at the school house to hear an address by Brother Darrow of Vienna, then returned to the Fitch house where the officers were installed by George Todd, appointed by John Leavitt, Master of Erie Lodge No. 47 for that duty. Thereafter Western Star Lodge met 'on theThursdayprecedingevery full moon' and continued under dispensation until a charter wasobtained;thecharterwaspresentedata

meeting February 8, 1816, together with an accompanying letter of January 17, 1816 from Western Star's representative to the Grand Lodge, William W. Cotgreave. The lodge met at the Fitch House until April 28, 1814,whenlargerquarterswereneeded,and arrangements were made for a room at the house of Brother Bostwick; in November 1820,thelodgeprocuredaroomformeeting atBrotherStoddard'shouse.

ThecurrenttempleisinBoardman;thefoundation stone was laid by the GL of Ohio in 1999:

Jewel of Bro. Fred Warnock,masterin1918.

Masonic Artefacts in Poland

Curators in Poznan in Poland are combing throughavasthistoricarchiveofFreemasonry in Europe amassed by the Nazis in their wartime anti Masonic purge say they believe therearestillsecretstobeunearthed.

Frominsightintowomen'sMasoniclodgesto themusicalscoresusedinclosedceremonies, the trove housed in an old university library inwesternPolandhasalreadyshedlightona littleknownhistory. Butmoreworkremains to be done on one of the biggest Masonic archives in Europe to fully examine all the 80,000itemsthatdatefromthe17thcentury tothepre WorldWarIIperiod.

beyond feature in the archive. Some documents still bear Nazi stamps. "The Nazis hatedtheFreemasons,"AndrzejKarpowicz,who managedthecollectionforthreedecades.

Nazi ideology, he said, was inherently "anti Masonic"becauseofitsanti intellectual,anti elite tendencies.Thelibraryputssomeselect items on show, including the first edition of the earliest Masonic constitution written in 1723,sixyearsafterthefirstlodgewascreated in England. The oldest documents in the collection are prints from the 17th century relating to the Rosicrucians an esoteric spiritual movement seen as a precursor to theFreemasonswhosesymbolwasacrucifix witharoseatitscentre.

DuringthewarasAlliedbombingintensified, the collection was moved from Germany for safekeepingandbrokenupintothreeparts two were taken to what is now Poland and onetotheCzechRepublic. Thesectionleftin the town of Slawa Slaska in Poland was seized by Polish authorities in 1945, while theothersweretakenbytheRedArmy.

Initially tolerated by the Nazis, Freemasons becamethesubjectofregimeconspiracytheories in the 1930s, seen as liberal intellectualswhosesecretivecirclescouldbecomecentres of opposition. Lodges were broken up and their members imprisoned and killed both in Germany and elsewhere as Nazi troopsadvancedduringWWII.

ThecollectionwasputtogetherundertheordersoftopNazihenchmanandSSchiefHeinrichHimmlerandiscomposedofmanysmaller archives from European Masonic lodges that were seized by the Nazis. It is seen by researchers as a precious repository of the history of the day to day activities of lodges across Europe, ranging from the menus for celebrationstoeducationaltexts.

Fine prints, copies of speeches and membership lists of Masonic lodges in Germany and

In 1959, the Polish Masonic collection was formally established as an archive and curatorsbeganstudyingit atthattime,FreemasonrywasbannedinthecountryunderCommunism. The collection is open to researchers and other visitors, who have included representatives of German Masonic lodges wantingtorecovertheirpre warhistory.

Jephthah

The Bookof Judges provide a very rich tapestry of stories and none more so than that of Jephtah that mighty Gileaditish general who makes his appearance in the Second Degree Tracing Board, Jephthah having been forced into exile by his ungrateful people, when the fear of the Ephraimites threatens to overwhelm the nation they plead with him to return, (rather in the same way another war time leader was exhorted to assume the reins ofpowerandsaveanationfrompossibledestruction).

Jephthahpleadsforvictoryand rashly makes apledgethat ifhe issuccessfulthefirstthing thatemergesfromthehousehewillsacrificetotheAlmighty.Sadlyforhimthathappensto be his daughter, legend has it that he decreed that his daughter has to remain housebound fortherestofherlife.

Because the Ephraimites could not "frame to pronounce this word" their fell on the field of battle that day forty two thousand. From that day on it seems that Jephthah lived a life of peaceandwasaJudgeinIsraeluntilhisdeathsomesixyearslater.Whatdoesitsignify? We mustholdfasttoourhonour,ourduties,andourpromises.EverrememberingthosepromisessolemnlymadeatthesacredaltarofFreemasonry.

Where is this?

Whattownisdepictedinthislovelymuralinalodge? SeeOctober(soIcanincludeagainas it’sthatwelldone!).

Politics & The Craft Part 1

Historically, Scottish freemasonry has been characterized as a loyalist body focused on organizational solidarity and political stability. Indeed, during the eighteenth century, internal politics certainly influencedthetrajectoryoffreemasonry.

While it would be simplistic to conclude that all Scottish freemasons were bitterly divided along shadesofpoliticalloyalty,duringtheearly1800s, apolarizationofpartyallegiancesoccurredwithin the Grand Lodge of Scotland which ultimately spilled over into several Edinburgh lodges and resulted in the Masonic Secession of 1808. Considering the demise of operative, or traditional, freemasonrybythecloseoftheeighteenthcentury, it is not surprising that social and fraternal connections established strictly for trade and buildingpurposesgraduallycollapsed,eventually replaced by Whig (merged to become Liberal in 1850s)orToryaffiliations.

Peter Clark argues that the general dis cord which resulted from competing political ideologies during the eighteenth century facilitated the riseofunbiased,impartialvenuesfortheexpression of ideas, opinions, and general camaraderie. Thesecame inthe formof clubs andassociations such as the freemasons, where political discussions were in theory prohibited, although Clark maintains that the sound of politics was not so much excluded from societies as admitted with the volume turned down. Despite one lodge’s tenuousandquestionablefraternization withthe FriendsofthePeople,andseveralmasons’associations with radical clubs, forthe greaterpartof the 1700s Scottish freemasonry was particularly successful in excluding politics from lodge meetings.

By 1802, however due largely to the politicization of the Grand Lodge Scottish freemasonry was gradually splintering along political fault lines.Despitetheleadership ofdistinguishedloyalists such as Sir James Stirling and George Gordon it is clear that the Grand Lodge was rapidly becoming a Whig body. Certainly, associations without a clear political agenda might easily find

themselves dragged into partisan disputes, more especiallyduringtimesofdomesticturmoil.With the election of the Hon. George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie as Grand Master in 1808, the Grand Lodge remained under Whig control until the election of James, 2nd Earl of Roslyn, a Tory, in 1810.TheWhigGrandLodgeofScotlandwasalso supported byWilliam Inglis of Middleton, Substitute GrandMaster from 1805 to 1828. Inglis was a staunch Whigwho attended the Bastille Dinner in 1789 and was a leading masonic cynosure of theearlynineteenthcentury.

TherootsoftheMasonicSecessionof1808canbe traced quite distinctly to a conflict which occurred in the first half of the eighteenth century, and beleaguered Scottish freemasons for almost six decades. In 1737, the Grand Lodge of Scotland Lodge Kilwinning on the west coast of Scotland, and Mary’s Chapel Lodge in Edinburgh were absorbed in a dispute which challenged the scope of authorityof the GrandLodge andcastdoubtupontraditionallodgenumbering systems, i.e., the somewhat subjective custom of charter conferral based on tendentious claims of antiquity, often authenticated by oral affirmation orallusionstodocumentswhichmaynotstillexist. Though the Grand Lodge perceived itself as the supreme federated masonic institution in Scotland, subsuming all lodges into its orbit and nullifying pre existing masonic privileges, suchdeclarationsofauthorityrankledolderlodges andthesegrudgesdidnotdisappear.Rather, as we shall see in the case of Mary’s Chapel, the lodges seized uponan opportunityin the waning decades of the eighteenth century to discredit, ridicule, and cast asper sions upon the Grand Lodge. Masonic lodges, especially operative lodges, preferred the rather idiosyncratic and arbitrary system of lodge numbering and despite the GrandLodge’seffortstopromoteaunionoflove, it is quite clear that some of these lodges would preferdiscordandstrifetothechallengingoftraditionalmodesofindependenceandmasoniccustom.

Afterthedisputeoverprecedencein1737,Mother Kilwinning refused to relinquish its power to

Politics & The Craft Part 1 (ctd)

grant charters, thus creating a rift between itself and the Grand Lodge. Although this was a minor issueforalmostfiftyyears,itresurfacedin1794: on4thAugustofthatsameyear,theGrandLodge asserted that the Kilwinning Lodge was to be excluded from all masonic privileges and concessions,atacityethighlyintentionalextrusionfrom the federal lodge system as it existed under the auspices of the Grand Lodge. Furthermore, the Grand Lodge declared that ‘none of the Lodges holding of them ought either to visit or receive visits from any of the Lodges holding of the KilwinningLodge’.

On 14th October 1807, a conference was held in Glasgow to negotiate terms of settlement and agreement between the Grand Lodge and Lodge Kilwinning. In exchange for renouncing its charter granting privileges, Kilwinning would be placed at the head of the Grand Roll of Scotland, designated as Lodge No. 0. Furthermore, any lodges warranted under Kilwinning would be placed at the endof the roll pendingauthenticatedproofofitscharter,andtheMasterofthelodge wasappointedastheProvincialGrandMasterfor the Ayrshire District. Although the Grand Lodge granted several dispensations to Kilwinning, it had achieved what was arguably its prime objective:theconsolidationofmasonicauthorityunder onecentralbody.

Theentireaffairhadbeenconductedwith outthe participationofMary’sChapelNo.1inEdinburgh. Relegated to the second oldest lodge in Scotland,

the members immediately expressed their disapproval over the handling of the situation. On 4 May 1807, the Master of Mary’s Chapel, John Brown,andoneofhisWardens,GeorgeCunningham, complained to the Grand Lodge over the perceiveddouble dealing.Giventhatitsmainaim was toachieve asettlementwith Kilwinning, itis not surprising that the Grand Lodge concluded that Cunningham’s objections were immaterial. After a formal written protest was duly ignored, Cunningham again complained about the proceedings,ataGrandLodgemeetingheldon2November 1807 in Edinburgh. Clearly governed by political priorities rather than fairness, William Inglis at once orchestrated a counter protest and Cunningham’s motion to review the events was discarded. Regardless of a warning from Mary’s Chapel thatitwas determined ‘neither to be sold norcompelledtoresign[its]seniority,toattempt either of which will undoubtedly lead to a secession,thethreatsweredismissedasmeaningless.

Whathappenednext? SeePart2nextmonth.

My thanks to Mark Wallace who wrote his PhD on freemasonry. This article will appear in full in the Book of the Old Edinburgh Club, for which it was accepted prior to presentation at the Modern Language Association Conference.

Clickherefordetails.

Dalhousie Rosslyn

The Black Bull Inn

Built in 1795 The Black Bull Inn was ideally positionedattheCrosswheretheHighStreet crosses between the short George Street and McDowall Street. It should also be considered a very important building in the life of the new town of Johnstone and surrounding areas as was its proprietor Bro. Robert Hodgart. Bro. HodgartwasthetenantinBarbush Farm 1806 1831 (later owned by Bro. JamesCraigPM)beforetakingontheinn. He also built the bridge over the Cart between Barbush and Rankine Street, dismantled about1865.

TheBlackBullwasoneoftheoldestbuildings in the town as the land for the new town of Johnstone was only feued by the Laird in 1782.TheInnhadmovedfrom53HighStreet toamuchlargerbuildingmoresuitablefora coachingInnabletoprovidethetypicalneeds oftravellersandlocalsalike.

Thestablesweretotherearin GeorgeStreet which ran down a short distance almost to the Black Cart Water. These became the GeorgeCinemathenamotorbikerepairshop in the 1960s. The Inn provided rooms and sustenance for horses, coaches and walkers who were making their way from Greenock toGlasgowandallplacesinbetween.

Ofcourse,itwouldalsohavebeenfrequented

by the ever increasing population attracted by employment in the several mills and subsequentlyengineeringfirmsthatsprungup.

The Black Bull Inn Assembly Rooms was the main venue for business deals, meetings, property sales and even Masonic meetings. Regular sales by roup auctions, societies, AGMs, functions were held here throughout the19thcentury. Hewasfromafamilyassociated with the lodge for over 100 years (sevenmembers)includingoneofthefounders.

Bro. Robert Hodgart was a Lieutenant of the Johnstone Volunteer Infantry. He had seen previous service in the Renfrewshire YeomanryInfantry(seeover). Bro.Hodgartlater became a Captain in the 2nd Regiment of RenfrewshireLocalMilitiain1811when242 wasconsecrated,servinguntilit’sdisembodimentaftertheBattleofWaterloo,1815.

Another service provided at the Inn was the PastOfficewithRobert’sdaughterMarypostmistress. Bro.Hodgartwasapparentlyaman of extensive vision when he ensured The Black Bull Inn was the first Inn in Britain to have central heating installed in 1809 with a steam kitchen and a large ballroom, among otherimprovements.

The Black Bull Inn (ctd)

How did the Black Bull Inn come to have central heating in the first place?

TheanswerIbelieveliesclosetohandinthat Bro.GeorgeHoustontheLairdandmillowner had employed a man in his cotton mill named Bro. Neil Snodgrass (brother to Campbell, another founder) who had invented and installed a steam heating system for the Laird’s cotton mill in 1794. Bro. Snodgrass went on to install a further steam system in another mill saving a significant amountofmoneyfortheowners.By1804he wasmanagerofMessrsHouston&CO’smills.

Bro. Neil Snodgrass was awarded a Gold Medal by The London Society of the Arts in 1806forhisinventions.

Within a few years Bro. Robert Hodgart had let the Inn to a tenant and moved on to his nextventureacoachservicetoPaisley. Sadlylessthan sixyearsfromsteamheatingbeing installed it was condemned by the next tenantoftheBlackBullwhowastoofeartto switchitonandneveruseditagain!

In the 1830’s, Bro. Hodgart’s coaches left from the Black Bull Inn for Paisley at 10am and 5pm. At about the same period The BlackBullInnwouldhavebeenverybusyon

thesefairdays. Intheearly1830’sJohnstone Cross, nearly opposite to the Black Bull Inn, isdistantfromtheCrossofPaisley,3miles,5 furlongs, 34 poles. Fairs are held on the Thursday following the second Monday of Julyandonthe lastThursday of October,for cattle; also, on the last Friday of December forhorses.

Althoughthismarketisnotgenerallyknown, beingbutlatelyestablished;yet,fromtheexcellent supply of cattle brought forward promises to be one of the most numerously attended Fairs in the West of Scotland. The marketplace is spacious and very extensive, affording accommodation rarely to be met with.

TheBlackBullInnremainedanintegralpart of the fabric of Johnstone for many more years before succumbing and lying empty and being allowed to decay until it was demolished in 1984. Like so many of our important old buildings The Black Bull Inn passed into history only kept alive in our memories.

My thanks to Bro. Eddie McRorie of 242 and Johnstone History for writing and collating information for this article.

Royal Naval Lodge No.59 (EC)

The lodge was consecrated in January, 1739 as the Lodge of Relief with Truth No.179 and then renamed in 1793 as Royal Naval Lodge and numbered 59 from 1894 and shortly after formationlostitsconnectionwiththeNavy.

Theinventorofthelifepreserver,Bro.FrancisColumbineDanielwas the master and Treasurer of Lodge 59 on a number of occasions. On 21July1806,crowdsthrongedtotheRiverThamesinLondontoview an exhibition of Francis Columbine Daniel’s patented life preserver. Madefromleatherandsilk,itwastheforerunneroftoday’sinflatable lifevest.Areportofthedemonstrationcitespeoplefloatingdownthe riverplayingmusicalinstrumentsandsmokingpipes!

There are other naval lodges in existence at the time: Navy No. 2612 (more famous for its members such as the Duke of Kent and Scott of theAntarctic),meetinginLondon,RoyalNavyLodgeNo.429,meeting inRamsgate,KentRoyalNavalVolunteerReserveNo.3923inLondon andWhiteEnsignNo.9169inRedditch.

However, despitenot having a host of well known brethren, it did have one famous visitor. On10December1928 Bro. Winston ChurchillvisitedRoyalNavalLodgeNo.59astheguest oftheMaster,W.H.Bernau.

BelowareoldtracingboardsbyJosiahBowringinpossessionofthelodgealthoughonloan totheLondonMuseumofFreemasonryandafrontcoveroftheirInstallationBanquetinThe HolbornRestaurant. ThelodgecontinuestomeetatGreatQueenStreetinJanuary March, OctoberandDecember.

Make it a Million

It’s getting closer how can you contribute? See below for Bro. Ronnie’s zip slide. This should bring it closer to £970,000 for Prostate Scotland!

Tickets still available for:

PGL Renfrewshire East

By zipsliding over the Clyde, the PGM Bro. Ronnie Fraser will be fundraising in aid of Prostate Scotland as part of the Grand Lodge of Scotland's, Make it a Million Campaign. Ronnie Fraser is fundraising for Prostate Scotland (justgiving.com)

On the right, Brother Gavin Burt SPGM completed a sponsored hill walk up Ben Lomond in aid of the PGL 200th Anniversary Fund great achievement.

Glasgow Royal Arch Lodge No.77

The lodge was formed in June 1763 and was known to have initiated James Watt of Greenock the famous engineerwhowasinvolvedwithdevelopingthesteamengine. However,hisrecord of membership is not to be found in the registerofmembersheldbytheGrandLodge of Scotland possibly because the lodge was struggling financially and did not inform GL. Bear in mind, this was before Provincial Grand Masters had been appointed to keep a trackoflodgesintheirareas.

His diploma from the lodge (not GL in those

Craft and Raised a Master After having payd the usual dues According to the bylaws of the Lodge and has behaved himself as becometh.

Given under our hands at Glasgow this 10th June A.M. 5763

AllweknowoftheRoyalArchLodgeisthatit had the distinction of having a Masonic song in its honour which appeared in most of the Masonic song books which were so popular then.

It also had in its possession the James Watt OrganwhichcouldbetheorganthatwasdisplayedinthePeople’sPalace.

These are to Certify that the Bearer hereof Brother James Watt was Admitted and Received and Entered Apprentice, Past a Fellow

TheLodgeceasedtoexistin1810.

The Lord’s Prayer

Masonic Lord's Prayer drawing; shows house, lighthouse, ships, eagle, building on top; reads "Commerce / Agriculture"; in the centre a red heart containing the Lord's Prayer, surrounded by "Is yours a Bacon or a Locke to blame / A Newton's genius of a military flame / He hears his numerous herds low o'er the plain / The neighbouring hills low back to them again"; two yellow arches containing "Liberty, Justice, Peace / By the unanimous order of the convention / G Washington / W Johnson, Sec. Sept. 17, 1787 / Love, Honour, Virtue, For the Virtuous / flower vines; bottom has square and compasses, two circles, entwined diamonds reading "...fleeting visions...our...Till death...And...souls peace / Till then / let peace enshroud thee with her wings / And love in whispers...round the heart / Let innocence attend they every style And guardian angels keep... / United we stand, Divided we fall / C.R. Warren"; in red, yellow, blue.

PGLRE Library

The Librarian is Bro. Sean Waite of 1170 who is a qualified Historian.

As you may know, a Masonic Library was set up at Provincial Grand Lodge at Maxwelton Road about 6 or 7 years ago. This was a big project and is a valuable source of research material for all brethren within and without the Province.

For the last few months, I have taken on the responsibility for maintaining and developing the library and for ensuring that it is accessible to the brethren on a regular basis.

At the moment, I open the library from 10:00 - 14:00 on a Monday. The communication went out just before recess started for most lodges in the Province, so some brethren may not be aware of this. I will communicate again after the recess to ensure the message goes out to all lodges.

I am planning to change the opening day to a Wednesday in the next week or two, to dovetail with the Breakfast Club that meets at Maxwelton Road on a Wednesday morning. If some of the brethren are on site for this, they may wish to stay on and use the library. I hope to buy some newly published books which will be of interest, to add to the library. It may be that I ask each lodge for a very small donation to a 'book fund' to cover the cost. More on this soon!

Ayrshire Young Masons’ Association

This newish group has a very exciting programme planned for the year and is definitely something that is attracting young (in terms of age) masons. Their autumn assembly which is open to all is shown below and a full article about them will appear in December Cross Keys.

Initiation by Light

This is the first of four reviews over the next four months by Bro. Chris Earnshaw the books are thought provoking and should be partofeverymasoniclibrary.

In the early days of freemasonry not many documents were kept and in fact many were destroyed in 1720. However, with a close scrutiny of the ritual and understanding the social history of the time, we can piece togetheracrediblestory.

“Freemasonry:InitiationbyLight”introduces the early years of the Craft, and paints a pictureofearlyLondonafterthegreatfirewhich destroyedthemercantilesectorofthecityas well as Saint Paul’s cathedral. Operative MasonsflockedtoLondoninsearchofworkand at the same time they established lodges wheretheycouldmeetafterwork.Someearly exposes of Operative Freemasonry are introduced and analyzed to see their connection to Speculative Freemasonry. The beginningofSpeculativeMasonryhadarockystart with the first three noble Grand Masters, however contributing factors helped the growthofthePremierGrandLodge[beforeit came the Grand Lodge of England in the 1730s] that led to such quick growth of the membership and the success of the Grand Lodge. However, therewascompetition from various quarters, for example the Grand Lodge of the Antients, and the Chinese Order oftheGormogons.

What is unique about this book is that it shows in detail the possibility that Specula-

tive Freemasonry is based onChineseDaoism.Twenty six correspondences between both the ritual of Masonry and the Lodge itself are shown to have a similaritywithDaoism.One of the important factors was the role of Jesuit priests in disseminating Latin translations of ChineseclassicsinEurope,and secondly bringing a Chinese mandarin who had been prepared for ordinationintheCatholicChurch,andwhostayedat the University of Oxford and mingled with famous people such as Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton and evenKingJames II. There isevidence to show that the mandarin, Shen FuZong,taughtthesecretsoftheYiJingandDaoism to a scholar at the University of Oxford. Thenthebookanalyzesthechainoftransmission of these ideas, which shows that there weremanycandidateswhocouldhaveintroducedthemtothefirstthreeGrandMasters.

The analysis of the initiation by light, when seen from a Daoist perspective, suddenly takes on a new spiritual meaning. Freemasons, the Sons of Light, suddenly realize that theyareonaquest,andthisquestisrevealed tothemintheSecondandThirdDegrees.The ritual of Freemasonry then takes on a new meaning for Brethren. As a Brother wrote: “there is not one more eloquent act than the bringingofthecandidatetolight.”

Christopher J. Earnshaw PhD 33° is a British Citizen living in Tokyo and author of the “Spiritual Freemasonry” books. He is a Past Grand Historian, Grand Lodge of Japan, Past Master of the Research Lodge, Grand Lodge of Japan, Scottish Rite 33° IGH, Past Chairman of Education Committee, recipient of the Order of Merit, Grand Lodge of Japan, for educational activities and a Past Master of Sinim Lodge, Grand Lodge of Massachusetts.

Social Media Links: Spiritual Freemasonry videos: http://youtube.com/c/spiritualfreemasonry Twitter: @AuthorEarnshaw: https://twitter.com/AuthorEarnshaw Podcasts: Freemasonry in 7 Minutes or Less: https://anchor.fm/earnshaw christopher Website: http://chris earnshaw.com

Out & About

Dumbarton Lodge Minutes of 1726:

There is no doubt that the third degree was being worked in Scotland as early as 1725.

TheearliestMinutesoftheLodgeofDumbartonNo.18,dated20January1726,revealthat those present included John Hamilton, Great Master, accompanied by seven Master Masons, six Fellow Crafts and three Entered Apprentices:

Att the Lodge of Dunbritan the 20th January, 1726 “The which day being the first meeting of the Masons thereof after their Constitution, Conveened John Campbell, James Brock, George McGie, James Nucoll, William Wallace, James McFarland, and Walter Williamson Masters, John McLauchlan, James Wallace, James Colquhoun, William Mitchell, Gabriell Porterfield, & Robert Fleming Fellows of Craft, James

McArthur, John McNiell & George Ritchie entered prentices. All by the advice and with Consent of John Hamilton the Great Master of the Lodge.

Thefollowingentrystates: Lodge of Dunbritan 25th March 1726 . . . The said day Gabriell Porterfield By unanimous Consent of the Masters, was admitted and received a Master of the Fraternity who Renewed his oath and Gave in his entry money in the termes of the Institution All which ammount to The Sume of Nine pound Twelve Shilling Scots, Left in the Box.

Thisisthefirstrecordofathirddegree ceremony in Scotland, although there must have beenearlierraisings.

The photos show the E in Lodge Beith St. John No. 157 and the stained glass window in the entrance door. The lodge meets 1st and 3rd Thursday September to May (January 1st Thursday only), at 7.30 p.m. It is definitely worth a visit (wee hint for Dogie RWM . . .). Both the lodge room and the social club are looking good.

A Royal Arch Unsustained

The rapidity with which Masons are made in thesedays,andtheknowledge(orratherlack ofknowledge)‘which lowingincident,which came under our observation : A brother was exalted, and before twelve months had passed left for New York, destitute of a knowledge of Capitular Masonry, and desirous of visiting a Chapter, he was refused for not possessing the necessary word and mannerofcommunicatingit:whereuponhepostedalettertotheRecorderofhisChapiterfor itandforinstructions!Itwasourpleasureto readtheletter aperfectgem(?)ofMasonic

ignorance. This individual Companion does not stand solitary and alone in the Masonic world, but has a host for company. A year’s subscription and the perusal of a well conducted Masonic journal would have saved him from becoming the butt and laughing stock,ofhisChapter.

From The Masonic News 6th January, 1873

Theauthorofthispiececertainlydidnothold back on what he thought of this particular brotherwhodidnot shedagoodlightonthe ScottishCraftabroad.

Congratulations Congratulations to Bro. Darryl Gordon of 242 on receiving his MBE from Princess Anne just before the recess. It was awarded for Darryl’s work with NATO contributing towards their communications, logistical and crypto operational outputs to deployed units. It was awarded in 2020 but due to Covid, it was delayed.

Masonic Windows

Freemasonry first came to Liskeard in 1845 with the formation of St Martin’s Lodge, the Lodge met at several different venues before the current building in The Parade was erected in 1872.

The masonic building, which opened in 1862, was the work of John Paul, who was from Morval and was himself a freemason. He worked with Liskeard's foremost and best known architect, Henry Rice, who, it is said, valued John Paul's meticulous work. From a kids’ website about the town!!!

However, it is good see that freemasonry is deemed an important aspect of town life.

Liskeard has a sizeable Masonic presence with no fewer than eight Masonic bodies meeting at the Masonic Hall: St Martin's Lodge No. 510 and Royal Arch Chapter No. 510, Mark, RAM, 18th, OSM, Acorn & Athelstan Orders all meet in the lodge building.

The windows are quite spectacular and can be viewed fully here. The lodge meets on the first Tuesday of each month at 7:15 pm.

Dutch café with two statues of masons showing how lodges met in coffee houses before many built their own premises.

Just before the recess, the Treaty has been officially signed by both Grand Masters’ of Prince Hall Grand Lodge and the Grand Lodge of Georgia is official recognition of each body. This might now see joint ventures between both bodies for the good of the Craft and externally within the State of Georgia.

Guards Masonic Tactical Recognition Flash lapel pins for Household Division Lodge No.9545 (EC) are available from: Household Division Lodge 9545 Contact Twitter: @HD_LODGE_9545 Facebook: www.facebook.com/householddivisionlodge

To submit an article or want added to the mail list or Facebook group, contact the Editor, Grant Macleod:

E Mail: sec242pm@yahoo.co.uk Website: http://lodge242.bravesites.com/