NOTEBOOK 95 "B"

CLASS NOTEBOOK

Teacher Victor Rodríguez Level 95 “B”

FIRST PARTIAL

Personal Pronouns Pronoun: they replace the noun.

I

Yo

It

Esto / eso

You

Tú / usted / vos

We

Nosotros

He

Él

You

Ustedes

She

Ella

They

Ellos

Object Pronouns These pronouns replace the noun, but they also direct the verb.

Me

A mi

It

A esto

You

A ti

Us

A nosotros

Him

A él

You

Her

A ella

Them

A ustedes

A ellos

Possessive Pronouns Replace the noun and gives the meaning possession.

Mine

Mío / mía

Its

De eso / de esa

Yours

Tuyo/a, suyo/a

Ours

Nuestro

His

De él

Yours

De ustedes

Hers

De ella

Theirs

De ellos

English as language has many parts/components: • Tenses/ voices •

Verbs: action

•

Noun

•

Adjectives

Examples: I sleep: You always do it, it always happens.

I love you: le amo I loved you: le ame

To be Present Simple I am

You are

Yo soy / yo estoy Vos estas / tú eres / usted está

It is

We are

He is

Él está / él es

You are

She is

Ella está / ella es

They are

Esto es / eso es Nosotros estamos / Nosotros somos Ustedes están / ustedes son Ellos son / ellos están

Concept

-

Present Simple is a tense used to talk about common events. (Rodriguez Víctor)

-

Present simple are events happening right now. (Arcos Melina)

-

Present simple is used to show habit or repetition. (Buitrón Omar)

-

Is a verb tense which is used to show repetition, habit or generalization. (Castro Joselyn)

-

We used present simple to describe routines and habits, also we use adverbs of frequency, such as: always, sometimes, rarely (…). (Farinango Celia)

-

Present simple is a tense used for facts which are true all time. (López Linda)

-

Present simple is a verb tense that is used to describe habitual actions. (Pineda Santiago)

-

Present simple is used to express habits and routines, general facts, repeated actions or situations, emotions and permanent desires. (Huera Jeniffer)

-

Present Simple is used to show repetition, habits or generalization. (Colimba Cynthia)

-

We used present simple when we describe routines and actions at the moment.

(Martinez Dennis)

-

Present Simple is used to talk about things the usually happen. (Pujota Nataly)

-

Simple present is a tense which can be used to talk about scheduled actions. (Coral Luis)

-

We use the present simple to describe routines and habits. (Loor Darian)

-

Present Simple is used to show something true and repeated action. (Zambrano A.)

-

The present simple is a verb tense of the present that is used to talk about general facts or truths. (Guandinango Cristian)

-

Present simple are actions that happening is this moment. (Ortega Andy)

-

The present simple is used to describe habitual actions that happen with certain frequency. (Pavel Valencia)

SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS Concept •

SUBJECT QUESTIONS: These are the questions we use when we want to request information about the subject.

•

OBJECT QUESTIONS: They are those questions that we use when we want to request information about the object or complement. (Loor Darian)

•

Subject Questions: we want to know the person or thing that performed the action.

•

Object Questions: we want to know about the receiver of the action. (Buitrón Omar)

•

Object Questions

•

We want to know about the receiver of the action. These questions follow the formula: Question word – Auxiliary verb – Subject – Main verb.

•

Subject Questions

•

We want to ask about the subject. This type of question is called a subject question, and subject questions do NOT use the auxiliary verbs. (Matínez Dennis)

•

The subject questions are to know who performs the action and the object questions are for information about when, where, why the subject performs an action. (Valles Lorena)

•

Subject question is who performs the action.

•

Object question is who receives the action.

•

(Arcos Melina)

•

SUBJECTS QUESTIONS: We want to know the person who performed the action.

•

OBJECT QUESTIONS: We want to know about thee receiver of the action.

(Coral Luis)

•

Subject questions are used to know who or what performs the action that is we ask questions about the object of a sentence. (Guandinango Cristian)

•

The subject of a sentences is the person or thing that performs.

•

The object of a sentences is the person or thing that is acted upon, or receives the action. (Pujota Nataly)

•

The personal objects are complements of the sentence that indicates who receives the action and the subjective pronouns refer to the person who performs the action.

(Paucar Karen)

•

Object Question: When we want to know how, when, where, why, the subject performs an action.

•

Subject Question: When we want to know who performs the action. (Colimba Cyntia)

•

Subject questions are used to know who or what performs the action, that is, it asks about the subject of the sentence.

•

Object questions are used to know where, when, why the subject performed a certain action. (Huera Jeniffer)

•

Object: When we want to know information about how, when, why,…., the subject performs an action.

•

Subject: When we want to know who performs the action. (López Diana)

•

Subject object: You use it if you don’t know who has done something and would like to find out.

•

Object question: you use it when you know who the person is and would like to get some information about them. (Zambrano Araceli)

•

SUBJECT QUESTIONS

•

As its name suggests, these are the questions we use when we want to request information about the subject.

•

OBJECT QUESTIONS

•

The object questions are the most common questions in English and the ones we’ve been working on in previous topics. These are used to know where, why … (Castro Joselyn)

•

Subject questions ask about the subject of the sentence.

•

Object questions use the words like who, what, where. (Ortega Andy)

•

The subject is the person or thing that performs the action.

•

The object is when want to know information about how or what, the subject performs an action. (Valencia Pavel)

•

Subject questions: used to request information on a topic.

•

Object questions: used to request information about an object. (Gil Mariuxi)

•

The object questions is when we want to information about how, when, where and why the subject questions is when we want to know who performs the action.

(Yépez Carolina)

•

I used the subject questions when I want to know who it is.

•

I used the object questions when I want to know what causes the action. (Narvaéz Valeria)

•

Object questions: When we want to know information about: How, when, where, why… the subject performs an action.

•

Structure: Question word + auxiliary verbs + subject + main verb + complement?

•

Subject questions: When we want to know who performs the action.

•

Structure: Question word + main verb + complement? (Paredes Andrea)

•

Subject questions: when we want you know information about how, when, where,… the subject performs an action.

•

Object questions: when we want you know who performs the action. (Aguirre Patricio)

•

Object: when we want to know information about how, when, where, why the subject performs an action.

•

Subject: when we want to know who performs the action. (Colta Sergio)

•

The subject questions: what to know the person who performs.

•

The object questions: what to know about the receiver in the action. (Sosa Jesica)

•

Subject questions: is the object or thing who receives the action of the interrogative sentence. (Valenzuela Joselyn)

Subject and Object questions The subject of a sentence is the person or thing that performs the action: 1. We want some fruit juice.

2. Karen likes Fred.

3. Smoking causes cancer.

The object of a sentence is the person or thing that is acted upon, or receives the action: 1. We want some fruit juice.

2. Karen likes Fred.

3. Smoking causes cancer.

If you are interested on who or what performs the action, you need a Subject Question.

1. Who stole my sandwich?

2. Who came home?

If you are interested on who or what receives the action, then you need an Object Question by using an auxiliar.

1. What do you want to eat?

2. Who did you call?

Analysis of Subject and Object questions James dropped the glass.

1. Object question: What did James drop?

2. Subject question: Who dropped the glass?

We will read the book.

1. Object question: What will you read?

2. Subject question: Who will read the book?

Amanda washed the car.

1. Object question: What did Amanda wash?

2. Subject question: Who washed the car?

The students like their new professor.

1. Object question: Who do the students like?

2. Subject question: Who likes the new professor?

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS Replace the noun and gives the meaning possession.

Mine: mío, mía Yours: tuyo/a, suyo/a His: de él Hers: de ella Its: de eso, de esa Ours: nuestro

SU

Yours: de ustedes Theirs: de ellos

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES They give the quality of possession to the noun.

My : mi Your : su, tu, tus His : su (de él) Her : su (de ella) Our : nuestro Yours : su (de ustedes) Their : su (de ellos)

Adjectives Tall: alto Small: pequeño (Rodríguez Victor)

Long: largo Heavy: pesado (Pujota Nataly)

Amazing: asombroso Horrible: horrible (Huera Jeniffer)

Asleep: dormido Bad: malo (Guandinago Cristian)

Short: corto Hot: caliente (Arcos Melina)

Bad: malo Clear: claro (Aguirre Patricio)

New: nuevo Old: viejo (Colimba Cynthia)

Hermoso: Beautiful Delgado: Thin (Castro Joselyn)

Expensive: caro Cheap: barato (Farinango Celia)

Georgeous: maravilloso Hadsome: guapo (Coral Luis)

Quick: rápido Show: lento (Martinez Dennis)

Big: grande Impotant: importante (Narváez)

Thin: Delgado Strong: Fuerte (Valles Lorena)

Angry: enfadado Bad: malo (Paredes)

Embarrased: Avergonado Surprised: Sorprendido (Paucar Karen)

Free: libre Great: estupendo (Sosa Jessica)

Far: lejos Young: joven (Gil Mariuxi)

Hungry: Hambriento Beautiful: Hermosa (Valenzuela)

Cheap: barato Clean: limpio (Pineda Santiago)

Low: bajo High: alto (López Diana)

Fantastic: Fantástico Funny: Divertido (Zambrano Araceli)

Smart: Inteligente Hadsome: guapo (Ortega Andy)

Fat: gordo Thin: delgado (Buitrón Omar) Example: •

They may go before the noun

•

She is a beautiful woman

•

They may go after the noun with the help of the verb TO-BE

•

This woman is beautiful

ED/ING ADJECTIVES

GRADABLE ADJECTIVES

GRADABLE ADJECTIVES Most adjectives are gradable with different levels of that quality. For example, you can be a bit cold, very cold, or extremely cold.

We can make them weaker or stronger with modifiers: Modifiers

A little/ a bit

Pretty/ quite

Really/ very

Extremely

Angry, big, boring, cheap, cold, expensive, frightening, funny, hot, interesting, old, pretty, small, tasty, tired, etc.

A gradable adjective can be used with “grading adverbs” that vary the adjectives grade Adjectives

or intensity.

Look at these examples:

UNGRADABLE ADJECTIVES To describe variations in temperature, for instance, we can use hot or cold, which are gradable adjectives.

Prácticamente son extremos

But to describe the limits of temperature we use boiling or freezing. These are ungradable adjectives.

Ungradable

Gradable

Tiny

Small

Excellent

Good

Botting

Warm/hot

Enormous

Big

Terrible

Bad

Freezing

Cold

Exhausted

Tired

Furious

Angry

Base adjectives Angry Bad Big Cold Crowed Dirty Good Hot Hungry Scared Small Tired

Extreme adjectives Furious Awful Huge Freezing Packed Filthy Wonderful Boiling Starving Terrified Tiny Exhausted

PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS •

I eat: habit/custom. It always happens

present simple

•

I am eating: Along/short term process

present continuous

Long term: Largo plazo Short term: Corto plazo Mixing Present Simple and Continuous •

I usually eat meat, but now I am eating vegetables only.

•

I eat meat, but I am eating vegetables only

Present Simple and Present Continuous Table of uses Table 1: Present Simple/ Present Continuos.

Present Simple

Present Continuous •

•

Things which are happening at

Things which are always true:

the moment of speaking: The

Water boils at 100 degrees.

water is boiling now, so you can put in the pasta.

•

•

Temporary situations: Julie is

Permanent situations (or

living in Paris for a few months

nearly permanent; true for a

(usually she lives in London).

few years at least):

•

Julie lives in London.

Situations which are slowly changing: I am getting better and better at speaking English.

•

Temporary or new habits: I'm drinking too much coffee these

•

Habits or things we do

days because I'm so busy at work.

regularly: I drink coffee every morning.

•

Annoying habits (usually with 'always'): My flatmate is always leaving the kitchen in a mess!

•

Future events which are part of a timetable: My plane leaves at eight tonight.

•

•

To talk about the future after

Definite future plans: I'm meeting John after class today.

certain words ('when' 'until' 'after' 'before' 'as soon as'): I'll call you when I get home.

•

To talk about what happens

•

in books, plays and films: At

To talk about people in pictures and photos: In this photo, my

the end of the book, the

mother is walking beside a lake.

detective catches the killer.

Table with signal words Table 2: Signal words.

Signal words Present Simple

Present Continuous

•

always

•

at the moment

•

every ...

•

at this moment

•

often

•

today

•

normally

•

now

•

usually

•

right now

•

sometimes

•

Listen!

•

seldom

•

Look!

•

never

•

first

•

then

REFERENCE PRONOUNS Reference Pronouns are used in communication to make it more dynamic, only if used correctly.

Wrong sentences •

My girlfriend is beautiful my girlfriend is very cool, because my girlfriend is an artist.

•

My grirlfriend is beautiful and very cool because she is an artist.

Wrong sentence •

Peter goes to church on Sunday, Peter and Mary are happy to go together, Peter and Mary have like their dog is funny.

•

Peter goes to church on Sunday, they are happy to go together, there have a dog and like their dog, their dog is funny. (Loor D)

•

Peter goes to church on Sunday, he and Mary are happy, and they have a dog are like and is funny. (Narvaes T.)

•

Peter goes to church on Sunday, he and Mary happy to go together, they have a dog that like because it is funny. (Zambrano)

•

Peter goes to church on Sunday, he and Mary are happy to go together, they have a dog, they like it because it is funny. (Colimba C.)

My girlfriend and me have a party tomorr, everyone are invited.

• My girlfriend and me have a party

•

cat are Good

Imbabura

are invited.

Friends because

mountain, this

(Farinango celia)

they always play

challenge is hard

in the backyard.

and requieres a loto

The dog and the

f strenght

tomorow, everyone

cat are Good

(Martinez).

are invited. (Lopez

Friends, they

D)

always play in the

Imbabura

backyard

mountain, this

(Aguirre).

challenge is hard

The dog and the

and requieres a loto

are invited.

cat are Good

f strenght

(Buitron)

Friends, they

(Martinez).

My girlfriend and •

My girlfriend and me have a party tomorow, everyone

•

•

always play in the

My girlfriend and

backyard (Huera

me have a party

Jeniffer).

tomorow, everyone are invited.

•

Friends, they

My girlfriend and

always play in the

me have a party

backyard (Pujota

tomorow, everyone

Nataly).

are invited. (Valles Lorena)

The dog and the cat are Good

(Cristian) •

We hate to clim Imbabura mountain, this chalienge is hard this chailenge requieres a lot of strenght.

• We have to clim

tomorow, everyone

me have a party

•

The dog ant the cat are Good Friends, the dog and the cats always play in the backyard.

• The dog and the

•

The dog and the cat are Good Friends, they always play in the backyard (Valencia Pavel).

•

We have to clim

Mary and jhon are Teh cat -and do gran to My sister beautiful, he happy, he are going to the park, they was clean. goes to the haisdresser Baños at the weekend.

• The cats and the do everyday • Mary and Jhon • My sister is gran to the park, it are happy, they

was clean. (Arcos

beautiful, she goes

are going to

milena)

to the hairdresser

Baños this

•

weekend.

they were cleaned.

Mary and Jhon are happy, they

•

Karen) •

Mary and Jhon

•

Mary and Jhon •

Santiago) •

to the hairdresser everyday. (Castro Joselyn) •

The cats and the do gran to the park, it

are happy, they

to the hairdresser everyday. (Buitron) •

to the hairdresser

(Valencia Pavel) •

The cats and the do gran to the park, it was clean.

(Colimba Cinthya)

My sister is beautiful, she goes

was clean.

are going to

My sister is beautiful, she goes

(Valles Lorena) •

My sister is beautiful, she goes

they were cleaned.

Mary and Jhon

(Cristian)

The cat and the dog ran to the park, so

weekend.

weekend.

everyday. (Pineda

Santiago)

Baños this

Baños this

to the hairdresser

was clean. (Pineda

are going to

•

The cats and the do

My sister is beautiful, she goes

The cat and the dog

gran to the park, it

(Valles Lorena)

(Pujota Nataly)

•

(Huera Jennifer)

weekend.

are happy, they

D)

they were cleaned.

are going to

•

everyday. (Lopez

ran to the park, so

are happy, they

Baños this

to the hairdresser

The cats and the do

was clean. (Paucar

weekend.

My sister is beautiful, she goes

gran to the park, it

Baños this

•

•

(Coral Luis)

are going to

(Loor Polet)

Andy)

ran to the park, so

(Farinango Celia) •

everyday. (Ortega

The cat and the dog

everyday. (Aguirre) •

My sister is beautiful, she goes to the hairdresser

•

Mary and Jhon

everyday. (Valencia

are happy, they

Pavel) •

are going to

My sister is

Baños this

beautiful, she goes

weekend.

to the hairdresser

(Yepez Carolina)

everyday. (Colimba C)

PRONOUNS REFERENCE Pronouns are words that stand in for a noun in a sentence. Whenever pronouns are used, it should be unmistakably clear which noun the pronoun is standing in for. A faulty pronoun reference will result in a muddled sentence and a confused reader.

A pronoun should refer clearly to one, clear, unmistakable noun coming before the pronoun. This noun is called the pronoun’s antecedent.

Problems with Pronoun Reference Unfortunately, it is very easy to create a sentence that uses a pronoun WITHOUT a clear, unmistakable noun antecedent.

•

As a result, the reader cannot know for sure whether Mabel sold the disk or the cabinet.

The

pronoun

reference

is

faulty

here

because

the

pronoun it has two antecedents.

•

Such errors, called FAULTY or VAGUE PRONOUN REFERENCE, can confuse readers and obscure the intended meaning.

6 Rules for Proper Pronoun Reference 1. A pronoun must agree in number with the noun it refers to. If the noun is singular, then the pronoun must be singular.

•

Incorrect: Everyone is studying hard for their exams.

•

Correct: Everyone is studying hard for his or her exams.

•

Correct: All of the students are studying hard for their exams.

2. A pronoun must agree in person with the noun it refers to. Be consistent with first person, second person and third person.

•

Incorrect: If a student studies hard, you should succeed.

•

Correct: If a student studies hard, he or she should succeed.

3. There should be only one possible antecedent for a singular pronoun. Only the noun that the pronoun refers to should come before the pronoun.

•

Incorrect: Nguyen and Mohammed walked to his English class.

•

Correct: Nguyen and Mohammed walked to Nguyen’s English class.

•

Correct: Nguyen walked to his English class and Mohammed accompanied him.

4. There must be an explicit antecedent. Don’t make the reader guess what the antecedent is.

•

Incorrect: In the study, they state that writing skills are important.

•

Correct: In the study, the researchers state that writing skills are important.

5. A pronoun should not refer to a possessive noun. When a noun is possessive, it functions as an adjective and so can’t be replaced with a pronoun.

•

Incorrect: In the professor’s comments, she was very encouraging.

•

Correct: The professor’s comments were very encouraging.

•

Correct: The professor was very encouraging in her comments.

6. “It” must be used consistently. If you use “it” to refer to one noun in a sentence, don’t use it again to refer to another noun in the same sentence or as an idiom.

•

Incorrect: When it is busy, I hope to get a lot of sleep as it will help me work hard.

•

Correct: When it is busy, I hope to get a lot of sleep, which will help me work hard.

PRESENT PERFECT •

Have you ever needed something so bad?

Alguna vez •

And I've never felt this way before.

Have •

Where have you been all my life?

Dónde: wh questions before “have” •

I've stopped keeping track.

Llevar la cuenta •

I've paid my dues

Pay is the infinitive of paid Structure The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb have and the past participle of a verb.

•

Affirmative

I have – She has

I have jumped You have eaten He has cooked She has written It has flown We have shouted You have drunk They have opened • I haven`t jumped You haven`t eaten He hasn`t cooked She hasn`t written It hasn`t flown We haven`t shouted You haven`t drunk They haven`t opened

Negative

I haven`t – She hasn`t

•

Have I? – Has she?

Interrogative

Have I jumped?

Have you eaten?

Has he cooked?

Has she written?

Has it flown?

Have we shouted?

Have you drunk?

Have they opened?

Uses of Present Perfect Actions which started in the past and are still continuing •

The present perfect is often used for an action that started at some time in the past and is still continuing now. Often, the words for (with a length of time) and since (with a starting time) are used along with the present perfect.

•

He has lived in Canada for five years.

(He started living in Canada five years ago, and he's still living there now.)

•

She has worked at the University since 1994.

(She started working at the University in 1994, and she's still working there now.

1. Actions which happened at some unknown time in the past •

Sometimes, it's important to say that something happened (or didn't happen), but it's not important (or not known) when it happened. In this case, we can use the present

perfect

too.

In

this

case,

we

often

use

the

words already, yet, ever or never along with the present perfect. These words usually go before the past participle in the sentence.

•

I've already seen that film. I don't want to see it again.

(It doesn't matter when I saw it.)

•

Have you ever been to Germany?

(It doesn't matter when you went — I just want to know whether you have been there or not.)

2. Actions which happened in the past, but have an effect in the present •

This use is a little more difficult than the other two. In this case, the action happened at some time in the past, but the effect of the action is still important now. It's easiest to understand this use if we compare present perfect sentences with simple past sentences.

Table 4: Examples.

Tense

Sentence

Meaning

Present perfect

I've lost my keys.

I don't have the keys. They are still missing.

Simple past

I've lost my keys.

I didn't have them yesterday, but maybe today I found them

Present perfect

She's broken her arm.

The arm is still injured.

Simple past

She broke her arm.

The arm is probably OK now.

Timeline for Present Perfect

FOR and SINCE •

Look at these example sentences using for and since with the Present Perfect tense:

•

I have been here for twenty minutes.

•

I have been here since 9 o'clock.

•

John hasn't called for six months.

•

John hasn't called since February.

•

He has worked in New York for a long time.

•

He has worked in New York since he left school.

PRESENT PERFECT VS PAST SIMPLE Let´s remember 1. We use the past simple for past events or actions which have no connection to

the present.

2. We use the present perfect for actions which started in the past and are still happening now OR for finished actions which have a connection to the present.

3. We CAN'T use the present perfect with a finished time word: •

NOT: I've been to the museum yesterday.

British English Characteristics •

In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

• Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?

Table 5: Certain time in the past or just / already / yet.

Simple Past certain time in the past Example:I phoned Mary minutes ago.

Present Perfect Simple just / already / not yet 2 Example:I have just phoned Mary.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

• Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?

Table 6: Certain time in the past or just / already / yet.

Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

certain event in the past whether / how often till now Example:He went to Canada last Example:Have you ever been to summer.

Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

• Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action's consequence in the present)?

Table 7: Emphasis on action or result.

Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

Emphasis on action Emphasis on result Example: I bought a new Example: I have bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in bike. (With this sentence I actually want the past.) to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words Table 8: Signal Words.

Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

• yesterday

• just

• ... ago

• already

• in 1990

• up to now

• the other day

• until now / till now

• last ...

• ever • (not) yet • so far • lately / recently

Examples •

The sun rose at 6:00 am. (Simple Past: We know that the sun came up at a time in the past and it is not rising now. The sun may or may not be in the sky when this statement is made. The time is important to add.)

•

The sun has risen. (Present perfect: We know that the sun already rose, and it is still in the sky now.)

•

Meg ran two marathons last year. (Simple Past: We know Meg ran two marathons in the past, and the time period the action started in and finished in— last year—has ended.)

•

Meg has run two marathons this year. (Present perfect: We know Meg started running marathons this year. However, this year has not ended and she may run more marathons before the end of the year.)

PRESENT PERFECTC VS PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOS Sometimes there is no big difference between them but 1.

The present perfect continuous can be used to emphasise the length of time that has passed .The present perfect simple is generally neutral:

 They’ve been waiting for hours (This emphasises the length of time )  They’ve waited for hpurs ( This doesn’t emphasise the length of time)

2.

On the other hand, the present perfect simple is often used when we’re talking about how mucho r how many :  She’s drunk three cups of coffe this morning  She’s drunk at least a litre of coffe today (NOT: Shes’s been drinking three cups of coffe this morning )

3.

The present perfect continuos often focuses on the action itself , while the present simple focuses on the fact that action is completed.

 I’ve been Reading the book you recommend ( I’m enjoying it , but I’m not finished)  I’ve read the book you recommend (I’ve finished it, so we can talk about it )

Structure and differences Table 9: Structure and differences.

Present Perfect Simple Irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd form

Present Perfect Progressive of

'have'

+

been

+

verb

+

ing

column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking spoken he / she / it has spoken he / she / it has been speaking regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked Examples: •

She has been working here since 2003 (Loor Poled)

•

I’ve been singing romantic music (Coral Luis)

•

He has been playing football, so he’s tired (Pujota Nataly)

•

I have been working for many hours (Valencia Pavel)

•

He has been studying, so he is absolutely exhausted (Farinango Celia)

•

He has been waiting for his girfriend since 7 o’clock (Castro Joselyn)

•

I have been working in the field (Aguirre Patricio)

•

She has been cooking for us. (Ortega Andy)

•

She has been studying for the exam (Valler Lorena)

•

I have been practicing a lot of soccer to improve. (Guandinango Cristian)

•

He’s been visiting his grandmother (Buitrón Omar)

•

I have been eating pizza every day (Logacho Carolina)

•

We have been practicing to become experts (Zambrano Araceli)

•

I have been studying English since I was in high school. (Martinez Dennis)

•

I have been playing these instruments for a long time. ( Molina Sandra)

•

We’ve been singing in the concert. (Santiago Pineda)

•

Linda has been participaiting in a course for two years. (Gil Mauriuxi)

•

She’s been studying with her friend. (Yepez Carolina)

•

I have been eating pizza for a long tome. (Arcos Melina)

•

I have been listening to classical music. (Huera Jeniffer)

EXAMPLES: • I had breakfast at 6:00 am I have just had breakfast (Victor Rodriguez) • I finished my homework at 20 :00 pm I have just finished my homework (Loor Poled) • She built her house last year She has already built her house (Zambrano Araceli) • I drunk milk at 7:00 pm • I have already drunk milk (Coral Luis) • I bought a red shoe last month I have bought a red shoe, but I did not like it. (Logacho Carolina) • He has just had wake He has wake at 10.00 am (Aguirre Patricio) We saw this movie at 9:00 pm I have just seen the movie (Yepez Carolina) • I got up at 6:30 am I have already gotten up (Pineda Santiago) • I had two exams this week I have had two exams this week (Martinez Dennis) • She forgot her boyfriend last year She has forgotten her boyfriend, so she isn’t aying (Farianngo Cristian) • I had many homeworks this day I have had a lot homewrok (Ortega Andy) • I watched TV yesterday I have just watched my career (Pujota Nataly) • I had walked at 7:00 am I had just finished my career (Guandinango Cristian) • They joined to the meeting at 7 :00 o’clok They have already joined the meeting (Buitrón Omar)

*I have a lot of work *I have had a lot of work

*I bought a new car last week *I have bought a new car *she delivered her homework at 7o’clock *she has already delivered her homework

*I slep at 11:00 pm *I have just slep

*I had read a book at 6:00 am *I have already planted my fruits

*Camila has already finished her homework *I have just had a problem

*I bought a new computer *I have already bought a new computer

*He stayed at home last night *He has seen a movie in his living room *I have played golf, that’s why I know the rules *I haven’t done my homework yet *Have you ever seen “It” the movie

*She has already been informed, but she did not come to the meeting *She hasn’t been informed yet, so she didn’t come to the meeting

*Has he ever written something? *I’ve already walked to Imbabura mountain, but I didn’t like it

*She has been cooking *Have you ever been to Loja?

WRITING BOTH IN A FORMAL AND AN INFORMAL EMAIL 22nd of May of 2020 Dear Dean of Faculty of Health Sciences Greetings

INTRODUCTION

It is a pleasure to write you. As you Know our faculty Needs new equipment in the laboratories.

But sadly, there are some damages in our equipment That shall be repaired, and also we need more

BODY

material, and more chemical. It us also necessary the construction of a new testing room

I want to thank you for reading this letter, knowing of you support is really motivating

CONCLUSION

Respectfully Victor Rodriguez

INFORMAL •

Informal language is how you communicate with people you know well and can relax around. It tends to resemble the way people converse out loud more than formal writing does, and it may feature more contractions (“they’re” instead of “they are”) as well as slang, abbreviations, and expressions of emotion—even exclamations!

FORMAL •

Formal writing includes business writing, formal letters, and academic writing.

Although business writing and academic writing, for instance, have some differences, all formal writing shares certain features.

FORMAL WRITING ADVICES. 1. USE THE ACTIVE VOICE. The active voice is used when the subject of your sentence performs an action to a direct object. In other words, (noun performing an action) + (action/verb) + (object receiving the action).

2. USE LITERAL AND CONCRETE LANGUAGE. This requires excluding any metaphors and similes, alliteration, hyperboles, litotes, and other literary techniques.

3. BE CONCISE As a rule of thumb, never say in 10 words what you can say in 5. This rule is applicable to paragraph length as well.

4. BE CAREFUL WITH PLACEMENT OF DESCRIPTIVE WORDS AND PHRASES Make sure that you place adjectives and descriptive phrases as close to the noun that they modify as possible.

5. DO NOT USE ABBREVIATIONS OR CONTRACTIONS. This rule is important in any piece of professional writing. Contractions are only appropriate for conversational language and come off as lazy in formal writing.

6. AVOID REPETITION You do want to rehash your points and support them in different ways. However, you do not want to repeat the same point over and over again using different language.

7. DO NOT EXAGGERATE If you use an obvious exaggeration, your reader will be on guard and begin to mistrust everything you say—including the rest of your self-reported qualifications.

Example: •

wassup bro so whats new man, you going? if so pick me up ese see

•

•

Hey man, what are u doing?

Do you wanna grab a coffee?

I’m going now see ya

•

Hello, how are you? I saw you yesterday in the library. Did you see my wallet there?

Help me

•

Hello How are you been?

It’s great to hear from you again

•

Hi bro Do you want to drink something?

I’ll let u know bro

•

Hi bro Remember we have a football game On sunday

•

Hello How are you?

I hope you o well in the physics exam

Would you like to get out to the park?

•

Hi, how’re you? I haven’t heard From you in a year

Hi bro

•

Hello, I saw you playing the Piano I want to meet you What’s your name

Hello I like you picture you are beautiful, Where do you live?

•

Hi Jack How are you?

We go to the cinema in the afternoon

•

Hellow How are you?

I liked to see dance What dance group are you in?

•

Friend what are you doing? Are You going to party today

•

Hello, how are you doing? I’m sorry For not answering your sms

•

Tomorrow we go to the cinema You want?

•

Hello How are you cant tell me the Time please

•

Hey, how are you? Let’s go walk And talk

•

Good morning, could you help me with and address, please

Narrative sentences What are narrative tenses?

•

Narratives tenses are used to talk about past events and to tell stories.

•

Narrative tenses are four tenses that we often use for talking about past events-

•

The most common of these is the past simple.

•

The other three tenses, the past continuous, the past perfect simple and the perfect continuous, can help us to say what ere ant more efficiently.

How to use these tenses Example The following are examples of narrative sentences Past simple – “We left on a rainy day” Past continuous – “It was pouring down even at midday. Past perfect – “It had rained off and on for ten days” Past perfect continuous – “We has been waiting to scape for what seemed ages”.

Explicit example •

Past simple: “we left for the airport on an exceptionally sunny day”

•

Past continuous: “the sun was shining, and it was really hot by midday”

•

Past perfect: “it had been sunny on and off for the previous frothing”

•

Past perfect continuous:” we had been waiting at the airport for what seemed like an eternity”

Used to •

We use expression to talk about habits or repeated actions in the past which we don’t in the present, we also use it to talk about states in the past which are no longer true.

•

We used to when we refer to things in the past which are no longer true. It can refer to repeated actions or to a state or situation.

•

He used to play football for the local team, but he’s too old now.

Used to or would?

•

We can used to or would talk about people’s habits in the past when we use them both together, used to most commonly comes first, as it sets the scene for the actions being reported.

•

When we ere kids, we used to invite amazing games.

•

We used to live in Manchester.

Structure Used to + infinitive Affirmative: I used to watch Disney cartoons when I was five.

Negative: I didn’t use to watch Disney cartoons when I was five.

Interrogative: Dis you use to watch Disney cartoons when I was five.

Particular cases of USED TO Used to, be used to, get used to.

1. Used to shows that a part a particular thing always happened or was true in the past (see examples above).

It is normal, let a little forced thought not so unusual 2. Be used to is ued to say that something is normal, not unusual be used to something, use to doing.

3. Get used shows that something is in the process of becoming normal. get used to it Used to In Spanish use to means: solia, which means that you could perform an activity that at present you can not do anymore.

When I was a kid, I used to speak Hebrew

A phrase that denotes context

The verb that comes after the word “TO” is

infinitive

When I was a kid I used to speak Hebrew He used to play football in the professional league of Imbabura But, when?

2 months ago….

The history “Last year, john and his friends decided to take a trip around the work. They visited tons of countries, but one if their favourite places was Paris. It was beautiful. They loved all od the museums and the people. But, one night something happened that they would never forget. After a night of hanging out, they were driving along a dark road.

There suddenly, they slammed into the black of taxi. For a moment they throw about spending off, but then they saw that the driver had been hurt. So, instead they decided to stay and take responsibility for what they had done. They called for help and took the taxi driver to the hospital. then they paid for his entre medical bill. A few days later, after the taxi driver had recovered, he thanked them repeatedly for not leaving him on the side of the road. He introduced them to his family, and they all spent a wonderful time together. so, even though the young men had no more money, they did have some nude friends “ Example: •

I was in Laguna Mall, I was waiting for my sister, when I saw my cousin walking with another girl. I followed them to see that they went to eat in the food court. I took a picture of them

•

I traveled to Quito, I had a party at the Foch. When I got to the terminal, I was waiting my friends to go to the party. (Aguirre Patricio)

•

The other day I was with my friend in the stadium waiting to play soccer and when we were playing, it started to rain, we got home very wet. (Valencia Pavel)

•

I was watching TV, when my brother arrived with his girlfriend and they made me scare and then we all saw the TV. (Pineda Santiago)

•

I was on the beach, I was going to the hotel when I met my ex-boyfriend and he was with his girlfriend, I just greeted them. (Loor Poled)

•

I was cooking with my mum, we were in the kitchen, when my brother called her and the food burned. (Arcos Melina)

•

I was in a restaurant, I was eating with my brother, until we saw a costumer stealing the glass. We decided to claim him. I called to the police. (Coral Luis)

•

I was in the stadium. While I was buying the tickets, someone stole my cell phone. I immediately notified the police, but I couldn’t retrieve my cell phone. (Martinez Dennis)

•

I went to Guayaquil, when I was in the park a person was walking and his wallet was stolen, so I called the police. (Gil Mariuxi)

•

I was buying cookies in Santa María, when I saw Joseph kissing a girl, but she was not his girlfriend. I put my cookies in the place and ran away. (Farinango Celia)

•

I was at home, I was waiting for a tie at the door, when I saw that some people wanted to rob, I was very scared. (Valles Lorena)

•

I was in “La Merced” park, I was with my friend, when I saw a traffic accident. I called 911, because too many people were injured. (Huera Jennifer)

•

I was in Yahuarcocha lagoon during the carnaval party, I was walking for the street with my family. When I was waiting to take the bus, I saw my best friend with another boy. (Logacho Carolina)

•

I traveled to Cuenca, I observed many crafts, it was fun, then I returned to my hotel to rest and go out at night. (Guandinango Cristian)

•

Jhon was in the university, he was going to his classroom when he received a message that the classroom was busy. (Buitrón Omar)

•

I was at the terminal, I was waiting for the bus to leave, when I looked at my friend.

So, we enjoyed the trip together. (Pujota Nataly)

•

I went with my cousin to talk to Zuleta, when we’re walking, we saw a fair and I saw my best friend with his family, they were watching the carnival event. When I approached them, they invited me to eat together. (Paucar Caren)

•

I went with my brother in the university, when he was at the entrance of the university, he saw his girlfriend with another boy and at that moment he started crying. (Castro Joselyn)

•

I was in cafeteria with my friend, when we saw that the waiter fell and ended up spilling everything on a girl. She got angry and said she was never going to come back anymore. (Zambrano Araceli)

•

I was in the kitchen, I was cooking for my family, when I remembered my girlfriend, I think she would have liked to eat my food. (Ortega Andy)

Example: •

15 year ago, I used to play World of Warcraft, my character was an elf.

When I young A long time ago…

When I was kin…

When I was younger…

•

When I was a younger, I used to spend vacations at my grandmother’s house. (Castro Joselyn)

•

When I was 12, I used to play with my cousins. (Farinango Celia)

•

5 years ago, I used to play Dota 1 my character was an axe. (Pineda Santiago)

•

When I was a child, I used to watch TV for many hours a day. (Logacho Carolina)

•

6 years ago, I used to play table tennis in the federation of Imbabura. (Valencia Pavel)

•

4 years ago, I used to skate, and I stopped doing it because I hurt my knee. (Paucar Karen)

•

When I was a kid, I used to spend weekends watching movies. (Guandinango Cristian)

•

When I was a kid, I used to take care of animals in the field. (Molina Sandra)

•

When I was little, we used to go to the beach every summer. (Huera Jennifer)

•

When I was younger, I used to play the saxophone in my school band. (Sosa Jessica)

•

She used to paint when she was a child. (Yepez Carolina)

•

When I lived in Ibarra, I used to walk to school. (Aguirre Patricio)

•

When I was younger, I used to dance in a group. (Gil Mariuxi)

•

5 years ago, I used to sing romantic music with my best friend at night school. (Coral Luis)

•

When I was a child, I used to practice basketball. (Arcos Melina)

•

When I was a kid, I used to play basketball. (Pujota Nataly)

•

When I was young, I used to play chess and participate in championships. (Valle Lorena)

•

3 years ago, I used to live with my mom and my brother, now I am alone. (Ortega Andy)

•

When I was younger, I used to go to the beach with my cousins. (Buitrón Omar)

•

When I was younger, I used to play guitar. (Narvaez Valeria)

•

When I was a kid, I used to travel to Ambato every year.

•

9 years ago, I used to pray in Latin, because in my school I was the rules. (Lopez Diana)

•

2 years ago, I used to live in Ibarra. (Colimba Cyntia)

•

10 years ago, I used to practice boxing in the Federation Imbabura. (Andrea Paredes)

SECOND PARTIAL

USUALLY I usually used to play futball in front of my house: Use to.

I usually had to go to Otavalo to do some errands: Usually + V in the past.

I usually woke up at 06 am to go to classes Usually + verb in present She usually goes to the parrk with her dog

Examples ❖ I usually got up at 06: 00 am. ❖ She usually has Orange juice for breackfast. ❖ I usually visited my uncles at chiristmas. ❖ I usually run every morning. (Paucar Karen). ❖ They don’t usually eat in the café. ❖ I usually go to the gym in the morning. ( Yepez Carolina). ❖ I usually went to my house on Sundays. ❖ I usull have lunch at 13:00 o´clock. (Aguirre Patricia). ❖ I usually bahed ache on the wekends. ❖ He usually has lived in Quito. (Loor Paredes). ❖ We usually walked to the university. ❖ I usually visited my uncles. 10:00. (Andy Ortega). ❖ I usually do homework at nigth ❖ He usual played soccer in the park. (Castro Joselyn) ❖ He usually traveled to Colombia twice year. ❖ She usually had at hermom. (Farinango Celia). ❖ I usually eats fruts in the afternon. (Valles Lorena). ❖ I usually do my homework at 3 in the afternoon. ❖ He usually slept in the afternoon. (Pujota Nataly) ❖ He usually reds the newspaper the morning. ❖ I usually traveled with my covsin. (Coral Luis). ❖ I usually forgot my neys in my car. ❖ I usually buy clothes at the mall. (Zambrano Aracely).

❖ I usually traveled every weekend Kren usually has played volley ball three times a week. (Gil Mariuxi). ❖ They usually take bus to school. ❖ I usually hve eaten cookies for afternoon. (Huera Jeniffer). ❖ She usually played soocer on Sundays. ❖ She usually plays sport. (Pineda Santiago). ❖ I usually went to the university. ❖ I usually tak yo my Friends all days. (Valencia Pavel). ❖ They usually had a lunch in the afternoon. ❖ He usually goes to school at 6:50 am ( Buitron Omar). ❖ I usually used to cook in the morning. ❖ I usually eat in restaurant. (Arcos Melina). ❖ The usually eat in cafetería. ❖ She usually has been a Good friend. (Colimba Cinthya) ❖ I sually cooked dinner last year. ❖ I usually walk to university ever day. (Narvaez Valencia). ❖ I usually toe at ice cream at 10:30 am he usually go to the university with your friend. ❖ I sually danced in the afternoon. ❖ I usually have to careny nephew. (Lopez) ❖ I usually helped my sisters homewrk. ❖ I usually has waked for many hours. (Molina Sandra). ❖ I usually cooked pasto n the weekends. ❖ I usually go shoping saturdas. (Paredes Andrea). ❖ I usually forgot my workbook in class. ❖ I usually walk my sister in the Wood. (Sosa Jessica).

MULTIWORD VERBS / PHRASAL VERBS Turn •

Turn on: Encender.

•

Turn off: Apagar.

Examples: ❖ Work out: entrenar. ❖ Put on: ponerse. ❖ Pick out: elegir. (Aguirre) ❖ Go out: dejar el lugar. ❖ Go Bach: regresar. ❖ Came out: dejar el lugar (Arcos Melina). ❖ Let yourself in: deja entrar alguien. ❖ Drive in: bucear, zambullirse. ❖ Climb out: salir con dificultad. (Logacho) ❖ Turn out to be: tener razón. ❖ Leave something: omitir algo. ❖ Put out: extinguir, apagar algo. (Valenzuela). ❖ Find out: descubrir. ❖ Carry out: sacar. ❖ Go on: continua (Molina). ❖ Get out: estar fuera. ❖ Out down: derribar. ❖ Clear up: sabe algo ( Gil ). ❖ Walk out: irse de un lugar. ❖ Climb out: escapar ❖ Chech out: comprobar algo. (Valles) ❖ Blow up: que algo explote. ❖ Tear something up: despedazar. ❖ Hold on: refrazar algo. (Coral). ❖ Set off: comenzar un camino.

❖ Try out: probar algo. ❖ Piug in: conectar algo. (Ortega) ❖ Set off: comenzar un camino. ❖ Sort something out: encontrar una solución ❖ Break down: deja de funcionar. (Yepez Carolina). ❖ Bring up: mencionar algo. ❖ Call of: cancelar. (Huera). ❖ Come Back: volver. ❖ Take off: despejarse. (Pujota). ❖ Keep away: mantener alejado. ❖ Keep on: seguir ❖ Keep up: mantenerse al día. (Biutrón ). ❖ Break up: terminar. ❖ Blow up: explotar ❖ Ask around: preguntar a todos. (Zambrano) ❖ Get by: acompañar. ❖ Get on:subir a ❖ Get up: levantarse a. (Loor). ❖ Get on: subirse/ montarse. ❖ Look out: ser cuidadoso. ❖ Run away: escaparse, huir. ❖ Look oup: fijarse en algo. ❖ Get in: entrar. ❖ Plug in: conectar algo. (Lopez). ❖ Run away: alejarse ❖ Look up: fijrse en algo ❖ Move in: mudarse (Paucar) ❖ Turn oround: Cambiar dirección ❖ Break down: dejar de funcionar. ❖ Take off: despejar. ❖ Take off: despegar del suelo

❖ Go on: continuar ❖ Keep on: hacer algo. (Valencia) ❖ Come back: volver algún lado. ❖ Turn around: cambio dirección ❖ Break down: dejo de funcionar (Castro). ❖ Check in: registrarse ❖ Check out: dejar la habitación. ❖ Move in : mudarse. ❖ Climbout: salir con dificultad. ❖ Eat out: comer fuera. (Andrea Paredes). ❖ Drive off: marcharse ❖ Come back: volver. ❖ Cheer up: alegrarse ❖ Get away: escapar, salir de algún sitio. ❖ Sabe up: guardar algo. (Coral). ❖ Go over: repasar. ❖ Wor out: entrar ❖ Carry out: sacar. (Pineda). ❖ Grow up: crecer ❖ Pick up: recoger ❖ Tell off: regañar. (Sosa).

•

Look for idioms English idioms in the internet ❖ Get in shape: ponerse en forma.(Zambrano). ❖ Onece in a blue moon: raramente de vez en cuanto. (Paucar). ❖ Better ñate tan never. (Loor). ❖ Go down in flames: fracasar de manera espectacular. (Valles). ❖ Bach in the day: en mis tiempos (Molina) ❖ Come rain or come shine; no importa las circunstancias: (Huera). ❖ Wneh pigs fly: algo que no va a pasar. (Arcos). ❖ A bird in the hand is work two in the bush: (Pujota). ❖ Better late tan never. (Biutrón).

❖ See eye to eye: (Castro) ❖ Break a leg: desear buena suerte: (Valencia). ❖ Let the cato ut of the bag: revelar un secreto por accidente (Pineda). ❖ Stamb someone in the bach: apuñalar a alguien por la espalda. (Coral) ❖ A piece of cake: un pedazo de torta (Guandigando). ❖ The last straw: la última fuente de irritación para que alguien pierda la paciencia.

(Yepez) ❖ Pay somebody back. (Valenzuela). ❖ Break a leg: desearle suerte a alguien. (Aguirre) ❖ Add insult to injury: empeorar una situación. (Gil). ❖ Go cold turkey: dejar un habito de repente: (Pujota) ❖ Speak of the devil: hablando del rey de roma. (Ortega). ❖ To go from to reicher: Pasar de haapos a riqueza. (Logacho) ❖ Pull strings: mover palabras. (Farigango)

PHRASAL VERBS Differences between idioms and phrasal verbs •

Let’s start with “idiom” by definition “idiomatic” me ans that the meaning of a phrase / sentences cannot be daduced from the separate meanings of the individual words.A coople of idioms in Emglish are “to kick the bucket” (meaning “to die”),

•

“to rain cats and dogs” (meaning “to rais quite hard”).

•

A phrasal verbs is a verbs that has 2 parts: the basic verb (called the lexical verb) plus a word that otherwise fuctions as a preposition such as “up” or “down”, some examples of phrasal verbs are “to make up” (which has several meanings such as to make peace after a quarrel “or” to fabricate story) and “to put down” (which also severañ meanings such as to “to euthanize are animal” or “ to criticize”)

Phrasal verbs: a phrasal verb is a verb like pick up, turn on or get on whit these verbs consist of a basic verb + another word or words. The two or three word that make up phrasal verb form a short “pharase” which is why we call them “phrasal verb” but a phrasal verb is still a verb.

Look is a verb, look up is alsoa verb they do not have the same meaning are they be have differently grammatically Table 1:Table with examples of Phrasal Verbs

Single – word -

Verb

definition

Look

Direct you eye You must look

verb

in

a

example

certain before you leap

direction Phrasal verbs

Verb + adverbv

Look up

Search for and You can look up find

the word in a

information in a dictionary reference book Verb

+ Look after

Take care of

preposition

after the baby?

Verb + adverb + Look forward to Anticipe preposition

Who is looking

pleasure

with I Look forward to meeting you?

Examples 1. Go on. Happen’s what’s going on?

•

There’s a class going on at the moment

•

What went on last night?

2. Pick up. Get somethingor someone from a place I picked up my brother from the airport •

Please pick up some bread

•

Would you come and pick me up from work tonight

3. Como back. Return to place (the speaker is in a that place) she came back around 10 pm last night •

When will you come back from France?

•

Plase come back! It’s boring here without you

4. Come up with. Produce an idea Julie came up with a great idea •

He came up with an answer to the question very quickly

•

Can you come up with a better solution?

5. Go back. Return to a place (the speaker isn’t in that place) he finished his work and went back to his flat •

When is she planning to go back to Japan?

•

I’ll go back to the library later

6. Find out. Get information can you find out what time the restaurant opens?

•

I found out that we need to submit our essays next Tuesday.

•

I don´t know what the weather forecast is for tomorrow but I’ll find out

7. Come out. Appear from a place, she came out of the kitchen •

He went to the coffe and came out with the coffe.

•

Please come out of the bedroom

8. Go out. Go to on a vent restaurant/pub/party. Let’s go out for dinner •

You’re going out a lot these days

•

We should go out more

9. Point out. Show/mention, she pointed out the beautiful paintings on the alls •

Please point out to the student that they must attended

•

Well miss the bus if we don’t hurry he pointed out

10. Grow up. Become and adult I Grew up in sco that •

My children are growing up too fast

•

When will he grow up

11. Set up. Create/ arrange I need to set up a new bank account •

She’s decided to set up her own company

•

I set up some language classes at the school

12. Turn out. In the end we discover. The mold turned out to have stolen the money •

He turned out to be a friend of Alex’s

•

The party turned out do be a big success

13. Get out. Leave room! Building car. I need to get out f the house •

She got out of the car and went to the shop

•

Bet out! There’s also fire in the kitchen

14. Come in/ into. Enter (the speaker is in that place) please come in! it’s Great to see you •

She come into the living room and stat down

15. Take on. To be responsible for. He’s going to take on the new project •

She isn’t taking on my new student at the moment

•

Could you take on some extra work

Examples ❖ I will get back to you with and answer this afternoon, Loor Poled ❖ I can pick out my Christmas present. Aguirre Patricio ❖ We looked up at the plane as it flew above us. Pineda Santiago ❖ The prisioners broke out from prision. Yepez Carolina ❖ I want to pass over this situation. Zambrano Araceli ❖ Let’s go out for lunch tomorrow. Arcos Melina ❖ The lecture went on fill 07:00. Molina Sandra ❖ She put on at beautiful dress. Farinango Celia ❖ Camila turns on the light at 6:00 Gill Mariuxi

❖ You’re driving too fast, slow down. Valles Lorena ❖ Every day I keep on doing homework. Valencia Pavel ❖ The fridge isn’t working because you haven’t plugged it in. Castro Joselyn ❖ Look out! There’s a car coning. Castro Joselyn ❖ Do you get along with your English teacher. Loor Poled ❖ I can’t get out of my car. Buitron Omar ❖ He ran away from a jail. Paucar Karen ❖ I wish you good luck on your journey. Guandinango ❖ I get up early in the morning . Logacho Carolina ❖ Every day I come Back to my house. Arcos Melina ❖ When the party finished I drove off home. Farinango Celia ❖ Can you give me a piece of cake mother. Guandinango ❖ In two weekends I move in with my parents. Paucar Karen ❖ Sorry I’m late the bus broke down. Ortega Andy ❖ My plane took of with a lot of people yesterday. Coral Luis ❖ A woman got into the car and drove off. Pujota ❖ Can you give me a piece of cake mother. Aguirre ❖ The party was called off. Huera Jennifer ❖ The teacher said we go up from the chair. Valencia Pavel ❖ I’m looking forward to that trip. Yepez Carolina ❖ I pich upthe dirty dishes from the kitchen. Sosa Jesica ❖ She didn’t get on the plane. Buitron Omar ❖ I had no key so I was loked out. Pineda Santiago ❖ He walk Away in the street. Valenzuela J. ❖ I never found out what happened in my out’s house. Molina Sandra ❖ I usually look after my little sister. Narvaez Valeria ❖ I asked around but nobody answered me. Zambrano Araceli ❖ I turn on the tv once a day. Gil Mariuxi ❖ Look out! There’s a car coming. Valles Lorena ❖ How did the thieves get in. Lopez ❖ I’ll be off the city tomorrow. Colimba Cinthya

❖ I walked away to my house. Martinez Denise ❖ After ten year of relationship, they broke up. Colimba Cinthya ❖ Wake me up when it’s all over. Martinez Dennis ❖ To make matters worse it started to rain. Guandinango ❖ Maria can move to live with her boyfriend. Paredes Andrea ❖ I had to get in and get out of the car because I forget the keys. Lopez ❖ Juan get out eat food in the quarantine. Valenzuela

PHARASAL OF ABILITY Are verbs wich are used to show the possibility of someone doing something.

Ability: Is the possibility of someone doing something.

-

I can draw cartoons.

-

She can speak english fast.

Examples: Positive: -

Elon Musk can build rockets.

-

Superman can fly.

-

Batman can destroy the Justice League.

Negative: -

I can not run fast.

-

He can not play basketball.

Questions: Cannot ✔ Can not ✔ Can you run fast?

-

Yes I can.

-

No, I can not. (can’t)

Infinitive: -

I can speak English

Examples I can run fast.

I can draw a beautiful place.

I can not eat fast.

I can not cook lasagna.

Can you write fast?

Can you drive a car?

Rodriguez Victor.

Logacho Carolina

She can play the guitar.

He can sing.

He can not sing.

I can not play Volleyball.

Can she play volleyball?

Can you dance?

Huera Jennifer

Aguirre Patricio

He can write poems.

I can play tennis,

She can not do math homework.

I can not play tennis.

Can you buy milk?

Can I play tennis?

Loor Poled

YĂŠpez Carolina

He can run 300 meters in 15 min.

I can design on engine in solid

I can not run 300 meters in15 min.

works.

Can you run 300 meters in 15

I can not play guitar.

min?

Can you dance salsa?

Valenzuela Joselyn

Martinez Dennis

I can teach you math.

She can cook.

You can not draw.

I can not run to fast.

Can you forget enjoy?

Can you play chess?

Valles Lorena

She can dance on stage.

I can do digital art work.

I can’t leave my house.

I cannot draw faces.

Can you answer me?

Can you travel in airplane?

Zambrano Araceli

Sosa Jessica

I cannot serve money.

I can not play soccer.

I can pay attention to class.

I can cook desserts.

Can you go quickly to the

Can you sing?

university?

Castro Joselyn

Paucar Kevin I play soccer very well.

I can not draw well.

I can not cook.

He can play soccer.

Can you ride a horse?

Can she cook very well?

BuitrĂłn Omar

Arcos Melina

I can Juggle with brills.

I can jump very high.

I can not sing

I can not jump very high.

Can you play the guitar?

Can you jump very high?

Guandinango

I can drive fast

I can drive my car.

He can not swim

I can not drive a bike.

Can you speak Italian?

Can you drive a submarine?

Narvaez Valeria

Table 2: Examples with can

Can

Present

I can speak French

Could

Past

I could speak Hebrew

Able to

Future

I will be able to speak Japanese

I will can I won’t can I could fight with him once I finishes training.

Semiformal When a tense is used in a dynamic way in different situation whit involve a different tense use.

Examples I can eat a lot of pizza.

I can play tennis.

I could eat vegetables.

I could play tennis

I will be able to prepare sushi.

I will be able to play tennis.

Rodriguez Victor.

Guadinango C.

I can play basketball.

I can play the piano.

I could play tennis.

I could ride a bike.

I will be able to play golf.

I will be able to cook sea food.

Loor Poled

Arcos Melina.

I can drink a lot of milk.

He can froth in the river,

I could drink pineapple juice.

She could flight.

I will be able drive car.

He will be able to improve his

Logacho Carolina

English.

Farinango Celia.

I can walk in the park.

I can dance bachata.

I could walk in the city.

I could drive to university.

I will be able to run in the stadium.

I will be able to speak.

Valencia Pavel

Zambrano Araceli.

She can sing very fast.

I can Play soccer today.

I could drive tomorrow.

I could sing in the party.

I will be able to play guitar.

I will be able to dance.

Aguirre Patricio.

Ortega Andy

I can play basketball.

I can pix electronic music.

I could play basketball.

I could play football.

I will be able to help you with

I will be able to ride a horse.

your homework.

Martinez Dennis.

Yepez Carolina.

I can swim in the pool.

I can drive a car.

I will be able to study Saturday.

My grandmother could speak

It could rain this evening.

English.

Pujota Nataly.

She will be able to attend church next Saturday.

Huera Jennifer.

I can cook very well.

I can play soccer.

I could eat chocolate all day.

I could dance tango.

I will be able to dance bachata.

Carl will be able to play soccer.

Valles Lorena.

Gil Mariuxi.

I can fix different kind of cars.

I can speak kichwa.

I could find problems in the

I could leave work.

electronic computers of cars with

I will be able to play friddle.

a shamer.

Molina Sandra.

I will be able to design new car model.

Coral Luis I can prepare pizza.

I can dance salsa.

I could not read a book in a day.

You will be able to attend the

I will be able to play guitar.

party.

Buitrón Omar.

I could go visit my family.

Paucar Karen.

He could rain this evening.

Could can be used to predict an event usually in this case this event depends on your or is highly influenced by your perception.

Tan pronto como as son as I Will be able to play football once the pandemic ends.

“Una vez” As a conector Linking word

MODALS OF ABILITY CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO •

When we talk about ability, we mean two things.

First, we mean general ability. This is something that once you have learned you can do any time you want, like being able to read or swim or speak a language, for example.

The other kind of ability is specific ability. This mean something that you can or can't do in one particular situation. For example, being able to lift something heavy, or find somewhere you are looking for.

Present MODAL •

I can play the guitar.

•

She can speak German.

•

Mike can swim well.

•

You can see “can” is always followed by a base verb. It does not mater what the subject is. We say “I can”, “she can”, “they can”, etc. The same is true for “could” in the past.

PAST MODAL •

Past

•

I could sing very well when I was young.

•

She could read when she was 4 years old.

FUTURE •

Future

•

I will be able to drive a car in 2 years.

•

He will be able to buy a house next year.

“Able to” is used with many other verb tenses. Take a look at these examples: •

I have been able to visit many countries in my life.

•

She used to be able to dance the Tango.

•

Mike will have been able to finish by tomorrow.

ED AND ING ADJETIVES These adjetives usually como from a verb. When a adkjetive finishs in ED, IT, provides the meaning of something tempory, wich will not last, while ING as an ending provides the meaning of a fixed and unamovable situation.

Table 3: Examples with Ed and Ing

ED

ING

I am interesed

I am interesting

Estoy interesado

Soy interesante

Iam dissapointed

I am dissapointing

Estoy decepcionado

Soy decepcionante

Kiss I am kissed

Passive

I am kissing

The present continuos

Run I a runned

Âż? Does not make serse

I am running

Present continuous

Not all verbs can be turned into adjetives.

They still can be used as a verbs, but, not as adjetives.

EXAMPLES: I am interested

Yo soy interesante

I am interesting

Yo soy interesado

I am alarmed

Estoy alarmado

I am alarming

Soy alarmante. Aguirre

I am relaxed

Estoy relajado

I am relaxing

Soy relajante. Valencia

He is fascinated

Él está fascinado

He is fascinating

Él es fascinante. Buitrón.

I am depresed

Estoy deprimido

I am depreding

Soy deprimente. Arcos

I am womed

Estoy preocupado

I am warming

Soy preocupante. Pujota

I am ano¡noying

Soy fastiosa

I am annoyed

Estoy fastidiando. Coral

She is suprised

Ella está sorprendiendo

She is suprising

Ella esta sorpendente. Narvaez

I am boring

Soy aburrido

I am bored

Estoy aburrido. Pineda

I am tired

Estoy cansado

I am bored

Soy cansante. Loor

She is amazing

Ella es asombrosa

She is amazed

Ella esta asombrosa. Ortega

I am overhelming

Soy abrumador

I am overhelmed

Estoy abrumado. Huera

I am exited

Estoy emocionado

I am exiting

Soy emocionante. Logacho

They are confused

Ella esta confundida

They are confusing

Ella es confundida. Farinango

I am embarrassed

Estoy avergonzanda

I am embarrassing

Soy vergonzosa. Lopez

He is angried

Él está enfermo

He is angring

Él está enfermando. Castro

I am dearmed

Estoy soñando

I am dearming

Estoy soñando. Martinez

I am interesed in flims made by Quetin

I am confused with the history test the

Toronto

quesions were very confusing. Valencia

I

thing

his

films

are

interesting. Rodriguez.

I Heard an alarming noise it was a trafic

I am shoched by news the w¡news are

accident and everyone was alarmed.

shoching. Gil

Martinez

I was really surprised at the theater I

I am surprised to see you hre it’s a

think the theater will surprised you

surprising story. Pujota

with drama of the actors. Loor

I am annoyed by my cousi but it is

He is charmed by a girld, he is

because my family is annoying me in a

charming with his girlfriend. Valles

family meeting. Zambrano

Thw shy boy was utterly a,barrased in

I am bored, I want to go home this

her presence. This can be very

meeting is booring. Buitron.

embarrassing and uncomfortable for

She is excited about this new job, she had

thr sufferer. Yepez

on exciting day. Huera

Our history class is really boring. I got

The movie is fligthtening, My friend is

bored so I started eating. Pineda

flightened for the horror movie. Ortega

She was dissapointed in him because

He is fascinated by the museums H is

she

fascination by how he dpeak. Arcos

saw

a

scene

dissapointing

yesterday. Farinango.

I am cousin worned about my grades are

She convinced me to go eat a ice cream,

warring. Paucar

because she is very convincing when she talks. Valenzuela

ADJETIVES WITH ED AND ING There are many adjetives that we have in english that end in ED or ING. •

And adjetives that ends in-ING is used to describe:

The characteristic of a person a thing or a situation.

•

An adjetive that ends in ED is used to describe:

A feeling (or how a person feels) or an emotion. It is used to describe a tempory thing.

Since only people (and some animals) have feelimgs, ED adjetives cannot be used to describe an object or situation.

How ING adjetives are formed.

•

The ING adjetives is formed by adding ing to the base form of the verb.

Interest - Interesting

•

The ING from is called the present participle. We are using it as an andjetive.

I watched and interesting film.

How ED adjetives are formed •

The ED adjetives is formed by adding ed to the end of the verb.

Interest - Interested

•

This ED form is called the past participle we are using it as on adjetive.

I am very interesed in fotball.

Speaking is a hill wich is used to produce speech wich is applied in oral communication.

There are differences between speaking in spanish and speaking in english.

On of the main differences is that when we speak in spanish (in Ecuador) we overuse articles and we provide adjetives (in general in spanish all over the world) to most things even thought adjetives not being neccesary.

TO PRACTICE SPEAKING IN ENGLISH WE NEED A TOPIC. A topic is neccesary because it will provide context and will not let the conversation take a turn to something more complicade an without sense.

A topic can be a question or a topic per se. From it you can developep the conversation.

TOPIC

This is correct.

TOPIC

This is not correct.

Important when the question are small give relatively small answer, do not speak too much to answer a simple question.

Simple Question What is your name?

How old are you?

Where are you from?

What is the name of your neihbourhood?

Complex Questions •

What is your favorite sport Why?

•

Keep it concice

What is your favorite food Why?

Describe your neighourhood. (Task) Describe your family (Task)

Always be ready for a ¨WHY¨ because and you can add a ¨Because¨ even if the evaluator does not ask.

SPEAKING IS A SKILL Which is used to produce speech which is applied in oral communication There are differences between speaking in Spanish and speaking in English.

Once of the main differences is that when we speak in Spanish (in Ecuador) we overuse articles, and we provide adjectives (in general in Spanish all over the world) to most things, even though adjectives not being necessary.

To practice speaking in English we need a topic.

A topic is necessary because it will provide context and will not let the conversation take a turn to something more complicated and without sense.

A topic can be a question or a topic per se. From it you can develop the conversation.

IMPORTANT!!! WHEN THE QUESTIONS ARE SMALL, GIVE RELATIVELY SAMALL ANSWERS; DO NOT SPEAK TOO MUCH TO ANSWER A SIMPLE QUESTION.

SIMPLE QUESTIONS WHAT IS YOUR NAME? HOW OLD ARE YOU? WHARE ARE YOU FROM?

ALWAYS BE REALY FORD A “WHY” WITH A” BECAUSE”, AND YOU CAN ADD A ”BECAUSE ”EVEN IF THE EVALUATOR DOES NOT ASK

COMPLEX QUESTIONS WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE SPORT? WHY? WHAT IS YOUR FAVORITE FOOD? WHY?

WHAT IS THE NAME OF YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD? Vocabulary Corner shop. Tienda

DESCRIBE YOUR NEIGHBOURHOOD? (TASK) DESCRIBE YOUR FAMILY (TASK)

KEEP IT CONCISE

Determine the nature of a noun Articles can make of a noun something / someone part of something general, or make it more specific and unique.

ARTICLES

Determiners in English Determiners are used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something specific or something of a particular type.

Possessive My Our Your His Her Its Their

Ordinals

First Second Third Next Last

Quantifiers Much Several Some Little No All Any Lot of Many Plenty of Enough Another

Numerals

Articles

One Two Three Ten Fifty Hundred Thousand

A An The

Predeterminers

All All of What Such Rather

Quite Twice Double Both

USING A, AN, THE Table 4:Ways to use a, an and the

A

AN

•

A is used in front of singular countable nouns (a person, animal or thing) which are not specific

-

An is used in front of singular countable nouns which are not specific.

•

We don’t use a before uncountable or plural nouns.

-

We don’t an before uncountable or plural nuns.

•

If a noun starts whit a consonant sound (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, etc.), “a” comes before the noun.

-

If the noun starts with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u), “an” comes before the noun.

EXAMPLES:

EXAMPLES:

A cat A bird A child A doctor

An Apple An egg An ant An orange

A house A bike A boy A table

The •

We use “the” in front of all nouns (It does not matter whether the nouns are singular, plural countable or uncountable) to describe someone or something specific or unique.

EXAMPLES: The earth The moon The world The President The air The CEO The weather The sun

An hour An aunt An old man An uncle

ARTICLES •

The problem is that the noun 'boy' (the subjects) cannot be used without an article. We could say, for example, 'The boy', 'A boy' or 'My neighbour's boy'. Generally, the articles a and the are used with nouns.

What are articles •

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. Consider the following examples:

1. After the long day, the cup of tea tasted particularly good.

2. By using the article the, we’ve shown that it was one specific day that was long and one specific cup of tea that tasted good. After a long day, a cup of tea tastes particularly good.

3. By using the article a, we’ve created a general statement, implying that any cup of tea would taste good after any long day.

•

English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite. Let’s discuss them now in more detail.

The Definite Article

The definite article is the word the. It limits the meaning of a noun to one particular thing.

The definite article can be used with singular, plural, or uncountable nouns. Below are some examples of the definite article the used in context: 1. Please give me the hammer.

2. Please give me the red hammer; the blue one is too small.

3. Please give me the nail.

4. Please give me the large nail; it’s the only one strong enough to hold this painting.

5. Please give me the hammer and the nail.

The Indefinite Article

•

The indefinite article takes two forms. It’s the word a when it precedes a word that begins with a consonant. It’s the word an when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel. The indefinite article indicates that a noun refers to a general idea rather than a particular thing. For example, you might ask your friend, “Should I bring a gift to the party?” Your friend will understand that you are not asking about a specific type of gift or a specific item. “I am going to bring an apple pie,” your friend tells you. Again, the indefinite article indicates that she is not talking about a specific apple pie. Your friend probably doesn’t even have any pie yet. The indefinite article only appears with singular nouns. Consider the following examples of indefinite articles used in context:

•

Please hand me a book; any book will do.

•

Please hand me an autobiography; any autobiography will do.

Special Uses of Articles 1. Media and communications:

Use a noun PLUS definite article to refer to systems of communication and the mass media, in contrast to the actual machine of communications. The telephone is the system of communication; a telephone is the actual physical machine.

•

The newspapers are all in agreement on the latest financial disaster.

•

[exception: television usually has no article: Did you see him onv television?]

2. Means of transportation:

Use the definite article to refer to the whole transport system, rather than to an individual vehicle: •

The subway is quicker.

•

[if you use the construction “by PLUS means of transport,” there is no article: I go by subway].

3. Forms of entertainment:

To refer to a form of entertainment in general, use the definite article: • • •

I enjoy seeing the ballet.

To refer to a particular event, use the indefinite article: I saw a good movie last night.

4. Place/object of activity nouns: Certain nouns refer to either a place/object or to an activity. When they refer to an activity, do not use the definite article:

Table 5: Examples of Place/object of activity nouns

Activity

Object

I go to bed at 11 o’clock.

Don’t jump on the bed.

She went to school for many years.

The school was too small.

Many families eat dinner together.

The dinner was delicious.

I shower before breakfast.

The breakfast was delicious.

They are at church.

The church is very old.

She is in class.

The class is in Room 102.

VACABULARY When someone is producing writing, or speachas that person makes use of vocabulary; this vocabulary can be divided into several parts depending on its difficulty level.

It is considered a mistake when someone who is in an A1 level of English starts using B2 words, because that shows that a person has no confort or idea on what is he/she speaking.

VACABULARY LEVELS A1 WORDS

B1 WORDS

B2 WORDS

Look Accident Transport Holidays Key Vacations Beautiful Accommodation Aasitant Clothes Touch Beautiful Work Stirt Alone Color Day Company Draw Cartoon Camping embarrased

Goze Ability Advertisement Buildings Ambitious Influential Library A storm Ashamed Loundry Toddler Game Absent Wreak Attend Couple Essential Behave Photo Couple Atmosphere Bored

Peek Absence Affair Ally Dull Addicition Peek Chubby Asume Jeep Absurd Strategres Amused Amuse Adopt Academis Absence Climb Dishaner Acquire Mishap Adequately

Giving opinions: ❖ My favourite restaurant in Ibarra is “Entretenedores”, this restaurant is a good place because the food is delicious, the price of meals is not high, I highly recommend this restaurant. ❖ The Valle Hermosa complex it is a very beautiful place with a very large garden surrounded by a variety of plants and an amazing swimming pool. It is a place worth visiting any time you need relaxation (Huera). ❖ My favorite restaurant in Ibarra is “El Horno” because they serve delicious lasagna and the place is cozy. I recommend you have a date there. (Buitron Omar). ❖ My favorite restaurant in Quito is Columbus, in this place there are delicious hamburguesas and barbecue, however. It is not that expensive; I recommend you go when you visit Quito. (Karen Paucar) ❖ My favorite movie is “Yo antes de ti” is very romantic. That movie tells a very interesting and movie story. I recommend that you look at it. (Pujota Nataly) ❖ My favorite restaurant in Ibarra is Subterraneo, this restaurant has a great variety of food it’s excellent. I recommend this place for you to enjoy any occasion. (Yepez Carolina) ❖ My favorite ice cream shop is “La bermejita” it is in front of la Merced Park, I often went with my family to that place for chocolate ice cream but there are many other flavors.

(Valles Lorena) ❖ I love Ecuadorian KFC this franchise of fast food has been recognized around the word and is cheap. Also, you can find one wherever you are. (Zambrano) ❖ My favorite place to visit is Puerto Lago, this a beautiful place because it is front San Pablo lake and they have some tasty dishes, but the price is expensive. (Logacho Carolina) ❖ My favorite restaurant is "quesudos” in Ibarra. It is a good place and is has friendly workers and the food is very delicious. I recommended visit it is very good place for eat and relaxing. (Narvaez Valeria) ❖ My favorite restaurant in Ibarra is Jockey because it prepares the best food of the coast and has a good attention. I really recommend this restaurant. (Colimba Cynthia) ❖ I like the Taita Imbabura refuge, this a beautiful place. The people are friendly, this price os confortable, I highly recommend this refuge. (Molina Sandra)

❖ My favorite restaurant in Ibarra is "Tunas y Cabras" this restaurant is a good place of food because they sell delicious cakes. I highly recommend this restaurant. (Valenzuela J.) ❖ My favorite restaurant in Quito is papitas “Las Españolas “, because this restaurant is fast food, it is cheap and delicious. I really recommend going is very cozy (Sosa Jessica) ❖ My favorite restaurant in Otavalo is "Alabuena”, this restaurant they make delicious BBQ wings and tamarind, its attention is excellent, I recommend the good restaurant. (Paredes Andrea) ❖ My favorite singer is Amaia Montero because her voice is beautiful, and her songs are excellent. I love her songs. (Castro Joselyn) ❖ My favorite singer is Alex Campos because is an example of life, despite all the problems he never lost faith in God. (Paredes Andrea) ❖ The band "Morat" is my favorite; their songs are very beautiful and romantic. They are very friendly, and they are always for their fans. His music inspires a lot of love. (Lopez Diana) ❖ My favorite actor is Chris Evans because he is the best actor in te movie Avengers and his movies are fantastic. (Colimba Cynthia) ❖ My favorite singer of Bachata is Romeo Santos, because their songs are romantic. I recommend listening your song “The wedding". (Valenzuela J.) ❖ My favorite famous person is Guillermo Del Toro, because he is a great director and producer of the movies. He always put fantastic creatures in the world of cinema. I recommend watching your movies. (Sosa Jessica) ❖ My favorite group the music is twice, the singers, sing very well, the type the music so acustic, this group so known for much person. (Molina) ❖ I like the Adam Sandler movie, all his movie is very funny and have good stories he usually makes a lot of jokes in his movies, I like that. (Narvaez Valeria) ❖ I admire Will smith also known as the eternal smile because he is always in a good mood and transmits his good energy to us through his films. (Loor Poled) ❖ My favorite actor is Johnny Depp, because his films are incredible the best recorded film

by Johnny Depp is pirates of the Caribbean. (Guandinango)

❖ My favourite famous is Harry Styles because his smile is great. I love the song to be so lonely is so sad. (Andy Ortega) ❖ My favourite actor is Tom Cruise, because he is o good actor, he plays characters in a good way, all his movies are fantastic, and he has a lot of time in the movies. (Aguirre Patricio) ❖ I greatly admire singer Andy Rivera because he is humble with his fans and very gentle with his audience in concert. (Valles Lorena) ❖ My favourite rap singer is Wos, because he mixes all genres of music with rap, the songs he has tell a different story with a motivating message, and he does not use autotune.

(Valencia Pavel) ❖ I think that Robert kiyosaki is the best writer in the word, because his book” Padre rico padre pobre” is fantastic to read about the money even he makes conferences how to control the money in the life. (Coral Luis) ❖ My favorite character is Wilson Churchill. He worked hard for his country and his speeches were impressive. There is a movie. I recommended it. (Martinez Dennis) ❖ My favourite YouTuber is coreano vlogs, for me he is the best of all because he is humble and hard working. I really recommend watch his channel. (Gil Mariuxi) ❖ My favourite singer is Jennifer Lopez and she is also good actress. I like her movie “Selena”. (Pujota Nataly) ❖ My faurite artist is Ludovico, he is Italian. He is a composer and pianist. His compositions are amazing and relaxing. Its genre is neoclassical music. (Huera Jennifer) ❖ My favorite actor is Adam Sandler, he is known word wide for cinema, what characterizes him is making movies like the wife of lies, his character is very funny. I recommend. (Yepez Carolina) ❖ I consider that Johnny Depp is one of the best actors in Hollywood, because he worked in many roles in many movies. I recommend watching his movies. (Arcos Melina) ❖ I like salsa and my favourite band is “Los adolescents” because they write songs about their lives same song lyrics are sad, but I like them. (Karen Paucar) ❖ My favourite character is Jose Mujica. I think he is the best president in the word history, because he has a different way of doing politics, of thinking, of seeing life and nature.

(Logacho Carolina)

FUTURE TENSES Are group of tenses which are used to talk about future (in very different and unique was).

• •

Going to Will

• •

Present continuous Present simple

Obvious future tenses.

Future tenses but in context.

Will: is an auxiliar used to express simple future. It is also used for predictions without a strong base. And, for decisions made on the go. And, lastly for premises.

Examples: I will always love you.

I’ll always love you (contraction).

PROMISE

I will call you later.

I’ll call you later (contraction).

DECISION MADE ON THE GO

It will rain.

It’ll rain (contraction).

PREDICTION WITHOUT A STRONG BASE Predictions with will, promises ❖ I will go to the cinema tonight. (Arcos Melina) ❖ I will visit my friends after quarantine. (Aguirre Patricio) ❖ There will be rain in many areas of Otavalo tomorrow. (Logacho Carolina) ❖ It will be sunny. (Valenzuela) ❖ I will read the book tomorrow. (Loor Poled) ❖ He thinks he will win the race. (Pujota Nataly) ❖ I promise I will give you a gift. (Farinango Celia) ❖ I will sleep more tomorrow. (Valencia Pavel) ❖ They will play tennis next Sunday. (Valles Lorena) ❖ The child will be crying. (Zambrano Araceli) ❖ We will play in the park next week. (Yepez Carolina) ❖ We will travel to another country when the quarantine ends. (Paucar Karen)

❖ I’ll do my homework at night. (Buitrón Omar) ❖ I will be there for you even when you are gone. (Ortega Andy) ❖ I will come back to my job next month. (Coral Luis) ❖ I will go to play soccer on Friday. (Guandinango Cristian) ❖ I think I will visit you next week. (Gil Mariuxi) ❖ I will take care of my cat. (Huera Jeniffer) ❖ My friend will be a vet to help animals. (Paredes Andrea) ❖ She will read the newspaper tomorrow. (Colimba Cyntia) ❖ I will cook the dinner tomorrow. (Narváez Valeria) ❖ I will always go visit my mother on the weekends. (Castro Joselyn) ❖ Tomorrow, I will pay for lunch. (Molina Sandra) ❖ We will visit grandma when the quarantine ends. (Sosa Jessica)

FUTURE FORMS

WILL PREDICTIONS AND FORECASTS -I think Real Madrid will win.

-It will be rainy all week.

SPONTANEOUS DECISIONS -I’ll help you with the bags.

OFFERS / PROMISES - I’ll help you with your homework.

-I’ll see you tomorrow.

GOING TO

INTENTIONS -I’m going to play basketball tomorrow.

PREVIOUSLY MADE DECISIONS -We’re going to go camping this summer.

SOMETHING THAT IS VERY LIKELY -Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

ARRANGEMENTS AND PLANS -He’s flying to Milan on Tuesday.

-We’re meeting friends on Friday.

-I’m seeing a movie on Sunday aft ernoon.

PRESENT SIMPLE TIMETABLES (HORARIOS) -Bus timetables.

-Train timetables.

-Movie timetables.

-Flight timetables.

-The movie is at 5 o’clock.

SCHEDULED / REPEATED EVENTS -It’s her birthday tomorrow.

-I have an English call on Thursday.

There are a number of future forms in English, just as there are different forms for the past and present. Let's take a look at examples of the four different forms: Simple Future, Future Continuous, Future Perfect, and Future Perfect Continuous used to speak in English about the future.

WILL It’s one of the ways of talking about the future, but there are a few others. Let’s look at will to start with. We use will / won’t (= will not) + the infinitive for predictions about the future. Examples: •

Oliver’ll be back soon.

•

We won’t be ready.

•

Do you think it’ll rain this afternoon?

•

We also use will when we decide something at the moment of speaking.

•

(The doorbell rings) I’ll get it.

Will is used for decisions made at the moment of speaking. What about decisions made before the moment of speaking?

Then we can use either the present continuous or going to (+ infinitive).

•

Amy’s coming round.

•

We’re going to watch a film – want to join us?

•

What are you doing this evening?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS We use the present continuous more for arrangements with other people and be + going to + infinitive for intentions. Sometimes it’s important to choose the right structure, but often we could use either because many events are both arrangements and intentions.

•

Amy’s coming round. (= arrangement between Amy and Daisy)

•

Amy’s going to come round. (= Amy’s intention)

•

I’m going to clean my room tonight. (= intention)

•

I’m cleaning my room tonight. (not an arrangement)

PRESENT SIMPLE •

When we want to talk about a schedule, we use the Present Simple tense.

•

“The plane leaves in half an hour – we’d better hurry.”

•

“Next week I fly to Italy, then on Tuesday, I’m in Spain.”

FUTURE CONTINUOUS •

To talk about something that will be in progress at a time in the future, use will be doing.

•

“For example, “This time next week, I’ll be sitting on a plane.”

•

We can also use this form to make polite requests.

•

“Will you be using the car tomorrow?”

FUTURE PERFECT

• If you want to say that something will be completed by a time in the future, use will have done.

• “I’ll have finished the report by this afternoon.”

ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL

First Conditional The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

1. If it rains, I won't go to the park.

2. If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.

3. If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.

4. She'll be late if the train is delayed.

5. She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.

6. If I see her, I'll tell her.

ANOTHER VERB TO USE

Other modal verbs can be used in place of WILL. •

If it’s sunny tomorrow, I might go to the beach. (going to the beach is only a possibility)

•

If you come early, you can meet my mother. (it is possible for you to meet my mother)

Zero conditional

True: Verdadero Truth: Verdadero

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if clause' and one in the 'main clause'): If + present simple, .... present simple.

•

This conditional is used when the result will always happen. So, if water reaches 100 degrees, it always boils. It's a fact. I'm talking in general, not about one particular situation.

The result of the 'if clause' is always the main clause.

•

The 'if' in this conditional can usually be replaced by 'when' without changing the meaning.

•

For example: → If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils. (It is always true, there can't be a different result sometimes). → If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (This is true only for me, maybe, not for everyone, but it's still true that I'm sick every time I eat peanuts)

FIRST CONDITIONAL AND ZERO CONDITIONAL

Only here you can use WHEN instead of IF

ZERO VS. FIRST CONDITIONAL IN ENGLISH 1. When I’m too tired to cook, I order take-out. (zero conditional) 2. If I’m too tired to cook tonight, I’ll some take-out. (first conditional) •

These two sentences are very similar but there is a difference in meaning between the two – can you identify the difference?

•

Read the sentences again and answer:

3. Which one is a general truth?

4. Which one is a likely probability?

•

If you’re not sure, let’s take a closer look at the Zero and First Conditional to help you answer those questions.

EXAMPLES FIRST CONDITIONAL AND ZERO CONDITIONAL ❖ If you go to sleep early, you will have energy to study english. ❖ If I do homework, I will go to the party. (Castro Joselyn) ❖ If study hard, I will pass the exam. (Martínez Dennis) ❖ If I have time, I´ll can you. (Pineda Santiago) ❖ If you study, you will pass the semestre. (Farinango Celia) ❖ If you to the doctor, he will give you some medicine.(Buitrón Omar) ❖ If I study for the english exam, I pass the next level. (Loor Poled) ❖ If you work hard with my dad, he will give you away a new cell pone.(Coral Luis) ❖ If I exercise, I will lose wieght. (Valle Lorena) ❖ If I play tennis longer, I will have a better chance of winning. (Guandinango Cristian) ❖ If she goes to the party, she will be punished. (Zambrano Araceli) ❖ If I study, I will pass the semestre. (Gil Mariuxi) ❖ If you drink milk, you will have stong. (Valenzuela) ❖ If I leave my house, I could get sick. (Carolina Logacho) ❖ If you do exercise, you will be strong. (Ortega Andy) ❖ If you need money, I will lend it to you. (Sosa Jessica) ❖ If you study hard, you´ll get good grades. (Pujota Nataly) ❖ If I work more, I will buy what I want. (Valencia Pavel) ❖ If watch TV all day, I will not do homework. (Arcos Melina) ❖ If they pay me today, I will buy food. (Huera Jeniffer) ❖ If I have to go to school tomorrow, I will clean my uniform today. (Aguirre Patricio) ❖ If I do not pass the test, I will not university. (Paucar Karen) ❖ If it rains, I will be sad. (Yépez Carolina) ❖ If I get there on time, I will hepl you prepare luch. (Molina Sandra) ❖ If I get there on time, I will help you get ready for the party. (Colimba Cyntia) ❖ If I try hard, I´ll succeed. (Lopez Diana) ❖ If he tells the truth, they will forgive him. (Paredes Andrea) ❖ If you study hard, you will become in good profesional. (Narváez Valeria)

SUFFICIENCY TEST • • • •

•

•

• •

It is an evaluation of your English skills using your own perception and knowledge in this and of this language.

This exam requires from you to be able to master the 4 skills: listening, speaking, writing, and reading.

To improve in listening, you have to listen to songs, and watch movies in English, if possible with subtitles in English, sound and subtitles both in English.

To improve in speaking, you have to practice it the most you can, either with foreigners or you can record yourself, listen to that audio and see on your own if it is comprehensible.

To improve reading, start reading whatever you like, but make it progressive, it means, you start reading something very small, then you go to something more complicated and longer; for example, you start with memes, you finish with a book.

To improve writing is necessary to write. you may start with the basics, writing something small (very small letters, sms, reviews), and then end with essays or even articles.

Due to the pandemic the sufficiency is performed online. with heavy emphasis in speaking and all the other skills.

The four skills are deeply connected, they grow and develop equally, though sometimes some students or people in general could develop one more than another, it does not mean that the gap between those has to be too big:

THESE RECIVE DATA

•

LISTENING

WRITING

READING

SPEAKING

THESE CONVEY DATA

For the sufficiency is necessary to read each one of the instructions, do not rush, do not be slow either. try not to get nervous, it will not help. do not cheat, you may

•

believe while cheating that you are doing something cool, or smart, but at the end you damage your own perception of the world and its events.

Most of the exam and its solution are based on how well you understand the instruction/question/ evaluation statements. it means that once you understood these you may have already 25 of the answer already solved.

MATCH THE WORDS.

READ AND ORGANISE.

UNDERLINE THE TRUE OR FALSE CORRECT ANSWER. (CORRECT OR INCORRECT) .

WRITE AN ESSAY, A LISTEN AND CHOOSE THE COMPOSITION, A CORRECT ANSWER. LETTER, A QUICK MESSAGE.

While reading you may recognize key words, which can be used as pinpoints to get the main idea of the text or can be used as references to answer such texts.

TIPS READING TEST

NAMES SPECIFIC TIMES SPECIFIC NOUNS SPECIFIC ADJECTIVES

AS WHAT WHO WHERE WHEN

IF YOU FIND A WORD YOU DO NOT UNDERSTAND, PLEASE READ IT IN CONTEXT, SO IT COULD PROVIDE YOU WITH AN APPROXIMATE MEANING OF THIS WORD.

EXAMPLES WRITING: In 40-45 words (small message) answer to that letter, you have to adress, your opinion of berlin, and a little observation regarding another city where you would like to meet.

Hello How are you? I would like to know the new offices in London, also to know new places in that city. see you soon Lucy Castro Joselyn

Hey Maikel Now I have wanted to see Berlin, also the offices sound good it is very well located. Also, the idea of going in winter is great, so I can see the snow, but what if we go to Munich too? I would love to go to Oktoberfest. I wait for your responses.

Bye. Zambrano Araceli

Hello! I OR fine thank you so much. It was also a pleasure for me to meet you last week. I did well on my trip. I am very happy that you have moved to the new offices, OR sure it will go very well for you.

Paucar Karen

Hello, I would like to go to know the snow and I like it very much I think it is a fantastic place full of good views, and I would like to know another city for example Los Angeles I think it would be a good adventure. (Valencia Pavel)

Hello Carlos How are you?

We haven't seen you’re for ages. Hope you're well would you like to come to my Birthday party? This is just to stay that we are going to have a party the other weekend. The people are going to arrive at 9:40 pm.

Yepez Carolina

Hello, I hope you and your family are well and I hope I will visit you on my holidays. I guess Berlin is a very nice country, and I guess that you enjoy to live there. I imagine Berlin as beautiful as the place where I live so I soon visit you.

Farinango Celia

Hi Mikel I would love to get to know Berlin, of course I would like to see public transport.

Also, I would like to touch the snow. That photo is a nice memory in the Sydney restaurant. Tonight I will send you a photo of us.

My best wishes Poled Loo

Open new offices can be difficult because of the location but, Mike says the location of his new offices in Berlin is perfect. It seems to me that Berlin is a good place to open new offices. I think it's the same in Paris.

These cities are busy.

(Buitron Omar)

The letter talks about necessary documents from the office that will open in approximately three months.

I Guandinango

Hello Mikel. How are you?

I hope you are enjoying your new offices in Berlin. I would love to travel to that city and see your offices.

Thanks for the invitation. I tell you that I would like to know France since it is very close. I hope to see you soon.

López Diana

hello Nicolay that's amazing, for an office in Berlin it sounds great.

I have googled and it looks great. I would like to travel there to show it to me. and receive the documents Sosa Jessica

He was remembering when they met for the party night in Berlin and these night was very funny and they see the Englishman who singing all night And he asks to meet on the next week Narvaez Valeria

hello Mary, how are you? I really like hearing about your new job and your beautiful offices, I want to tell you that I would like to know Italy and savor its exquisite food, I hope to see you soon Paredes Andrea

Hi I hope you are well. I think that Berlin is an impressive city, according to what you describe, it has many places to meet other people, for example parks and cafes. I think another interesting city is Brussels, you can enjoy many things outdoors.

Bye (DENNIS MARTINEZ) Dennis Martinez

Hi Friend He is remembering all the cities he has visited to remember his different foods and tourist places like restaurants and cafes because each city has different traditions this is important to know how to act in each of the cities that can be known.

Hi Mikel I’m fine and I hope that you are very good. About your email, so I think that it’s a good idea but the situation is that my address is located away from those offices, so my opinion is that perfect for me due I can go by time. The problem about it is that I live away from it but I can make efforts. We are meeting near those offices Bye ¡ Coral Luis

Hi Mikel.

I am fine, how are you? Nice to meet you too. Please send me the photos. I think that Berlin is amazing city, I hope that you leave me to other city, could be London I love this city.

I hope see you soon.

Ortega Andy

Hi Mikel I hope you are well. I would know to go to Berlin in winter. According to what you tell me, we are located in a very good place. I send you my email to receive the documents.

Colimba Cyntia

Hello How are you? It was also a pleasure to meet you there.

Berlin seems to me a very beautiful and great place to do that activity. I would like to go to Egypt too it is the right place for this. I hope your respect.

Mariucci Gil

Hi Mikel how are you?

You are having a good time in Berlin with everything you mention is a good city that has good restaurants and cafes. thanks for the photo you sent me it is a good memory. I am sending you the documents you requested.

Mikel bay

Hi The pleasure was mine when I met you. If I met a kangaroo and I found him very nice, in my trip to Berlin I visited many tourist places, also I visited Paris the Eiffel tower is very big and beautiful.

Bay. Valenzuela J.

Hi Nataly, how are you? I would like to tell you that I want to go to Berlin and I would like you to send me information about Berlin, please send me to my email.

Valles Lorena

Hi Mikel. I have your address now; I can send You the documents. I love to know this city. Look beautiful! And You live near to metro, all is so easy now, great!! I wait your invitation you Berlin. I want you visit Paris because I think That is so beautiful Arcos Melina

Hello, Elizabeth I received your letter and your idea of meeting in Berlin seems very good to me, I imagine that it is a wonderful place and I want to know the place. I will soon arrive in Mexico and we could meet here. It is also wonderful.

Best wishes

Hello Ana How are you? I would like to visit Berlin; could you send me a tourist guide to know the most popular places. Could you send me the information to my email?

Bye Pujota Nataly

Hello Samia How are you? I think Berlin is a very big city and you will lead a fantastic life. In addition, I would like to meet you in Russia because that is where my family and friends live, I think you will like the weather

Hi Carlos. I have your address now; I can send you the documents you urgently need. I love to know this city. Look and live near the mall, everything is so easy now, great! I await your invitation I Berlin. I want you to visit New York because I think it is so beautiful and you can visit as much as you like.

Yepez Carolina

LISTENING IN ENGLISH -As a skill to be developed, listening is not an easy one, because it is complex, due to the lack of its practice and use in our context (Ecuador).

-One of the most told advices is to listen to music to improve listening, thought it is true, there is a problem if you listen ti music, but you do not know what the song is "saying".

-That is why is necessary not only to listen to it, but to listen to it while reading its subtitles.

-Listening is a very unique skill, as you have to practice to a lot through songs and other media, as there are many type of accents and pronunciations.

Every song has a lyirc, every movie has a script, and every interview can be rewritten.

-Is important to know that in evaluations or exams the instructions for listening exercises are clear.

-In evaluations or exams you do not have to guess too much what you have to do, as the exercises are guided, and to some extent even self-explanatory. In media sound is used to stimulate your senses, so you do not need context.

-There are clear differences between british and american english, though both versions of the language are extremely close.

-Always remember there is a connection in how someone speaks and what do they say, even the way they movĂŠ their mouths is an important factor to take into account for listening.

Listening exercises in evaluations or exams, are divided by levels from basic A1 up to advanced C2.

If the exercise is too difficult you have to take notes, to take notes is a relatively easy practice. to take notes you have to write down only the important words, or words you may consider important, which are very similar to the reading part (key words. do not try to write everything, you need only notes, not the whole text (it would be impossible).

Music

Here I am in the place where I come let go Miami the base and the sunset low Everyday like a mardi gras,

Exercises KET listening test In part 1 of the Key English Test KET) you listen to five short recordings and for each recording you have to choose the best of three pictures. You can listen to the audio twice.

There are five questions in this part. For each question there are three pictures and a short recording. Click on the correct picture.

How long will the man stay at the hotel in total?

2 nights

1 night

3 nights

What will they buy?

You have to Know what the instruction, and what the vovabulary used is applied

What does the woman suggest?

In listenings We not only have to recognise nous, but also adjective and more.

WHY IS VOCABULARY IMPORTANT? Vocabulary is important because it provides the necessary words to express oneself Without a proper vocabulary a person may not be able to communicate appropriately, as the lack of words will make communication extremely difficult

Vocabulary can be divided into groups: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2.

English without grammar: cannot be taught vocabulary on its own is not enough grammar, you need more structures to connected it and give it a sense.

Let’s remember that grammar is not easy, but the more you use it the better you get at it.

. - INCORRECT X , WHY YOU ARE INTERESTING. I LIKE YOU, BECAUSE YOU ARE UNIQUE. - CORRECT ✔

I LIKED YOU

Bibliography • https://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/how-use-articles • https://www.grammarly.com/blog/articles/ • https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/english-language/definite-article/ • https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-grammar/futureforms • https://www.thoughtco.com/future-forms-in-grammar-1211136 • https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/first-conditional.html • https://www.speakconfidentenglish.com/conditionals-part-1/ • https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/zero-conditional.html • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=glyZDCfAaPU • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A7Od1Wf_XU8

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