Locat ed at co rn e r sh o p lo t, nat ur al l i ght penetra on t hr ough s i de el eva on of Wher e El s e Caf ei s mos t l y bl ocked by adjacent bui l di ng.Thus , t he caf e heavi l y r el i es on ar ďŹ ci al l i ght t o im p ro v e br i ght nes s of t he i nt er i or s paces .
L
I
G
H
T
I
N
G
E V A L U A T I O N R
E
P
O
R
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1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1.1 Aims and Objective................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Introduction of Site................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Architectural Drawing and Zoning............................................................................. 6 2.0 JOURNAL IN LIGHTING................................................................................................... 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Analysis .................................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 12 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & DATA TABULATION ........................................................ 3.1 Methodology .......................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Procedure............................................................................................................... 14 3.3 Equipment Specifications ....................................................................................... 15 3.4 Lighting and Materiality Specifications ................................................................... 17 3.4.1 Zone 1 ............................................................................................................. 20 3.4.2 Zone 2 ............................................................................................................. 22 3.4.1 Zone 3 ............................................................................................................. 24 3.4.2 Zone 4 ............................................................................................................. 26 3.4.1 Zone 5 ............................................................................................................. 28 3.4.2 Zone 6 ............................................................................................................. 30 4.0 ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 4.1 Tabulation of Data .................................................................................................. 33 4.2 Analysis of Data ...................................................................................................... 35 4.2.1 Daylight Factor Calculation .............................................................................. 35 4.2.2 Lumen Method Calculation ............................................................................. 40 4.3 Spatial Quality of Light [Daylighting] ....................................................................... 47 4.4 Spatial Quality of Light [Artificial Lighting] .............................................................. 48 5.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 55
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1.1 Aim and Objectives The aim of this project is to allow students to study and analyse about lighting design regarding layout and arrangement at a suggested site. Emphasise will be given on the specifications, designs, mood and material requirements of the site. Students were also required to critically report and analyse the space by using appropriate research methodology, tools and skills. Furthermore, it is also important to take into consideration of the site condition to analyse on various acoustics performance and various building materials. •
Study and analyse about and lighting design layout and arrangements.
•
Identify the characteristics, materiality, designs and functional requirements of day-
lighting and lighting requirement. •
To critically report and analyse the space by using appropriate research
methodology, tools and skills. •
Understand site condition to analyse on various lighting performance and various
building materials in terms of acoustic performance.
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1.2 Introduction of Site
Figure 1.1
Where Else Cafe
Where Else Cafe Restaurant Located at the end lot of the shoplots in Jalan Kenari 19A, Bandar Puchong Jaya which is in commercial district, Where Else CafĂŠ is a western and Japanese fusion cuisine restaurant that provides a cozy and homely environment for leisure dining. The restaurant is 2 combined shoplots which has 4 dining area, a lobby, a beverage station and a kitchen. The settings of the restaurant focus on light blue and white colour theme which gives the restaurant bright and comfortable place to dine in. Partitions divides the dining area into different zones with enclosure that allows party or gathering to happen without interrupting the activities happened outside the zones. The site is located at the end of shoplots where it receives sufficient natural daylight from the side elevation of the building. The building is orientated to face west at 10 degrees to the North which receives afternoon sunlight.
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1.3 Architectural Drawings and Zoning
Figure 1.2: Plan of Where Else Cafe
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Figure 1.4: Area Zoning
Figure 1.3: Function of the Areas
Figure 1.5: Section A-A
Figure 1.6: Section B-B
Figure 1.7: Section C-C
Figure 1.8: Section D-D
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2.1 Introduction
Figure 2.2 light
Figure 2.1 classroom
Building type: Secondary School, new building Location: Netherlands Study Description The school building has a new part, where the classrooms are situated at the North-East side of the school. The study was done in the classroom 2.07 (Figure 2.1). Teachers and lighting expert both experienced this classroom as bright. The lighting expert experienced the ambiance as a restful place for busy pupils because the uniformity of lighting and the shadowing is soft, as result of the reflections from all the white walls and ceiling. The dimensions of the classroom are 7.2 x 7.2 x 2.8 m3.
Luminaries Description The classroom is new with a white ceiling with embedded luminaires (Figure 2.2). Six luminaires, two rows with three luminaires, were placed parallel to the window facade. Each luminaire contains two Osram T8 36 W/830 lamps.
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Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Tubular Fluorescent lamp 3010lumen 36W 8000K 80 20000 Ceiling
Table 2.1 Light Fixture
2.2 Analysis The illuminance on the work plane is 350 lx at full power. The energy-efficient system was not placed in the new classrooms. There was no blackboard lighting because at the time of lighting installation the argument for not having blackboard lighting was that white-boards are used nowadays. The lamps were dimmable and the system is equipped with daylight sensors, but the daylight sensors were only in the luminaire row of the window zone. The classrooms were also equipped with occupancy detection. Tables 2.2 and 2.3 show the daylight factors on work plane height and on the blackboard. The differences with the last case study are clear; the corridor zone has higher daylight factors, because there is more reflected light in classroom 2.07.
Window Zone
Black Board 2.6 1.1 3.4 1.5 4.2 1.6 3.6 1.6
Tutor’s Desk 12.7 14.7 11.4
0.9 1.0 1.1 0.8
Corridor Zone
Table 2.2 The daylight factors on student table height in classroom 2.07
Board Type Blackboard 2.07
Left 3,4
Middle 1,7
Right 1
Table 2.3 The daylight factors on the blackboard.
Figures below show the luminance contrasts as seen from student and teacher’s point of view, one case with only daylight and another with electric lighting switched on. The difference between the two situations of Figure 2.5 and Figure 2.6 is low. The electrical lighting has a low impact because the level of daylight is high enough. There are no daylight sensors in the corridor zone, otherwise the sensors would have probably switched off all BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [WHERE ELSE CAFE]
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the electrical lighting. The judgement of the lighting expert is that classroom has a good design. It is comfortable for teacher and student, and it is a bright and restful place. The school has done much for energy reduction by the placement of daylight sensors and occupancy detection and a good choice of materials for walls, ceiling and furniture. Further energy reduction might be realised by daylight sensors in the corridor zone, too.
Figure 2.3. Classroom 2.07 without electrical lighting, seen from the student position.
Figure 2.4. Classroom 2.07 with electrical lighting switched on, seen from the student position.
Figure 2.3 and 2.4 show the luminances of the room 2.07 without and with electrical lighting switched on, seen from the student position. One luminaire in the middle of the window zone is switched off by the daylight sensor.
Figure 2.5. Classroom 2.07 without electrical lighting, seen from the teacher position.
Figure 2.6. Classroom 2.07 with electrical lighting switched on, seen from the teacher position.
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Figures 2.5 and Figure 2.6 show the luminances of the room 2.07 without and with electrical lighting switched on, seen from the teacher position. The daylight sensor has switched off all the luminaries in the window zone.
2.3 Conclusion The design of the classroom is energy efficient. The big window openings allowed sufficient daylight to enter the classroom. The lighting level in the classroom is bright enough to lit up the classroom Although it seems doesn’t contribute to serious glare problem but it will be better if there is an awning or a blind at the window zone in order to provide a more comfortable study zone for the students. However, the lighting level seems a bit low at the blackboard perhaps a ceiling light with average flux can enhance the brightness at that zone. Lastly, the daylight sensor has helped a lot in reducing energy usage on the lighting system in the classroom. The lighting fixtures is not needed in the day time due to the layout design and the orientation of the classroom.
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3.1 Methodology The data gathering was conducted by starting to plot a gridline on the floor plan with distance of 2.5 m x 2.5 m per grid. Each coordinate of the gridline is use as standing point for data collection of acoustic and lighting quality. The member will stand on the coordinates of the gridline and collect the data using lux meter at different working plane height which are standing eye level position of 1.5 m from the ground and sitting eye level position of 1.0 m from the ground. The data collections are carried out on daytime and night time respectively. The data collected are then tabulated. Besides that, the material, colour and finishes of the floor, wall and ceiling are recorded. Light fixtures, placement of fixtures and specifications are gathered as well.
3.2 Procedure The research was carried out by conducting a site visit to Where Else CafĂŠ. The owner of the cafĂŠ was contacted for permission beforehand. Then, the first site visit was carried out in the afternoon as planned. Tasks are divided among the group members. Floor plan was sketched and measured on the site. Pictures of the lighting and restaurant environment were taken by the camera. Other than that, the lighting environment are measured using lux meter according to the grid line planned. The data gathered were recorded and tabulated. The materiality of the ceiling, wall and floor were observed for different space. After the site visit, the floor plan was obtained from the owner and drawn in digital. Different zones of the spaces are planned. Second visit of the restaurant were planned to measure the lighting environment at night. Steps are repeated and data were recorded. Third site visit were conducted to capture digital image of the environment and gather data.
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3.3 Equipment Specifications
Figure 3.1 Lux Meter
Lux Meter is also known as light meter. It is an electronic device used to measure the intensity of light illumination as distinguished by human eye. It measures luminous flux per unit area and illuminance level. This device registers brightness with an integrated photodetector. The photodetector is held perpendicular to the light source for optimal exposure. Readouts are presented via digital LCD display. Most lux meter has measurement in variable range. The model of lux meter used in this case study is Lux LX-101.
Features * Sensor used the exclusive photo diode & colour correction filter, spectrum meet C.I.E. standard * Sensor COS correction factor meet standard. * Separate light sensor allows user take measurements of an optimum position. * Precise and easy readout, wide range. * High accuracy in measuring. * Built-in low battery indicator. * LSI- circuit use provides high reliability and durability. LCD display provides low power consumption. * Compact, light- weight, and excellent operation. * LCD display can clearly read out even of high ambient light.
Display Ranges Zero adjustment Over- input Sampling time Sensor structure Operating Temperature
General Specification 13mm (0.5”) LCD 0-50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges Internal adjustment Indication of “ 1 ” 0.4 second The exclusive photo diode & colour correction filter 0 to 50 (32 to 122) BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [WHERE ELSE CAFE]
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Operating Humidity Power Supply Power consumption Dimension
Weight Accessories included
Less than 80% R.H DC 9V battery. 006P, MN1604 ( PP3) or equivalent Approx. DC 2 mA Main Instrument: 108 x 73 x 23mm ( 4.3 x 2.9 x 0.9 inch) Sensor probe: 82 x 55 x 7mm ( 3.2 x 2.2 x 0.3 inch) 160g (0.36LB) with batteries Instruction manual ( 1 pc) Carrying case (1pc)
Electrical Specification (23 ± 5) RANGE RESOLUTION ACCURACY 2,000 Lux 1 Lux ± ( 5% + 2d) 20,000 Lux 10 Lux ± ( 5% + 2d) 50,000 Lux 100 Lux ± ( 5% + 2d) Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856K temperature.
Figure 3.2 Measuring Tape
Figure 3.3 Camera
Measuring tape is a device that aids in measuring magnitude and dimensions of space and objects. It is used during the site visit to conduct data gathering. (Figure) Camera is used to capture and record the interior and exterior of the café, to capture moods and ambience of the environment. Besides that, it is also use to record data such as lighting qualities and lighting equipment installed in the café. (Figure)
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3.4 Lighting and Material Specification
Figure 3.4 Position of light fixtures on floor plan
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Referring to figure, there are total of 10 types of light fixtures are used in the 6 zones. The lighting fixtures are tabulated according to the zones for calculations. It is recommended to use the same type of light fixture throughout the zone to ensure consistent illuminance level around the space.
Figure 3.5 Key Plan showing Sections cuts
Zone 2
Zone 4 Zone 6 Figure 3.6 Section A-A showing position of different types of light fixture.
From the overall, the three zones have lighting fixtures of ambient lighting to help to illuminate the space and create the mood of the environment.
Zone 6 Zone 4 Zone 2 Figure 3.7 Section B-B showing position of different types of light fixture.
Zone 4 and 6 has lighting fixtures of ambient lighting to illuminate the space while the corner of zone 4 and zone 2 use track lighting fixtures to highlight the mural of the space. (Figure) The light is reflected to the space through the wall.
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Figure 3.8 track lighting
Zone 1
Zone 3 Zone 5 Figure 3.9 Section C-C showing position of different types of light fixture.
Zone 1 which is the lobby uses accent lighting in the space while Zone 3 and 5 uses ambient lighting to lit up the spaces.
Kitchen
Zone 5 Zone 3 Zone 1 Figure 3.10 Section D-D showing position of different types of light fixture.
Zone 1 which is the lobby uses accent lighting in the space while Zone 3 and 5 uses ambient lighting to lit up the spaces. Zone 3 also has a valence light on the beverage counter.
Material of ceiling, wall and floor have reflectance value that will reflect light in certain level. The suggested site uses a lot of bright colour finish that has high reflectance value. The settings of lighting and materiality of each zones were tabulated for further analysis.
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3.4.1 Zone 1
Figure 3.12 interior of Lobby area
Lighting
Function: Lobby Working Plane Height: 1.5m Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Incandescent Globe Light Bulb 370lumen 40W 2500K 80 1500 Pendant Ceiling lamp Projector LED light 1500 lumen 20W 3000K 95 50000 Track lighting on the ceiling
Table 3.1 Lighting Specifications of Zone 1
Component
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
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Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
Black
Smooth Matte
15
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Rough Matte
80
Floor
Marble Floor
Cream Yellow
Smooth Matte
97
Table 3.2 Material Specifications of Zone 1
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3.4.2 Zone 2
Figure 3.13 space of outdoor dining area
Lighting
Function: Outdoor Dining Area Working Plane Height: 1.0m Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Globe light bulb 165lumen 18W 2700K 80 6000 Ceiling light LED Light Bulb 350lumen 40W 6500K 70 8000 Wall lamp Projector LED light 1500 lumen 20W 3000K 95 50000 Track lighting on the ceiling
Table 3.3 Lighting Specifications of Zone 2
Components
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
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Ceiling
Timber Ceiling
Brown
Rough Matte
14
Wall / Partition
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light Blue
Smooth Matte
56
Wall
Plastered Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
80
Floor
Ceramic Tile
Dark Grey
Rough Matte
15
Table 3.4 Material Specifications of Zone 2
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3.4.3 Zone 3
Figure 3.14 interior of beverage station
Lighting
Function: Beverage station Working Plane Height: 1.5m Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Globe light bulb 165lumen 18W 2700K 80 6000 Ceiling light LED light bulb 500lumen 60W 2700K 80 25000 Pendant Ceiling light LED Light Bulb 350lumen 40W 6500K 70 8000 Wall lamp Philips fluorescent light 1350lumen 18W 4100K 82 15000 Valence Lighting behind marble counter
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Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Projector LED light 1500 lumen 20W 3000K 95 50000 Track lighting on the ceiling Incandescent globe light 470lumen 40 2700K 80 15000 Track lighting on the ceiling.
Table 3.5 Lighting Specifications of Zone 3
Components
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall
Ceramic Wall
Light Grey
Smooth Matte
50
Wall
Plastered Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
80
Floor
Marble Floor
Cream Yellow
Smooth Polished
97
Floor
Ceramic Tile
Dark Grey
Rough Matte
15
Table 3.6 Material Specifications of Zone 3
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3.4.4 Zone 4
Figure 3.15 interior of dining area
Lighting
Function: Dining Area Working Plane Height: 1.0m Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
LED candle Bulb 470lumen 40W 2700K 80 25000 Chandelier Ceiling light
Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
LED Light Bulb 350lumen 40W 6500K 70 8000 Wall lamp LED Candle light 250lumen 25W 2500K 80 25000 Chandelier Ceiling light LED Recessed light 1250lumen 22W 3000K 95 50000 Ceiling light
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Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
Projector LED light 1500 lumen 20W 3000K 95 50000 Track lighting on the ceiling
Table 3.7 Lighting Specifications of Zone 4
Components
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Rough Matte
80
Wall / Fixed opening
Glass panel
Transparent
Clear
8
Wall / Partition
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light Blue
Smooth Matte
56
Flooring
Marble Floor
Cream Yellow
Smooth Polished
97
Table 3.8 Material Specifications of Zone 4
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3.4.5 Zone 5
Figure 3.15 interior of dining area
Lighting
Function: Dining Area Working Plane Height: 1.0m Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
LED Candle light 250lumen 25W 2500K 80 25000 Chandelier Ceiling light LED Recessed light 1250lumen 22W 3000K 95 50000 Ceiling light
Table 3.9 Lighting Specifications of Zone 5
Components
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
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Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall
Brick Wall
Brown
Smooth Wallpaper
20
Wall / Partition
Glass panel with timber frame
Transparent
Clear
8
Floor
Marble Floor
Cream Yellow
Smooth Polished
97
Table 3.10 Material Specifications of Zone 5
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Zone 6
Figure 3.16 space of reserved dining room
Function: Dining Area Working Plane Height: 1.0m Lighting
Specifications Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement: Types of Fixture: Luminous Flux: Wattage: Rated Colour Temperature: Colour Rendering Index Life Span (hours): Placement:
LED Light Bulb 350lumen 40W 6500K 70 8000 Wall lamp LED Recessed light 1250lumen 22W 3000K 95 50000 Ceiling light
Table 3.11 Lighting Specifications of Zone 6
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Components
Material
Colour
Finish
Reflectance
Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
80
Wall / Partition
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light Blue
Smooth Matte
56
Floor
Timber Flooring
Dark Brown
Smooth Matte
35
Table 3.12 Material Specifications of Zone 6
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4.1 Tabulation of Data Illuminance level values taken at the working plane level which are eye level of standing position (1.5m) and eye level of sitting position (1.0m) respectively. The data gathered are tabulated.
(A) Lux Reading Unit: Lux (Lx) Time: 4.00p.m. Working plane height: 1.5m
(B) Lux Reading Unit: Lux (Lx) Time: 4.00p.m. Working plane height: 1.0m DAY (1.5m)
DAY (1.0m)
GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
218
205
X
X
X
X
X
A
459
403
X
X
X
X
X
B
740
198
40
68
53
34
X
B
1446
400
55
60
59
52
X
C
526
192
122
133
97
76
X
C
656
269
100
98
84
99
X
D
228
131
107
137
166
100
86
D
459
108
103
122
194
86
60
E
334
146
117
98
112
165
144
E
594
110
103
113
139
137
113
F
354
181
121
X
344
209
168
F
653
200
95
X
577
191
159
G
1937
1845
2140
X
2020
1890
577
G
3510
3720
3540
X
3620
223
995
Legend Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
Table 4.1 Illuminance Level of Day at 1.5m
Table 4.2 Illuminance Level of Day at 1.0m
(C) Lux Reading Unit: Lux (Lx) Time: 9.00p.m. Working plane height: 1.5m
(D) Lux Reading Unit: Lux (Lx) Time: 9.00p.m. Working plane height: 1.0m
m
NIGHT (1.0m)
NIGHT (1.5m) Legend Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5 Zone 6
GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
44
530
X
X
X
X
X
B
42
39
32
151
62
47
X
C
137
43
25
59
96
59
X
D
123
51
31
51
38
100
79
99
E
208
55
39
41
41
128
68
212
304
F
566
31
39
X
283
80
176
197
189
G
69
76
67
X
192
77
76
GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
111
815
X
X
X
X
X
B
53
49
39
310
75
59
X
C
89
63
30
65
143
71
X
D
76
64
30
68
58
207
108
E
122
60
35
43
50
214
F
808
53
44
X
420
G
117
114
121
X
307
Table 4.4 Illuminance Level of Night at 1.0m
Table 4.3 Illuminance Level of Night at 1.5m
m
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Average illuminance level at Day (lx) Working Level Height 1.5m 1.0m Zone 1 868.00 960.83 Zone 2 1974.00 3590.00 Zone 3 128.83 121.50 Zone 4 178.53 254.69 Zone 5 65.00 73.50 Zone 6 340.25 677.00 Table 4.5 Average Illuminance Level for each zone . The average illuminance level of the different zones in daytime is calculated for use of Daylight factors.
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4.2 Analysis of Data 4.2.1 Daylight Factor Calculation Site Conditions Where Else CafĂŠ located at the end lot where it receives sufficient natural light from the front and side elevation. Building is orientated West and receive afternoon sunlight. Canvas awning are placed around the building to reduce direct glare from sunlight that might cause disability in sight. Transparent windows are situated at the North elevation to receive daylight. Timber partitions with glass panel are designed to receive daylight for the interior. Calculations The below formula is used to calculate the daylight factor (DF) of the specific space. The favourable DF value for indoor is above 2%. With 2% and more DF value, PSALI method could be used for sustainable building. PSALI utilises daylight and artificial light to achieve comfortable lighting environment for human activities. Daylight Factor, DF =
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x 100%
Daylight factor chart Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark
Daylight Factor (%) >6 3–6 1–3 0–1
Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Table 4.6 Daylight factor and distribution (source: MS 1525)
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4.2.1.1 Zone 1 Function: Lobby Working Plane Height 1.5m 1.0m
Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark
Outdoor Illuminance, Eo (Lx) 20000
Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lx) 868
20000
Daylight Factor (%) >6 3–6 1–3 0–1
960.83
Daylight Factor, DF (%)
Lighting
868
DF = x 100% 20000 = 4.34 960.83 DF = x 100% 20000 = 4.80
Bright Bright
Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Conclusion Based on MS1525, Zone 1 which is the lobby achieved bright lighting with a daylight factor of 4.34% at standing eye level and 4.80% at sitting eye level. This area is an outdoor area in front of the entrance. The value is collected during the daytime and without the lightings on. It shows that the lightings are not necessary during the daytime in Zone 1 as it is already bright somewhat causing discomfort in glare. To solve this, a blind may apply to provide a comfortable light effect for the users. Figure 4.1 Lobby
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4.2.1.2 Zone 2 Function: Outdoor Dining Working Plane Height 1.5m 1.0m
Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark
Outdoor Illuminance, Eo (Lx) 20000
Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lx) 1974
20000
Daylight Factor (%) >6 3–6 1–3 0–1
Daylight Factor, DF (%)
Lighting
1974
DF = x 100% 20000 = 9.87 3590 DF = 20000 x 100% = 17.95
3590
Very Bright Very Bright
Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Conclusion
Zone 2 is an outdoor dining area. Similar to Zone 1, this zone achieved very bright lighting with a daylight factor of 9.87% at standing eye level and 17.95% at sitting eye level. The value is really high. In our discussion, we have noted few factors for it. Figure 4.2 Outdoor Dining Area
Firstly, since the shop is located at corner end, the sunlight is allowed into the interior. Secondly, the reflection of light on the car surface and the façade of the shoplots surrounding also causes the high value of daylight factor especially at sitting eye level. This high value contributes to thermal and glare problem. Discomfort may occur due to glare when sitting and may cause disability in sight due to glaring when the light is directly reflect to their eyes. To overcome this, a blind or an awning fabric may be installed at the front of the shop to block the excessive sunlight.
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4.2.1.3 Zone 3 Function: Beverage Station Working Plane Height 1.5m 1.0m
Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark
Outdoor Illuminance, Eo (Lx) 20000
Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lx) 128.83
20000
Daylight Factor (%) >6 3–6 1–3 0–1
121.5
Daylight Factor, DF (%)
Lighting
128.83
DF = x 100% 20000 = 0.64 121.5 DF = 20000 x 100% = 0.61
Dark Dark
Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Conclusion Zone 3 is the beverage station. The daylight factor of this zone is 0.64% for standing eye level whereas 0.87% for sitting eye level. According to MS1525, the daylight factor which below 0.61% is categorized under dark category. The presence of opening at its north side doesn’t lit up the space as it is very far from the outside. Artificial lightings are required at this zone to achieve sufficient illuminance level especially during night time. Figure 4.3 Beverage Station
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4.2.1.4 Zone 4 Function: Dining Area Working Plane Height 1.5m 1.0m
Zone Very Bright Bright Average Dark
Outdoor Illuminance, Eo (Lx) 20000
Indoor Illuminance, Ei (Lx) 178.53
20000
254.69
Daylight Factor (%) >6 3–6 1–3 0–1
Daylight Factor, DF (%) DF =
Lighting
178.53
x 100% = 0.89 254.69 DF = x 100% 20000 = 1.27 20000
Dark Average
Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Good Fair Poor
Conclusion
Figure 4.4 Indoor Dining Area
Zone 4 is the indoor dining area. Based on MS1525, this zone achieved average lighting with daylight factor of 0.89% at standing eye level and 1.27% at sitting eye level. It falls between the dark and average category. The lighting of this zone partially come from daylight and partially from wall lamp. The window glass panels of the north and east side of the shop allow some daylight to lid up the space. However, the lighting level is still fair hence some artificial lightings is required to reach the optimum brightness of the space.
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4.2.2 Lumen Method Calculation Lumen Method Calculation are used for the calculation of lighting fixtures arranged with a consistent pattern overhead. The data required for the calculations were obtained beforehand and tabulated. As the lighting fixtures in the restaurant are scattered and mixed, assumption are done by substitute the ‘initial luminous flux from each lamp’ with the ‘average of the luminous flux of the different types of lighting fixtures found in the zone’. Analysis and conclusion are made based on the calculations. The below formulas are used to calculate the artificial lighting quality in the specific zones through Lumen method. The lighting fixtures and finishing material of the indoor spaces were identified during the site visit at night. Finally, the numbers of lights required are calculated.
đ?‘…đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š đ??żđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘”đ?‘Ąâ„Ž (đ?‘š) đ?‘Ľ đ?‘…đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š đ?‘Šđ?‘–đ?‘‘đ?‘Ąâ„Ž (đ?‘š)
Room Index, RI = đ?‘€đ?‘œđ?‘˘đ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘’đ?‘‘ đ??ťđ?‘’đ?‘–đ?‘”â„Žđ?‘Ą đ?‘œđ?‘“ đ?‘“đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘’ đ?‘Ąâ„Žđ?‘’ đ?‘¤đ?‘œđ?‘&#x;đ?‘˜đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘’ đ?‘Ľ (đ?‘…đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š đ??żđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘”đ?‘Ąâ„Ž+đ?‘…đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘š đ?‘Šđ?‘–đ?‘‘đ?‘Ąâ„Ž)
Number of Lights required =
đ?‘…đ?‘’đ?‘žđ?‘˘đ?‘–đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘‘ đ??żđ?‘˘đ?‘Ľ đ?‘™đ?‘’đ?‘Łđ?‘’đ?‘™ (đ?‘™đ?‘Ľ) đ?‘Ľ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž đ?‘Žđ?‘Ą đ?‘¤đ?‘œđ?‘&#x;đ?‘˜đ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘” đ?‘?đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘’ â„Žđ?‘’đ?‘–đ?‘”â„Žđ?‘Ą (đ?‘š2) đ??źđ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘™đ?‘˘đ?‘šđ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘˘đ?‘œđ?‘ đ?‘“đ?‘™đ?‘˘đ?‘Ľ đ?‘“đ?‘&#x;đ?‘œđ?‘š đ?‘’đ?‘Žđ?‘?â„Ž đ?‘™đ?‘Žđ?‘šđ?‘? (đ?‘™đ?‘š) đ?‘Ľ đ?‘ˆđ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘–đ?‘§đ?‘Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘œđ?‘› đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘Ąđ?‘œđ?‘&#x; đ?‘Ľ đ?‘€đ?‘Žđ?‘–đ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘’đ?‘›đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘?đ?‘’ đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘Ąđ?‘œđ?‘&#x;
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4.2.2.1 Zone 1 Referring to the lighting fixture table and diagram, the lighting fixtures of the zone are tabulated. Function: Lobby Types of Lighting Fixtures Projector LED light Incandescent Globe Light Bulb
Number of Fixtures 4 1
Luminous Flux (lm) 1500 370
Calculations **Lux Level required for the room is taken from MS1525 recommendations for room Lux Level required for the room, E 150 Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2) 20 Total Number of Fixtures 5 Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixture, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m)
=
(1500 đ?‘Ľ 4) + (370 đ?‘Ľ 1) 4+1
= 1274 4.00 5.00 3.0 1.5 1.5
= Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF
=1.48 Black Plastered Ceiling White Brick Wall Cream Yellow Marble Floor 0.6 0.8 =
Number of Lights required
4đ?‘Ľ5 1.5 đ?‘Ľ (4 + 5)
15 80 97
150 đ?‘Ľ 20 1274 đ?‘Ľ 0.6 đ?‘Ľ 0.8
=5
Conclusion At the entrance which serves as lobby of the restaurant, there are total of 5 lighting fixtures installed which is sufficient to illuminate zone 1. The position of the fixtures that are too closed to each other are compensate by the use of projector light that are adjustable to the direction of illumination.
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4.2.2.2 Zone 2 Function: Outdoor Dining Area Types of Lighting Fixtures Globe Light bulb LED Light blub Projector LED light
Number of Fixtures 3 1 3
Calculations Lux Level required for the room, E Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2) Total Number of Fixtures Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixtures, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m) Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall
Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Number of Lights required
Luminous Flux (lm) 165 350 1500
200 21.57 7
=
(165 đ?‘Ľ 3)+(350 đ?‘Ľ 1)+(1500 đ?‘Ľ 3) 3+1+3
= 763.57 3.21 6.72 3.2 1.0 2.2 =
3.21 đ?‘Ľ 6.72 2.2 đ?‘Ľ (3.21 + 6.72)
=0.99 Timber Ceiling Light blue timber partition with clear glass panel + White plastered brick wall Black Ceramic Tiles 0.48 0.8
14 68
15
200 đ?‘Ľ 21.57
= 763.57 đ?‘Ľ 0.48 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 = 15
Conclusion From the calculation, the numbers of artificial lights required are 15 while in the actual situation, 7 lights are provided. The space is underlit during the night time whereas it doesn’t require artificial lighting during daytime. It is suggested that the zone 2 will required to add in 8 lighting fixtures to meet the lux level recommended in MS1525.
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4.2.2.3 Zone 3 Function: Beverage Station Types of Lighting Fixtures Globe Light bulb LED Light bulb LED Light bulb Projector LED light Incandescent Globe Light
Number of Fixtures 1 6 2 2 1
Calculations Lux Level required for the room, E Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2) Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Number of Fixtures Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixture, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m)
Luminous Flux (lm) 165 500 350 1350 470
200 36.1
=
(165 đ?‘Ľ 1)+(500 đ?‘Ľ 6)+(350 đ?‘Ľ 2)+(1350 đ?‘Ľ 2)+ (470 đ?‘Ľ 1) 1 + 6 + 2 + 2 +1
= 572.92 12 4.00 5.00 3 1.5 1.5 4đ?‘Ľ5
= 1.5 đ?‘Ľ (4 + 5) Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF
=1.48 White Plastered Ceiling Light grey Ceramic wall + White plaster brick wall Cream yellow Marble Floor + Dark Grey Ceramic Tiles 0.6 0.8 =
Number of Lights required
80 65 56
200 đ?‘Ľ 36.1 572.92 đ?‘Ľ 0.6 đ?‘Ľ 0.8
= 26
Conclusion From the analysis, Zone 3 is underlit. The amount of fixture installed is 12 while from the lumen calculation, 26 lightings are required. From the fixtures position, the pendant lights located at the beverage station are used as task lighting which is sufficient for activities. However, the circulation area for Zone 3 is underlit. 13 Light fixtures around 600 luminous flux level can be added to the circulation area.
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4.2.2.4 Zone 4 Function: Dining Area Zone Function Types of Lighting Fixtures
Number of bulbs per fixture
4 Dining Number of Fixtures
4 1 8 1 1
1 6 3 7 3
LED candle bulbs chandelier LED light bulb LED candle light chandelier LED recessed light Projector LED light Calculations Lux Level required for the room, E Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2) Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Number of Fixtures Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixture, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m)
200 88.69
=
(470 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 4)+(350 đ?‘Ľ 6)+(250 đ?‘Ľ 3 đ?‘Ľ 8)+(1250 đ?‘Ľ 7)+ (1500 đ?‘Ľ 3) 1 + 6 + 3 + 7 +3
= 1161.5 20 11.9 9.4 3 1.0 2
= Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF
Luminous Flux per light bulb (lm) 470 350 250 1250 1500
11.9 đ?‘Ľ 9.4 2 đ?‘Ľ (11.9 + 9.4)
=2.63 White Plastered Ceiling White Brick wall + Light Blue timber partitions with clear glass panel Cream Yellow Marble Floor 0.56 0.8
80 68 97
200 đ?‘Ľ 88.69
Number of Lights required
= 1161.5 đ?‘Ľ 0.56 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 = 34
Conclusion Zone 4 is also underlit. The dining environment is too dark. It is suggested that the 14 lights with 1200 lumen value are aligned at the middle of the dining space.
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4.2.2.5 Zone 5 Function: Indoor Dining Area Types of Lighting Fixtures
Number of bulbs per fixture
Number of Fixtures
8 1
1 4
LED candle light chandelier LED light bulb Calculations Lux Level required for the room, E Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2)
Luminous Flux per light bulb (lm) 250 1250
200 12.73
=
Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Number of Fixtures Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixture, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m)
(250 đ?‘Ľ 1 đ?‘Ľ 8)+(1250 đ?‘Ľ 4) 1+4
= 1400 5 4.33 2.94 3.1 1.0 2.1 4.33 đ?‘Ľ 2.94
= 2.1 đ?‘Ľ (4.33 + 2.94) Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF
=0.83 White Plastered Ceiling Glass Panel with white timber frame + Wallpaper Cream Yellow Marble Floor 0.37 0.8
80 14 97
200 đ?‘Ľ 12.73
= 1400 đ?‘Ľ 0.37 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 =5
Number of Lights required
Conclusion Zone 5 has a good lighting where the number of lights required are met by the installation. The distribution of artificial lights is sufficient.
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4.2.2.6 Zone 6 Function: Dining Area Zone Function Types of Lighting Fixtures LED Light bulb LED Recessed light
Number of Fixtures 2 4
Calculations Lux Level required for the room, E Area at Working Plane Height, A (m2) Average Luminous flux from each lamp, F (lm) Number of Fixtures Room Length (m) Room Width (m) Mounting Height of fixture, Hm (m) Working Plane height (m) Mounting Height of Fixture above working plane, Hm (m) Room Index, RI Reflectance Value Ceiling Reflectance Value Wall Reflectance Value Floor Utilization factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF
6 Dining Luminous Flux (lm) 350 1250
200 17.6
=
(350 đ?‘Ľ 2)+(1250 đ?‘Ľ 4) 2 +4
= 956 6 4.00 4.40 3.1 1.0 2.1 1.00 White Plaster Ceiling White Brick Wall+ Light Blue Partition with glass panel Dark Brown Timber Flooring 0.51 0.8
80 68 35
200 đ?‘Ľ 17.6
Number of Lights required
= 956 đ?‘Ľ 0.51 đ?‘Ľ 0.8 =9
Conclusion From the overall, Zone 6 is underlit as 9 light fixtures are needed to illuminate the space while in the actual situation, 6 lighting fixtures are installed. 3 LED recessed light of 1250 lumen can be installed at the middle and the entrance of the space. This helps to illuminate the space at night while during the day time. On the daytime, the daylight will illuminate the space from the glass panel.
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4.3 Spatial Quality of Light [Daylighting] Daylight Simulation
Left: Figure 4.5 Key Plan Right: Figure 4.6 Simulation of Daylight
Based on the simulation analysis, the west side of the Where Else cafĂŠ, Zone 1 and Zone 2, have higher exposure to daylight. Zone 2 has the highest daylight factor as there are daylight streaming from west and north side as the cafĂŠ is an end lot of the shoplots. While Zone 1 is the outdoor lobby that is open to west and afternoon sun. For zone 4, there are some fixed windows at north side that allow sunlight to light up the dining space. The zone 5 and zone 6 has the lowest daylight factor as the area is further from the daylight source.
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4.4 Spatial Quality of Light [Artificial Lighting] Ecotech Artificial Light Simulation Zone 1 Function: Lobby Area
Top: Figure 4.7 Floor Plan of Zone 1 Left: Figure 4.8 Simulation of Zone 1 Right: Figure 4.9 Zone 1 in Floor Plan
Zone 1 is positioned within the grid F-G, 6-7. This zone is the lobby area of the Where Else CafĂŠ. The artificial lighting of this zone are used as accent lighting to focus on the paintings on the wall. The lights used in this zone are spot lights and only necessary for night as it has high daylight factor during day time.
Figure 4.10 light condition of the lobby.
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Zone 2 Function: Lobby Area
Top: Figure 4.11 Floor Plan of Zone 2 Left: Figure 4.12 Simulation of Zone 2 Right: Figure 4.13 Zone 2 in Floor Plan
Zone 2 is positioned within F-G, 1-4. This is the outdoor dining area. There are 3 recessed lights at the outer side. Besides, there is a wall lamp at the corner as task lighting to provide enough illumination for customers. The overall illumination of the artificial light is good.
Figure 4.14 Light condition of zone 2
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Zone 3 Function: Beverage Station
Top: Figure 4.14 Floor Plan of Zone 3 Left: Figure 4.15 Simulation of Zone 3 Right: Figure 4.16 Zone 3 in Floor Plan
Zone 3 is positioned within C-F, 4-7. Beverage station is brightly lit for south side of the zone. There are 6 LED lights to serve as task lighting for the staffs prepare the beverage and for the cashier to do the billings. The artificial lighting for the circulation which is in the north and middle of the zone are lacking.
Figure 4.17 Beverage Station
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Zone 4 Function: Indoor Dining Area
Top: Figure 4.18 Floor Plan of Zone 4 Left: Figure 4.19 Artificial Light Simulation of Zone 4 Right: Figure 4.20 Zone 4 in Floor Plan
Zone 4 is positioned within A-F, 1-5. This is the indoor dining area. There are few types of lighting fixtures contributes at this zone. There are 3 elegant chandeliers on the centre of the zone. There are also some recessed downlight wall lamps along the side wall and normally these are only necessary at night as there are daylight provided through the window. From the simulation, the south side of the zone is underlit. Lightings can be installed at the south side of the zone. From the overall, zone 4 is dimly lit compared to other zones. Figure 4.21 Zone 4 is dimly lit with yellow light emitted by chandelier.
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Function: Dining Room
Top: Figure 4.22 Floor Plan of Zone 5 Left: Figure 4.23 Artificial Light Simulation of Zone 5 Right: Figure 4.24 Zone 5 in Floor Plan
Zone 5 is positioned within A-C, 5-6. There are recessed down lights at each corner of the room. There is also a chandelier in the middle of the room. The artificial lights illuminate the corners and the center of the room which the lighting of sides of the room was compensated by the glass partition that allows lights to travel in.
Figure 4.25 Reserved Dining Room
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Zone 6 Function: Dining Room
Top: Figure 4.26 Floor Plan of Zone 6 Left: Figure 4.27 Artificial Light Simulation of Zone 6 Right: Figure 4.28 Zone 6 in Floor Plan
Zone 6 is positioned within A-B, 1-3. This is also a reserved dining room. There are few recessed downlights and 2 wall lamps to provide lighting in this room. These artificial lighting are used both the day and night. Glass panel on the partitions allow artificial light from Zone 4 to illuminate the space without the light fixture.
Figure 4.29 The Zone 6 is lit well on the right.
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The restaurant combines ambient lighting, task lighting and accent lighting together to create the environment. From the analysis from the Daylighting and Artificial lighting simulation, the site is compromising on the planning strategies for lighting as PSALI are not implemented well. The use of different types of lighting fixtures causes the space to have inconsistent illumination level around different zones. Glare and high daylight factor should be dealt as it may cause discomfort to the user of space. On the other side, the restaurant is successful in creating the mood of elegance and ambient by using romantic light fixtures and accent light to highlight special spaces. Valence light, chandeliers and lamps gives the place classy feeling. Other than that, the material of the place with high reflectance are good for reflecting light which creates a brighter space. For suggestion, PSALI method could be use at Zone 4 as the spaces received 1.27% to 3.39% of Daylight factor during the day. PSALI method combines the use of daylight and artificial light to illuminate the indoor which is more sustainable. For Zone 4, it is recommended to install the lights as in the figure 5.1 below.
Figure 5.1 Example of PSALI planning
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and s ound l evelof each poi nt was obt ai nedwi t hs ound l evel devi ce. The r eadi ng wer et aken at di ffer ent me dur i ng peak hour andnonpeakhour . A er war ds ,SI L,STL and RT of Wher e El s e Caf e wer e cal cul at ed.
ACOUSTI C ANALYSI S
The caf ei s di vi ded i nt o6z onesf ordat a col l ec on and anal ys i s . Then gr i d l i nes ar e pl o ed acr os st hefloorpl an
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1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1.1 Aim and Objectives ....................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Introduction of Site ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Architectural Drawing and Zoning ................................................................................ 6
2.0 JOURNAL IN ACOUSTIC .................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2 Methodology and Measurements .............................................................................. 11 2.3 Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Material Simulation ........................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Reverberation Time (RT) and Early Decay Time (EDT) ....................................... 13 2.3.3 Speech Transmission Index (STI) and A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level .......... 15 2.3.4 Correlations between Measurements and Auditory Perception ...................... 16 2.4 Conclusion................................................................................................................... 17
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & DATA TABULATION ...................................................... 18 3.1 Method & Procedure .................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Equipment .................................................................................................................. 19 3.3 Materiality .................................................................................................................. 21 3.4 Acoustic Fixtures Location ......................................................................................... 27 3.5 Acoustic Fixtures and Specification ........................................................................... 28 3.6 Data Tabulation .......................................................................................................... 30
4.0 ANALYSIS........................................................................................................................ 31 4.1 Source of Noise (Outdoor) ......................................................................................... 32 4.2 Source of Noise (Indoor) ............................................................................................ 34 4.3 Analysis of Data .......................................................................................................... 37 4.3.1 Reverberation Time ............................................................................................ 37 4.3.1.1 Zone 5 ........................................................................................................ 38 4.3.1.2 Zone 6 ........................................................................................................ 40 4.3.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL) .................................................................................. 42 4.3.2.1 Sum of Sound Intensity for Each Zone ...................................................... 44 4.3.2.2 Sound Intensity Level Per Zone (SIL) ......................................................... 45 4.3.2.3 Sum of Sound Intensity of the Cafe .......................................................... 46 BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [WHERE ELSE CAFE]
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4.3.2.4 Overall Sound Intensity Level (SIL) ........................................................... 47 4.3.2.5 Acoustic Ray Diagram ............................................................................... 49 4.3.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) ............................................................................... 53 4.3.3.1 Ceiling ........................................................................................................ 53 4.3.3.2 Floor ........................................................................................................... 54 4.3.3.3 Wall A......................................................................................................... 55 4.3.3.4 Wall B ......................................................................................................... 56 4.3.3.5 Wall C ......................................................................................................... 57 4.3.3.6 Wall D ........................................................................................................ 58 4.3.3.7 Sound Transmission Loss ........................................................................... 59
5.0 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................. 60 5.1 Acoustic Evaluation .................................................................................................... 61 5.1.1 Reverberation Time ............................................................................................ 62 5.1.2 Sound Intensity Level ......................................................................................... 63 5.1.3 Sound Reduction Level........................................................................................ 64 5.2 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 66
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 67
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1.1 Aim and Objectives The aim of this project is to allow students to study and analyze about acoustic design layout and arrangements at a suggested site. Students will be identifying the characteristics, designs, interior and exterior acoustic requirements of the site. Students were also required to critically report and analyze the space by using appropriate research methodology, tools and skills. Furthermore, it is also important to take into consideration of the site condition to analyze on various acoustics performance and various building materials. •
Study and analyze about and acoustic design layout and arrangements.
•
Identify the characteristics, designs and functional requirements of day-lighting and
lighting requirement, as well as interior and exterior acoustic requirements. •
To critically report and analyze the space by using appropriate research
methodology, tools and skills. •
Understand site condition to analyze on various lighting performance and various
building materials in terms of acoustic performance.
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1.2 Introduction of Site
Figure 1.0: Interior of Where Else Cafe
Where Else Cafe Restaurant Located at the end lot of the shoplots in Jalan Kenari 19A, Bandar Puchong Jaya which is in commercial district, Where Else CafĂŠ is a western and Japanese fusion cuisine restaurant that provides a cozy and homely environment for leisure dining. The restaurant is 2 combined shoplots which has 4 dining area, a lobby, a beverage station and a kitchen. It can fit about 80 people during its peak hour. It also has 2 partitioned rooms that act as VIP rooms for events or party. Upon entering the shop, the customers will not go directly into the dining area, but will be greeted by the coffee counter and first VIP room instead. The settings of the restaurant focus on light blue and white colour theme which gives the restaurant bright and comfortable place to dine in. Partitions divides the dining area into different zones with enclosure that allows party or gathering to happen without interrupting the activities happened outside the zones.
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1.3 Architectural Drawings and Zoning
Figure 1.1: Plan of Where Else Cafe
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Figure 1.3: Area Zoning
Figure 1.2: Function of the Areas
Figure 1.4: Section A-A
Figure 1.5: Section B-B
Figure 1.6: Section C-C
Figure 1.7: Section D-D
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2.1 Introduction Building Name: CEPA Shopping Centre Location: Ankara, Turkey Study Area: Food court, level 3 CEPA Shopping centre is designed with an atrium at the entrance level which connects all floors with each other. The spaces with different functions such as movie theatre, food court or shops are located separately from each other having a unified but at the same time distinct localizations. It is designed to have two different circulation axes which are linked to each other at the beginning and the end. The food court area, which is considered for this study is located at the third floor. The main area is the circular enclosed space that is surrounded by various restaurants and cafes at the sides and a glass dome ceiling above.
Overall
Considered Atrium Area
Height (m)
40
40
Width (m)
88
75
268
55
940.000
165.000
Length (m) 3
Volume (m )
Table 2.0: Dimension information of the shopping mall Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
The atrium is located at the middle of the space with a circular opening which provides visual and audible connection with the overall shopping area. The overall volume of the considered area is 165.000 m3 that includes the below floors and galleries.
Figure 2.0: CEPA Shopping Centre Source: Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.1: 3rd Floor Partial Plan of CEPA Shopping Mall showing food-court and atrium space Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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In CEPA Shopping Center, there is no significant intervention for obtaining better acoustical conditions regarding materials. One application is in the food court floor ceiling. The ceiling is covered by longitudinal strips of vertical acoustic panels. The other materials which are large panes of glass used on the dome skylight, wide glass shop cases, granite for the finishing material on floors and aluminium cladding of the columns are all act as reflectors for certain frequencies that support the formation of the negatively effective acoustical parameters.
Figure 2.2: View from the food-court area showing the material finishing and the glass dome ceiling Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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2.2 Methodology and Measurements According to Dรถkmeci et al. (2016), there are significant points need to be covered in order to conduct a study on objective and subjective indices. One method is obtaining the quantitative information on sound-scapes via computer simulations. One receiver located on the food court level near the atrium void, and one source located on the entrance level under the atrium void are used for the measurements (see Figures 2.1, 2.2, 2.3). Reverberation Time (T30), Early Decay Time (EDT), A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level (SPL (A)), and Speech Transmission Index (STI) values are obtained by the simulated measurements. Computer simulated model of the space is analyzed via ODEON Room Acoustics Program version 8.5. The computer simulation process is initiated by drawing a 3D model of the space by AutoCAD 2007 software and importing the model to ODEON in DXF (data exchange file) format.
Figure 2.3: Cross-section of CEPA Shopping Mall Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.4: Longitudinal section of CEPA Shopping Mall Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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2.3 Analysis The acoustical parameters of CEPA Shopping Center in Ankara, and its users’ acoustical comfort evaluation are first analysed separately and then the correlation of the objective and subjective results are investigated. It is pointed out in the literature that there is a lack regarding the correlation studies of objective measurements and subjective responses. The aim of this study is to investigate upon this lack and to form a basis for the further evolved studies on this topic. The main concern is the food court area located at the third floor. The unique architectural characteristics of this area with an atrium and glass dome ceiling have its own unified acoustical properties featuring rather long reverberation times at middle frequencies and shorter reverberation times at low frequencies.
2.3.1 Material Simulation The simulations that are studied by ODEON 8.5 modeled accordingly with the real materials, dimensions and geometries (see Tables 2.0, 2.1). The whole longitudinal space is not modeled, but the atrium void and the food-court area are considered for the partial plan (see Figure 2.1). By that way the rectangular building will be cut as a square. As these cutoff walls will draw as separate surfaces and cannot be left open for operating with ODEON, a specified material should be assigned with a defined absorption percentage. The cut-off side walls of the space are assigned as 10% absorbent. Surface
Material
Dome
Large panes of heavy plate glass Plasterboard on battens with large airspace above Gypsum board, 2 layers 32mm
Ceiling
Walls
63 Hz 0.18
125 Hz 0.18
250 Hz 0.06
500 Hz 0.04
1000 Hz 0.03
2000 Hz 0.02
4000 Hz 0.02
8000 Hz 0.02
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.08
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.28
0.28
0.12
0.1
0.17
0.13
0.09
0.09
Floors
Marble or glazed tile
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
Kiosk panels Showcase Windows Wood Separation Units
Acrylic with 10cm air-space Ordinary window glass
0.1
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.35
0.35
0.25
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.17
0.15
0.1
0.21
0.21
Veneered wood cladding
Table 2.1: Material list and sound absorption coefficients used for the model Source: DĂśkmeci et al., 2016
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2.3.2 Reverberation Time (RT) and Early Decay Time (EDT) The previous studies generally indicate that in atrium buildings commonly used as shopping malls with glass roof and showcases, the longest RT occurs at middle frequencies. Similarly, the RT values obtained by the measurements of the simulated model show that, the reverberation time (RT) of the empty shopping mall for 500Hz is 13.3s, and for 1000 Hz is 11.2s. It should be noted that these values are relevant when the mall is thought to be empty. When the measurements of the occupied space are done, the RT for 500Hz decreases to 12.3s, which is not very significant. There is another interesting value of occupied RT for 1000 Hz, which is 18.7s. There is a noticeable 7.5s of increase between two measurements.
Empty Occupied
125 Hz
250Hz
500 Hz
1000 Hz
2000 Hz
4000 Hz
T30(s)
15.6
14.5
13.3
11.2
7.0
4.6
EDT(s)
10.4
12.9
13.1
11.7
8.1
4.4
T30(s)
4.4
7.4
12.3
18.7
13.5
6.8
EDT(s)
6.5
6.4
5.5
7.4
2.0
2.2
Table 2.2: RT and EDT distribution for frequencies from 125 Hz to 4000 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
It is said that EDT is generally better related to the subjective judgment than RT. The measured EDT values of the empty space are 13.1s for 500 Hz and 11.7s for 1000 Hz. The EDT values are significantly decreased for the occupied space. For the basic requirement of the diffused field conditions, the present EDT and RT values are not obtained. Better acoustical conditions would be achieved by equated values of EDT and R
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Figure 2.6: RT distribution map of the occupied space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.5: RT distribution map of the empty space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.7: EDT distribution map of the empty space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.8: EDT distribution map of the occupied space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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2.3.3 Speech Transmission Index (STI) and A-Weighted Sound Pressure Level (SPL (A)) The
speech
transmission index varies from 0 (completely unintelligible) to 1 (perfect
intelligibility). The simulated measurement shows the averaged intelligibility of the unoccupied space as 0.39 which is equivalent to poor intelligibility. The occupied value of STI is 0.47, yet this increase is equivalent to fair conditions, it is still out the range of good intelligibility. The grid distribution map of the STI values is not homogeneous. In addition, there are zones having scores that are unintelligible. The acceptable SPL values in such buildings are 45 to 50 dB (A) [6]. The measured SPL (A) of the empty food-court area is 71.1 dB which is not in the accepted range. When the more relevant occupied values are measured the value decreases to 53.5 dB. This drop is meaningful when compared to other acoustical parameters yet it still needs to be below 50 dB
Figure 2.9: STI distribution map of the empty space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.11: SPL(A) distribution map of the empty space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.10: STI distribution map of the occupied space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.12: SPL(A) distribution map of the occupied space at 500 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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2.3.4 Correlations between Measurements and Auditory Perception The EDT and RT measures show that there is a low level of attenuation in the space that leads to unaccepted conditions for STI. When the results of the objective and subjective measures are collated, the correlations are significant regarding speech noise annoyance and long EDT and RT. The simulation result of the occupied hall is not in the accepted level regarding SPL (A) which acts as another factor lowering the acoustical comfort. In the literature, it is agreed that without effective material usage of absorbers or resonators in the spaces like domes or atriums with peculiar acoustical measures, the objective measures and subjective responses are correlated.
Figure 2.13: Global estimated RT distribution graph of the empty space at frequencies from 63 Hz to 8000 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
Figure 2.14: Global estimated RT distribution graph of the occupied space at frequencies from 63 Hz to 8000 Hz Source: Dรถkmeci et al., 2016
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2.4 Conclusion In this study, the simulated measurements of the reverberation time of the empty and occupied space are found to be significantly different. In the empty space RT is longest at low frequencies while in the occupied situation, the longest RT occurs at the middle frequencies. In addition, the simulation results show that the EDT and RT values are significantly varied.
However, in order to achieve the values for diffused field conditions, RT and EDT need to be similar which gives the understanding of better and unified acoustical conditions. The reverberation time should have been effectively decreased by proper material applications, so that the sound can be diffused in the space. In order to create better acoustical conditions especially in enclosed public spaces, the key factor is to prevent the negative acoustical indices such as echo, reverberation and high levels of sound pressure level.
The material selection as one important criterion for echo and reverberation control should be carefully conducted in such acoustically critical spaces. Absorbers and resonators are the key applications even though in our case, glass, granite and aluminium, 3 known reflectors are chosen as finishing materials.
As a result, the desired visual atmosphere could have been achieved but the acoustical design stands to be poor. The best conditions and results can be achieved by the proper material selection and application with the consultancy of an acoustician or an architect professional in the field of architectural acoustics
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3.1 Method and Procedure Site Visit We have visited the site, which is the Where Else café, for 3 times to do the measured drawings and to collect data during the peak hour and non-peak hour for the acoustic performance evaluation. The reading is recorded on the plotted plan with 3m x 3m gridlines. Therefore, there is 40 grid points in total. For the analysis, the cafe is divided into 6 zones which are highlighted in the floor plan (Figure 1.3). Data Collection
The values of acoustic level during non-peak hour, 4pm, were recorded with the sound level meter. The data was recorded by indicating sound level at the grid points based on the gridlines created. The steps were repeated during the peak hour, 9pm. Tabulation of Data and Diagramming Sound ray diagrams were made by using Revit Architecture 2016 to show the distribution of noise for each zone. Further analysis was made in the aspects of reverberation time (RT), sound intensity level (SIL) and sound reduction index (SRI).
3.2 Equipment Measuring Tape It is used to measure a constant height of the position of the lux meter and sound meter from the ground level. It is also used in measured drawing, to determine the grid position on the studying area. Camera Camera is used to capture and record the interior and exterior of the café, to capture moods and ambience of the environment. Besides that, it is also use to record data such as lighting qualities and lighting equipment installed in the café.
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Sound Level Meter
Figure3.0: Sound Level Meter
Function
Meter default function
Measurement Range Resolution Range selector
Frequency Microphone type Microphone size Frequency weighting network
Time weighting ( Fast & Slow) Calibrator Output Signal
Output Terminal
Calibration VR
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS dB ( A & C frequency weighting ), Time weighting ( Fast, Slow), Hold, Memory( Max. & Min.), Peak hold, AC output RS232 output. Range set to auto range. Frequency weighting set to A weighting. Time weighting set to fast 30-130 dB. 0.1 dB. Auto range: 30 to 130 dB. Manual range: 3 range, 30 to 80 dB, 50 to 100 dB, 80 to 130 dB, 50dB on each step with over & under range indicating. 31.5 to 8,000 Hz Electric condenser microphone. Out size, 12.7mm DIA. (0.5 inch) Characteristics of A & C * A weighting The characteristic is stimulated as “Human Ear Listing” response. Typical, if making the environmental sound level measurement, always select to A weighting. Fast – t= 200ms, Slow – t = 500ms, * “Fast” range is stimulated the human ear response time. * “Slow” range is easy to get the average. B & K ( Brunel & Kjaer), Multifunction Acoustic Calibrator 4226 * AC output: AC 0.5 Vrms corresponding to each range step. Output impedance – 600 ohm * RS232 output. Terminal 1: RS232 computer interface terminal, photo couple isolated. Terminal 2: AC output terminal. Terminal socket size: 3.5mm dia. Phone socket. Build in external calibration VR, easy to calibrate on 94dB level by screw driver. Table 3.0: Specification of Sound Level Meter
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3.3 Materiality Zone1 Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Ceiling
Plaster Ceiling
Black
Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.04
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Gypsum plastering, Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.05
Wall
Brick Wall
White
Rough
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.015
0.02
0.02
Matte
Floor
Marble Floor
Cream
Smooth
Yellow
Table 3.1: Materiality of Zone1
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Zone2
Ceiling
Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Timber Ceiling
Brown
Rough
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.015
0.02
0.02
Matte
Wall / Partition
Wall
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light
Smooth
Blue
Matte
Plastered Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
Floor
Ceramic Tile
Dark
Rough
Grey
Matte
Table 3.2: Materiality of Zone2
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Zone3
Ceiling
Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.015
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.015
0.02
0.02
Matte
Wall
Wall
Ceramic Wall
Plastered Brick Wall
Light
Smooth
Grey
Matte
White
Smooth Matte
Counter
Brick Wall Counter
White
Rough Matte
Floor
Marble Floor
Cream
Smooth
Yellow
Polished
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Floor
Ceramic Tile
Dark
Rough
Grey
Matte
0.015
0.02
0.02
Table 3.3: Materiality of Zone3
Zone4
Ceiling
Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.04
Clear
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.02
0.03
0.05
Matte
Wall /
Glass panel
Fixed
Transparent
opening
Wall / Partition
Counter
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light
Smooth
Blue
Matte
Brick Wall Counter
White
Rough Matte
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Floor
Marble Floor
Cream
Smooth
Yellow
Polished
0.015
0.02
0.02
Table 3.4: Materiality of Zone4
Zone5
Ceiling
Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.03
Matte
Wall
Plastered Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
Wall / Partition
Wall
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light
Smooth
Blue
Matte
Wallpaper
Yellow/
Smooth
Golden
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Floor
Marble Floor
Cream
Smooth
Yellow
Polished
0.015
0.02
0.02
Table 3.5: Materiality of Zone5
Zone6
Ceiling
Materials
Colour
Finish
Absorbance (500Hz)
Absorbance (1000Hz)
Absorbance (2000Hz)
Plaster Ceiling
White
Smooth
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.18
0.12
0.07
0.10
0.07
0.06
Matte
Wall
Plastered Brick Wall
White
Smooth Matte
Wall / Partition
Floor
Painted timber panels with clear glass
Light
Smooth
Blue
Matte
Timber Flooring
Dark
Smooth
Brown
Matte
Table 3.6: Materiality of Zone6
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3.4 Acoustic Fixtures Location
Figure3.1: Location of Acoustic Fixtures
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3.5 Acoustic Fixtures and Specification Fixtures
Specification Klipsch In-Ceiling Speaker Model: R-1650-C Size: 6-1/2" Wattage: 35W Frequency Response: 57Hz-20kHz +/- 3dB Sensitivity: 91dB @ 2.83V/1 meter Features: Two-way system using one polymer dome, tweeter and one poly woofer LD Systems Wall Mount Speaker Model: WMSS 5 W Size: 183 mm x 271 mm x 37 mm Wattage: 30W Frequency Response: 100 Hz - 20 kHz Sensitivity: 90 dB spl Features: 2-way wall mounted speaker HOUM Metal Stand Fan Model: M12 Size:12’’ Number of Blades:4 Voltage: 220-240V Wattage: 45W Noise Level: 65dB Features: 3-speed function, tilting and oscillating features Eco2 Ceiling Fan - Black Model: HPF-ECO252-FAN-MOULDEDBLACK Size: 52’’ Number of Blades: 4 Voltage: 240V Wattage: 55W Features: 3-speed function, Energy Star Efficient York Casette Deluxe Light Commercial Airconditioner Model: R410A Size: 570mm x 570mm x 260mm Cooling Capacity: 10000btu/hr Voltage: 220-240V Wattage: 850W Noise Level: 41dB Features: 4-speed drive provides extra cooling during hotter days
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Acson Wall Mounted S Series – ECOCool Airconditioner Model: A5WM 10S Size: 288 x 859 x 209 mm Cooling Capacity: 9500btu/hr Voltage: 220-240V Wattage: 870W Noise Level: 25-39dB Features: Fast cooling turbo mode, silent atmosphere Sanremo Capri Espresso Machine Size: 425mm x 485mm x 535mm Capacity of Boiler: 4,5Lt Wattage: 150W Features: Double scale pressure gauge, Auto backflush cleaning facility Sanremo Coffee Grinder Size: 160mm x 290mm x 510mm Bell Housing Capacity: 1.2kg Voltage: 230V Wattage: 300W Quantity Adjustment: 4-8grams Net weight: 10.5kg JTC Omniblend I Blender Size: 256mm x 282mm x 518mm Capacity: 1.5L Voltage: 240V Wattage: 950W Net weight: 4.9kg Features: 35, 60 & 90 second one-touch auto timer and High, Medium, Low & Pulse functions Maxx Cold Reach In Compressor MCR-49FD Size: 54” x 31 x 82 3/8” Capacity: 1387L Voltage: 230V Net weight: 167.8kg Temperature: 0.5⁰C to 3.9⁰C Features: Automatic interior lighting, Bottom mount compressor Table 3.7: Specification of Acoustic Fixtures
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3.6 Acoustic Data Tabulation Noise level taken at 1.5m Unit: Decibel (dB)
PEAK HOUR 3 4
5
6
7
GRID
1
2
A
71.3
66.8
x
x
x
x
x
B
65.2
70.5
65.0
70.2
69.9
71.4
x
C
70.7
69.2
70.5
65.3
72.6
71.4
x
D
81.3
70.5
67.5
62.8
65.8
69.2
73.5
E
75.8
72.4
64.8
62.1
63.5
65.7
70.1
F
80.3
80.5
70.5
X
60.7
61.9
60.9
G
59.1
62.5
63.7
X
61.1
60.5
61.8
5
6
7
Table 3.8: Sound level during non-peak hour
NON-PEAK HOUR 3 4
GRID
1
2
A
61.3
58.7
x
x
x
x
x
B
63.9
61.5
62.0
63.4
58.8
64.7
x
C
60.1
58.3
61.0
56.3
58.9
61.7
x
D
53.6
59.4
60.2
55.0
56.4
62.9
71.3
E
58.9
61.2
62.2
57.0
54.8
60.5
62.2
F
59.4
59.5
57.5
x
59.8
59.0
60.7
G
57.5
54.5
66.1
x
57.8
57.5
56.7
Table 3.9: Sound level during peak hour
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4.1 Source of Noise (Outdoor) Outdoor Noise Source
Description Surrounding Context Where Else Café is located at the edge of the shoplots neighborhood, where behind the café is a hill side that separated the residential area with the shoplots area.
Location map showing surrounding area of Where Else Café.
The shops near Where Else Café are mostly restaurants and cafes, thus, the noise source from outside of Where Else Café is mainly from
the
crowds
or
passerby
entering/exiting the shops. Shoplots beside Where Else Café
The outside sound level measured is within the ranged of 65dB – 79dB, depending on the location where the measurement is taken and peak/non-peak hour.
Shoplots above Where Else Café
Traffic The traffic is congested during the peak hour which is the lunch hour (12pm – 2pm) and dinner hour (6pm – 9pm), the sound level will be higher than usual, within the range of 75dB – 83dB. The noise are mainly from the Traffic condition outside Where Else Café
car engine or car horns sound.
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Car Park There are many car park slot available around the café, which are always fully occupied by cars, parking and leaving at different time intervals. Car park slots near Where Else Café.
Noise mainly comes from car engine and car door slamming. The sound level ranges similar to that of traffic condition which is 75dB – 83dB.
Car park available right in front of the café
Patrol Guards Throughout the day, patrol motorcycles will pass by the café several times and beeping constantly to raise awareness of surrounding people. The motorcycles pass by more often Patrol motorcycles passing by
at night time.
Five-Foot-Walkway There are a lot of passerbys will walk pass this area and sometimes people will gather here while waiting for their car to pick them up. The noise does not affect the café much but the outside dining area only. Five-foot-walkway in front of Where Else Café. Table 4.0: Outdoor Noise Source
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4.2 Source of Noise (Indoor) Human Noise
Figure 4.1: Plotting of human noise location.
Figure 4.0: Zoning floor plan.
Figure 4.2: Photo-taking hotspot.
Figure 4.3: Outdoor dining area (Zone 2).
Figure 4.4: Dining area (Zone 4) with the highest sound level all the time.
Figure 4.5: Beverage station and cashier place (Zone 3) with second highest sound level.
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Figure 4.7: Section A-A.
Figure 4.8: Section B-B.
4.8 Figure 4.9: Section C-C.
Figure 4.10: Section D-D.
Note According to the data collected, Zone 2, which is the dining area, has very high sound level due to it is a huge area that can contain a lot of customers compared to other zones. Thus, the human noise is also higher. Besides dining area, this cafĂŠ also provides photo-taking spots for customers, hence these Figure 4.6: Floor plan showing overall human noise intensity.
spots are also having higher human noise.
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Indoor Noise Diagram by Type of Source
Figure 4.11: Human Noise Diagram
Figure 4.15: Outdoor Ceiling Fans Noise Diagram
Figure 4.12: Ceiling Speaker Noise Diagram
Figure 4.16: Coffee Grinder Noise Diagram
Figure 4.13: Split Aircond Noise Diagram
Figure 4.17: Expresso Machine Noise Diagram
Figure 4.14: Wall Mounted Speaker Noise Diagram
Figure 4.18: York Commercial Aircond Noise Diagram
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4.3 Analysis 4.3.1 Reverberation Time Reverberation time of a space characterizes how long the acoustic energy remains in the space. It determines how functional a space is according to its own intended function. The reverberation time for the enclosed spaces (Zone 5 and Zone 6) is calculated at 500Hz, 1000Hz and 2000Hz. Volume of Zone 5 = 35.64đ?‘š3 Volume of Zone 6 = 49.03đ?‘š3
The absorption of a surface is determined by multiplying its surface area(S) x material absorption coefficient (a). The total room absorption (A) is calculated with the following formula: A = a 1¡ S 1 + a 2 ¡ S 2 + a 3 ¡ S 3 + ‌ a � ¡ S � Reverberation time formula: RT =
0.16 x V A
Where, V= Volume of space, A= Total room absorption
Table 4.1: Recommended Reverberation Times for Indicative Spaces Source: Reverberation Time,2016
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4.3.1.1 Zone 5 - Reverberation Time Calculation
Figure 4.20: Materials at Zone5
Figure 4.19: Interior of Zone5 Building Element
Surface Description
Surface Area,m²
500Hz (a)
500Hz (Sa)
1000Hz (a)
1000Hz (Sa)
2000Hz (a)
2000Hz (Sa)
Ceiling
White plaster Plastered brickwork Smooth brown wallpaper Timber
12.73
0.02
0.25
0.03
0.38
0.04
0.51
12.12
0.02
0.24
0.04
0.48
0.05
0.61
12.12
0.02
0.24
0.02
0.24
0.03
0.36
12.73
0.10
1.27
0.07
0.89
0.06
0.76
Timber with glass panels Marble table
25.17
0.18
4.53
0.12
3.02
0.07
1.76
2.00
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.04
Linen chair
2.98
0.80
2.38
0.88
2.62
0.82
2.44
Wall
Floor Partition Furniture
Total Absorption (A)
8.93
7.65
6.48
Table 4.2: Table of Total Absorption of the Materials at 500Hz, 1000Hz and 2000Hz
Human
Surface Area,m²
500Hz (a)
500Hz (Sa)
1000Hz (a)
1000Hz (Sa)
2000Hz (a)
2000Hz (Sa)
Peak Hour
8
0.46
3.68
0.46
3.68
0.51
4.08
3
0.46
3.68 1.38
0.46
3.68 1.38
0.51
4.08 1.53
Total Absorption (A) Non-Peak Hour Total Absorption (A)
1.38
1.38
1.53
Table 4.3: Table of Total Absorption of human at 500Hz, 1000Hz and 2000Hz
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Zone5 Peak Hour 500Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 8.93 + 3.68
RT =
= 0.45s
1000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 7.65 + 3.68
RT =
= 0.50s
2000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 6.48 + 4.08
RT =
= 0.54s
Zone 5 Non-Peak Hour 500Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 8.93 + 1.38
RT =
= 0.55s
1000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 7.65 + 1.38
RT =
= 0.63s
2000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 35.64 = 6.48 + 1.53
RT =
= 0.71s
The reverberation time(RT) at Zone 5 during the peak hour is 0.45s, 0.50s and 0.54s at 500Hz, 1000Hz, and 2000Hz respectively. While during non-peak hour, the reverberation time is 0.55s, 0.63s and 0.71s at 500Hz, 1000Hz, and 2000Hz respectively. The reverberation time during the non-peak hour is slightly higher than the RT during peak hour. This is due to the low amount of customers, hence the lower total absorption value. According to the standard, the recommended reverberation time for restaurant is 0.8-1.2s. The values in Zone 5 are slightly lower, which is within 0.45s-0.71s. The acoustic comfort for the customers is maintained in the enclosed dining space.
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4.3.1.2 Zone 6 - Reverberation Time Calculation
Figure 4.22: Materials at Zone6
Figure 4.21: Interior of Zone6 Building Element
Surface Description
Surface Area,m²
500Hz (a)
500Hz (Sa)
1000Hz (a)
1000Hz (Sa)
2000Hz (a)
2000Hz (Sa)
Ceiling
White plaster Plastered brickwork Timber
17.51
0.02
0.35
0.03
0.53
0.04
0.70
23.52
0.02
0.47
0.04
0.84
0.05
1.18
17.51
0.10
1.75
0.07
1.23
0.06
1.05
Timber with glass panels Marble table
19.90
0.18
3.58
0.12
2.39
0.07
1.39
3.60
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.04
0.02
0.07
Linen chair
5.96
0.80
4.77
0.88
5.25
0.82
4.89
Wall Floor Partition Furniture
Total Absorption (A)
10.96
10.28
9.28
Table 4.4: Table of Total Absorption of the Materials at 500Hz, 1000Hz and 2000Hz
Human
Surface Area,m²
500Hz (a)
500Hz (Sa)
1000Hz (a)
1000Hz (Sa)
2000Hz (a)
2000Hz (Sa)
Peak Hour
16
0.46
7.36
0.46
7.36
0.51
8.16
0.46
7.36 1.84
0.46
7.36 1.84
0.51
8.16 2.04
Total Absorption (A) Non-Peak Hour Total Absorption (A)
4
1.84
1.84
2.04
Table 4.5: Table of Total Absorption of human at 500Hz, 1000Hz and 2000Hz
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Zone6 Peak Hour 500Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 10.96 + 7.36
RT =
Zone6 Non-Peak Hour 500Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 10.96 + 1.84
RT =
= 0.61s
= 0.43s
1000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 10.28 + 7.36
RT =
1000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 10.28 + 1.84
RT =
= 0.65s
= 0.44s
2000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 9.28 + 8.16
RT =
2000Hz 0.16 x V A 0.16 x 49.03 = 9.28 + 2.04
RT =
= 0.69s
= 0.45s
The reverberation time(RT) at Zone 6 during the peak hour is 0.43s, 0.44s and 0.45s at 500Hz, 1000Hz, and 2000Hz respectively. While during non-peak hour, the reverberation time is 0.61s, 0.65s and 0.69s at 500Hz, 1000Hz, and 2000Hz respectively. The RT value during the non-peak hour is higher than the RT during peak hour. This is due to the low amount of customers, hence the lower total absorption value. According to the standard, the recommended reverberation time for restaurant is 0.8-1.2s. Zone 6 has lower reverberation time, which is within 0.43s-0.69s. The acoustic comfort for the diners is maintained in the enclosed dining space.
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4.3.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL) Noise level taken at 1.5m. Unit: Decibel (dB)
NON-PEAK HOUR 3 4
GRID
1
2
5
6
7
A
61.3
58.7
x
x
x
x
x
B
63.9
61.5
62.0
63.4
58.8
64.7
x
C
60.1
58.3
61.0
56.3
58.9
61.7
x
D
53.6
59.4
60.2
55.0
56.4
62.9
71.3
E
58.9
61.2
62.2
57.0
54.8
60.5
62.2
F
59.4
59.5
57.5
X
59.8
59.0
60.7
G
57.5
54.5
66.1
X
57.8
57.5
56.7
5
6
7
Table 4.6: Sound level during non-peak hour
PEAK HOUR 4
GRID
1
2
3
A
71.3
66.8
x
x
x
x
x
B
65.2
70.5
65.0
70.2
69.9
71.4
x
C
70.7
69.2
70.5
65.3
72.6
71.4
x
D
81.3
70.5
67.5
62.8
65.8
69.2
73.5
E
75.8
72.4
64.8
62.1
63.5
65.7
70.1
F
80.3
80.5
70.5
X
60.7
61.9
60.9
G
59.1
62.5
63.7
X
61.1
60.5
61.8
Table 4.7: Sound level during peak hour
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Sound Intensity Level (SIL) Sound Intensity, I. đ??ź
SIL = 10 log10 ( 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12) ∴ I = Antilog (
đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż 10
) x (1 x 10-12) NON-PEAK HOUR
GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
1.35 x 10-6
7.41 x 10-7
x
x
x
x
x
B
2.45 x 10-6
1.41 x 10-6
1.58 x 10-6
2.19 x 10-6
7.59 x 10-7
2.95 x 10-6
x
C
1.02 x 10-6
6.76 x 10-7
1.26 x 10-6
4.27 x 10-7
7.76 x 10-7
1.48 x 10-6
x
D
2.29 x 10-7
8.71 x 10-7
1.05 x 10-6
3.16 x 10-7
4.37 x 10-7
1.95 x 10-6
1.35 x 10-5
E
7.76 x 10-7
1.32 x 10-6
1.66 x 10-6
5.01 x 10-7
3.02 x 10-7
1.12 x 10-6
1.82 x 10-6
F
8.71 x 10-7
8.91 x 10-7
5.62 x 10-7
X
9.55 x 10-7
7.94 x 10-7
1.17 x 10-6
G
5.62 x 10-7
2.82 x 10-7
4.07 x 10-6
X
6.03 x 10-7
5.62 x 10-7
4.68 x 10-7
Table 4.8: Sound Intensity level per grid during peak hour
PEAK HOUR GRID
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
A
1.35 x 10-5
4.79 x 10-6
x
x
x
x
x
B
3.31 x 10-6
1.12 x 10-5
3.16 x 10-6
1.05 x 10-5
9.78 x 10-6
1.38 x 10-5
x
C
1.17 x 10-5
8.91 x 10-6
1.12 x 10-5
3.39 x 10-6
1.82 x 10-5
1.38 x 10-5
x
D
1.35 x 10-4
1.12 x 10-5
5.62 x 10-6
1.91 x 10-6
3.80 x 10-6
8.32 x 10-6
2.24 x 10-5
E
3.80 x 10-5
1.74 x 10-5
3.02 x 10-6
1.62 x 10-6
2.24 x 10-6
3.72 x 10-6
1.02 x 10-5
F
1.07 x 10-4
1.12 x 10-4
1.12 x 10-5
X
1.17 x 10-6
1.55 x 10-6
1.23 x 10-6
G
8.13 x 10-7
1.78 x 10-6
2.34 x 10-6
X
1.29 x 10-6
1.12 x 10-6
1.51 x 10-6
Table 4.9: Sound intensity level during non-peak hour
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4.3.2.1 Sum of Sound Intensity for Each Zone, I.
NON-PEAK HOUR GRID
1
2
A B
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
5.95 x 10-6
x 5.97 x 10-6
C
x
1.62 x 10-5
D
1.91 x 10-5
E F
X 4.91 x 10-6
G
4.55 x 10-6
X
Table 4.10: Sum of Sound Intensity level per grid during peak hour
PEAK HOUR GRID
1
2
A B
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
3.28 x 10-5
x 5.56 x 10-5
C
x
D 4.93 x 10-4
E F G
5.07 x 10-5 X
4.93 x 10-6
X
7.87 x 10-6
Table 4.11: Sum of Sound intensity level per grid during non-peak hour
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4.3.2.2 Sound Intensity Level per zone (SIL) đ??ź
SIL = 10 log10 ( 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12) ∴ I = Antilog (
đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż 10
Unit: Decibel (dB)
) x (1 x 10-12) NON-PEAK HOUR
GRID
1
2
A
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
67.75
B
x 67.76
C
x
72.10
D
72.81
E F
X
G
66.91
66.58
X
Table 4.12: Sound Intensity level per zone during peak hour
PEAK HOUR GRID
1
2
A B
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
75.16
x 77.45
C
x
D 86.93
E F G
77.05 X
66.93
X
68.96
Table 4.13: Sound intensity level per zone during non-peak hour
Based on the SIL calculated, Zone 4 has the highest sound intensity level which is 86.93 dB because it is a huge dining area that contains large amount of customers. Within Zone 2 there is also a photo-taking hotspot that customers tend to gather around thus increasing the amount of sound produced. At peak hour when the VIP rooms (Zone 5 and Zone 6) are occupied, the SIL also increased a lot. BLD 61303 BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [WHERE ELSE CAFE]
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4.3.2.3 Sum of Sound Intensity of the Café, I. NON-PEAK HOUR GRID
1
2
A
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
B
x
C
x 5.67 x 10-5
D E F
X
G
X Table 4.14: Sum of Sound Intensity level per zone during non-peak hour
PEAK HOUR GRID A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
B
x
C
x
D
6.45 x 10-4
E F
X
G
X Table 4.15: Sum of Sound intensity level per zone during peak hour
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4.3.2.4 Overall Sound Intensity Level (SIL) đ??ź
SIL = 10 log10 ( 1 đ?‘Ľ 10−12) ∴ I = Antilog (
đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż 10
Unit: Decibel (dB)
) x (1 x 10-12) NON-PEAK HOUR
GRID
1
2
A
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
B
x
C
x 77.54
D E F
X
G
X Table 4.16: Overall Sound Intensity level per zone during non-peak hour
PEAK HOUR GRID A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
B
x
C
x
D
88.10
E F
X
G
X Table 4.17: Overall Sound intensity level per zone during peak hour
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Analysis The overall SIL of Where Else Café is still considered quite high because the highest intensity obtained was 88.10 dB during the peak hour, where the normal range should be at 42dB – 52dB only.
Table 4.18: Recommended criteria for background noise of different spaces. Source: From William J. Cavanaugh, (1988).
However, during the data collection by using sound level device, the sound level readings recorded actually varies due to the different types of customers staying in the café, for example if children were in certain spot of the café, the sound level of that spot will be higher because children will scream or laugh louder than the adults. Besides that, the sound level also depends on the time when the machines or appliances started working and produce noise. Hence, only 2 sets of reading collected were actually not sufficient to analyze the data accurately. More factors needed to be considered while taking the readings and analyzing the spaces.
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4.3.2.5 Acoustic Ray Diagram Analytical Diagrams by Zones
Figure 4.23: Ray diagram of Zone 1.
Figure 4.24: Ray diagram of Zone 2.
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Figure 4.25: Ray diagram of Zone 3.
Figure 4.26: Ray diagram of Zone 4.
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Figure 4.27: Ray diagram of Zone 5.
Figure 4.28: Ray diagram of Zone 6.
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Analysis According to the acoustic ray diagrams, it can be seen that Zone 3 and Zone 4 sounds were interfered because there is no wall in between them. On the other side, VIP rooms which are Zone 5 and Zone 6 were well isolated due to their partition
Figure 4.29: Ray diagram of Zone 3 and Zone 4 combined.
Figure 4.30: There is no solid wall full blocking spaces in between Zone 3 and Zone 4.
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4.3.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI) 4.3.3.1 Ceiling
Figure 4.24: Indoor plaster ceiling.
Figure 4.23: Timber ceiling at the outdoor dining area.
Component
Material
Finish
Surface Area, S/m2
SRI
Transmission Coefficient, T
ST
Ceiling
Plaster
Matte
176.7
55
3.16 x 10-6
6.26 x 10-4
Wood
Matte
21.1
47
2.0 x 10-5
4.21 x 10-4
Total
197.8
Total ST
1.05 x 10-3
Table 4.19: Total ST Table for Ceiling
1
�=
đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 )
�av =
�1�1 + �2�2 + ‌ ����
1
SRIceiling = 10 Log10 ��� 1
= 10 Log10 5.3 đ?‘Ľ 10−6
đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž
=52.8 dB =
1.05 đ?‘Ľ 10−3 197.8
= 5.3 x 10-6
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4.3.3.2 Floor
Figure 4.25: Black ceramic tiles at the outdoor dining area.
Component
Material
Figure 4.26: Indoor glossy white marble tiles.
Finish
Surface Area,
SRI
S/m2 Floor
Figure 4.27: Artificial grass.
Transmission
ST
Coefficient, T
Ceramic tiles
Matte
40
51
7.94 x 10-6
3.18 x 10-4
Marble tiles
Glossy
155.7
50
1 x 10-5
1.56 x 10-3
Artificial
Matte
2.12
20
0.01
0.02
Grass Total
197.8
Total ST
0.02
Table 4.20: Total ST Table for Floor
�=
�av =
1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) đ?‘†1đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2đ?‘‡2 + ‌ đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘‡đ?‘›
1
SRIfloor = 10 Log10 ��� 1
= 10 Log10 1.01 x 10−4
đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž
= 40 dB =
0.02 197.8
= 1.01 x 10-4
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4.3.3.3 Wall A
Figure 4.28: Wall A location
Component
Material
Finish
Figure 4.29: Wall A located in Zone 4.
Surface
SRI
Area, S/m2
Transmission
ST
Coefficient, T
Wall
Brick wall
Matte
30.32
45
3.16 x 10-5
9.58 x 10-4
Window
Clear
Glossy
7.2
37
2.0 x 10-4
1.44 x 10-3
Glass Total
37.52
Total ST
2.4 x 10-3
Table 4.21: Total ST Table for WallA
�=
�av =
1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) đ?‘†1đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2đ?‘‡2 + ‌ đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘‡đ?‘›
SRIWall A = 10 Log10
1 ���
1
= 10 Log10 6.4 x 10−5
đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž
= 42 dB =
2.4 đ?‘Ľ 10−3 37.52
= 6.4 x 10-5
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4.3.3.4 Wall B
Figure 4.31: Wall B located in Zone 4, facing the street.
Figure 4.30: Wall B allocation.
Component
Material
Finish
Surface
SRI
Area, S/m2 Wall
Timber panels
Transmission
ST
Coefficient, T
Glossy
15.4
30
1 x 10-3
0.0514
Glossy
3.36
27
2 x 10-3
6.72 x 10-3
with clear glass Sliding Door
Timber door with clear glass
Table 4.22: Total ST Table for Wall B
�=
�av =
1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) đ?‘†1đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2đ?‘‡2 + ‌ đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘‡đ?‘›
1
SRIWall B = 10 Log10 ��� 1
= 10 Log10 3.1 x 10−3
đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž
= 25 dB =
0.0581 18.76
= 3.1 x 10-3
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4.3.3.5 Wall C
Figure 4.33: Wall C is the entrance of the cafe.
Figure 4.32: Wall C allocation.
Component
Material
Finish
Surface
SRI
Transmission
Area, S/m2 Door
Glass with
ST
Coefficient, T
Glossy
5.36
27
2.00 x 10-3
0.0107
timber panel Wall
Brick wall
Matte
3.79
45
3.16 x 10-5
1.20 x 10-4
Window
Clear glass
Glossy
5.05
37
2.00 x 10-4
1.01 x 10-3
Total
14.2
Total ST
0.0118
Table 4.23: Total ST Table for Wall C
1
�=
�av =
1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” ( 10 ) đ?‘†1đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2đ?‘‡2 + ‌ đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž
SRIWall C = 10 Log10 ��� = 10 Log10
1 8.31 đ?‘Ľ 10−4
= 31 dB
= 8.31 x 10-4
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4.3.3.6 Wall D
Figure 4.35: Wall D located in Zone 3 which is the Beverage station.
Figure 4.34: Wall D allocation.
Component
Material
Finish
Surface
SRI
Transmission
Area, S/m2
ST
Coefficient, T
Wall
Brick wall
Matte
8.58
45
2.71 x 10-4
2.33 x 10-3
Wall
Brick wall
Matte
8.58
41
6.81 x 10-4
5.84 x 10-3
with tiles Total
17.16
Total ST
8.17 x 10-3
Table 4.24: Total ST Table for Wall D
1
�=
1 đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (
�av = =
SRIWall D = 10 Log10 đ?‘‡đ?‘Žđ?‘Ł đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10
đ?‘†1đ?‘‡1 + đ?‘†2đ?‘‡2 + ‌ đ?‘†đ?‘›đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž 8.17 đ?‘Ľ 10−3 17.16
1
= 10 Log10 4.76 đ?‘Ľ 10−6 = 33 dB
= 4.76 x 10-4
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4.3.3.7 Sound Transmission Loss External Sound Pressure Level (SPL) = Transmission Loss (TL) + Sound Reduction Index (SRI) ∴ TL = SPL – SRI Component External Sound
Sound
Transmission
Percentage Loss, %
Pressure
Reduction
Loss(TL),
Level(SPL), dB
Index(SRI), dB
dB
Ceiling
76.1
52.8
23.3
∴
Wall A
75.9
42
33.9
∴ 75.9 x 100% = 44.7 %
Wall B
76.7
25
51.7
∴ 76.7 x 100% = 67.4 %
Wall C
75.4
31
44.4
∴
23.3 76.1
x 100% = 30.6 %
33.9
51.7
44.4 x 100% 75.4
= 58.9 %
Table 4.25: Transmission Loss Table
Analysis The sound transmission loss of floor and Wall D were not counted because the shop is located at ground floor and the sound pressure level could not be obtained from level below, while the external SPL of Wall D was not obtained from the neighbour shop because the characteristics and sound sources are different. The factors affecting the sound transmission loss depend mainly on the property of isolating components, surface area of components and the absorption properties of component materials. Based on the percentage obtain, the results had clearly shown that Wall B, which is the thinnest panel glass wall has the highest sound transmission loss percentage compared to other more solid walls. Besides that, this could also be the reason why Zone 4 shows higher sound intensity level compared to other zones due to the sound could pass through Wall B easily.
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5.1 Acoustic Evaluation 5.1.1 Reverberation Time Reverberation time calculations were required to be calculated at the low-, mid- and highfrequency ranges. Even though the reverberation time value of Zone 5 and Zone 6 in Where Else CafÊ is slightly lowered than the normal range which is 0.4 – 0.7s according to AS/NZS 2107, but it does not give much affect to the users. The reason could be due to the smaller area of Zone 5 and Zone 6 as there are isolated private rooms. Besides that, the floor surface of these rooms are also matte surfaces that tend to higher absorption value compared to outside glossy marble flooring. RT =
0.16 x V A
With a normal amount of total absorption value but in a smaller volume of space results in a lower reverberation time value.
Figure 5.0: Matte flooring in Zone 5 and Zone 6.
Figure 5.1: Small isolated space.
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5.1.2 Sound Intensity Level (SIL) Based on the previous data collected, Where Else Café has obtained sound intensity level of 77.54dB during non-peak hour and 88.10db during peak hour, which is far higher than the recommended noise criteria which is 42dB – 52dB, according to AS/NZS 2107 standards.
88.10 dB 77.54 dB
Figure 5.2: Image showing the magnitude of sound pressures and example of sound levels.
According to the diagram, Where Else Café’s average sound intensity level has reached a very loud level and may give rise to discomfort of users within the space. From our observation, the sound source mainly comes from human noise and grinding machines noise.
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Recommendation and Suggestion: 1. This problem can be solved by firstly choosing the softer music for the cafĂŠ, avoid playing noisy music at high volume. 2. Isolation of mechanical or electrical equipment, such as the loud grinding machines should be operated in the kitchen instead of the open beverage station. 3. The arrangement of the furniture is also an issue. The furniture in Where Else CafĂŠ are put too close together, thus the sound intensity level will be higher. 4. Size of the room where the main noise source located should be a bigger space thus lower the sound transmitted to receiver room.
Figure 5.3: There are a lot of appliances in the Beverage station that made noises
Figure 5.4: Furniture are very packed together.
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5.1.3 Sound Reduction Level (SRI) The surrounding walls of Where Else Café that are exposed to the surrounding environment were used to calculate their sound reduction index, then obtain the transmission loss of the wall.
Figure 5.5: 3 walls exposed to surrounding
Component External Sound
Sound
Transmission
Percentage Loss, %
Pressure
Reduction
Loss(TL), dB
Level(SPL), dB
Index(SRI), dB
Ceiling
76.1
52.8
23.3
∴ 76.1 x 100% = 30.6 %
Wall A
75.9
42
33.9
∴ 75.9 x 100% = 44.7 %
Wall B
76.7
25
51.7
∴ 76.7 x 100% = 67.4 %
Wall C
75.4
31
44.4
∴ 75.4 x 100% = 58.9 %
23.3 33.9
51.7 44.4
Table 5.0 : Percentage Loss of sound passing through a wall
From the calculation, the 3 walls of Where Else Café obtained an average of 57% transmission loss, which is slightly higher. According to NC, it is more effective to reduce the sound levels between 2 spaces within the range of 20dB – 50dB.
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Recommendation and Suggestion: 1. Take consider on the 3 main factors affecting the sound transmission loss, which is the properties of component materials, surface area where the sound radiates, and total sound absorption of materials. 2. Choose heavier, denser and more complicated materials or components so that the sound transmission from one space to another can be reduced.
Figure 5.6: Thin panel walls of Where Else CafĂŠ.
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5.2 Summary Where Else Café is not really achieving the acoustical standards, based on the way the café was designed. Some noise control methods can be easily achieved by simply changing or re-locating some components and equipment, but the better way to improve was still to redesign the café. However, Where Else Café has 2 VIPs rooms that are very well isolated from noise sources outside that can provide comfortable acoustic experiences to the users. Besides that, Where Else Café is also lacking of sound-absorbing materials because most of the materials used on the wall and floors are glossy, which are glass and marble flooring. The sound level intensity could be reduced if the sound could be absorbed by these materials. Hence, what the architectural professions need to consider about are not only the aesthetic of the overall environment, but the acoustic quality of a space is also very important in the process of building design, therefore can achieve excellent architectural environment. In conclusion, lesson is learnt that techniques used by students to collect data and analyze information are only a guide to help students to understand about acoustical studies. To produce a professional and complete acoustical studies, it is necessary to seek advice from an experienced acoustical consultant.
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